Tso 7500

3065 Ridgeway Drive, Unit 34, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 5M6, Canada
Tel: (905) 270-6200 Fax: (905) 569-8210 North American Toll Free: 1-800-668-6064
Web Site: www.lk-intl.com

LEARNING OBJECTIVES

For
TRANSMISSION SYSTEM OPERATION
(7500)

May 2001 Learning Objectives: TSO Page 2 of 27


TABLE OF CONTENT

7501: Review of Fundamentals ................................................................................................. 3
7502: Power Transmission........................................................................................................ 4
7503: System Voltage Control................................................................................................... 5
7504: System Frequency & Tie-Line Controls ........................................................................... 7
7505: Power Dispatching .......................................................................................................... 9
7506: System Security ............................................................................................................ 10
7507: Operating under Abnormal Conditions........................................................................... 12
7508: System Restoration....................................................................................................... 14
7509: Monitoring & Control Communication ............................................................................ 16
7510: Transmission System Protection ................................................................................... 17
7511: The Effect of Deregulation on Transmission System Operation .................................... 18
7512: Power Dispatch Under Deregulation.............................................................................. 19
7513: Transmission Control .................................................................................................... 20
7514: Interconnection Operation NERC/NAERO Policies..................................................... 22
7515: System Operator Certification (SOC) ............................................................................ 23
7516: Generation Control and Performance............................................................................ 24
7517: Aspects of System Operation........................................................................................ 25
7518: Power System Transactions and Coordination.............................................................. 27



7501: Review of Fundamentals

The objective of this module, the first in the series on transmission system operation, is to
review relevant fundamentals of electricity to provide a firm foundation on which to build an
understanding of the more advanced concepts which will be presented as the program
progresses.

On completion of this module, the participant should be able to understand the following
concepts and apply them in day-to-day operation:

To provide unbiased control of system operation.
The establishment of Independent System Operators (ISOs) or other similar entities.
The tasks of the system operations group; controlling the transmission system.
Frequency control of the power system through matching of power production and consumer
demand plus losses.
Load impedance and its effect on current flow through transmission lines.
The effect of conductor resistance in a transmission line, i.e. voltage drop and energy loss due
to heat dissipation.
The effect of line voltage on system energy losses.
The difference between power and energy, i.e. watts versus watt-hours.
Typical power generator prime movers.
Fundamentals of electric power generation.
The sine wave and RMS values.
Factors that determine frequency of generation.
The effect of pure resistance in an AC circuit as shown by sine waves and vector diagrams.
The effect of pure inductive reactance and capacitive reactance in an AC circuit.
Power generated in resistive, inductive, and capacitive circuits.
The flow of reactive power, positive and/or negative vars.
The power triangle and power factor.
Combined R, X
L
, and X
c
circuits.
The impedance triangle and voltage triangle.
Power factor correction.
The effect of transmission line inductance on voltage drop.
The development of a power angle across a transmission line due to line inductance.
Three phase power generation.
The application of a common neutral conductor.
A balanced three phase load with no neutral conductor.
Voltage and current characteristics of the Wye and delta connections.
The calculation of three-phase power.
Current and voltage relationships between primary and secondary of a Delta/Wye connected
transformer.



7502: Power Transmission

The main objective of this module, the second in the series on transmission system operation,
is to draw attention to the major features of transmission system equipment, and operation of
transmission lines. Particular attention is paid to limitations resulting from the effects of
resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the lines.

After completion of this module, the participant should understand the following concepts, and
be able to apply them in day-to-day work activities.

Typical operating voltages for transmission lines and distribution lines.
Different types of transmission towers.
Conductor material and conductor layout on the towers.
Insulators and the importance of conductor spacing.
Features and limitations of transmission cables.
The application of high voltage DC transmission.
The effect of transmission line conductor resistance and inductance.
Line voltage drop and power angle as shown by vectors.
The effect of line loading on voltage drop and power angle.
The effect of load power factor on voltage drop and power angle.
The need to generate and provide megavars and megawatts to meet line losses.
Charging current required due to the line shunt capacitance.
Voltage rise due to line capacitance on an open-ended line, shown by vectors.
Production of reactive power by line shunt capacitance.
Line reactive compensation equipment, including: reactors, capacitors, synchronous
condensers, and static VAR compensators.
The function of transmission stations, and station equipment.
Features of different bus arrangements.
Types of circuit breaker.
The principle of transformer operation.
Transformer physical construction.
Transformer cooling arrangements.
Autotransformers.
Instrument transformers.



7503: System Voltage Control

This third module in the Transmission System Operation training program develops the
principles of voltage control on the transmission network. The material builds upon discussions
of power flow fundamentals and transmission line characteristics from the two previous
modules. We begin by describing the systems need for reactive power (VARs) and how VARs
are generated and/or absorbed by the various components of the power system. Next it is
demonstrated that the flow of VARs has a profound effect on voltage level (much more so than
the flow of Watts). Transmission line MW loading and its effect on VAR requirements and
voltage are also examined, as well as the effect of contingencies. Various real-life scenarios
are described in which power systems have collapsed from significant off-nominal voltage.
Finally, this module discusses a wide array of equipment and methods system operators can
use to effectively control transmission voltages to comply with industry standards.

