HYDRAULICS

PetroSkills
Hydraulics
Hydraulics can be maximized using the
horsepower method or the impact force
method
2
1714
PQ
Hp =
1932
Q V
IF
n m

=
Hydraulics
In the Pressure Loss chapter, we learned
that
Setting all the pressure losses except the bit
dca dpa bit dc dp surf s
P P P P P P P + + + + + =
3
Setting all the pressure losses except the bit
to P
c
yields
bit c s
P P P + =
Hydraulics
Pressure losses in the circulating system
(everything except the bit) can also be
expressed as:
s
c
KQ P =
4
Where K is a constant and s is the slope of a
line on log-log paper
Hydraulics
You can also say that:
Substituting Equation 7-1 into Equation 7-5
yields:
bit c s
Hp Hp Hp + =
5
yields:
714 , 1 714 , 1 714 , 1
Q P Q P Q P
bit c s
+ =
Hydraulics
Rearranging and canceling the 1,714:
Substituting Equation 7-4 into Equation 7-7:
Q P Q P Q P
c s bit
=
1 +
=
s
KQ Q P Q P
6
1 +
=
s
s bit
KQ Q P Q P
Hydraulics
Differentiating and setting equal to zero:
Minimum
Maximum
0 =
bit
P
7
0 ) 1 ( = +
s
s
KQ s P
Hydraulics
Substituting Equation 7-4 into Equation 7-
10:
0 ) 1 ( = +
c s
P s P
8
c s
P s P ) 1 ( + =
s c
P
s
P
|

\
|
+
=
1
1
Hydraulics
The horsepower at the bit will be
maximized when
s c
P P
|
|

|
+
=
1
9
s c
P
s
P
|

\
+
=
1
Hydraulics
If the slope s is assumed to be 1.86 (the
industry usually assumes between 1.80 and
1.86), the equations become:
10
s c
P P 35 . 0 =
s bit
P P 65 . 0 =
s c
P P
|

\
|
+
=
1 86 . 1
1
Hydraulics
Hydraulic horsepower will be maximized
when the pressure losses in the circulating
system are 35% of the maximum allowable
standpipe pressure and the pressure losses
at the bit are 65% of the maximum
11
at the bit are 65% of the maximum
allowable standpipe pressure
Hydraulics
Example 7-2 derives the equation for the
maximum impact force
Equation 7-17 can be used to calculate the
pressure drop across the bit nozzles
12
pressure drop across the bit nozzles
120 , 1
2
n m
bit
V
P

=
Hydraulics
Substituting Equation 7-3 and 7-4 into
Equation 7-17 yields:
s
s
n m
KQ P
V
=
120 , 1
2

13
Rearranging Equation 7-18:
120 , 1
( )
2
1
120 , 1
(
(
(
(

=
m
s
s
n
KQ P
V

Hydraulics
Substituting Equation 7-16 into Equation 7-
19
( )
2 / 1
(
(
(

=
s
s m
KQ P Q
IF

14
Simplifying:
( )
120 , 1
932 , 1
(
(
(

=
m
s m
IF

[ ]
2 / 1
2 2 +
=
s
s
AKQ Q AP IF
Hydraulics
where A is a constant equal to
Differentiating and setting equal to zero
333 , 3
m
A

=
15
[ ]
dQ
AKQ Q AP d
dQ
IF d
s
s
2 / 1
2 2
) (
+

=
[ ] [ ]
1
2 / 1
2 2
) 2 ( 2
2
1
0
+

+
+ =
s
s
s
s
AKQ s Q AP AKQ Q AP
Hydraulics
Equation 7-22 is the equation for
1
) 2 ( 2 0
+
+ =
s
s
KQ s A Q AP
Q P s A Q AP
c s
) 2 ( 2 0 + =
c s
P s P ) 2 ( 2 0 + =
16
Equation 7-22 is the equation for
maximizing impact force at the bit
s c
P
s
P
|

