COMPLETE REVISION

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Process Industry Practices Civil

PIP CVS02100 Site Preparation, Excavation, and Backfill Specification

PURPOSE AND USE OF PROCESS INDUSTRY PRACTICES In an effort to minimize the cost of process industry facilities, this Practice has been prepared from the technical requirements in the existing standards of major industrial users, contractors, or standards organizations. By harmonizing these technical requirements into a single set of Practices, administrative, application, and engineering costs to both the purchaser and the manufacturer should be reduced. While this Practice is expected to incorporate the majority of requirements of most users, individual applications may involve requirements that will be appended to and take precedence over this Practice. Determinations concerning fitness for purpose and particular matters or application of the Practice to particular project or engineering situations should not be made solely on information contained in these materials. The use of trade names from time to time should not be viewed as an expression of preference but rather recognized as normal usage in the trade. Other brands having the same specifications are equally correct and may be substituted for those named. All Practices or guidelines are intended to be consistent with applicable laws and regulations including OSHA requirements. To the extent these Practices or guidelines should conflict with OSHA or other applicable laws or regulations, such laws or regulations must be followed. Consult an appropriate professional before applying or acting on any material contained in or suggested by the Practice.

This Practice is subject to revision at any time by the responsible Function Team and will be reviewed every 5 years. This Practice will be revised, reaffirmed, or withdrawn. Information on whether this Practice has been revised may be found at http://www.pip.org.

Process Industry Practices (PIP), Construction Industry Institute, The University of Texas at Austin, 3208 Red River Street, Suite 300, Austin, Texas 78705. PIP member companies and subscribers may copy this Practice for their internal use. Changes, overlays, addenda, or modifications of any kind are not permitted within any PIP Practice without the express written authorization of PIP.

PRINTING HISTORY March 1996 Issued May 2001 Complete Revision Not printed with State funds

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Process Industry Practices Civil

PIP CVS02100 Site Preparation, Excavation, and Backfill Specification

Table of Contents 1. Introduction .................................. 2
1.1 Purpose ............................................. 2 1.2 Scope................................................. 2

6. Execution ................................... 11
6.1 6.2 6.3 6.4 6.5 Site Preparation ............................... 11 Excavation ....................................... 12 Stockpiling ....................................... 13 Drainage .......................................... 13 Disposal of Excess and Waste Materials .......................................... 13 6.6 Fill and Backfill................................. 13 6.7 Base Course .................................... 14 6.8 Dewatering....................................... 15

2. References ................................... 2
2.1 Process Industry Practices ................ 2 2.2 Industry Codes and Standards .......... 2 2.3 Government Regulations ................... 3

3. Definitions .................................... 4 4. General ......................................... 4

4.1 4.2 4.3 4.4 4.5 4.6 Quality Control ................................... 4 Submittals .......................................... 6 Performance Requirements............... 7 Environmental.................................... 8 Safety................................................. 9 Clean Up............................................ 9

5. Products ....................................... 9
5.1 General .............................................. 9 5.2 Topsoil ............................................... 9 5.3 Fill and Backfill Materials ................. 10

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1.

Introduction
1.1 Purpose This Practice provides the Contractor with site preparation, excavation, and backfill requirements. 1.2 Scope 1.2.1 This Practice describes the requirements for excavation, placement, inspection, and management of earthen and organic materials during the site preparation, excavation, and backfill phase of a construction project. For excavation and backfill specifications for underground pipes, see PIP CVS02700. Any conflicts or inconsistencies between this Practice and the Contract Documents shall be brought to the attention of the Owner for resolution. If inconsistencies exist between the requirements of this Practice and those of the Contract Documents, the more stringent requirements shall apply. Excavation and backfill requirements from PIP CVS02315 have been incorporated into this Practice; therefore, PIP CVS02315 is now obsolete. This document is a complete revision of PIP CVS02100, and therefore revision markings are not provided.

1.2.2 1.2.3

1.2.4 1.2.5

2.