At the completion of this module, you should be able to:

Name the two distinct types of power produced at the generators when load is connected.
Explain the basic difference in function between Watts and VARs, and why both types of
power are necessary to make electrical equipment work.
Sketch and compare curves for power in a purely inductive circuit and power in a purely
capacitive circuit.
Recognize the difference between positive VARs and negative VARs.
Name 3 power system components that create a demand for VARs.
Name 3 power system components that supply VARs to the system.
Describe what it means for some components to compensate for others.
Explain how MW and MVARs are produced in an electric generator.
Recognize that a change in generator voltage or MVAR supply must come from a change in
the units DC excitation current.
Discuss the function of an Automatic Voltage Regulator (AVR).
Predict the response of the AVR to an increase or decrease in MVAR demand on the
system.
Recognize that it takes a difference in voltage magnitude to drive MVARs through the
system, and that the direction of MVAR flow is from high to low voltage.
Discuss the function of a synchronous condenser and a static VAR compensator.
Explain why a transmission line can be either a MVAR source or a MVAR load.
Describe the effect of MVAR flow on voltage drop. Compare to the voltage drop resulting
from the flow of MW.
Name 3 events that can have a profound effect on MVAR flows and voltage level.
Explain what happens to the MVARs required by a transmission line as MW loading is
increased.



State the significance of a lines surge impedance loading (SIL).
Understand why it is important to have adequate MVAR sources located at intermediate
points in the network, especially during contingencies.
Sketch the voltage profile along a transmission line operating above SIL, with voltage at
both ends fixed at 100%. Compare with the voltage profile below and at SIL.
Explain why MVAR supply from a lines capacitance drops off sharply at loadings above SIL.
Name some typical loading levels for transmission lines in percent of SIL.
Sketch a typical transfer limit curve (P vs. V) and explain the significance of the knee of the
curve.
Explain why line loadings must be restricted to well below the knee of the transfer limit
curve.
State the industry (NERC) limit for percent voltage change following any single contingency.
Give examples of system conditions and events that may lead to voltage collapse.
Explain why it is important for system operators to prepare in advance for voltage
emergencies.
Describe how operators can adjust voltage/MVAR supply at the generating units.
Understand why AVR set points must be raised/lowered in unison to effect a net change in
voltage/MVAR supply.
Sketch a typical generator capability curve and discuss the MW and lagging/leading MVAR
limitations.
Describe the function and operation of Maximum and Minimum Excitation Limiters on
generating units.
List some power system components that allow operators to adjust voltage/MVAR supply at
locations other than generating plants.
Discuss the reactive overload capability of generators, synchronous condensers, and static
VAR compensators.
Describe some typical applications for shunt reactor and capacitor banks on the
transmission system.
Explain how a series capacitor can be of assistance in voltage control.
Understand the function and operation of Load Tap Changing Transformers (LTCs) in
providing voltage correction on the transmission and distribution systems.
Discuss the importance of operator actions in implementing voltage control: curtailing
economy transfers, bringing on local generation, bringing on reactive sources ahead of the
morning load rise, removing lines during light load, etc.



7504: System Frequency & Tie-Line Controls

The fourth module in the Transmission System Operation training program shows how
frequency and tie-line flows between control areas are controlled. We begin by developing the
concepts of an AC interconnection and synchronizing forces. Frequency deviations come
about when unbalances develop between generation and load and these deviations are
controlled by the combined action of speed governors and Automatic Generation Control (AGC)
aided by the natural change in load as frequency changes. We describe how tie-line flows also
change when generation to load imbalances occur. Finally, this module discusses Area Control
Error (ACE), the fundamental input to AGC, and how it provides the intelligence required to
restore generation to load unbalances.

At the completion of this module, the student should be able to:

Know what constitutes an AC interconnection.
Identify the interconnection within which your facilities are located.
Know at what frequency your interconnection operates.
Explain why frequency is the same throughout an AC interconnection.
Explain the role of transmission lines in maintaining synchronism.
Know what causes frequency to deviate from nominal.
Tell whether generation or load is changed to control frequency.
Know what a speed governor is and what it does.
Tell how the size of an interconnection affects frequency deviations.
Know what limits are imposed on frequency excursions and why.
Know why it is important to control tie-line flow.
Know why the type of generating unit affects its speed of response to frequency changes.
Explain the relationship between generation rotational speed and frequency.
Understand that speed governors act as proportional controls.
Describe what is meant by governor droop.
Describe the units used for droop.
Know that governors work to control both decreasing and increasing frequency.
Understand why governor droop permits load sharing between generating units.
Tell what are typical droop settings for various types of generating units.
Understand why many classes of generating units do not participate in frequency control.
Be able to describe the basic characteristics of the example system used.
Total capacity, capacity under governor control and total load.
Composite droop characteristic.



