Acide Linolique Conjugu

Description
Le systme conjugu est un caractristique de la matire organique o dans certaines molcules les atomes sont lies avec double et single liaisons en alternance (C=CC=C-C). Dans ces molcules les lectrons appartiennent pas une seule liaison ou atome mais plutt un groupe. Cette dlocalisation des lectrons rsulte une plus grande stabilit. Les CLA (pour Conjugated Linoleic Acid ou acide linolique conjugu) sont des acides gras trans trs particuliers. Ce sont des isomres trans de lacide linolique (le C18:2 9c, 12c) dont les doubles liaisons -dites conjugues- se suivent sur deux carbones voisins (Figure 1). Le fait dtre conjugus donne ces isomres une forme coude proche de celle des acides gras cis et des proprits particulires. Le CLA le plus abondant celui que lon trouve dans la matire graisse laitire est lacide rumnique (C18:2 9c,11t). Dautres CLA existent comme le 10t,12c (dans les complments alimentaires notamment) ou le 11c,13t ou encore le 7t,9c Lacide vaccnique et lacide rumnique sont des n-7. Lacide rumnique (80 % des CLA de lalimentation) tient son nom de son origine rumnale. Le terme CLA regroupe, donc, un grand nombre de molcules trs diffrentes. Les nutritionnistes emploient souvent sa dsignation biochimique, le terme de C18:2 (n-6) pour parler de lacide linolique. Lacide linolique conjugu est, au mme temps, un acides gras trans et cis.

Figure 1 Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA)

Ainsi, l'acide linolique conjugu est un driv de l'acide linolique, un acide gras essentiel de la famille des omga-6. Les bactries prsentes dans le rumen des ruminants convertissent l'acide linolique en ALC. Cest pourquoi on retrouve ces composs principalement dans les matires grasses du lait et de la viande des ruminants, notamment le buf et le mouton. Les glandes mammaires de ces animaux produisent galement directement de l'ALC.

Historique
En 1978, Dr. Michael Pariza, avec laide de Mark Cook de lUniversit of WisconsinMadison ont identifi pour la prmire fois le acide linoleique conjugu. LALC a t caracteris dans les annes 1980 par un groupe de chercheurs qui sintressaient aux composs carcinognes du boeuf grill. LALC a plutt rvl des proprits anticancreuses, ce qui a donn lieu de nombreuses recherches in vitro et sur des animaux. Les supplments renfermant de l'ALC n'ont fait leur apparition que rcemment. Ces composs ont d'abord servi en mdecine vtrinaire pour amliorer le rapport masse musculaire et masse adipeuse des animaux d'levage (plus de muscle, moins de gras). En cours de route, on s'est rendu compte qu'ils agissaient sur l'organisme la manire de certains mdicaments utiliss pour le traitement des diabtiques. Bien sr, l'industrie laitire suit de prs ces recherches et envisage d'utiliser les ALC dans l'alimentation du btail afin de produire un lait moins gras et plus riche en ALC, mais projette aussi de mettre sur le march des produits laitiers enrichis en ALC (DHIMAN, et al., 1999).

Sources alimentaires
Les produits laitiers, particulirement les fromages vieillis, sont relativement riches en ALC, soit en moyenne 5 mg/g de gras. Cependant, la teneur du lait peut varier grandement. Ainsi, plus les animaux se nourrissent dans les pturages (plutt que d'tre nourris au foin ou la moule), plus leur lait contient d'ALC. Une augmentation de la teneur en acide linolique de leur alimentation (ajout d'huile de tournesol, de mas ou de soya) contribue galement hausser sensiblement la teneur en ALC de leur lait (DHIMAN, et al., 1999), et en plus en tude dmontre qui laugmentation de ALC dans lalimentation chez la vache cause une diminution du teneurs de matire grasse dans lait (JUN HO KIM, et al., 2009). Au de l de a les procdes simples de lindustrie laitire- comme la fermentation, traitement la chaleur, stockage, affinage nont aucun effet sur la contenu CLA ou CLA isomres. En plus, les produit laitires Bio / organique / Haute-Alpine contiennent une quantit de CLA plus important (REHBERGER, 2007). LALC est prsent dans la viande et le lait des ruminants : boeuf, mouton, chvre. Bien que lalimentation soit la principale source dALC chez lhumain, il nexiste aucune base de donnes exhaustive sur le contenu en ALC des aliments. Autre tude chez les poulets, (JUN HO KIM, et al., 2009), la supplmentation avec ALC, a caus une augmentation du teneur dALC dans leurs oeufs. Par ailleurs, il semble que l'organisme humain soit incapable de transformer l'acide linolique de source vgtale en ALC, du moins en quantit significative. En Occident, l'alimentation habituelle (pour les non-vgtariens) ne fournirait que de 0,5 g 1 g d'ALC par jour, tandis que pour en tirer les bienfaits thrapeutiques qu'on lui attribue, il faudrait absorber des quantits quotidiennes de l'ordre de 3,5 g 7 g. La composition de l'ALC des aliments est diffrente de celle des supplments. Les aliments contiennent gnralement les composs trans-10,cis-12 et cis-9,trans-11 dans une proportion respective de 70 % et 30 %, tandis que cette proportion peut varier dans les supplments : au cours de plusieurs tudes, on a utilis des supplments renfermant ces deux composs parts gales. L'ALC des supplments du commerce est gnralement issu d'une transformation en laboratoire de l'huile de carthame, de tournesol ou de soya.

Recommandation
Malgr que quelques effets bnficiaires de lALC sont aujourdhui bien connu, dans les 20 dernires annes on en consomme moins en moins. La principale cause cest le remplacement des les graisses animales par les graisses vgtales (GOLI, et al ., 2009). En plus, au cours des dernires dcennies, on a recommand de diminuer l'apport alimentaire en graisses animales. Or, certains spcialistes se demandent si cette modification du rgime alimentaire n'a pas pour effet d'entraner une diminution de l'apport en ALC et si la sant humaine pourrait s'en trouver affecte. Pour l'heure, on ne peut tirer aucune conclusion importante quant ce que devrait tre l'apport idal en ALC dans l'alimentation. Aucune recommandation n'a t mise.

Posologie
Amlioration du rapport masse musculaire et masse adipeuse Les tudes cliniques ont donn des rsultats contradictoires. Des rsultats positifs ont cependant t obtenus avec des dosages quotidiens variant de 3,5 g 7 g et administrs long terme.