References
Applicable requirements in the following PIP Practices, codes and standards, and government regulations shall be considered an integral part of this Practice. The edition in effect on the date of contract award shall be used, except as otherwise noted. Short titles will be used herein when appropriate. 2.1 Process Industry Practices (PIP) PIP CVS02700 - Underground Gravity Sewers Specification 2.2 Industry Codes and Standards American Concrete Institute (ACI) ACI 229 - Controlled Low Strength Material (CLSM) American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) ASTM C136 - Standard Test Method for Sieve Analysis of Fine and Coarse Aggregates ASTM D422 - Standard Test Method for Particle-Size Analysis of Soils ASTM D698 - Standard Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Standard Effort 12,400 ft-lbf/ft3 (600 kN-m/m3)

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ASTM D1140 - Standard Test Method for Amount of Material in Soils Finer than the No. 200 (75-m) Sieve ASTM D1241 - Standard Specification for Materials for Soil-Aggregate Subbase, Base, and Surface Courses ASTM D1556 - Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Sand-Cone Method ASTM D1557 - Test Method for Laboratory Compaction Characteristics of Soil Using Modified Effort 56,000 ft-lbf/ft3 (2700 kN-m/m3) ASTM D2167 - Standard Test Method for Density and Unit Weight of Soil in Place by the Rubber Balloon Method ASTM D2487 - Classification of Soils for Engineering Purposes (Unified Soil Classification System) ASTM D2922 - Standard Test Methods for Density of Soils and Soil-Aggregate in Place by Nuclear Methods (Shallow Depth) ASTM D2937 - Standard Test Method for Density of Soil in Place by the DriveCylinder Method ASTM D 3740 - Standard Practice for Minimum Requirements for Agencies Engaged in the Testing and/or Inspection of Soil and Rock Used in Engineering Design and Construction ASTM D4318 - Standard Test Method for Liquid Limit, Plastic Limit, and Plasticity Index of Soils ASTM D3282, - Standard Classification of Soils and Soil-Aggregate Mixtures for Highway Construction Purposes ASTM D4253 - Standard Test Methods for Maximum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils Using a Vibratory Table ASTM D 4254 - Standard Test Method for Minimum Index Density and Unit Weight of Soils and Calculation of Relative Density 2.3 Government Regulations U.S. Department of Labor, Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) OSHA 29 CFR 1926 - Safety and Health Regulations for Construction U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) permit [or a permit issued by a state agency approved by the EPA as a substitute for the NPDES permit] National Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) General Permit for Construction Activity

Storm Water Management for Construction Activities

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3.

Definitions
Civil Engineer of Record: Owners authorized representative with overall authority and responsibility for the civil engineering design, referred to in this Practice as Engineer Contract Documents: Any and all documents, including design drawings, that the Owner has transmitted or otherwise communicated (either by incorporation or by reference) and has made part of the legal contract or purchase order agreement between the Owner and the Contractor Contractor: The party responsible for performing site preparation, excavation, fill, and backfill, including work executed through the use of sub-contractors Engineer: See Civil Engineer of Record Owner: The party who awards the contract. The Owner may be the Owner or the Owners authorized agent Structural Fill: Fill or backfill placed beneath or immediately surrounding footings, grade beams, or mats, or beneath slabs, buildings, roads, paved areas, and parking areas

4.

General
4.1 Quality Control Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents, the Contractor shall institute a quality control (QC) program that will verify or ensure that the work performed under the contract meets the requirements of this Practice and the Contract Documents. As part of the QC program, unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents, the Contractor shall retain a qualified independent inspection/testing firm meeting the criteria of ASTM D3740 to perform the work identified in Sections 4.1.2 and 4.1.3 of this Practice. The Contractor shall submit the name and qualifications of the proposed inspection/testing firm(s) along with the Contractors bid for Owner approval. During construction, the Owner shall have access to all the Contractors facilities and records for the purpose of conducting performance inspection/audits. During the audit, any inspection, test reports, and/or engineering analyses and calculations associated with the scope of work shall be furnished upon request. 4.1.1 Surveying The Contractor shall furnish all lines and grades for Contractors operations after starting from horizontal and vertical control furnished by the Owner. The Contractor shall be solely responsible for the accuracy of survey work performed. 4.1.2 Inspection The inspection/testing firm required in Section 4.1 shall be responsible for QC inspection and testing to assure that the Contractors work meets the requirements of this Practice and the Contract Documents. The firm shall perform tests as outlined in Section 4.1.3 or as otherwise directed in the Contract Documents.

