CHAPTER 18 - HEAT PUMPS

Page 1 of 4
18-1. An air-source heat pump uses a compressor with the performance characteristics shown in Fig. 18-4. The
evaporator has an air-side area of 80 m2 and a U-value of 25 W/m
2
.K. The airflow rate through the
evaporator is 2 kg/s, and the condensing temperature is 40 C. Using the heat-rejection ratios of a hermetic
compressor from Fig. 12-12, determine the heating capacity of the heat pump when the outdoor-air
temperature is 0C.

Solution:
use Fig. 18-4 and Fig. 12-2.

Fig. 12-2 at 40 C Condensing temperature.
Evaporating Temperature, t
e
Heat-rejection ratio
10 C 1.19
0 C 1.255
-10 C 1.38

Heat-rejection ratio = 1.255 - 0.0095t
e
+ 0.0003t
e
2


Fig. 18-4. At outdoor air temperature = 0 C

Evaporating Temperature, t
e
Rate of evaporator heat transfer
-10 C 8.5 kw
0 C 12.9 kw
10 C 18.0 kw

Rate of evaporator heat transfer = 12.9 + 0.475t
e
+ 0.0035t
e
2


For evaporator, ambient = 0 C

|
|

\
|

=
e 2
e 1
2 1
t t
t t
ln
t t
LMTD


q
e
= UALMTD

At 0 C, c
pm
= 1.02 kJ/kg.K = 1020 J/kg.K say purely sensible.

q
e
= wc
pm
Dt = wc
pm
(t
1
- t
2
)
q
e
= (2)(1020)(0 - t2)

But,


( )( )
( )
|
|

\
|

=
e 2
e
2
e
t t
t 0
ln
t 0
80 25 q

Then,

1.02
1
t t
t 0
ln
e 2
e
=
|
|

\
|

2.6655
t t
t 0
e 2
e
=

1.6644t
e
= 2.6644t
2

CHAPTER 18 - HEAT PUMPS
Page 2 of 4
t
2
= 0.624836t
e


q
e
= (2)(1020)(0 - 0.624836te) / 1000 kW
q
e
= -1.274665t
e
kW

q
e
= 12.9 + 0.475t
e
+ 0.0035t
e
2
= -1.274665te
0.0035t
e
2
+ 1.749665t
e
+ 12.9 = 0

t
e
= -7.485 C

q
e
= -1.274665(-7.485)
q
e
= 9.541 kW

Heat-rejection ratio = 1.255 - 0.0095(-7.485) + 0.0003(-7.485)
2

Heat-rejection ratio = 1.343

q
c
= (1.343)(9.541)

q
c
= 12.8 kW - - - Ans.

18-2. The heat pump and structure whose characteristics are shown in Fig. 18-6 are in a region where the deisgn
outdoor temperature is -15 C. The compressor of the heat pump uses two cylinders to carry the base load
and brings a third into service when needed. The third cylinder has a capacity equal to either of the other
cylinders. How much supplementary resistance heat must be available at an outdoor temperature of -15 C?

Solution:
Use Fig. 18-6.
At -15 C
Heat loss of structure = 17.8 kW
Heating capacity = 8.0 kW

For two-cylinder = 8.0 kW

For three-cylinder = (3/2)(8.0 kW) = 12.0 kW

Supplementary resistance heat = 17.8 kW - 12.0 kW
= 5.8 kW - - - Ans.

18-3. The air-source heat pump referred to in Figs. 18-4 and 18-5 operates 2500 h during the heating season, in
which the average outdoor temperature is 5 C. The efficiency of the compressor motor is 80 percent, the
motor for the outdoor air fan draws 0.7 kW, and the cost of electricity is 6 cents per kilowatt-hour. What is the
heating cost for this season.