Recherches
Rapport masse musculaire et masse adipeuse, et perte de poids Les tudes sur les animaux dmontrent que l'ALC entrane une nette diminution de la graisse corporelle au profit d'une augmentation de la masse musculaire. Les chercheurs pensent que l'ALC, en rduisant lactivit dune enzyme, permettrait l'organisme de mieux brler ses graisses. Cependant, comme lont rapport les auteurs de plusieurs synthses, les essais cliniques mens sur des humains (17 tudes en tout jusquen 2005) ont donn des rsultats contradictoires (RAINER, et al., 2004). Notez que les techniques de mesure utilises, les dosages administrs (de 1,7 g 7 g par jour) et la composition des supplments ont vari dune tude lautre. En 2004, deux tudes de plus grande envergure que celles effectues au cours des annes prcdentes arrivaient des conclusions diffrentes. Ainsi, au cours dune tude double insu avec placebo, la prise de 1,5 g ou de 3 g dALC durant 18 semaines na pas eu deffet statistiquement significatif sur la masse adipeuse et le poids des 81 participants (hommes et femmes dge moyen souffrant dembonpoint) (MALPUECH-BRUGER, et al., 2004). En revanche, au cours dun essai dun an sur 157 participants qui prsentaient un surplus de poids, la prise de 4,5 g dALC a t plus efficace que la prise dun placebo au chapitre de la diminution de masse adipeuse. En un an, les sujets traits ont perdu de 1,7 kg 3 kg de gras, soit une diminution moyenne de 8 %. Ils ont aussi perdu un peu de poids, soit de 1,1 kg 3,7 kg, toujours sur une priode dun an (GAULLIER, et al., 2004). Le protocole de lessai ne comportait aucune restriction alimentaire ou augmentation de lactivit physique. Lorsque cette tude a t poursuivie au su (sans placebo) auprs de 134 sujets, ceux qui avaient pris le placebo dans la premire phase de lessai ont vu leur masse adipeuse et leur poids diminuer avec la prise dALC. Chez les sujets qui avaient dj pris de lALC durant un an, on na observ aucune perte de poids, mais aucune reprise de poids non plus. Rcemment (en mars 2006) des chercheurs ont voulu galement vrifier si la prise dALC aprs une perte de poids pouvait empcher ou rduire la reprise de poids ou de masse adipeuse. Ltude a port sur 101 sujets obses ayant perdu 8 % de leur poids et qui ont ensuite pris durant un an, soit un placebo, soit 3,4 g dALC. LALC na pas fait mieux que le placebo : les participants des deux groupes ont repris environ de 4 kg 5 kg de poids et de 2 kg 5 kg de gras aprs un an.

Par ailleurs, comme les fabricants de supplments dALC ciblent les sportifs qui veulent augmenter leur masse musculaire, des chercheurs amricains ont vrifi l'effet de 6 g par jour d'ALC sur 23 athltes de haut niveau suivant un entranement en endurance. Aprs 28 jours, les diffrents tests (rapport masse musculaire et masse adipeuse, et force notamment) n'ont pas permis de constater un effet significatif de l'ALC comparativement au placebo. Il est possible que la dure de ltude ait t insuffisante pour obtenir un effet. En effet, une tude antrieure d'une dure de 12 semaines, ayant port sur 20 adultes s'entranant pendant une heure et demie, trois fois par semaine, avait donn des rsultats concluants au chapitre de la diminution de la masse adipeuse (THOM, et al., 2001). - Remarque : La diminution du taux de graisse corporelle par la prise dALC ne fait pas perdre de poids de faon significative. Dans les tudes o il y a eu diminution de la masse adipeuse, dans la trs grande majorit des cas, la masse musculaire a augment en proportion gale. Syndrome mtabolique et diabte Les rsultats d'tudes prliminaires menes sur des animaux ont rvl qu'une supplmentation en ALC pouvait augmenter la rsistance l'insuline, un effet indsirable, ou normaliser le mtabolisme du glucose, un effet bnfique. Cependant, au cours de certaines tudes chez les humains, lALC na pas eu deffet bnfique sur le taux de glucose sanguin (NOONE, et al., 2002). Au cours dun essai auprs de 32 sujets diabtiques, il a mme fait augmenter le taux de glucose sanguin de ceux-ci et rduit leur sensibilit linsuline (MOLONEY, et al., 2004). Selon les travaux de chercheurs sudois, cest le compos trans-10, cis-12 des supplments dALC qui a cet effet indsirable. Il va lencontre de certains effets potentiellement cardioprotecteurs de lALC (RISERUS, et al., 2002). Rduction des taux de lipides sanguins Les essais prliminaires mens sur des humains arrivent des rsultats contradictoires : certaines tudes tendent dmontrer que l'ALC peut augmenter le taux de bon cholestrol (HDL) (MOLONEY, et al., 2004), tandis que d'autres nont pas permis de dmontrer une telle action (NOONE, et al., 2002). De plus, dans certaines tudes, la prise dALC a entran une lgre baisse du taux de HDL (GAULLIER, et al., 2004 & RISERUS, et al., 2002). Rcemment, les rsultats dune tude prliminaire croise de huit semaines chez un groupe de 16 hommes affichant un surplus de poids ont rvl que la consommation de beurre enrichi en ALC navait eu aucun impact sur le profil lipidique. Stimulation et modulation du systme immunitaire Des tudes in vitro et sur des animaux indiquent que lALC agit de faon positive sur certains mcanismes de limmunit (OSHEA, et al., 2004). Cependant, les tudes sur les humains effectues jusqu prsent ont donn des rsultats contradictoires.

Prcautions
Attention En l'absence de donnes toxicologiques compltes, on recommande aux femmes enceintes, aux enfants et aux personnes souffrant de troubles hpatiques de ne pas excder la dose alimentaire normale d'ALC, soit environ 1 g par jour. Contre-indications Grossesse et allaitement. Une tude a rapport que l'ALC traverse le placenta et peut potentiellement provoquer une diminution du poids du nouveau-n (ELIAS, et al., 2001). Au

cours dune tude rcente, un supplment de 1,5 mg d'ALC par jour a rduit la teneur en gras du lait maternel (MASTERS, et al., 2002). Effets indsirables Troubles gastro-intestinaux lgers et fatigue. Au cours dun essai de huit semaines sur des sujets diabtiques, un supplment dALC a fait augmenter le taux de sucre dans le sang et la rsistance linsuline (MOLONEY, et al., 2004). Au cours dautres tudes, les chercheurs ont constat une augmentation de la rsistance linsuline chez des sujets obses ayant pris un supplment dALC contenant uniquement le compos trans-10,cis-12 . Au cours dun de ces essais, ce compos a galement fait baisser lgrement le taux de bon cholestrol (HDL) (RISERUS, et al., 2002). Un essai rcent sur 40 sujets a galement dmontr que la prise dun supplment du commerce (4,5 g par jour) durant 12 semaines peut nuire la souplesse des artres (TAYLOR, et al., 2006).