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If the Owner performs testing and inspection, the Contractor shall not be relieved of the responsibility to meet all requirements of this Practice and the Contract Documents. Should some completed work be found not in compliance with this Practice, the Contractor shall be responsible for repairing or reconstructing the deficiencies to meet this Practice and other Contract Documents. 4.1.3 Testing 4.1.3.1 Tests of gradation, plasticity, density, and moisture content shall be performed for each type of fill material. These tests shall include one standard sieve analysis (ASTM C136, ASTM D422, or ASTM D1140), one liquid and plastic limit determination per ASTM D4318, and one Modified Proctor Test per ASTM D1557 or one Standard Proctor Test per ASTM D698. For granular soils exhibiting no well-defined moisturedensity relationship, index density, unit weight, and relative density shall be determined per ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254. Where the type or the source of material changes, these control tests shall be redone with the new material. 4.1.3.2 The following in-place density and moisture content testing (field density testing) on compacted fill shall be performed unless specified otherwise. Use the sand-cone method per ASTM D1556, the nuclear method per ASTM D2922, the rubber balloon method per ASTM D2167, or the drive-cylinder method per ASTM D2937 to measure the moisture content and dry density of the soil. The testing shall be performed at the following frequencies unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents. 1. Under all foundations - one test every 1000 square feet (90 square m) of each lift 2. Under area paving - one test every 2000 square feet (180 square m) of each lift 3. Road base and sub-base - one test every 2000 square feet (180 square m) of base or sub-base 4. Backfill of trenches (for utility lines or foundations) - one test for every 50 linear feet (15 m) of each lift 5. General fill - one test every 5000 square feet (460 square m) of each lift 4.1.3.3 As a minimum, at least one in-place moisture content and one density test must be performed on every lift of fill, and further placement shall not be allowed until the required dry density has been achieved. 4.1.3.4 The number of tests shall be increased if a visual inspection determines that the moisture content is not uniform or if the compacting effort is variable and not considered sufficient to attain the specified dry density. 4.1.3.5 The Engineer may approve a decrease in the number of tests once a compaction procedure has met project requirements.

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4.1.4

Protection 4.1.4.1 The Contractor shall place and maintain in good condition temporary fences, guardrails, barricades, lights, and other protective measures required for the safety of personnel and the premises. 4.1.4.2 All reference points, property markers, benchmarks, etc., shall be carefully maintained during excavation, backfilling, compaction, and earthwork. Damage to a reference point by the Contractor during performance of the work shall be repaired or replaced by the Contractor to the satisfaction of the Owner. 4.1.4.3 Unless otherwise specified, all known utilities within the project limits will be located and marked by the Owner or will be noted in the Contract Documents before earthwork. Other utility locations may become evident as earthwork progresses, and this may necessitate that work stop until utilities are identified and until the Owner provides specific direction. 4.1.4.4 During earthwork, all necessary precautions shall be taken to protect and preserve utilities scheduled to remain. The Contractor shall install temporary service lines when such preservation and protection are impractical. 4.1.4.5 The Contractor shall use bracing and shoring to protect excavations adjacent to existing underground installations (e.g., foundations, piping manholes, electrical, and duct banks) during construction. No excavation is permitted under foundations. 4.1.4.6 The Contractor shall be responsible for avoiding damage to and preserving trees, shrubs, and all other vegetation in the areas beyond the designated excavation area. 4.1.4.7 Any damage to structure, utility lines, or graded areas caused by erosion shall be repaired by Contractor to the original condition at no cost to the Owner. This includes areas that are seeded until such time that the vegetation prevents erosion.

4.2

Submittals 4.2.1 The testing/inspection firm shall be responsible for transmitting the following submittals to the Owner and Contractor: A statement attesting to compliance of the Contractors work with the requirements of this Practice and the Contract Documents Informal daily pass or fail reports. Formal reports including all test logs and comments shall be submitted weekly. These formal reports shall include density and moisture content test logs, indicating location of tests by coordinates and elevation and any appropriate comments. All test logs and comments shall be compiled and submitted at earthwork completion for permanent project records. Sources and test results of all borrow materials used for fill

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4.2.2

The Contractor shall be responsible for transmitting the following submittals to the Owner: Accurately recorded as-built locations of project-installed underground utilities and tie-in points/interferences encountered during project construction. Data shall include horizontal dimensions, elevations, size, and slope gradients, as appropriate for the utility as required by the Owner.