Tell what happens to frequency under governor control only when an 800 MW unit trips off.
Describe what is meant by the Load Effect.
Describe what is meant by the Frequency Response Characteristic, Beta.
Tell what happens to frequency under the influence of Beta when an 800 MW unit trips off.
Be able to calculate how much generation is picked up and how much load is lost for a
given drop in frequency.
Understand why frequency does not drop instantly when a generation/load mismatch
occurs.
Be able to identify points A, B and C on a frequency chart taken while a generating unit
tripped off line.
Be able to compute the net tie-line flow following loss of generation within a control area.
Understand how AGC assists system operators.
Know how frequently AGC application software is run, typically.
Be able to describe Area Control Error and how it is calculated.
Know what is the Frequency Bias Coefficient, B, and how it relates to Beta.
Be able to compute ACE given frequency deviation, net tie deviation and B.
Know how to find the frequency stabilization point.
Describe functions that AGC can perform other than responding to generation loss.
Know why AGC is suspended when large frequency deviations occur.



7505: Power Dispatching

The objective of this module is to present and discuss the various factors which must be taken
into consideration when dispatching generation. Although most of the technical factors will
remain after deregulation, it is probable that some aspects of dispatching will change to
accommodate the competitive market for generation. This subject will be dealt with later in the
program.

After completion of this module and associated workbook, the participant should be able to
understand the following concepts, and apply them in day-to-day work activities.

The function of generation dispatch, i.e. to have sufficient generating capacity on-line at all
times to meet the load demand, plus system losses, plus reserve capacity for emergencies.
Make up of the power system, i.e. power pools and interconnected control areas.
Major elements of a control area.
Preparation of the daily generation schedule based on the load forecast.
Spinning reserve requirements.
Short term and long term stand-by reserve capacity.
Short term and long term availability of generation units.
Alternate sources of generation available to the control area.
The availability of power for purchase from independent power producers or neighboring
utilities.
Factors affecting the order of dispatching generators, i.e. cost, location, prime mover
characteristics.
Characteristics of base load units.
Characteristics of variable load machines.
Characteristics of peaking units.
Characteristics of regulating units (i.e. frequency control).
Typical limitations to be observed when bringing generators on-line.
Economic dispatch based upon comparison of generation costs from different units.
Components of generation cost, i.e. start-up, shutdown, no-load running cost, and
incremental cost with load.
The dispatch calculation program.
Marginal cost at different times of the day.
The dispatch of hydropower based on marginal costing (i.e. displacement of high priced
thermal power).
Hydro dispatch based upon control of water releases.
Dispatch of pumped storage power.
Economy interchange between neighboring utilities.
Spot price for economy power.
Inadvertent interchange and arrangements for compensating power flow.
The effects of transmission system configuration on generation dispatch.
The effect of generation location on system energy losses.
The power transfer equation (power angle increases with increased power transfer).
Instability due to excessive power angle.
Restrictions placed upon generation dispatch due to excessive power angle.
Availability of computer programs to assist the load dispatcher.



7506: System Security

System Security is the focus of this 6th module in the Transmission System Operation training
program. The concept of operating security is developed as the ability of a power system to
withstand or limit the adverse effects of any credible contingency, including: overload beyond
emergency rating, excessive or inadequate voltage, loss of stability, or abnormal frequency
deviation.

This module begins with a discussion of the nature of large synchronous interconnections, and
how AC power flows within such a network. It is demonstrated that, each time a large unit trips
in an interconnected system, there is an inrush of power into the affected area that could
seriously overload the transmission system. The operators role of assuring that line loadings
remain within pre-established limits is discussed, as well as the concept of transmission line
loadability. Line loadability is analyzed from the standpoint of three major limits that can restrict
the flow of MW across a given transmission corridor: the thermal limit, the voltage drop limit,
and the stability limit. Loading limitations of other transmission equipment is described as well,
including cable and transformer loading.

This material then proceeds to give an overview of security monitoring in the control room, with
the help of SCADA and EMS systems, on-line power flows and contingency analysis, and
dynamic security monitoring. Finally, techniques for improving system security are presented,
including the role of Security Coordinators, the exchange of security data, loading relief options,
preservation of operating reserve, and emergency methods.

At the completion of this module, the student should be able to:

Explain what is meant by operating security.
State and discuss two major reasons why individual companies or areas choose to
interconnect their power systems.
Name the four North American Interconnections.
Describe what is meant by a control area.
Explain what happens to tie-line flow in the first 10 to 20 seconds following a large unit trip
in an interconnection.
Understand the effect of a capacity emergency on the security of the interconnection.
Discuss the problems that may be associated with loop flow and parallel flow during normal
operating conditions.
State the three main factors that determine a transmission lines loadability.
Give examples of continuous, long-term emergency and short-term emergency thermal
ratings for a transmission line.
Describe the consequences of operating a transmission line above its emergency thermal
rating.
Explain how on-line, or dynamic thermal ratings are used to increase line loadability.
Understand the effect of increased MW loading on the reactive requirements of a
transmission line and, consequently, on voltage drop.