Rfrences
DHIMAN, T. R.; ANAND, G.R.; SATTER, L.D.; PARIZA, M.W. Conjugated linoleic acid content of milk from cows fed different diets. Journal of Dairy Science, v. 82, n. 10, 1999. ELIAS, S.L.; INNIS, S.M. Infant plasma trans, n-6, and n-3 fatty acids and conjugated linoleic acids are related to maternal plasma fatty acids, length of gestation, and birth weight and length. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 73, n. 4, p. 807-814, 2001. GAULLIER, J.M. ; HALSE, J.; HOYE, K.; KRISTIANSE, K.; FAGERTUN, H.; VIK, H.; GUDMUNDSEN, O. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation for 1 y reduces body fat mass in healthy overweight humans. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 79, n. 6, p. 1118-1125, 2004. GOLI, S. A. H. ; SAHRI, M. M. ; KADIVAR, M. ; KERAMAT, J. The production of an experimental table margarine enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (cla): physical properties, Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society, v. 86, n. 5, p. 453-458, 2009. JUN HO KING; WAN SIK JEONG, IN HO KIM, HYO-JIN KIM, SANG HO KIM, GEUN HO KANG, HONG-GU LEE, HO GUEN YOON, HEE-JIN HAM, YOUNG JUN KIM. Effect of an oil byproduct from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) purification on CLA accumulation and lipogenic gene expression in broilers. Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, v. 57, n. 6, p. 2397-2404, 2009. JUN HO KIM, O-JUN KWON, NAG-JIN CHOI, SE JONG OH, HA-YEON JEONG, MANKANG SONG, INHYE JEONG, YOUNG JUN KIM. Variations in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of processed cheese by lactation time, feeding regimen, and ripening . Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry, v. 57, n. 8, p. 3235-3239, 2009. MALPUECH-BRUGER, C.; VERBOEKET-VAN DE VENNE, W.P.H.G.; MENSIK, R.P.; ARNAL, M. A.; MORIO, B.; BRANDOLINI, M.; SAEBO, A.; LASSEL, T.S.; CHARDIGNY, J.M.; SEBEDIO, J.L.; BEAUFRERE, B. Effects of Two Conjugated Linoleic Acid Isomers on Body Fat Mass in Overweight Humans. Obesity Research, v. 12, n. 4, p. 591-598, 2004. MASTERS, N.; MCGUIRE, M.A.; BEERMAN, K.A.; DASGUPTA, N.; MCGUIRE, M.K . Maternal supplementation with CLA decreases milk fat in humans. Lipids, v. 3, n. 2, p.133-138, 2002.

MOLONEY, F.; YEOW, T.P.; MULLEN, A.; NOLAN, J.J.;ROCHE, H.M. Conjugated linoleic acid supplementation, insulin sensitivity, and lipoprotein metabolism in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 80, n. 4, p. 887-895, 2004. NOONE, E.J. ; ROCHE, H.M. ; NUGENT, A.P. ; GIBNEY, M.J. The effect of dietary supplementation using isomeric blends of conjugated linoleic acid on lipid metabolism in healthy human subjects. British Journal of Nutrition, v. 88, n. 3, p. 243-251, 2002. OSHEA, M.; BASSAGANYA-RIERA, J.; MOHEDE, I.C.M. Immunomodulatory properties of conjugated linoleic acid. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition, v. 79, n. 6, p. 1199-1206, 2004. RAINER, L.; HEISS, C. Conjugated linoleic acid: health implications and effects on body composition. Journal of the American Dietetic Association , v. 104, n. 6, p. 963-968, 2004. BRITA REHBERGER, ALP: Processing procedure to maintain or enhance the content of conjugated linoleic acids (LCA) in dairy products, BioFach 2007, Nrnberg, 15.Februar 2007 RISERUS U.; ARNER P.; BRISMAR, K.; VESSBY, B. Treatment With Dietary trans10cis12 Conjugated Linoleic Acid Causes Isomer-Specific Insulin Resistance in Obese Men With the Metabolic Syndrome. Diabetes Care, v. 25, n. 9, p. 1516-1521, 2002. TAYLOR, J.S.; WILLIAMS, S.R.; RHYS, R.; JAMES, P.; FRENNEAUX, M.P. Conjugated linoleic acid impairs endothelial function. Arteriosclerosis Thrombosis and Vascular Biology, v. 26, n. 2, p. 307-401, 2006. THOM, E.; WADSTEIN, J.; GUDMUNDSEN, O. Conjugated Linoleic Acid Reduces Body Fat in Healthy Exercising Humans. The Journal of International Medical Research, v. 29, n.5, p. 392-396, 2001.

Annexes

Liste des tudes rcentes sur le sujet, ce qui nous montre une interet vers les ALCs. On peut remarquer aussi les sujet detudes sont tres troit dog food, vache, .

Cannella C and Giusti AM (2000) Conjugated linoleic acid: a natural anticarcinogenic substance from animal food. Ital. J Food Sc, 12:123-27 Lawson, RE, Moss, AR & Givens, DI (2001) The role of dairy products in supplying conjugated linoleic acid to man's diet: a review. Nutrition Research Reviews 14, 153172 Stanley, J & Hunter, K (2001) The wonder nutrient. Chemistry and Industry, 19th November, 729-731 http://www.vitaminlady.com/articles/CLA.asp

Effect of conjugated linoleic acid on body composition in mice Yeonhwa Park1, 3, Karen J. Albright1, 3, Wei Liu1, 3, Jayne M. Storkson1, 3, Mark E. Cook1, 2, 3 and Michael W. Pariza1, 3 (1) Department of Food Microbiology and Toxicology, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706 Madison, Wisconsin (2) Department of Animal Sciences, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 53706 Madison, Wisconsin (3) Food Research Institute, 1925 Willow Drive, 53706 Madison, WI Received: 17 January 1997 Revised: 6 June 1997 Accepted: 6 June 1997 Abstract The effects of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on body composition were investigated. ICR mice were fed a control diet containing 5.5% corn oil or a CLA-supplemented diet (5.0% corn oil plus 0.5% CLA). Mice fed CLA-supplemented diet exhibited 57% and 60% lower body fat and 5% and 14% increased lean body mass relative to controls ( P<0.05). Total carnitine palmitoyltransferase activity was increased by dietary CLA supplementation in both fat pad and skeletal muscle; the differences were significant for fat pad of fed mice and skeletal muscle of fasted mice. In cultured 3T3-L1 adipocytes CLA treatment (110 4 M) significantly reduced heparin-releasable lipoprotein lipase activity (66%) and the intracellular concentrations of triacylglyceride (8%) and glycerol (15%), but significantly increased free glycerol in the culture medium (+22%) compared to control (P<0.05). The effects of CLA on body composition appear to be due in part to reduced fat deposition and increased lipolysis in adipocytes, possibly coupled with enhanced fatty acid oxidation in both muscle cells and adipocytes.

