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The Beginning Simony-purchase of church offices Anticlericalism-hostility toward priests Reformers argued that church should be ruled by clergy and laymen, not pope o 1270-1342: Marsiglio of Padua in Defender of the Peace believed church subordinate to state and should be governed by general council o After 1409, by councils at Pisa (1409) and Constance (14141418), church united under 1 pope but failed to effect reform of abuses Pope Martin V and successors rejected this movement and proceeded (with his centralized papal power) to restore Rome as capital of Christendom o 1320-1384, John Wycliffe criticized vices of clergy, taxes collected by pope and popes authority church should follow only Scriptures, began translating Bible from Latin to English ideas inspired peasants in revolt of 1381 Russia remained relatively untouched by Renaissance, Reformation, Scientific Revolution, Baroque art, and music until 18 th century Middle Ages- to be free was to be a noble and visa-versa o Under nobles were townsmen, serfs (semi-slaves), and slaves o Runaway serf could claim freedom of city if managed to breathe city air for year and day o 95% of Europes population lived in countryside till 1800 o many local lords in Western Europe freed peasants from bondage, though still liable for taxes, dues, and even forced labor Nobility- well-known family with name, position, strength, longetivity, and land sufficient for basic needs and luxuries, and dependent manpower to work on land o Territorial prince or emperor had to recognize family as noble o Military service or by title o Usually higher title, more land the family owned

o Britain only eldest son got title while everywhere else every child got the title British siblings, unless girls married well, sank into country gentry Hundred Years War (1337-1453) o Battle between English and French o At end, English lost England lost all continental possessions except Calais England and France spent a lot of money, population declined, disrupted trade, both raised taxes on peasants English kings had to call on Parliament more to levy

taxes Increased power of nobles, gentry, and merchants More control over government, and got power of impeachment England had factional struggles that led to disposition of Richard II in 1399 War of Roses (1450-1485) between Lancastrians and Yorkists Helped Tudor dynasty create new nobility France, king refused to deal with Estates-General Kings won power over nobles-took away right to levy direct taxes on salt and income, won control over royal standing army o Rise of nationalism Rise of New Monarchs After 1450, monarchs tried to strengthen national power England, France, Spain, and Portugal most successful o Monarchs needed new taxes due to decreased income o Nobles faced declining incomes and desire to control government for king o After Black Death, sever shortage of labor and workers for 30 years (lower incomes for nobilities)

o When princes and nobles wanted new taxes, massive peasant revolts, and skilled labor revolts Core of royal armies were nobles o Kings sought alliances with bourgeoisie to counteract power of nobles France Louis XI (1461-1483) dealt ruthlessly with nobles who opposed him Renaissance Georgia Vasari called era rebirth o Age believed to be linked to glories of Greek and Roman world, instead of dark ages o Renaissance is French for rebirth Classical past-Greece and Rome 500 BCE 476 CE, Humanists most interested in Rome 200 BCE 180 CE Individualism-theory emphasizes each person as contrasted with community people, credit for achievements as opposed to glory going to God o Renaissance individualism sought great accomplishments and looked for heroes of history Virt- essense of being a man by display of courage and cleverness o Many viewed pursuit of virt as amoral Florentine or Platonic Academy- supported by Medici and were group of scholars who studied works of Plato in Greek o Spread Platonic concepts as perfection of circle and plenitude of universe Italy 1300-1550 o Began in Italy city states Northern Italy under control of Holy Roman Empire people left to own devices o Political existence Old nobility (land ownership) v new merchant families Both of them versus urban underclass (the populo-the people)

o Florence 1378, Ciompi Revolt- populo revolt about political and economic order against the government o Aftermath Milan (social tensions) rise of tyrant/ signor Dominated by family of a mercenary (condottier) named Sforza Florence and Venice remained Republics (dominated by few wealthy families) Medici family used wealth to establish themselves fast as behind-the-scenes rulers of Florence By 15th century, few dominated states North: Florence, Milan, Venice Central: Papal states South: Kingdom of Naples Italian city states generally more economically vibrant Wealthy merchants became important patrons of arts and insisted on development of secular art forms to display them and their wealths Classical civilization still existed in Greek colonies and across the sea o Humanism-study of writing and ideals of classical past Francesco Petrarch-father of humanism Coined Dark Ages (400-900) cultural decline Loved Cicero and sought to write in his style Argued for universality of ideas of classical era Inspired group of wealthy Florentines civic humanists Learned Greek Read Plato (very popular)