4.2.3

The Contractor shall notify the Owner, in writing, not less than five (5) days in advance of any blasting operation. Written approval from the Owner is required before proceeding with intended blasting operations. Shoring and sheeting - If excavation bracing is required, the Contractor is responsible for providing plans, sketches, and/or detail along with supporting calculations by a registered professional engineer. Further, the submittal shall provide the following information: Description of the materials and shoring system to be used Indication of whether or not any components will remain after filling or backfilling Indication of the sequence and method of installation

4.2.4

4.2.5

Dewatering - If dewatering of an excavation is required, the Contractor shall submit proposed methods and details to the Owner for review before beginning excavation. Soil erosion control and/or storm water runoff plan - The Contractor shall submit a copy of any soil erosion or pollution prevention plan if required by the authority having jurisdiction. These shall be provided to the Owner as well as to the appropriate authority.

4.2.6

4.3

Performance Requirements 4.3.1 Preparation of Areas for Fill or Loading 4.3.1.1 Areas to receive fill, foundations, or pavement or areas to be used in the future to support structural loads as shown on the contract drawings shall be free of roots, trash, snow, ice, or other foreign material and shall not be frozen. Large areas (more than 3000 square feet [280 square m]) shall be proof-rolled, soft soils shall be removed and replaced with Structural Fill, and the top 6 inches (150 mm) shall be scarified and recompacted. The Engineer may require, in the Contract Documents, over-excavation, moisture conditioning, and recompacting of the upper soils and chemical stabilization or other methods of improving soil conditions before the placement of fill or other loading. Proof rolling may be defined as crossing the area repeatedly and methodically with a heavy (minimum 10-ton weight) rubber-tired roller or a loaded dump truck. 4.3.1.2 The density of the top 6 inches (150 mm) in these areas shall not be less than 90% of the maximum Modified Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D1557, or 95% of the maximum Standard Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D698. Granular soil that exhibits no well-defined

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moisture-density relationship shall be compacted to 80% relative density, as determined by ASTM D4253 and ASTM D4254. 4.3.2 Fill or Backfill 4.3.2.1 Structural Fill shall be compacted to at least 90% of the maximum Modified Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D1557, or 95% of the maximum Standard Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D698. Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) may also be used (see Section 5.3.3). Structural Fill that is granular material shall be compacted to 80% relative density, as determined by ASTM D 4253. 4.3.2.2 Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents, fill other than Structural Fill shall be compacted to at least 85% of the maximum Modified Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D1557, or 90% of the maximum Standard Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D698. Sand without a well-defined moisture-density curve shall be compacted to 70% relative density, as determined by ASTM D4253. 4.3.2.3 The moisture content of the material being compacted shall be within +3% of the optimum moisture content as determined by the applicable ASTM D1557 or ASTM D698. The Contractor shall condition the moisture content of fill materials as necessary to achieve the required moisture content, without additional cost to the Owner. 4.3.2.4 Compaction by water jetting or flooding is not permitted. 4.3.2.5 Chemical stabilization is acceptable, when approved by the Owner in writing, if modification of liquid limit (LL) and plasticity index (PI) are necessary to obtain satisfactory compaction. 4.4 Environmental 4.4.1 Contaminated Soils Known contaminated soils within the construction limits shall be managed in accordance with a contaminated soil management plan provided by the Owner before the start of excavation. If unexpected soil contamination is encountered during the work, the Contractor shall stop work and notify the Owner immediately. 4.4.2 Erosion/Sediment Control The Contractor shall ensure that the following requirements are met: 1. All procedures and work shall be in accordance with local, state, and federal regulations (e.g., terms of the NPDES General Permit for Construction Activity, other USEPA documents such as Storm Water Management for Construction Activities, or specific project permit). 2. All areas shall be maintained using temporary erosion and sediment control measures during construction until the Contractor is relieved by the Owner or until permanent measures are completed and functioning in a satisfactory manner.