Ovid Technologies, Inc. Email Service -----------------------------Search for: CLA {No Related Terms} Results: 3 Result <1> Score ***** Accession Number 2009-Pj2196 Author Jun Ho Kim, O-Jun Kwon, Nag-Jin Choi, Se Jong Oh, Ha-Yeon Jeong, Man-Kang Song, Inhye Jeong, Young Jun Kim Author's Address Correspondence address, Young Jun Kim, Dep. of Food & Biotech., Coll. of Sci. & Tech., Korea Univ., Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea. Tel. +82-41-860-1435. Fax +82-41-865-0220. E-mail yk46@korea.ac.kr Title

Variations in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of processed cheese by lactation time, feeding regimen, and ripening. Source Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 57, (8): 3235-3239, 2009. Subject Headings CLA FEEDING LACTATION PROCESSED CHEESE CHEESE VARIETIES FEEDS LINOLEIC ACID RIPENING SCIENCE Abstract Dairy products are major sources of CLA; thus, an increase in CLA content can improve the quality value of dairy products. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of lactation time, feeding regimen, and ripening period on the level of CLA in processed cheese. CLA content in milk varied with the period of lactation; high in spring (April and May, about 6.8 mg CLA/g fat) and relatively low in mid summer and winter (about 4.3 mg CLA/g fat). The effects of dietary regimen and ripening period were determined in milk, which was obtained from March to May. After ageing for 4 months, the cheese made from milk obtained from cows fed on pasture contained relatively higher levels of CLA compared to cheese made from milk obtained from cows fed indoors (8.12 mg CLA/g fat vs 6.76 mg CLA/g fat), but there was no difference in 7 month-aged cheeses. In both pasture and indoor feeding, 7 month-aged cheeses showed higher CLA content than 4 month-aged cheeses. The contents of ! stearic acid (C18:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3) were significantly higher in cheese from pasture fed cows compared to those in cows fed indoors. These findings should be helpful for the efficient production of functional dairy products with high CLA contents. Search Results Food Science and Technology Abstracts 1969 to 2009 June Week 1 Results of your search: from 6 [CLA {No Related Terms}] keep 1, 3, 5, 7-9, 11-12, 22-23... Results Available: 17 Results Displayed: 1-17 Result 1.

Score Accession Number 2009-Na1061 Author Roy, B. D., Antolic, A. Cent. for Muscle Metabolism & Biphysics, Fac. of Applied Health Sci., Brock Univ., St. Catherines, Ont. Author's Address L2S 3A1, Canada. Fax 9905-688-8364. E-mail Brian.Roy@brocku.ca Reference 72 ref. Information Title Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and bone health: a review. Source Current Topics in Nutraceutical Research. 7, (1): 27-36, 2009. Publication Type Review BONE HEALTH CLA Subject Headings HEALTH LINOLEIC ACID REVIEWS Section/Subsection Fats, oils and margarine, General aspects Studies examining the effect of CLA on bone health are reviewed with particular reference to: structure Abstract and sources of CLA; the potential influence of CLA on bone biology and metabolism (in vitro models, animal models, human trials); and safety of CLA. ISSN 1540-7535 Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009061 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 2.

Score Accession Number 2009-Pj2196 Jun Ho Kim, O-Jun Kwon, Nag-Jin Choi, Se Jong Oh, Ha-Yeon Jeong, Man-Kang Song, Inhye Jeong, Author Young Jun Kim Author's Address Correspondence address, Young Jun Kim, Dep. of Food & Biotech., Coll. of Sci. & Tech., Korea Univ.,

Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea. Tel. +82-41-860-1435. Fax +82-41-865-0220. E-mail

yk46@korea.ac.kr
Reference Information Title 32 ref. Variations in conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content of processed cheese by lactation time, feeding regimen, and ripening. Source Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 57, (8): 3235-3239, 2009. Publication Type Journal Article CLA FEEDING LACTATION PROCESSED CHEESE Subject Headings CHEESE VARIETIES FEEDS LINOLEIC ACID RIPENING SCIENCE Section/Subsection Milk and dairy products, Cheese Dairy products are major sources of CLA; thus, an increase in CLA content can improve the quality value of dairy products. The objective of this work was to determine the effects of lactation time, feeding regimen, and ripening period on the level of CLA in processed cheese. CLA content in milk varied with the period of lactation; high in spring (April and May, about 6.8 mg CLA/g fat) and relatively low in mid summer and winter (about 4.3 mg CLA/g fat). The effects of dietary regimen and ripening period were determined in milk, which was obtained from March to May. After ageing for 4 months, the cheese made from milk Abstract obtained from cows fed on pasture contained relatively higher levels of CLA compared to cheese made from milk obtained from cows fed indoors (8.12 mg CLA/g fat vs 6.76 mg CLA/g fat), but there was no difference in 7 month-aged cheeses. In both pasture and indoor feeding, 7 month-aged cheeses showed higher CLA content than 4 month-aged cheeses. The contents of stearic acid (C18:0) and linolenic acid (C18:3) were significantly higher in cheese from pasture fed cows compared to those in cows fed indoors. These findings should be helpful for the efficient production of functional dairy products with high CLA contents. ISSN 0021-8561 Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009054 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 3.