Beauty or truth exist beyond ability of our senses to recognize them and that we can train the brain to make use of our ability to reason and surpass our senses Pico della Mirandolas Oration on the Dignity of Man based on Platos ideas Castigliones The Courtier (1528) created the Renaissance Manskilled in arts, knew several languages, familiar with classical literature Lorenzo Valla said languages can tell a history of their own

Increased number of wealthy secular women that knew how to read and write Leonardo Bruni created an educational program for women Christine de Pisan wrote that women were not inferior to women o Cause Economics-Northern Italy very wealthy (merchants and banking) who gave people money and time to spend on pursuits and arts Politics- no single authority had power to stop or redirect developments Struggles of papacy, Holy Roman Empire, and merchants during Middle Ages led to independence of many city-states Government of city-states often fell in hands of one man (despots or oligarchy) o Art Artists sought prestige and money rather than spiritual messages Patrons demanded realistic and naturalistic styles Fresco and oil paintings Filippo Brunelleschi- first dome in western Europe after Roman Empire collapse at Cathedral of Florence

Giotto (1266-1336)-father of Renaissance painting, used chiaroscuro-illusion of depth and greater religion Renaissance people sought practical results and did not judge things solely on religious standards Study primary sources and reject traditions Active polititians Leonardo Bruni first used term humanism Machiavelli wrote The Prince End of 15th century- High Renaissance Rome replaced Florence as center of artistic patronage Florence had religious backlash against style while

in Rome, pope (after 1447) very interested in art Michelangelos Julius II Lasted until 1520s Late Renaissance/Mannerism-distorted figures and confusing themes Leonardo Da Vinci Raphael Loved by all and commissioned by Vatican Michelangelo David and Sistene Chapel Northern Renaissance (Renaissance outside Italy) o Great attention and details to realism o Emphasized study of Bible; religious concerns paramount; deepen Christian beliefs Interested in providing guidance on personal behavioremphasize education and power of human intellect to bring institutional change and moral improvement Criticism of Church Found traditional Christian texts had different versions o Desiderius Erasmus (1466-1536)- Christian humanist made translation of Greek and Latin versions of New Testament to have purer versions Collected provers in Adages

In Praise of Folly uses satire to criticize Churchs problems Handbook of the Christian Knight emphasized idea of inner faith Impressed with Luther but found disagreement Believed man had free will and wanted to reform church instead of destroy it Erasmus laid the egg that Luther hatched o Sir Thomas More (1478-1536)- wrote Utopia (nowhere) executed by Henry XIII Highly critical of certain practices of church o Culture Albrecht Duier created woodcuts that supported Luther Before this time only great works were Geoffrey Chaucers Canterbury Tales based on Boccaccios The Decameron Christopher Marlowe and Ben Johnson were writers William Shakespeare (1564-1616) Spread by printing press (creation of the Northern Renaissance) o Universities rose as well as literate individuals o Johannes Gutenberg introduced printing press Printed 200 Bibles and went broke The Reformation Problems facing Church o Martin Luther o Black death lead to growing anticlericalism (perceived poor performance by clerics in crisis) o Risen pietism-direct relationship between individual and God

o Great Schism-3 competing popes excommunicating each other o Simony o Poorly educated lower clergy who couldnt respond to Luther New ideas about God, individuals, and society destroyed Western Europes religious unity Martin Luther (1483-1546) o Could not reconcile idea of sinful individual with justice of God Justification by faith alone Gods grace was free gift, not reward o Despised indulgences 1517, Johann Tetzel sent to preach indulgences across Germany As soon as gold in the basin rings, right then the soul to heaven springs Oct 31, 1517 nailed up 95 Theses 1519, Luther debated criticism of church and said only Bible determined current religious beliefs and practices 1521, Pope Leo X excommunicated him 1521, appeared at Diet of Holy Roman Empire, included Charles V-condemned again Here I stand. I can do no other. Charles V was an ineffective leaders who waged wars with France and the Ottoman empire Frederick III of Saxony protected Luther (didnt accept Luthers beliefs but protected him since Luther was his subject) Due to printing press, printing 95 theses in pamphlet 1520: Address to Christian Nobility of German Nationnobles were leaders of church and should try to reform it Babylonian Captivity-attacked 7 sacraments, replacing with only 2