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4.5

Safety The Contractor shall comply with OSHA 29 CFR 1926 and any other applicable federal, state, and local codes and with any safety requirements of the Owner. 4.5.1 Work Permit A work permit shall be obtained from the Owner before performing any earthwork, unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents. 4.5.2 Rock Blasting 4.5.2.1 If rock blasting is required, the Contractor shall develop a written rockblasting safety plan for Owners approval. 4.5.2.2 The Contractor shall obtain and pay for required permits from authorities having jurisdiction. The Contractor shall submit copies of such permits to the Owner and shall obtain written permission from the Owner before explosives are brought to the site or before drilling is started. 4.5.2.3 Explosives shall be stored, handled, and used in accordance with local regulations and with the Owners safety practices. These criteria shall be addressed in the rock-blasting safety plan. 4.5.2.4 The Contractor shall be responsible for all blasting operations.

4.6

Clean Up Soil that is spilled or washed onto paved areas or streets shall be removed daily from the surface. Soil that is spilled or washed into drains, pipes, gutters, or ditches or onto adjacent property shall be removed promptly.

5.

Products
5.1 General Fill and backfill materials shall be from either on-site excavation, designated borrow areas, or from off-site sources conforming to the following criteria unless otherwise recommended by the Engineer in the Contract Documents. Contractor shall obtain approval from the Owner for all borrow material and all supply sources. 5.2 Topsoil 5.2.1 5.2.2 5.2.3 Before removing topsoil, clear the area of all debris. Remove topsoil to full depth, or as indicated in the Contract Documents, unless otherwise directed by the Engineer. After completing grading operations and before grassing operations, the graded areas that are not to be further improved shall be overlaid with topsoil of a compacted minimum thickness of 4 inches (100 mm). Topsoil salvaged from within the limits of cut and fill shall be stored in stockpiles.

5.2.4

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5.3

Fill and Backfill Materials 5.3.1 General Requirements 5.3.1.1 Fill and backfill shall contain no rocks or stones larger than 3 inches (75 mm) and shall be free of frozen lumps, organic matter, trash, chunks of highly plastic clay, snow, ice, contamination, or other unsatisfactory material. 5.3.1.2 Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents, Structural Fill shall also meet the requirements given in Sections 5.3.2 or 5.3.3 below. Other materials may be used only with the Engineers approval. 5.3.1.3 Liquid limit and plastic limit shall be determined in accordance with ASTM D4318. 5.3.2 Structural Fill Material Fill and backfill to be used as Structural Fill shall be gravel, sand, clay, or silt, or a mixture of these constituents. Except for sands or gravels that exhibit no plasticity characteristics, the material shall meet the following characteristics:
Liquid limit Plasticity index Soil Properties 40 maximum 6 minimum to 20 maximum

5.3.3

Controlled Low-Strength Material (CLSM) CLSM or flowable fill shall conform to ACI 229, unless otherwise specified. The mix design shall be proportioned to produce a minimum 28-day compressive strength between 100 and 200 psi (0.69 and 1.38 Mpa), shall be pretested using the actual raw materials, and shall be approved by the Engineer before use on the project. Unless otherwise specified, simple visual inspection is all that is required for field testing.

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6.

Execution
6.1 Site Preparation 6.1.1 Clearing and Grubbing 6.1.1.1 Clearing and grubbing shall consist of the removal and satisfactory disposal of trees, stumps, roots, vegetation, logs, rubbish, and other unsuitable material. 6.1.1.2 Areas designated for clearing and grubbing shall be cleared except for trees and shrubs in areas designated in the Contract Documents for preservation. During construction operations, the Contractor shall carefully protect from abuse, marring, or damage, those trees, shrubs, and other landscape features specifically designated on the drawings for preservation. No trees, bushes, or shrubs outside the construction area shall be damaged in any manner. 6.1.1.3 In the areas designated for clearing and grubbing, trees, stumps, and other vegetation shall be removed to the bottom of their root zone, unless otherwise directed in the Contract Documents. 6.1.1.4 Depressions made by clearing and grubbing operations shall be filled with suitable material and compacted to conform to the adjacent surface of the original ground. 6.1.2 Stripping 6.1.2.1 Stripping shall consist of the excavation, removal, and satisfactory disposal of all topsoil and soil containing organic material. The excavation depth shall be to the bottom of the root zone but shall be no less than 6 inches (150 mm). 6.1.2.2 Reusable materials shall be stockpiled as necessary for the Contractors operations in areas approved by the Owner. 6.1.3 Rough Grading 6.1.3.1 General area grading shall be completed to within a tolerance of +0.20 feet (+60 mm) of the elevations shown in the Contract Documents. 6.1.3.2 Roads, parking areas, and building areas shall be excavated or filled to subgrade elevations shown in the Contract Documents. Rock encountered through cut sections shall be excavated to 1 foot (0.3 m) below subgrade elevation and shall be backfilled to the proper elevation. 6.1.3.3 The Contractor shall suspend earthwork operations after consultation with Engineer/Owner if unsatisfactory field conditions (caused by rain, inclement weather, or other circumstances) prevent satisfactory progress toward completion of the project.