State applicable industry standards for maximum permissible voltage drop following credible
contingencies.
Explain what is meant by the steady-state stability limit across a given transmission path.
Give the expression for steady state stability limit in terms of voltage and reactance.
Describe the consequences of loss of synchronism on the transmission network.
Sketch a typical power angle curve and compare it to the curve that would result if one or
more parallel circuits trip.
Sketch a typical line loadability curve for transmission lines of different lengths. Explain
what the overriding limit is for short lines vs. long lines.
Describe the effect of compensation on line loadability.
Name other transmission equipment (besides overhead lines) that may be the limiting factor
in determining how much power can be transmitted across a given path.
Discuss the thermal and charging limitations of high voltage (transmission-level)
underground cables.
Explain the thermal capability of power transformers, as well as cooling methods that are
employed to increase MVA rating.
State a typical transformer overload magnitude, duration, and expected loss of life, based
on established loading guides for power transformers.
Describe how SCADA/EMS systems help operators to continuously monitor the security of
the power network.
Give examples of software tools (incorporated into an EMS) that alert operators to actual
and predicted security problems on the network.
Explain what is meant by dynamic security assessment (DSA).
Discuss the North American Electric Reliability Council (NERC) and its mission in preserving
security in the 4 North American Interconnections.
Understand the role of Security Coordinators in the North American Interconnections.
List several examples of operating security data that must be provided and updated by each
control area every 10 minutes.
Give 3 examples of loading relief methods that may be undertaken and supervised by
Security Coordinators.
Explain how FACTS devices can dynamically control the flow of power over specific
transmission circuits.
Describe the purpose and operation of a phase angle regulator (PAR).
Explain what is meant by operating reserve, and state what portion of this reserve must be
spinning. List examples of what can be included in non-spinning reserve.
Give examples of typical operating reserve practices.
Describe 2 emergency measures for dealing with a capacity emergency.



7507: Operating under Abnormal Conditions

The previous modules in this series have mainly dealt with the elements of the power system
when it is operating in its normal state. This module extends that knowledge into some of the
abnormal situations that can occur on the power system and describes how different pieces of
apparatus can act under those conditions. Several actual incidents are described.

At the end of this module you should be able to:

Define the boundaries of normal operation.
List events that can move the system into an abnormal condition.
List five conditions that describe abnormal conditions.
List three characteristics of the emergency state.
Draw a diagram showing the interrelation of the different states on the power system.
Understand the information shown on a control center dynamic wall map.
Describe the interrelation of system operators, regional operators, and plant operators.
List seven probable events against which systems are tested to ensure their ability to
survive contingencies.
List eight events that should be simulated to investigate how the system will behave under
abnormal conditions.
Recognize the limitations of capacitor banks and generators to supply reactive power when
the system voltage is declining.
Describe the relation between energy consumption and supply in a small part of a large
interconnected system.
Understand how interconnections reduce the need for generation reserves.
Describe how economy interchanges are made.
Recognize how heavy economic interchanges on one interface can restrict the emergency
support on other interfaces.
List seven strategies to prevent a system in the alert state from dropping into the
emergency or blackout state.
Describe the use of a phase shifting transformer.
Understand the reasons for putting tie-line tripping relays on interconnections and the
limitations that they can impose.
Describe how a part of the system can lose synchronism with the remainder of the system.
Write the equation for the maximum amount of power that can be transferred across a
transmission line.



Understand why a relay can think that a line is faulted when the voltage vectors across the
line are 180 degrees out of phase.
Recognize the main parts of a hydro-electric governor.
Describe the use of a dashpot bypass on a hydro-electric governor and the problems that
can arise if the dashpot is bypassed when it is in an island.
Understand the difference between the temporary droop and the permanent droop on a
hydro-electric governor.
Recognize the limitations imposed on hydro-electric machines by the finite amount of high
pressure hydraulic oil.
Understand why auxiliary governors are sometimes fitted to steam turbines.
Recognize how auxiliary governors destabilize islands where they control the dominant
generators.
Describe how turbine blade resonances limit the under frequency operation of steam
turbines.
Explain the difference between under frequency relaying and frequency trend relaying.
Recognize the water flow disturbances that can be caused by islanded operation and the
restrictions to the operation of islanded hydro-electric plants.
Describe why a steam turbine may have a short burst of energy at the start of an island but
then have its power output decay.
Recognize the need for load-frequency control in areas prone to islanding.
List typical maximum and minimum voltages.
Describe the Ferranti effect on lightly loaded lines.
List six voltage collapse situations.
List four causes of voltage collapse.
Understand why switching capacitors may not arrest a voltage collapse.
List the stages of a voltage collapse.
Describe how switched reactors can be used to prevent a voltage collapse.
Describe the effect of a geomagnetic storm on transformers.
State the return period for geomagnetic storms.



