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+ s s
= s s
s s
+
(
= s s
+
(7.2)
During the time interval [0,t
1
], as the demand is meet from RW, the stock at OW decreases due to deterioration only.
Thus, the inventory level at time t [0,t
1
], I
0
(t) is governed by the following differential equation:
( )
( )
0
0 1
, 0
dI t
I T t t
dt
= s s
(7.3)
with the initial condition I
0
(0)=W. Again, during the time interval [t
1
,t
2
], the inventory level at OW is depleted by the
combined effect of demand and deterioration, the inventory level at time t [t
1
,t
2
], I
0
(t), is governed by the following
differential equation:
( )
( )
0
0 1 2
,
dI t
I t t t t
dt
= s s
(7.4)
with the boundary condition I
0
(t
2
)=0. Solving the differential equation (7.3) and (7.4), we have
( )
0 1
, 0
t
I t We t t
= s s (7.5)
( )
( ) 2
0 1 2
1 ,
t t
I t e t t t
(
= s s
(7.6)
Due to continuity of I
0
(t) at t=t
1
, if follows eq. (7.5) and (7.6), we have
( )
( ) 2 1 1
0 1
1
t t t
I t We e
(
= =
(7.7)
Furthermore, during the period [t
2
, T], the behavior of the inventory system can be described by
( )
( )
0
2
,
1
dI t
t t T
dt T t
= s s
+
(7.8)
with initial condition I
0
(t
2
)=0, we have
( ) ( ) ( ) { } 0 2 2
1 1 , I t I n T t In T t t t T
= + + s s ( (
(7.9)
From the equations (7.2), (7.5), (7.6) and (7.10), the total per cycle consists of the elements:
1. Ordering cost per cycle =c
0
2. Holding cost per cycle in RW
( )
1
0
( )
t
r
F ht I t dt = +
}
( ) ( )
1
( ) 2
1 1 1 2 2
( ) 1 2 ( )
( ) 2( )
t
F h
e t t t
+
= + + +
+ +
3. Holding cost per cycle in OW
( ) ( )
1 2
1
0 0
0
( ) ( )
t t
t
H t I t dt H t I t dt
| |
= + + +
|
|
\ .
} }
( )
( )
( )
2 1 1
2 1 2
1 ( 1)
t t t
W
H e e t t
(
= +
(
( ) ( ) 2 1 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 1
2 2
1
2 2
t t t t
t t e t t e
(
+ + + + (
(
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
, 0
r
r r
dI t
I t I T t t
dt
= + s s
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
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4. Shortage cost per cycle
( )
2
T
0
t
s I t dt =
}
( ) ( ) { } 2 2 2
s
T t I n 1 T t
o
= o + + o (
o
The amount of deteriorated items in both RW and OW are
( )
( )
( ) ( )
1
1 2
1
t
r
D e t
+
= +
+
And
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
0 0 2 1 2 1
0 D I t t W t t = =
5. Deterioration cost per cycle
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
0 1 2 1 2
1
t
r
P D D P e t W t t
+
= + = + +
`
+
)
6. Opportunity cost due to lost sale per cycle
( )
( ) ( ) { }
T
2 2
t 2
1
OC 1 dt T t I n 1 T t
1 T t
t o
= t o = o + o (
`
o + o (
)
}
Case I: when M s t
2
In this situation, since the length of period with positive stock is larger then the permissible delay period, the buyer can
use the sale revenue to earn interest at an annual rate I
e
in (0, t
2
). The interest earn IE
1
is
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) { }
1 2
1
1
1 1 2
0
3 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 3
2 2 1
2
t t
e
t
t e
I E P I t t I t dt t t dt
P I
t t t e t
+
| |
= + +
|
|
\ .