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6.2

Excavation 6.2.1 Structural Excavation Structural excavation shall include excavations for footings, grade beams, pits, basements, retaining walls, manholes, catch basins, etc. 6.2.1.1 Excavation shall be performed as required by the Contract Documents to the dimensions, grades, and elevations as noted and as required for formwork. 6.2.1.2 When soft and compressible soil is encountered at footing grades as shown in the Contract Documents, such soil shall be removed and replaced with fill or backfill as specified in Section 5.3 and compacted according to Section 4.3.2. 6.2.1.3 Over-excavation at footings may be backfilled with lean concrete or CLSM according to Section 5.3.3. 6.2.2 Earthen Structures Earthen structures include permanent work items such as ponds, canals, ditches, etc. Excavation for such work shall be made to the lines, grades, and cross sections as shown in the Contract Documents. 6.2.2.1 Side slopes of excavations shall be cut true and straight and shall be graded to the proper cross section. Unstable soil in the slopes shall be removed, and the slopes properly prepared. The bottoms of excavations shall be graded to the elevations and configurations as shown in the Contract Documents. 6.2.2.2 Over-excavation shall be backfilled with suitable material and compacted in accordance with Section 4.3.2. 6.2.3 Trenching Trenching for underground pipe, conduits, and duct banks shall conform to PIP CVS02700. 6.2.4 Rock Excavation
6.2.4.1 Rock Definition

Unless otherwise specified in the Contract Documents, rock excavation shall consist of excavation of boulders or pieces of detached rock measuring 1 cubic yard (0.76 cubic m) in volume or greater, or rock in ledges, bedded deposits, and conglomerate deposits so firmly cemented that they present all the characteristics of solid rock, which cannot be excavated with heavy equipment. All other excavation shall be earth excavation.
6.2.4.1 Mechanical Method

In areas where blasting is not permitted, rock may be excavated with mechanical rippers, mechanical breakers, or mechanical drills with nonexplosive demolition agents.

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6.2.4.2 Blasting Method

In areas of rock where blasting is permitted and required, blasting operations shall be managed in accordance with the rock-blasting plan (see Section 4.5.2). If unexpected hard rock is encountered during the work, the work shall stop until a blasting plan is developed or until the Owner provides specific direction. 6.3 Stockpiling 6.3.1 6.3.2 6.3.3 6.4 Material shall be stockpiled as directed by the Owner. The Contractor shall place, grade, and shape stockpiles for proper drainage. Storage or stockpiling of material will not be permitted on a completed subgrade. Stockpiling of contaminated soils shall be in compliance with an approved contaminated soils management plan or as directed by the Owner.

Drainage 6.4.1 Drainage of cuts, excavations, fills, stockpiles, spoil areas, surcharge embankments, and borrow areas shall be maintained at all times to prevent ponding of surface water following rainfall by providing temporary ditches, swales, culverts, and/ or pumping systems as required in each respective site area. Temporary drainage facilities shall be removed at the completion of the project or as directed by the Owner. A surface seal shall be performed as needed to prevent saturation during wet weather or temporary shutdown of operations. Soil that becomes saturated shall be removed completely or as directed by the Owner. Such saturated soil shall be disposed of as directed by Owner or shall be reconditioned to conform to this Practice.