7508: System Restoration

The earlier modules in this series have mainly dealt with the elements of the power system
when it is operating in its normal state. The previous module extends that knowledge into some
of the abnormal situations that can occur on the power system and describes how different
pieces of apparatus can act under those conditions. Several actual incidents are described.
This module extends that discussion to the situation where the system or a part of it collapses
and the possibilities for system restoration.


List 3 critical parameters to be determined after a major system upset
Describe the importance of communications
List 3 items of circuit breaker status
List 3 events which can cause the breakers to open
Describe how cold weather affects breakers
Suggest alternatives possible if a control center is blacked out
List 3 reasons to sectionalize a blacked out system
List 3 things to be done before intentionally separating from a system that is descending
into a blackout
Describe the procedure for reenergizing a blacked out system from a neighboring healthy
system.
Describe the procedures for connecting generation and load
Describe the requirement for re-establishing direct current connections
Describe how to establish a power source within a blacked out system
Describe how to pick up load and transmission from a power source within a blacked out
system
Understand the black start characteristics of different types of power plants.
List the minimum requirements for standby power at a fossil steam plant
Explain why nuclear plants are not suitable for black start
Describe the characteristics of heating and lighting loads
Describe the characteristics of motor loads
Describe the characteristics of thermostatically controlled loads
Draw the curve of current vs. time for a reconnected feeder
List 4 ways that the inrush on a re-energized feeder can be reduced
Describe the precautions required when starting synchronous condensers after a blackout
Define the amount of synchronized generation which must be on line to start a synchronous
condenser



Define the amount of synchronized generation which must be on line to pick up a block of
load
Prioritize feeders for pick-up
List 4 things to be considered when picking up load
Draw a re-energization route map for a part of a system
Describe how lines may trip out again if oscillations occur
List 6 ways of reducing oscillations when rebuilding the system
Describe the precautions necessary when synchronizing islands
Explain how to control frequency when picking up loads
Describe how to prepare a system which will be islanded deliberately
List the limitations of fossil fired steam plants in islanded operation
Describe the operation of nuclear units in an island
Recognize the different perspective of independent power producers
List allowable normal and emergency voltage deviations
Describe how reactors and load current can be used to reduce the voltage rise on
transmission lines
Describe why cables have a much greater voltage rise than overhead lines
Describe how parallel and series ferroresonance occurs
Draw typical wave forms of a system experiencing ferroresonance
Explain how a trapped charge can cause high voltage on a transmission line
List 4 communication media which could be used for system control
Estimate how long to wait before starting to pick up lines in the absence of any
communications
List 2 tests which can be performed without disrupting customers
Describe how restoration simulations could be carried out
List 10 training priorities suggested by NERC
List the classes of disturbances which must be reported to the Department of Energy in the
United States
Define the 3 disturbance severity levels used by CIGRE.
List the 9 initiating causes used by CIGRE.
Recognize the importance of gathering post disturbance information



7509: Monitoring & Control Communication

The objective of this module is to look at different modes of communication that are employed
in operation of the transmission system. Communication applications are demonstrated with
particular emphasis upon the SCADA system as employed for system operation.

understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day working activities.


The need for communication as an integral part of transmission system operation.
Techniques of communication employed in transmission system operation.
Typical application of the different communication techniques.
The function of the SCADA system.
Collection of data by RTUs.
Polling of RTUs throughout the system.
Transfer of data across communication links.
The need for carrier signals and modems.
Factors affecting the rate of data transmission.
Data transfer from RTUs to the CPU memory.
Frequency of CPU update.
Typical master station layout.
CPU and peripheral computers and devices.
Fail-over stand-by computer.
Applications software.
The operator interface.
The operator display functions.
Displaying equipment attributes.
Alarm annunciation.
Logging operating events.
Features of SCADA installations.



7510: Transmission System Protection

The objective of this module is to examine the function of protection schemes from the point of
view of the transmission system operator. Details of the major types of protection relays are
discussed with the emphasis on function rather than mechanical construction.

understand the following concepts and apply them in day-to-day working activities.

Causes of electrical faults.
Fault characteristics; changing parameters.
Common types of 3-phase fault.
Effect of impedance on magnitude of fault current, i.e. generator impedance, transformer
impedance, line impedance, and fault impedance.
Unbalanced phase conditions due to fault.
Elements of the protection scheme.
Protection relay input and output signal.
Circuit breaker tripping circuit.
CTs and VTs (PTs).
The need for back up protection.
Protection zones.
Power system grounding.
Protection relay sensitivity, selectivity, and operating speed.
Reporting and analysis of protection relay operations.
The principals of differential protection, instantaneous overcurrent, inverse time overcurrent,
directional overcurrent, distance relays (impedance relays), mho relays, pilot protection.
Application of protection schemes to generators, transformers, feeders, transmission lines,
and bus bars.