Score Accession Number 2009-Nc0968 Author Goli, S. A. H., Sahri, M. M., Kadivar, M., Keramat, J. Department of Food Science and Technology, College of Agriculture, Isfahan University of Technology, Author's Address 84156-83111, Isfahan, Iran. Tel. +98311-3913382. Fax +98311-3912254. E-mail amirgoli@cc.iut.ac.ir The production of an experimental table margarine enriched with conjugated linoleic acid (cla): physical Title properties. Source Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. 86, (5): 453-458, 2009. Publication Type Journal Article CLA PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES STRUCTURED LIPIDS LINOLEIC ACID Subject Headings LIPIDS MARGARINES PHYSICAL PROPERTIES STORAGE Section/Subsection Fats, oils and margarine, Margarines and fatty spreads Even though conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) is known to have some beneficial effects on the human body, its consumption has decreased over the past 20 years due to the replacement of animal fats by vegetable oils. In this study, using the structured lipid (SL) containing CLA, an experimental table margarine enriched with CLA was produced and stored for 3 months at two temperatures prior to performing the relevant Abstract analyses. The GC results showed that the margarine fat had 10.6% CLA. The solid fat content was the highest in week 0 in all samples, which then decreased during storage but the hardness increased. An increment in dropping point was also observed in the samples. In week 0, all the samples had the beta' crystal as the predominant crystal form but a crystal transformation from beta' to beta was observed during storage. (c)AOCS 2009. ISSN 0003-021X

Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009052 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 4.

Score Accession Number 2009-Sn1956 Jun Ho Kim, Wan Sik Jeong, In Ho Kim, Hyo-Jin Kim, Sang Ho Kim, Geun Ho Kang, Hong-Gu Lee, Ho Author Guen Yoon, Hee-Jin Ham, Young Jun Kim Correspondence address, Young Jun Kim, Dep. of Food & Biotech., Coll. of Sci. & Tech., Korea Univ., Author's Address Jochiwon, Chungnam 339-700, Korea. Tel. +82-41-860-1435. Fax +82-41-865-0220. E-mail

yk46@korea.ac.kr
33 ref.

Reference Information Title

Effect of an oil byproduct from conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) purification on CLA accumulation and lipogenic gene expression in broilers. Source Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 57, (6): 2397-2404, 2009. Publication Type Journal Article CLA BY-PRODUCTS Subject Headings CHICKEN MEAT CHICKENS LINOLEIC ACID Section/Subsection Meat poultry and game, Poultry and products A previous study showed that supplementing broilers (chickens) with an oil by-product obtained during the purification process of CLA from safflower oil could result in CLA-enriched egg yolks more efficiently than feeding purified CLA (free fatty acid form). On this basis, this study evaluated whether dietary CLA byproduct (CBP) supplementation would enhance CLA accumulation in broiler muscle and its lipogenic mRNA expression in the liver. A total of 456 1-day-old male broiler chicks were randomly assigned to 4 groups, each of which was given 1 of the following 2% dietary supplements for 4 wk: soybean oil (control), safflower oil (SAF), purified CLA and CBP. During the feeding trial, little alteration in broiler performance Abstract was observed among the test groups. CLA accumulation efficiency in the breast muscle did not differ significantly between the CLA- and CBP-fed groups after feeding of the test diet for 3 wk. CLA supplementation also induced lipogenesis in the livers of the broilers, and it significantly increased the relative mRNA levels of sterol regulatory element binding protein 1 (SREBP1), as well as its target genes: fatty acid synthase and acetyl coenzyme A carboxylase (P < 0.05). However, in the CBP-fed group, SREBP1 and ACC mRNA levels were not significantly different from the controls (P > 0.05). These results suggest that CBP could be an efficient dietary source that promotes CLA accumulation in broiler muscle without inducing lipogenesis in the liver or compromising performance and meat quality in the birds. ISSN 0021-8561 Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009044 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 5.

Score Accession Number Author Corporate Authors Reference Information Title Source Publication Type Subject Headings 2009-Nv0896 Haraldsson, G. G., Jerome, D., Saebo, A., Skarie, C. Aker Biomarine ASA US 042538 (19980317) [Aker Biomarine ASA, Norway] Triacylglycerols of enriched CLA content. United States Patent. US 7 514 096 B2; 2009. Patent CLA TRIACYLGLYCEROLS LINOLEIC ACID

PATENTS TRIGLYCERIDES Section/Subsection Fats, oils and margarine, Patents Patent Number US 7 514 096 B2 Novel acylglycerides are disclosed comprising mono-, di- and triacylglycerides characterized by Abstract predominantly containing the CLA t9,c11- and c10,t12 octadecadienoic acids to the exclusion of 11,13-, 8,10- and trans,trans isomers. Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009044 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 6.

Score Accession Number 2009-Pe1648 Author Hennessy, A. A., Ross, R. P., Devery, R., Stanton, C. Correspondence address, C. Stanton, Moorepark Food Res. Cent., Teagasc, Fermoy, Co. Cork, Republic Author's Address of Ireland. E-mail catherine.stanton@teagasc.ie Reference 38 ref. Information Title Optimization of a reconstituted skim milk based medium for enhanced CLA production by bifidobacteria. Source Journal of Applied Microbiology. 106, (4): 1315-1327, 2009. Publication Type Journal Article BIFIDOBACTERIUM BREVE CLA SKIM MILK BIFIDOBACTERIUM Subject Headings BIOCONVERSIONS ISOMERS LINOLEIC ACID MILK Section/Subsection Milk and dairy products, Market milk This study sought to determine the effect of a range of supplements on the bioconversion of linoleic acid to CLA by Bifidobacterium breve NCIMB 702258 in reconstituted skim milk (RSM). 7 supplements (yeast extract, casein hydrolysate, tryptone, L-cysteine hydrochloride, sodium acetate, sodium butyrate and sodium propionate) were identified as increasing the bioconversion of linoleic acid to c9, t11 CLA. Using these supplements, the percentage bioconversion of linoleic acid (0.35 mg/ml) to the c9, t11 CLA isomer Abstract was elevated from 15.5 +or- 1.1% in 20% RSM (w/v) to 48.1 +or- 2.2% in the supplemented RSM. Through additional supplementation of 20 mg/ml inulin and optimization of inoculum and linoleic acid concn., the percentage bioconversion to c9, t11 CLA was increased to 55.0 +or- 3.2%. It is concluded that through supplementation, the concn. of CLA produced by bifidobacteria in RSM can be increased to levels comparable to those observed in the synthetic medium cys-MRS. ISSN 1364-5072 Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009042 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 7.

Score 2009-Aj2430 Hughes, K. Science-supported CLA efficacy. Prepared Foods. 178, (1): 139, 2009. Journal Article CLA Subject Headings HEALTH LINOLEIC ACID Section/Subsection Food Sciences, Compositional and nutritional aspects Accession Number Author Title Source Publication Type

Health benefits of CLA are discussed with respect to research studies, ability to counter inflammation, and products containing CLA. ISSN 0747-2536 Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009041 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. * Abstract

Result 8.