= + + + + + + +
+
} }
(7.10)
However beyond the permissible delay period, the unsold stock is supposed to be financial with an annual rate I
r
and
interest payable is given by
( )
( )
( ) ( )
2
2
0 2 2
1
t
t M r
r
M
PI
I P PI I t dt e t M
= =
}
(7.11)
Therefore total average cost per unit time is
( )
RW OW 1
1 1
OC HC HO SC OC DC I P I E
TC t , T
T
+ + + + + +
=
( ) ( )
1
( ) 2
0 1 1 1 2 2
1
{ ( ) 1 2 ( )
( ) 2( )
t
F h
c e t t t
T
+
= + + + +
+ +
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) 2 1 2 1
2 1 1
2 2
2 1 2 1
2 1 2 2 2
1
1 ( 1)
2 2
t t t t
t t t
t t e t t W e
H e e t t
(
(
+ + + + + + (
(
(
( )
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( )
( )
( )
( )
1
2 2 1 2 1 2 2
1 1
t
s
T t I n T t P e t W t t
+
+
+ + + + + (
`
+
)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( ) ( )
1 2
3 2 2
2
1 2 1 1 2 3 2
2 2 1 1
2
t t M e r
PI PI
t t t e t e t M
+
+ + + + + + + +
`
+ )
(7.12)
For minimizing the total relevant cost per unit time, the approximate optimal values of t
1
and T (denoted by t
1
* and T*)
can be obtained by solving the following equations:
1 1
1
0 0
TC TC
and
t T
c c
= =
c c
(7.13)
which also satisfies the conditions:
( )
( )
* *
* *
1 ,
1
2 2
1 1
2 2
,
1
| 0 | 0
t T
t T
TC TC
and
t T
c c
> >
c c
and
( )
* *
,
1
2
2 2 2
1 1 1
2 2
1 1
| 0
t T
TC TC TC
t T t T
| | | | | | c c c
>
` | | |
c c c c
\ . \ . \ .
)
Next by using the optimal values t
1
* and T*, the approximate optimal values of t
2
(denoted by t
2
*) and the approximate
minimum total cost per unit time can be obtained from (13) respectively.
Case-II: when M>t
2
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
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SinceM>t
2
the buyer pays an interest but earns interest at an annual rate I
e
during the period (0, M), interest earns in
this case, denoted by IE
2
, is given by
( )( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
1 2 1 2
1 1
t t t t
2 e 1 2 2
0 t 0 t
I E PI t t I (t) dt t t dt M t I t dt dt
| | | |
| = o + | + o + o + | + o |
| |
\ . \ .
} } } }
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) {
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )}
1
1
3 2 2 t 2 e
1 2 1 1 3
3 2 t 2
2 1 2 1 1
PI
2 t t t 2 2 e 1 t
2
M t 2 t t t 2 2 e 1 t
| + u
| + u
o
= | + u + u | + u + | + | + | + u
| + u
+ | + u + u | + u + | + | + | + u
(7.14)
Then the total average cost per unit time is
( ) | |
2 1 RW OW 2
1
T C t , T OC HC HC SC OC DC I E
T
= + + + + +
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
2 1 1 1
( ) 2
0 1 1 1 2 1 2 2 2
1
( ) 1 2 ( ) 1 ( 1)
( ) 2( )
t t t t
F h W
c e t t t H e e t t
T
+
(
= + + + + + +
(
+ +
( ) ( )
( )
2 1 2 1 2 2
2 1 2 1
2 2 2
1
2 2
t t t t
s t t e t t e
( +
+ + + + + (
(
( ) ( ) { }
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
1
2 2 1 2 1 2
1 1
t
T t I n T t P e t W t t
+
+ + + + (
`
+
)
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( ) {
1
3 2 2 2
1 2 1 1 3
2 2 2 1
2
t e
P I
t t t e t
+
+ + + + + + +
+
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )}}
1
3 2
2
2 1 2 1 1
2 2 2 1
t
M t t t t e t
+
+ + + + + + + +
(7.15)
For minimizing the total relevant cost per unit time, the approximate optimal values of t
1
and T (denoted by t
1
* and T*)
can be obtained by solving the following equations:
2 2
1
0 0
TC TC
and
t T
c c
= =
c c
(7.16)
which also satisfies the conditions:
( )
( )
* *
* *
1 , 1
2 2
2 2
2 2 ,
1
| 0 | 0
t T
t T
TC TC
and
t T
c c
> >
c c
and
( )
* *
, 1
2
2 2 2
2 2 2
2 2
1 1
| 0
t T
T C T C T C
t T t T
| | | | | | c c c
>
` | | |
c c c c
\ . \ . \ .