7511: The Effect of Deregulation on Transmission System
Operation

The objective of this module is to look at the aims of deregulation, and the consequent changes
being introduced into transmission system control and operation. Subsequent modules present
and discuss specific rules, and procedures required to implement deregulation. After
completion of this module, the participant should be able to understand the following concepts
and apply them in day-to-day activities.

The control area as part of a traditional vertically integrated company.
Obligations of the vertically integrated company.
Approval of electricity rates by the Public Utility Commission.
Disadvantages of the regulated monopoly.
The objectives of deregulation (i.e. to introduce competition in power generation and
supply).
The bilateral power contract.
Bilateral power flow through the transmission system.
Transmission system open access.
Wholesale and retail deregulation.
Transactions by third parties such as brokers, power marketers, load aggregators, futures
traders.
System services that are necessary for the interconnected system to function (i.e.
interconnected operation services - IOS).
Billing breakdown to include unbundled charges for generation, transmission, distribution,
and individual IOS.
Function of the competitive power pool.
Generation bidding.
Marginal price, pool selling price, spot market price.
Function of the Independent System Operator (ISO).
Functions of the power exchange.
Provision of transmission offerings through Open Access Same time Information System
(OASIS).
Available transmission capacity (ATC).
Considerations of reliability.



7512: Power Dispatch Under Deregulation

The objective of this module is to focus attention on the factors that must be considered when
dispatching energy and ancillary services under competitive market conditions. Procedures are
indicated for a typical ISO, noting that detailed methodology will vary with different locations.

After completion of this module, the participant should be able to understand and apply the
following concepts in day-to-day work activities.

The task of the ISO or other system operating authority.
Composition of the total power flow throughout the ISO system at any hour of the day.
Different types of power flow transactions.
Contracted and non-contracted power flows.
Power flows into and out of the system.
Preparing the day ahead generation schedule and demand schedule.
Committed generation to meet contract demand.
Must run units for technical reasons, i.e. some hydro, nuclear, and co-generation units.
Selection of generation to meet non-contracted power demand (spot market, or residual
market).
The generation bid process.
Calculating the least cost dispatch program for different hours of the day.
Estimating the market clearance price (marginal price) for each hour of the following day.
Dispatch of individual generating units by ISO, or by the GENCO local dispatcher.
Load flow study to identify congestion areas and other transmission system problems.
Adjustment of next day schedule to produce the constrained schedule, allowing for
transmission limitations.
Scheduling of ancillary services, including regulating capacity, operating reserve capacity,
stand-by capacity reserve, supply of reactive power, and black-start capability.
The task of real time dispatch.
Dispatch communications between participants.
Real time adjustment to scheduled energy and ancillary services to meet changing
conditions and imbalance between scheduled demand and supply.
Updating the schedule at five minute intervals through activation of the least cost dispatch
program.
After-the-fact reporting to provide each participant with actual operating parameters and
provisional energy prices for each settlement period.
ISO activities under emergency operating conditions.
Conditions related to a system alert, system warning, and system emergency.
Suspension of commercial market activity by the ISO during major system collapse.
Load curtailment and load shedding procedures.
Advantages and obligations related to interconnection with other control areas and ISOs.



7513: Transmission Control

In the late 1990s the electrical power industry is going through a rapid period of change. The
opening of the transmission systems to competition among generators and the splitting of
vertically integrated utilities have changed the structure of the industry. The widespread
blackout in northeastern North America in 1965 provided a great impetus for cooperation
among utilities. With the advent of competition this has been replaced by the need for
confidentiality. In this module we examine some of the implications for transmission system
control brought about by these changes.

At the end of this module the students should be able to:

Describe the different organizations providing electrical energy into the power system.
Describe the differences between power transmitters and power distributors
Understand the functions of power marketers.
List 5 Interconnected Operations Services.
Know that the Independent System Operator deploys the Interconnected Operations
Services.
Understand the functions of NERC, NAERO and FERC.
Know how to obtain the latest NERC (NAERO) documents from the Internet.
Understand how the Regional Security Coordinator resolves the question of information
sharing.
List 3 functions of the Regional Security Coordinator.
Describe how the security coordinators maintain data confidential.
List two ways that a transmission line can reach its thermal limit.
List 6 characteristics of a transmission line that influence the amount of power it can carry.
Understand why the transfer capability may be less than the transmission capability.
Determine the first contingency total transfer capability (FCTTC).
Understand why the transfer capability can be different in opposite directions.
Understand why a margin is often applied to transmission limits.
Understand how limits may be interrelated and how to display interrelated limits on a graph.
Describe why a capacity benefit margin is often part of the total transfer capability.
Define the terms Curtailability and Recallability.
Explain the components of the Available Transfer Capability in both the Planning and
Operating time frames.
Describe why a utility can sell more recallable reservation than its Available Transfer
Capability.
List 4 rules governing the priority for transfer capability.
Understand the Transmission Loading Relief Procedure for your area.
List 4 actions a security coordinator can take before instituting a transmission loading relief
procedure.
List the priority in which 6 different types of recallable service will be recalled.