6.4.2

6.5

Disposal of Excess and Waste Materials 6.5.1 6.5.2 Insofar as practicable, all suitable materials removed by excavation shall be utilized as fill. Excavated material in excess of that required for normal embankment construction shall be stockpiled within the construction limits or shall be placed in a designated spoil area beyond the construction limits as directed by the Owner. Material unsuitable for fill and debris removed by clearing, grubbing, stripping, and excavation shall be removed to a disposal area approved by the Owner. Burning of combustible materials shall be done only with the written approval of the Owner and only if permitted by local authorities.

6.5.3

6.6

Fill and Backfill 6.6.1 Before placement of fill or backfill, the area to receive the fill shall be prepared in accordance with Section 4.3.1. On sloping sites, the Engineer may also require, in the Contract Documents, the excavation of natural soils to key the new fill into the underlying soil.

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6.6.2

Compacting shall begin only after the fill or backfill has been properly placed and after the material to be compacted is at the proper moisture content. Fill material shall be placed in lifts not exceeding 8 inches (200 mm) in loose depth. Compaction shall be performed with equipment compatible with soil type. Fill and backfill layers shall be uniformly compacted to the density as specified in Section 4.3. Fill and backfill adjacent to structures such as retaining walls, pits, and basements shall not be compacted with heavy equipment but instead shall be compacted with hand-operated equipment to a distance of 4 feet (1.2 m) or greater beyond the sides of the structures. Unless otherwise approved by the Owner, fill materials shall be placed in lifts not exceeding 4 inches (100 mm) in loose depth for hand-operated compaction equipment. Every effort shall be made to place backfill materials symmetrically and in uniform layers to prevent unnecessary eccentric loading on a structure or foundation. Do not backfill around or over cast-in-place concrete until the concrete has attained 75% of its specified strength, unless permitted otherwise in writing by the Owner. Compacted surfaces of fill and backfill shall be finish-graded to the cross sections, lines, grades, and elevations as indicated in the Contract Documents.

6.6.3

6.6.4 6.7

Base Course The base course for roads, parking areas, and other areas to be surfaced shall be prepared in accordance with the following: 6.7.1 6.7.2 The existing ground to the toe of fill slopes shall be cleared, grubbed, and stripped in accordance with Sections 6.1.1 and 6.1.2. Excavation of areas in cut shall comply with Sections 4.3 and 6.2. Backfill of base course shall comply with Sections 4.3 and 6.6, with the following exception. Compaction shall be to at least 95% of the maximum Modified Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D1557, or 100% of the maximum Standard Proctor density, as determined by ASTM D698. Fill and backfill materials shall comply with Section 5.3 unless otherwise specified. Geosynthetic materials, if required by the Contract Documents, shall be installed in accordance with the manufacturers instructions and/or as detailed in the Contract Documents. The compacted base course shall be shaped to a smooth and even surface, free of voids, and to the required elevation. Any deviation in excess of 1/4 inch (6 mm) in cross section or 1/4 inch (6 mm) in length when measured with a 16-foot (5-m) straightedge shall be corrected by loosening, adding, or removing material and then reshaping and recompacting by sprinkling and rolling. The base course shall be maintained in a smooth, true-to-grade, compacted condition until it is covered by other construction.

6.7.3 6.7.4

6.7.5

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PIP CVS02100 Site Preparation, Excavation, and Backfill Specification

6.8

Dewatering 6.8.1 6.8.2 All dewatering methods and disposal of water are subject to approval of the Owner. All work shall be in accordance with Sections 4.2.5 and 4.4.2. If required for construction, before excavation, an approved dewatering system shall be installed and operated when necessary to lower the groundwater. The design of the dewatering system shall be the responsibility of the Contractor, unless otherwise noted in the Contract Documents. Contractor shall be responsible for any effects of dewatering on adjacent facilities. Surface water shall be prevented from flowing into excavations by installing ditches, trenches, protective swales, pumps, or other approved measures. All diverted and pumped water shall flow to existing drainage. Excavations for foundations and other underground installations shall not be used as temporary drainage ditches. The Contractor shall provide and maintain, at all times during construction, ample means with which to remove and properly dispose of all water from every natural source entering the excavation. Any water the Contractor discharges shall be tested for water quality to determine whether discharge can be disposed of through the natural waterways or whether it shall be contained for treatment.

6.8.3 6.8.4

6.8.5

6.8.6

Process Industry Practices

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