)
Next by using the optimal values t
1
* and T*, the approximate optimal values of t
2
(denoted by t
2
*) and the approximate
minimum total cost per unit time can be obtained from (7.15) respectively.
4. NUMERICAL EXAMPLES
To illustrate the results, we apply the proposed method to solve the following numerical example:
Let = 350, = 0, c
o
=60, c
h1
=8,
c
h2
=10, W =100, = 0.05, = 0.06,
c
s
=3, I
r
=0.15, I
e
=0.12, P =68,
M =0.31, c
d
=0.25.
The optimal values of t
1
, t
2
, T, TC
1
and TC
2
have been computed. Computed results are displayed in table 7.1.
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
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Table 1:
Table 2: Sensitivity analysis:
M t2 M >t2
Parameters Percentage
change in
parameters
TC1 Percentage
change in
total cost
TC2 Percentage
change in total
cost
C
- 20 5011.92 456.512 587.841 12.0069
- 10 2078.87 130.834 550.619 4.9146
10 464.977 -48.3699 501.239 -4.4941
20 865.727 -3.8716 477.667 -8.9857
co
- 20 898.106 -0.2762 515.205 -1.8331
- 10 899.35 -0.1381 519.961 -0.9269
10 901.838 0.1381 529.806 0.9487
20 903.082 0.2762 534.906 1.9206
D
- 20 6123.2 579.906 508.592 -3.0931
- 10 2403.49 166.879 512.097 -2.4253
10 517.727 -42.5127 535.231 1.9825
20 255.567 -71.6223 531.50 1.2716
W
- 20 368.554 -59.0765 446.182 -14.9847
- 10 477.076 -47.0264 490.627 -6.5162
10 2702.23 200.05 561.396 6.9680
20 6885.66 664.569 605.767 15.4224
ch1
- 20 460.655 -48.8498 477.436 -9.0296
- 10 504.971 -43.9291 503.004 -4.1580
10 1750.96 94.4229 544.974 3.8390
20 3253.15 261.222 564.779 7.6125
5. OBSERVATIONS
1. From table 7.1 and table 7.2, it is observed that TC
2
is always less then TC
1
with respect to the change in every
parameter. This is due to in the second case M >t
2
. So, we have not paid any interest and we earn some interest.
2. As the purchasing cost (P) increases, the total cost is decreases in both cases.
3. As the ordering cost increases (c
0
), the total inventory cost is increases in both cases.
4. As the demand rate increases (D), the total inventory cost is decrease in both cases.
5. As the capacity of the own warehouse increases, the total inventory cost is also increases in both cases.
6. As the holding cost of own warehouse increases, the total inventory cost is also increases in both cases.
7. The total inventory cost is very sensitive with respect to W and very less effected by the variation of c
0
.
6. CONCLUSION
In this study an inventory system is developed for decaying items with two-warehouses and stock dependent demand.
Shortages are permitting in this model and partially backlogged. And backlogging rate is time dependent and it is
waiting time for the next replenishment. The conditions of permissible delay in payments and time dependent holding
cost are also taken into account. Holding costs and deterioration costs are different in OW and RW due to different
preservation environments. The inventory costs (including holding cost and deterioration cost) in RW are assumed to
be higher than those in OW. To reduce the inventory costs, it will be economical for firms to store the goods in OW to
the maximum level and after that the remaining goods store in RW, but clear the stocks in RW before OW. So that rent
of rented warehouse is minimum. From the viewpoint of the costs, decisions rules to find the optimal order cycle time t
2
contains two cases:
(i) M t
2
(ii) M >t
2
.