Score Accession Number 2009-Pa1278 Author Jing Li, Yawei Fan, Zhiwu Zhang, Hai Yu, Yin An, Kramer, J. K. G., Zeyuan Deng Correspondence address, Zeyuan Deng, State Key Lab of Food Science and Technology, Institute for Author's Address Advanced Study, University of Nanchang, 235, Nanjing East Road, 330047, Nanchang, Jiangxi, China. Email zeyuandeng@hotmail.com Evaluating the trans fatty acid, CLA, PUFA and erucic acid diversity in human milk from five regions in Title China. Source Lipids. 44, (3): 257-271, 2009. Publication Type Journal Article CHINA CLA ERUCIC ACID HUMAN MILK PUFA TRANS FATTY ACIDS Subject Headings WOMEN DIET FATTY ACIDS LINOLEIC ACID MILK POPULATION GROUPS Section/Subsection Milk and dairy products, General aspects Human milk was obtained from 97 healthy lactating women from five different regions in China. Twentyfour hour dietary questionnaire identified the foods consumed that showed distinct differences in food types between cities. The southern and central regions had higher levels of total trans fatty acids (TFA) and conjugated linoleic acids (CLA) in human milk than the northern region. The major isomers in human milk from the northern region were vaccenic and rumenic acids, whereas the other regions had a random distribution of these isomers. This was consistent with the isomer distribution in the refined vegetable oils used and their increased formation during high temperature stir-frying. The human milk composition showed little evidence that partially hydrogenated fats were consumed, except eight mothers in Abstract Guangzhou who reported eating crackers, plus four other mothers. The TFA concentration in these human milk samples was higher (2.06-3.96%). The amount of n-6 (1.70-2.24%) and n-3 (0.60-1.47%) highly unsaturated fatty acids (HUFA) in human milk and the resultant ratio (1.43-2.95) showed all mothers in China had an adequate supply of HUFA in their diet. Rapeseed oil was consumed evidenced by erucic acids in human milk. The levels of erucic acid were below internationally accepted limits for human consumption. The levels of undesirable TFA and CLA isomers in human milk are a concern. Efforts to decrease the practice of high temperature stir-frying using unsaturated oils, and a promotion to increase consumption of dairy and ruminant products should be considered in China. (c)AOCS 2009. ISSN 0024-4201 Language English Year of Publication 2009 Entry Week 2009032 * Copyright 2009 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 9.

Score Accession Number 2009-Aj0253 Author Park, Y., Pariza, M. W., Park, Y. Dep. of Food Sci., Univ. of Massachusetts Amherst, Amherst, MA 01002, USA. E-mail Author's Address

ypark@foodsci.umass.edu

Cosupplementation of dietary calcium and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) improves bone mass in mice. Journal of Food Science. 73, (7): C556-C560, 2008. Journal Article ANIMAL MODELS BONE HEALTH CA Subject Headings CLA CALCIUM HEALTH LINOLEIC ACID Section/Subsection Food Sciences, Compositional and nutritional aspects CLA has shown a variety of biologically beneficial effects, such as anticancer, antiatherosclerosis, antidiabetic, immunomodulating, and antiobesity effects. Its effects on reduction of body fat occur with enhancement of lean body mass and body ash; the effects of CLA on bone mass are inconsistent in mice and human studies. It was hypothesized that the inconsistency of the effect of CLA on ash may be linked to interaction between CLA and dietary Ca levels. In order to evaluate this possible interaction, previous Abstract studies, which used mice fed 0.5% CLA-containing diet with regular Ca content (0.5%) or enhanced Ca level (0.66%), were reanalysed. Extra Ca in the diet improved the effects of CLA on bone mass, particularly in male mice (P = 0.0194); without extra dietary Ca, there was no effect of CLA on bone mass. It is suggested that this finding may help improve the efficacy of CLA to be used as a dietary supplement as part of an osteoporosis prevention strategy. Further studies are needed to confirm this observation. ISSN 0022-1147 Language English Year of Publication 2008 Entry Week 2008104 * Copyright 2008 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Reference Information Title Source Publication Type

many ref.

Result 10.

Score Accession Number 2009-Na0028 Author Ferramosca, A., Savy, V., Conte, L., Zara, V. Correspondence address, V. Zara, Dep. of Biol. & Environmental Sci. & Tech., Univ. of Salento, I-73100 Author's Address Lecce, Italy. Tel. +39-0832-298705. Fax +39-0832-298626. E-mail vincenzo.zara@unile.it Reference 30 ref. Information Dietary combination of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and pine nut oil prevents CLA-induced fatty liver in Title mice. Source Journal of Agricultural & Food Chemistry. 56, (17): 8148-8158, 2008. Publication Type Journal Article ANIMAL MODELS CLA HYPOLIPAEMIC ACTIVITY PINE NUTS Subject Headings VEGETABLE OILS HEALTH LINOLEIC ACID NUTS OILS VEGETABLE Section/Subsection Fats, oils and margarine, General aspects Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) strongly prevents fat accumulation in adipose tissue of mice, even if hepatic fat deposition and insulin resistance are concomitantly observed. This study investigated the possibility of maintaining the antiadiposity properties of CLA while preventing adverse effects such as hepatic steatosis and hyperinsulinaemia. To this end, mice were divided into 3 groups and fed a standard diet (control) or a diet supplemented with 1% CLA (CLA) or a mixture of 1% CLA + 7.5% pine nut oil (CLA + P). The combination of CLA + P preserved the CLA-mediated antiadiposity properties (70% fat Abstract reduction), preventing hepatic steatosis and a sharp increase in plasma insulin concn. starting from the 8th wk of CLA treatment. Assay of both fatty acid synthesis and oxidation in the CLA + P mice revealed a time-dependent biphasic behaviour of the corresponding enzymic activities. A sudden change in these metabolic events was indeed found at the 8th wk. A strong correlation between the changes in key enzymes of lipid metabolism and insulin levels was apparent in CLA-fed mice. Furthermore, lower levels of lipids, in comparison to values found in CLA-fed mice, were observed in the hepatic tissue and plasma of CLA + P-fed animals. ISSN 0021-8561 Language English

Year of Publication 2008 Entry Week 2008103 * Copyright 2008 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 11.

Score Accession Number 2008-Pe2544 Rego, O. A., Rosa, H. J. D., Regalo, S. M., Alves, S. P., Alfaia, C. M. M., Prates, J. A. M., Vouzela, C. M., Author Bessa, R. J. B. CITAA, Dep. de Ciencias Agrarias, Univ. dos Acores, 9701-851 Angra Heroismo, Portugal. E-mail Author's Address

orego@uac.pt
24 ref.