\
|
+
=
2
2
Hydraulics
Again, assuming the slope is 1.86, the
impact force will be maximized when
| |
2
17
s c
P P 52 . 0 =
s bit
P P 48 . 0 =
s c
P P
|

\
|
+
=
2 86 . 1
2
Hydraulics
Impact force will be maximized when the
pressure losses in the circulating system are
52% of the maximum allowable standpipe
pressure and the pressure losses at the bit
are 48% of the maximum allowable
18
are 48% of the maximum allowable
standpipe pressure
Hydraulics
Keeping the same
surface pressure P
s
,
the flow rate can
be varied and HP
and IF can be
800
1000
1200
1400
H
p

o
r

I
F
IMPACT FORCE
19
and IF can be
calculated
The maximum
values can be
found
0
200
400
600
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700
Flow Rate, Q
H
p

o
r

I
F
HORSEPOWER
Directional Drilling
PetroSkills
Introduction
Type I is a build and
hold
Drilled to a relatively
shallow KOP
Deflected to a
21
Deflected to a
maximum inclination
The inclination is held
relatively constant to
TD
Introduction
Type II is a build
hold and drop
often termed an
S curve
22
Multiple targets
Around salt domes
More torque and
drag for the same
departure
Introduction
Type III is a
continuous build to
target
Deeper kickoff point
23
Small horizontal
departure
Less expensive
Introduction
Type IV is a
horizontal wellbore
Build rates may be
high
Hold inclination is
24
Hold inclination is
near 90 degrees
Designer
Well
0 0
25 25
0 0
500 500
750 750
1000 1000
1500 1500
1250 1250
1750 1750
T
r
u
e

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
T
r
u
e

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
ERD Wells with ERD Wells with
significant significant
azimuth azimuth
change(s) change(s)
2000 2000
2250 2250
T
r
u
e

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
T
r
u
e

V
e
r
t
i
c
a
l

D
e
p
t
h

(
m
)
Final Final
Wellbore Wellbore
Pilot Pilot Hole Hole
Highly Highly
engineered well engineered well
plan required plan required
Introduction
26
Introduction
27
Survey Calculations
Common
terminology for a
directional profile
EOB or EOC EOB or EOC
KOP KOP
Build Section Build Section
RKB RKB
T
V
D
,

f
t
T
V
D
,

f
t
28
Departure, ft Departure, ft
Tangent or Hold Tangent or Hold
Drop Drop
Section Section
T
V
D
,

f
t
T
V
D
,

f
t
Build rate angle (BRA, Drop rate angle (DRA)
Survey Calculations
Dogleg severity is a measure of the amount of
change in the inclination and/or azimuth of a
borehole, usually expressed in degrees per
100 feet or degrees per 30 meters course
29
100 feet or degrees per 30 meters course
length
Survey Calculations
If I
1
= 2
o
, I
2
= 4
o
and MD = 100, then the
dogleg severity would be
( )
' 100 / 2
100
2 4
0
=

= DLS
30
If I
1
= 2
o
, I
2
= 4
o
and MD = 50, then the
dogleg severity would be
( )
' 100 / 4
2
2
50
2 4
0
=

= x DLS
Survey Calculations
Most common survey methods
Tangential
Balanced Tangential
Average Angle
31
Radius of Curvature
Minimum Curvature
Survey Calculations
Tangential method uses only the lower
survey point and is the least accurate
survey method
32
Survey Calculations
The balanced tangential survey method
assumes the wellbore course is two straight
lines with half the wellbore course tangent
to the upper survey point and the other
half to the lower survey point
33
Survey Calculations
The average angle method assumes the
wellbore course is a straight line tangent to
the average angle
34
Survey Calculations
Radius of curvature assumes that the
wellbore course is an arc of a circle
Used for planning but not for final survey
35
Survey Calculations
Minimum Curvature is the balanced
tangential method but the straight lines are
smoothed into an arc by a correction factor
36