M t2 M >t2
t1 =0.9098
t2 =2.0908
T =4.7461
TC1 =900.594
T1 =0.0120
t2 =0.2955
T =1.0546
TC2 =524.826
International Journal of Application or Innovation in Engineering& Management (IJAIEM)
Web Site: www.ijaiem.org Email: editor@ijaiem.org, editorijaiem@gmail.com
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013 ISSN 2319 - 4847
Volume 2, Issue 3, March 2013 Page 71
Finally, a numerical example in Table 1 is studied to illustrate the theoretical results. From the above table 1 and 2, it is
observed that the total inventory cost TC
2
is always less then TC
1
with respect to the change in every parameter. This is
due to in the second case M >t
2
. So, we have not paid any interest and we earn some interest. So, we conclude that the
effect of permissible delay cannot be ignored.
Thus, this model incorporates some realistic features that are likely to be associated with some kinds of inventory. The
model is very useful in their retail business. It can be used for electronic components, fashionable clothes, domestic
goods and other products which are more likely with the characteristics above.
In future research on this problem, it would be of interest to add effect of more realistic demand rate in the model (e. g.
time-varying and stock-dependent demand patterns). On the other hand, the possible extension of this work may relax
the assumption of constant deterioration rate.
REFERENCES
[1] Aggarwal, S.P. and Jaggi, C.K. (1995): Ordering policies of deteriorating items under permissible delay in
payments, Journal of Operational Research Society (J.O.R.S.), 46, 658-662.
[2] Chung, K.J. (1998): A theorem on the determination of economic order quantity under conditions of permissible
delay in payments, Computers & Operations Research, 25, 1, 49-52.
[3] Chung, K.J. and Liao, J.J. (2004): Lot sizing decision under trade credit depending on the ordering quantity,
C.O.R., 31, 909-928.
[4] Dye, C.Y. (2002): A deteriorating inventory model with stock dependent demand and partial backlogging under
conditions of permissible delay in payments, Opsearch, 39(3&4), 189-200.
[5] Goyal, S.K. (1985): Economic order quantity under conditions of permissible delay in payments, J.O.R.S., 36,
335-338.
[6] Jamal, A.M.M., Sarker, B.R. and Wang, S. (1997): An ordering policy for deteriorating items with allowable
shortage and permissible delay in payment, J.O.R.S., 48, 826-833.
[7] Jamal, A.M.M, Sarker, B.R. and Wang, S. (2000): Optimal payment time for a retailer under permitted delay of
payment by the wholesaler, I.J.P.E., 66, 59-66.
[8] Soni, H. et al. (2006): An EOQ Model For Progressive Payment Scheme Under DCF Approach, Asia-Pacific
Journal of Operational Research, 23, 4, 509-524.
[9] Soni, H. and Shah, N.H. (2008): Optimal ordering policy for stock-dependent demand under progressive payment
scheme, E.J.O.R., 184 (1), 91-100.
[10] Singh, S.R. and Singh, T.J. (2008): Perishable inventory model with quadratic demand, partial backlogging and
permissible delay in payments, International Review of Pure and Applied Mathematics, 1, 53-66.
[11] Teng, J.T., Chang, C.T. and Goyal, S.K. (2005): Optimal pricing and ordering policy under permissible delay in
payments, I.J.P.E., 97, 121-129.
Dr. Ajay Singh Yadav has done M.Sc. in Mathematics and Ph.D. in inventory Modelling, he has over 6
years experience in teaching Mathematics in defferent Engineering Colleges. Presently he is Assistant
Professor in SRM University NCR Campus Ghaziabad
Ms. Anupam Swami has done M.Sc ,M.Phil. in Mathematics and pursing Ph.D in inventory Modelling,
she has over 5 years experience in teaching Mathematics in defferent Degree Colleges. Presently she is
Assistant Professor in Department of Mathematics, Govt. Degree College, Sambhal, U.P