Solution:
Use Fig. 18-4 and Fig. 18-5.
Outdoor air temperature = 5 C.
Fig. 18-5
Heating capacity = 15.4 kW
Evaporator heat-transfer rate = 12 kW
Compressor Power = 3.4 kW

Power to compressor motor = (3.4)(2500)($0.06) / (0.80)
= $ 637.50
CHAPTER 18 - HEAT PUMPS
Page 3 of 4
Power to outdoor air fan motor = $ 150.00

Heating Cost = $ 637.50 + $ 150.00 = $ 787.50 - - - Ans.

18-4. A decentralized heat pump serves a building whose air-distribution system is divided into one interior and
one perimeter zone. The system uses a heat rejector, water heater, and storage tank (with a water capacity
of 60 m
3
) but no solar collector. The heat rejector comes into service when the temperature of the return-loop
water reaches 32 C, and the boiler supplies supplementary heat when the return-loop water temperature
drops to 15 C. Neither component operates when the loop water temperature is between 15 and 32 C. The
heating and cooling loads of the different zones for two periods of a certain day as shown in Table 18-1. The
loop water temperature is 15 C at the start of the day (7 A.M.). The decentralized heat pumps operate with
COP of 3.0. Determine the magnitude of (a) the total heat rejection at the heat rejector from 7 A.M. yo 6 P.M.
and (b) the supplementary heat provided from 6 P.M. to 7 A.M.

Table 18-1 Heating and Cooling loads in Prob. 18-4.
Interior zone Perimeter zone

Heating, kW Cooling, kW Heating, kW Cooling, kW
7 A.M. to 6 P.M. -------------- 260 ------------- 40
6 P.M. to 7 A.M. -------------- 50 320 ------------

Solution:

Weight of water in storage tank.
V = 60 m
3

at 24 C, = 997.4 kg/m3
w = (997.4)(60) = 59,884 kg

Storage tank heat
= (59,884 kg)(4,190 kJ/kg.K)(32 - 15 K)
= 4.266 GJ

(a) Heating time =

( ) ( ) s/h 3600
3
3 1
kW 40 260
kJ 4,265,537
|

\
| +
+
=

= 2.962 hra
From 7 A.M. to 6 P.M. = 11 hrs

Total heat rejection
= (260 + 40 kW)[(1+ 3) / 3](3600 s/h)(11 - 2.962 hr)
= 11,574,720 kJ
= 11.6 GJ - - - Ans.

(b) Supplementary heat

Storage tank heat = 4,265,537 kJ


( ) kJ 4,265,537 s/h 3600 kw
3
3 1
50
3 1
3
320 (Time) =
(

\
| +
|

\
|
+

Time = 6.8358 hrs

Supplementary heat
CHAPTER 18 - HEAT PUMPS
Page 4 of 4

( )( ) hr 6.8358 13 s/h 3600 kw
3
3 1
50
3 1
3
320
(

\
| +
|

\
|
+
=

= 3,846,461 kJ
= 3.85 GJ - - - Ans.

18-5. The internal-source heat pump using the double-bundle heat pump shown in Fig. 18-9 is to satisfy a heating
load of 335 kW when the outdoor temperature is -5 C, the return air temperature is 21 C, and the
temperature of the cool supply air is 13 C. The minimum percentage of outdoor air specified for ventilation is
15 percent, and the flow rate of cool supply air is 40 kg/s. If the COP of the heat pump at this condition is 3.2,
how much power must be provided by the supplementary heater?

Solution:
Outdoor air = -5 C, 15 % flow rate
Return air = 21 C
t
3
= Cool supply air = 13 C, w = 40 kg/s
COP = 3.2
Heating Load = 335 kW

t
4
= mix temperature = (0.15)(-5 C) + (0.85)(21 C)
t
4
= 17.1 C

q
e
= wc
p
(t
4
- t
3
)
q
e
= (40 kg/s)(1.0 kJ/kg.K)(17.1 C - 13 C)
q
e
= 164 kW

Condenser
q
c
= q
e
(1+ COP) / COP
q
c
= 164(1 + 3.2) / 3.2
q
c
= 215.25 kW

Supplementary heat = 335 kW - 215.25 kW
= 119.75 kW - - - Ans.


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