Recognize that some flows do not follow the contract path.
Work through a sample calculation to show how transactions are reduced to relieve a
transmission constraint.
Describe the difference between power and energy.
Describe the basic market functions in a deregulated power system environment.
Tell which functions are natural monopolies and which are competitive functions.
List 3 ways a power marketer can get power to sell.
List 3 ways a generating company can sell its power in a deregulated environment.
Describe the postage stamp technique for pricing transmission services.
Describe megawatt mile technique for pricing transmission services.
Recognize the possibility of real time simulation for transmission pricing in the future.
List 4 factors that can increase the cost of transmitting power.
List 4 reasons for changes in flow leading to a need to re-dispatch generation.
Understand the capability of generators to produce reactive power.
Describe why customers may be willing to provide reactive power.
Recognize how independent entrepreneurs might be willing to provide reactive power in the
future.
List 5 costs that have to be recovered by the ISO.
Understand the difference between firm power and non-firm power.
Describe what the GAPP experiment was.
Be aware of the OASIS network.
Know the relationship between NERC and NAERO.
Understand that each transaction must have a unique tag.
List 7 functions that a Tag Agent Service must be able to perform.
Understand the Tag Approval process.
List 5 functions that a Tag Approval Service must be able to perform.
List 4 components of a tag identifier.
Understand the meaning of 7 transaction status conditions.
Understand the process for approving tags submitted on time and those submitted after the
deadline.
Realize that if a change to a transaction is required the original tag must be canceled and a
new one issued.



7514: Interconnection Operation NERC/NAERO Policies

The objective of this module is to review the standards and requirements laid down in the
NERC operating policies for control and security of the interconnected system. While the
NERC policies refer specifically to the North American interconnected systems, the application
of these standards and procedures will provide the basis of good practice for reliable operation
of any interconnected system.

After completion of this module, the participant should be able to understand the following
concepts and apply them in day-to-day working activities.

The system control task.
Advantages of the large interconnection.
The role of each individual control area within the interconnection.
Layout of NERC policies: standards, requirements, and guidelines.
The generation control task, i.e. to meet changing load demand, scheduled interchange,
and maintain system frequency, NERC policy 1.
Assistance from neighboring utilities.
Operation of AGC, including frequency bias.
Obligations of the control area to meet its own deficiencies within prescribed time limits.
The NERC initiated frequency response survey by control areas.
The interchange error survey.
Inadvertent interchange accounting - monthly reports.
Synchronous time correction.
Assessment of area control performance by observing variations in ACE.
Monthly control performance reports from each control area to NERC.
Control performance standards 1 and 2.
Disturbance control standard.
Transmission operations, NERC policy 2.
Tagging interchange transactions, NERC policy 3.
Curtailment of transmission transactions.
The regional security coordinators task and authority, NERC policy 9.
Coordination requirements - NERC policy 4.
Monitoring requirements.
Communication of security information.
Maintenance outage planning and coordination.
Coordination of protection schemes.
Function of special protection schemes.
Emergency operations - NERC policy 5.
Coordination with other systems during emergency operations.
Dealing with insufficient generating capacity.
Transmission system relief.
Control of system separation, islanding, and restoration.
NERC requirements for disturbance reporting.
Telecommunication requirements - NERC policy 7.
System operator training and certification requirements - NERC policy 8.



7515: System Operator Certification (SOC)

This new interactive module is aimed at helping System Operators and Dispatchers reinforce
their base of sound operating practice, which will assist them in preparation for NERC/NAERO
Certification Testing. The material is based on the NERC Certification outline, which is covered
in the various modules in L&Ks Transmission System Operation (TSO) Training series.

System Operator Certification draws together all the elements of the TSO program, by focusing
on the system operators task through a series of challenging and engaging questions. The
operators also benefit through exposure to an examination environment prior to taking official
certification testing.



7516: Generation Control and Performance

NERC has developed a number of policies to promote the secure operation of the electrical system in
North America. In this module, the aspects of Policy 1 dealing with generation control and performance
are covered. The content of this module is based on NERC Policy 1 approved on October 8th, 2002.

On completion of this video and associated workbook, participants should be able to understand the
following concepts and apply them in their day-to-day work activities:

List the 4 interconnections in North America.
List 5 reasons for maintaining operating reserves.
Calculation of Area Control Area (ACE).
The Control Performance Standards CPS1 & CPS2.
The Disturbance Control Standard (DCS).
CPS1 data collection methods.
The constants 1and 10.
Calculation of CPS1 and CPS2 compliance.
Definition of contingency reserve.
NERCs reserve policies.
Most Severe Single Contingency (MSSC).
The compliance requirement for the DCS.
DCS compliance for Reserve Sharing Groups.
Multiple contingencies and how the standards apply.
The requirements for restoration of contingency reserves following a disturbance.
The penalties for failing to comply with the DCS.
The Frequency Response Characteristic ().
The role of droop settings in generator control.
The natural frequency response of the system.
List 6 tie-line bias setting standards.
The nature and origin of time error.
The time error requirements for asynchronous control areas.
How time error corrections are made.
The requirements for reporting time error corrections.
How time error corrections can be interrupted.
The issue of leap seconds and how they are handled in power systems.
How the AGC system works and what its function is.
Regulating reserves.
How the AGC calculation is made.
How and why filtering is used on the data streams collected for the AGC system.
The data display and recording needed for the AGC system.
The requirement for backup power supplies for data measuring and recording equipment.
The requirement for AGC data quality and storage and documentation.
The definition of Inadvertent Interchange.
The role of the operator with respect to inadvertent interchange.
How inadvertent flow is determined.
Pay back of inadvertent interchange.
NERCs reporting requirements for inadvertent interchange.
Various survey tools employed by NERC and the issues that they are designed to reveal.



7517: Aspects of System Operation

In this module NERC Policies 2, 4 and 5 will be reviewed. Each of these policies deals with one
or more aspects of operating a control area. Policy 2 is concerned with transmission
operations, and voltage and reactive control. Policy 4 deals with coordinating key activities
associated with power system operation, and Policy 5 covers NERC requirements for
emergency operations.

The content of this module is based on policies available in August 2004.

On completion of this video and associated workbook, participants should be able to
understand the following concepts and apply them in their day-to-day work activities:

Reliable operation, reliability requirements and reliability coordinators.
Operating security and likely contingencies, including:
o Overloads, including those beyond emergency ratings,
o Overvoltages and under voltages,
o Loss of stability, or
o Abnormal frequency deviations.
Maximum power transfer and instability.
Uncontrolled separation, cascading outages and security violations.
Why reactive power is needed and the obligation to provide reactive resources.
Control of reactive output of generators.
Role of transmission lines in VAR balance.
Maintaining system voltage by:
o Reactive generation scheduling,
o Transmission line switching,
o Reactive resource switching, and
o Load shedding, if necessary.
System information needed by operators:
o Available generation and transmission reactive resources,
o The status of voltage regulators, and
o The status of power system stabilizers.
Data exchanged between neighboring control areas and the security coordinators:
o Generation status,
o Anticipated load demand,
o Operational reserve capacity,
o Scheduled interchange, and
o Any potential equipment outages.
Coordination of maintenance.
Coordination of system protection.
Protection system procedures and special protection schemes.



Management of operational security information and data needed for operational security
assessments.
The severity or extent of system emergencies must be reduced without consideration for
cost.
Operating security limits: System Operating Limits (SOL) and the Interconnection Reliability
Operating Limits (IROL).
NERC Hotline.
Directives from Reliability Coordinator.
Power system configuration.
System emergencies & burden.
Compliance with CPS and DCS.
Energy emergencies.
Restoration priority.
Interchange schedules during restoration.
Resynchronizing an isolated system.
Communication of disturbance information.
Disturbance reporting and final report.
Analysis of disturbances.
Sabotage detection and reporting.



7518: Power System Transactions and Coordination

In this module the requirements of NERC Policies 3, 6, 7 and 9 are reviewed. Policy 3 deals
with interchange, policy 6 with operations planning, Policy 7 with telecommunications and Policy
9 is concerned with reliability coordinator procedures.
The content of this module is based on policies available in November 2004.

On completion of this video and associated workbook, participants should be able to
understand the following concepts and apply them in their day-to-day work activities:

Interchange transactions & transaction tags.
Tag requirements & recipients.
Tag assessment & approval.
Reasons for tag modification.
Interchange schedules.
Limits to interchange schedules.
Ramp durations.
Telecommunications facilities and procedures.
NERC communications systems NERC Hotline & NERCnet.
Normal operations.
System studies; transfer capabilities.
Procedures for operating emergencies.
Energy use during emergencies.
Role of government during emergency and recovery periods.
Triggers for automatic load shedding.
Restoration plans & re-synchronizing.
Provisions for generators during emergencies.
Reliability coordinator function and objectives.
Reliability coordinator task delegation.
Obligation to act on reliability coordinator directives.
Reliability coordinator tasks for current-day operations.
Reliability coordinator tasks for next-day operations.
Transmission loading relief.
Response to frequency errors.
Reliability coordinators role during restoration.
Coordination agreements between reliability coordinators.
Analysis tools and training for reliability coordinators.
Voice and data communications for reliability coordinators.

Tso 7500

Încărcat de

Informații document

Descriere originală:

Titlu original

Drepturi de autor

Formate disponibile

Partajați acest document

Partajați sau inserați document

Opțiuni de partajare

Vi se pare util acest document?

Este necorespunzător acest conținut?

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

Tso 7500

Încărcat de

Drepturi de autor:

Formate disponibile

3065 Ridgeway Drive, Unit 34, Mississauga, Ontario L5L 5M6, Canada

S-ar putea să vă placă și