Seasonal changes of CLA isomers and other fatty acids of milk fat from grazing dairy herds in the Azores. Journal of the Science of Food & Agriculture. 88, (10): 1855-1859, 2008. Journal Article CLA FEEDING FATTY ACIDS Subject Headings FEEDS LINOLEIC ACID MILK SEASON Section/Subsection Milk and dairy products, Market milk Effects of season on the fatty acid composition of bulk milk samples from the Azores (Portugal) were studied with particular reference to CLA isomers. Samples were obtained from 12 Holstein dairy herds grazing on pasture with supplementation with corn silage + concentrate in winter and concentrate in Abstract spring. Results showed that season influenced the fatty acid composition of milk, with spring milk having a better fatty acid profile in terms of consumer health, including higher concn. of rumenic acid (cis-9,trans11-CLA) and linolenic acid and decreased concn. of palmitic acid compared with winter milk. C18:2 n6/C18:3 n-3 ratio was also lower in spring milk (P < 0.05). ISSN 0022-5142 Language English Year of Publication 2008 Entry Week 2008083 * Copyright 2008 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Reference Information Title Source Publication Type

Result 12.

Score Accession Number Author 2008-Wd0133 Nunes, E. A., Bonatto, S. J., Oliveira, H. H. P. de, Rivera, N. L. M., Maiorka, A., Krabbe, E. L., Tanhoffer, R. A., Fernandes, L. C. Dep. de Fisiologia, Cent. Politec., Jardim das Americas, CEP 81531-980, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. Tel./fax +55 41 33611784. E-mail eanunes@ufpr.br

Author's Address Reference 34 ref. Information The effect of dietary supplementation with 9-cis:12-trans and 10-trans:12-cis conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) for Title nine months on serum cholesterol, lymphocyte proliferation and polymorphonuclear cells function in Beagle dogs. Source Research in Veterinary Science. 84, (1): 62-67, 2008. Publication Journal Article Type Subject CLA Headings DOG FOODS DOGS LEUKOCYTES BLOOD CELLS CHOLESTEROL

Abstract

ISSN Language Year of 2008 Publication Entry Week 2008065 * Copyright 2008 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

LINOLEIC ACID PET FOODS PETS Effects of feeding CLA-supplemented dog foods to beagles were investigated upon blood cholesterol, lymphocyte proliferation and function of polymorphonuclear cells. Supplemental 9-cis:11-trans and 10-trans:12cis CLA were fed for 9 months and the dogs receiving this diet were compared with control animals receiving unsupplemented dog food. Polymorphonuclear cells were isolated from blood samples taken from the dogs and assayed for phagocytic activity, lysosome content and production of superoxide anions. Lymphocytes were also isolated and a lymphocyte proliferation capacity assay was performed. Polymorphonuclear cell parameters were not affected significantly by feeding CLA-supplemented dog food, but the capacity of lymphocytes for mitosis was increased by 45%. Biochemical analysis revealed that total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol and non-HDL-cholesterol were 34, 28 and 28% lower, respectively, in dogs fed CLA. Results indicate that the lipid profile of dogs may be modified by feeding CLA without altering inflammatory function. 0034-5288 English

Result 13.

Score Accession Number 2008-Ne1026 Author Goli, S. A. H., Kadivar, M., Keramat, J., Fazilati, M. Correspondence address, M. Kadivar, Dep. of Food Sci. & Tech., Coll. of Agric., Isfahan Univ. of Tech., Author's Address Isfahan 84156 83111, Iran. Fax +98-31-13912254. E-mail mak120@mail.usask.ca Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) production and lipase-catalyzed interesterification of purified CLA with Title canola oil. Source European Journal of Lipid Science & Technology. 110, (5): 400-404, 2008. Publication Type Journal Article CLA INTERESTERIFICATION SAFFLOWER OILS CRYSTALLIZATION ESTERIFICATION Subject Headings ISOMERIZATION LINOLEIC ACID OILS VEGETABLE PURIFICATION RAPESEED OILS Section/Subsection Fats, oils and margarine, Vegetable oils and fats Production and purification of 2 CLA isomers and their incorporation into rapeseed oil are reported. The isomers, cis9,trans11- and trans10,cis12-CLA, were produced via alkali isomerization of safflower oil, and purified using a single step process involving urea crystallization. Lipase-catalysed interesterification Abstract between rapeseed oil and the 2 CLA isomers was performed for 48 h using a fungal lipase (from Thermomyces lanuginosus). Under these conditions, the CLA content of the triacylglycerols fraction of the oil reached 26.6 mol-%. In addition, CLA incorporation led to an alteration of the physicochemical properties of this fraction. ISSN 1438-7697 Language English Year of Publication 2008 Entry Week 2008063 * Copyright 2008 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 14.

Score Accession Number 2008-Pa1032 Silva Hernandez, E. R., Suarez Jacome, M. M., Guadalupe Herrera Lee, R., Nakano, T., Ozimek, L., Author Verdalet Guzman, I. Author's Address Univ. Veracruzana, Xalapa, Veracruz, Mexico

Reference Information Title

25 ref.

High conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content in milk and dairy products using a dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows. Thrombogenic/atherogenic risk issues. Source Archivos Latinoamericanos de Nutricion. 57, (2): 173-178, 2007. Publication Type Journal Article BUTTER OILS CLA FEEDING VACCENIC ACID BUTTER Subject Headings CREAM FATS MILK FATTY ACIDS FEEDS LINOLEIC ACID MILK Section/Subsection Milk and dairy products, General aspects This study was undertaken to determine the effect of dietary supplementation with sunflower seeds in cattle on the chemical composition of milk and dairy products. Cream, butter and butter oil were prepared from milk produced by cows fed a control diet (control products) or diet supplemented with 11.2% sunflower seed (CLA-rich products). Milk samples were determined for lactose. A sample of CLA-rich or control products was determined for fatty acid profile as well as fat, protein and ash contents. The index of atherogenicity (IA) and the index of thrombogenicity (IT) were also calculated. Results revealed that there was no effect of the inclusion of sunflower seed in the feed on the lactose content in milk, and total fat, Abstract protein and ash contents in the dairy products. Average contents of CLA and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA), expressed as g/100g total fatty acids, were 0.54 and 1.6, respectively, in the control products, and 2 and 6.4, respectively, in the CLA-rich products. Moreover, CLA-rich products showed considerably low IA and IT, which were, respectively, 38.4 and 25.0% less than those from control products. Fatty acid profiles were unaffected during processing, which demonstrates that CLA is a stable component in the dairy products analysed. It is concluded that dietary supplementation of sunflower seed in cows increases the CLA and TVA contents in milk, which may contribute to the reduction of the risk of cardiovascular diseases in humans. ISSN 0004-0622 Language Spanish Language of English Summary Year of Publication 2007 Entry Week 2008024 * Copyright 2007 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 15.