o o o o

Freedom of Christian Man-views on faith, good works, nature of God, and supremacy of political authority 1524: Against the Murderous, Thieving Hordes of Peasants-response to Peasants revolt and political leaders should control society o 1534: translated Bible into German o 1529: Protestant v Catholic meeting of Holy Roman Empires leaders o 1530: Augsburg Confession came out as summary of Lutheran belief o Lutherans undertook educational reform o cuius regio, eius religo (whose region, his religion) Others o Anabaptists-rejected validity of child baptism and rebaptized children when became adults Some only believed in adult baptism o John Calvin emphasized predestination Rejected most aspects of medieval churchs practices Church and state should be united Henry VIII Mary Elizabeth I Counter-Reformation o Reform of Catholic Church o Sale of church offices curtailed o Emphasis on mysticism and saints stories in theology and baroque style Comparison of Religion o Protestants Emphasized role of Bible, priesthood of all behaviors (all individuals equal before God) marriage for ministers, denied efficiency of most sacraments, concentrated on Pauline text (emphasized married life)

o Catholics Included traditions and saints stories to papal pronouncements (retained medieval view about special nature and role of clergy), retained hierarchy of believers, priests, bishops, and pope, believed in transubstantiation (bread and water turned into blood and flesh of Christ), believed in good living according to Christian beliefs and what the church said (celibate), thought church should control state o Anglicans Rejected authority of pope and substituted monarchs as supreme government of church, believed state should control church Lutherans Rejected authority of pope but kept bishops, thought transubstantiation was symbolic, salvation cannot be earned and good life is the fruit of faith, believed state should control church Calvinist Churches governed by ministers and goup of elders (known as Presbyterianism), believed in predestination, thought church should control state Anabaptists Rejected most forms of church governance in favor of congregational democracy, no believer higher than the other, considered state a necessary evil that church should ignore Reformation succeeded

Why

Wars Aug 24, 1572: St Bartholomews Day Massacre authorized by Catherine de Medici and her son King Charles IX o 20,000 Huguenots killed across France 1598: Henry of Navarre permitted Huguenots to worship publically through Edict of Nantes European Powers

France o Louis XIV (1643-1715) Kept aristocracy out of government Chose ministers among the middle class Intendants supervised the local administrations Took away nobles right to tax Punished those against his rulings Created Palace of Versailles Sided with Jesuits Attempted to eradicate Protestantism 1685, revoked Edict of Nantes- took away civil rights o Louis from the Protestants XV (1715-1774) Growing discontent among French citizens wanted more say and rejected royal absolutism Nobles exempt from taxes, had pensions from government, got promotions based on connections No uniform code of laws- king had arbitrary powers to imprison Some philosphes applauded insurrectionists and advocated overhaul of government Gave expression to grievances and discontent in public grew XVI (1774-1792) French Revolution

o Louis

England o English Civil War (1642-1649) Cavaliers (for king) and Roundheads (for Parliament) Oliver Cromwell v King Charles II King Charles II executed o Common Wealth (1649-1653)

Continuation of Long Parliament Royalists and Presbyterians opposed Parliament for lack of broad representation Other countries furious at outcome of civil war England became military state o Protectorate (1653-1656) Cromwell took troops and disersed Parliament Became lord protectorate Permitted religious liberty except for Catholics and Anglicans o Restoration (1660-1688) New parliament restored monarchy under Charles II He abided under Parliaments decision in the Declaration of Breda Convention Parliament 1660-abolished feudalism o James II (1685-1688)- came into strong position as king Glorious revolution of 1688 Overthrew James after a son was born o William III became king Created Bill of Rights 1681

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