Question

A. B. C. D. E. What are trans fats? Cross-linked fats Rancid fats Fats with fewer double bonds Fats with reconfigured double bonds Cross-dressing fats

Lipids
Do not readily dissolve in water Types of lipids:
Triglycerides Free Fatty Acids Phospholipids Sterols (Cholesterol)

Fats (solid) and oils (liquid)

9 kcal /gm

Triglycerides
Most common form of fats and oils Fatty acids attached to a glycerol

Fatty Acids
Found in our body and foods
In triglycerides

Saturated fatty acids

Solid form

Unsaturated fatty acids

Liquid form

Fats are composed of both saturated and unsaturated

Fatty Acid Structure

omega end Carbon chain acid end
H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H HHO
H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-C-OH

Monounsaturated Fatty Acid Structure

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H O
H-C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

Fatty acids can differ in: Length of their carbon chain, Short-, medium-, or long-chain Number of double bonds present no double bonds saturated

omega end One double bond

Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Structure

H H H H H H H H H H H HH O
H-C--C--C--C--C--C=C--C--C=C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C--C-OH

Composition of Common Fats and Oils

H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H H

omega end > 2 double bonds

Hydrogenation of Fatty Acids

Process used to solidify an oil Addition of H to C=C double bonds Increases shelf life Formation of trans fatty acid
(similar to shape of saturated fatty acid)

Hydrogenation

Cis and Trans Fatty Acids

A. B. C. D. E.

Question
Why are trans fats referred to as bad fats? They taste good and thus must be bad They cause cancer They can increase risk for heart disease They lead to obesity They cause diabetes

Excessive Trans Fatty Acid Intake

Effects Similar to Saturated FAT Raises LDL Lowers HDL Increases risk for cardiovascular disease Current intake is 3%-4% of total kcal Text 2.6% (1999 publication) Recommendation from Institute of Medicine Keep to an absolute minimum On Food Labels

Trans fat in food

PARTIALLY HYDROGENATED VEGETABLE OIL SHORTENING

Typical Sources of Trans Fat

A. B. C. D. E. F.

Question
Which of these foods do you think would have the most trans fat? Butter (FDA data) Whole milk (FDA data) French fries (McDonalds data) Big Mac (McDonalds data) Doughnut (FDA data) Deluxe Breakfast (McDonalds data)

McDonalds Nutrition Facts

Richest Source of Trans fat?

Food trans fat total fat serving butter 0.3 10.8 1 T doughnut 5 18.2 1 each whole milk 0.2 6.6 1 cup french fries (McD) 5 20 1 med french fries (FDA) 7.8 26.9 1 med Big Mac (McD) 1.5 30 1 each Deluxe Breakfast 11 61 1 each