Score Accession Number Author Author's Address Reference Information Title Source Publication Type 2008-Na0247 Park, Y., Albright, K. J., Storkson, J. M., Liu, W., Pariza, M. W. Dep. of Food Sci., Univ. of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA. E-mail ypark@foodsci. umass.edu 43 ref.

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) prevents body fat accumulation and weight gain in an animal model. Journal of Food Science. 72, (8): S612-S617, 2007. Journal Article ANIMAL MODELS BODY WT. Subject Headings CLA ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS LINOLEIC ACID Section/Subsection Fats, oils and margarine, General aspects Abstract CLA has been shown to reduce body fat and increase lean body mass in mice, rats and pigs. A recent human trial indicated that CLA may work more effectively if used for prevention of body fat deposition and wt. gain. To test this hypothesis, 2 experiments were conducted using relatively old mice (older than 6 months): experiment 1 involved supplementation of CLA during dietary restriction; and experiment 2 supplementation during ad libitum feeding followed by restriction. In experiment 1, there were significant effects of diet restriction and CLA supplementation on body composition, while CLA decreased body fat content in ad libitum diet but not significantly during diet restriction. In experiment 2, CLA fed animals had body wt. similar to restricted animals and CLA significantly reduced body fat (significantly lower than prior to and post restriction, or pair fed). This suggests that CLA exerted modulation of body fat independent of

reduced food intake. Based on these results, it is concluded that CLA may be more effective at protecting against fat mass regain following wt. loss than as a wt. loss treatment. ISSN 0022-1147 Language English Year of Publication 2007 Entry Week 2007121 * Copyright 2007 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 16.

Score Accession Number 2008-Na0241 Author Iwata, T., Kamegai, T., Yamauchi-Sato, Y., Ogawa, A., Kasai, M., Aoyama, T., Kondo, K. Health Foods Dep., Nisshin OilliO Group Ltd., 23-1, 1-chome, Shinkawa, Chuo-ku, Tokyo 104-8285, Author's Address Japan. E-mail t-iwata@nisshin-oillio.com Reference 31 ref. Information Safety of dietary conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in a 12-weeks trial in healthy overweight Japanese male Title volunteers. Source Journal of Oleo Science. 56, (10): 517-525, 2007. Publication Type Journal Article BODY MASS INDEX CLA HEPATOTOXICITY JAPAN MEN Subject Headings ANTHROPOMETRIC PARAMETERS FOOD SAFETY LINOLEIC ACID POPULATION GROUPS TOXICITY Section/Subsection Fats, oils and margarine, General aspects Short-term safety of dietary CLA was investigated in overweight Japanese male volunteers. A randomized, double-blind placebo-controlled trial was conducted which included 60 healthy overweight volunteers (body mass index (BMI), 25-35 kg/m2). Volunteers were randomly assigned to 3 groups, receiving: 5.4 g CLA-triacylglycerol (3.4 g as CLA), 10.8 g CLA-triacylglycerol (6.8 g as CLA) and placebo (10.8 g safflower oil) daily for 12 wk. CLA-triaclyglycerol contained 9cis,11trans- and 10trans,12cis-isomers in equal amounts. Safety was evaluated by analyses of blood parameters and clinical examinations at baseline, and at 6 and 12 wk, including vital signs and adverse effects. All subjects completed the study. The occurrence of adverse events tended to be higher in the CLA groups than in the placebo group, but Abstract all of the adverse events were mild to moderate, within normal ranges, and temporary. Serum aspartate aminotransferase (AST) activity did not differ significantly between the groups at 12 wk, but in the high CLA group it was slightly increased from the baseline. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) activity was higher in the high CLA group than in the placebo group after 12 weeks and was higher than at the baseline in both CLA groups. However, statistical analysis of the population of apparently healthy volunteers who had normal blood parameters at baseline revealed that AST and ALT levels did not differ significantly among the 3 groups at 12 wk. Moreover, no clinically significant changes in vital signs were observed in any of the groups. These results indicate that CLA at a dose of 3.4 g/day is a safe dietary level for the healthy Japanese population in terms of the parameters examined. ISSN 1345-8957 Language English Year of Publication 2007 Entry Week 2007121 * Copyright 2007 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Result 17.

Score Accession Number 2008-Aj0529 Author Silveira, M. B., Carraro, R., Monereo, S., Tebar, J. Servicio de Endocrinologa y Nutr., Hospital Univ. de La Princesa, Diego de Leon, 62. 28006 Madrid, Author's Address Spain. E-mail belensilveira@telefonica.net

Conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and obesity. ) 1181-1186 Public Health Nutrition. 10, 2007. Review CLA METABOLIC SYNDROME OBESITY Subject Headings DISEASES LINOLEIC ACID REVIEWS Section/Subsection Food Sciences, Compositional and nutritional aspects The term CLA refers to several positional and geometric conjugated dienoic isomers of linoleic acid (LA), of which the trans-10,cis-12 isomer has been reported to reduce adiposity and increase lean mass in mice and other animals when included at <=1% of the diet. However, most dietary CLA in humans is obtained from dairy products, with the cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomer, also known as rumenic acid, accounting for >90% of the total CLA intake. Commercial CLA preparations containing trans-10,cis-12 and cis-9,trans-11 CLA isomers in diverse proportions, are attracting consumer interest because of the purported body fatlowering effects of CLA, coupled to perception of such products as natural compounds, devoid of harmful effects. Nevertheless, despite numerous studies on CLA effects on body composition for nearly a decade, Abstract the mechanisms by which CLA isomers elicit their effects remain largely unknown. The purpose of this paper is to provide an updated literature review of the studies performed on animals and humans, as well as to describe the potential mechanisms involved in CLA effects on body wt. and composition and metabolism. Experiments in humans have not been able to show a significant effect on body wt., body composition or wt. regain related to either of the CLA isomers. In fact, some studies suggest a tendency towards a decrease in body fat mass and an increase in body lean mass, while some others raise concern about the possibility of deleterious effects of trans-10,cis-12 CLA on lipid profiles, glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity. It is concluded that the evidence currently available regarding the effectiveness of CLA in humans is unconvincing. ISSN 1368-9800 Language English Year of Publication 2007 Entry Week 2007113 * Copyright 2007 International Food Information Service (IFIS Publishing). All Rights Reserved. *

Reference Information Title Source Description Source Publication Type

many ref.