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A2-203

CIGRE 2006

INNOVATIVE APPLICATIONS OF PHASE-SHIFTING TRANSFORMERS SUPPLEMENTED WITH SERIES REACTIVE ELEMENTS

J. BROCHU*, F. BEAUREGARD, R. CLOUTIER, A. BERGERON, L. GARANT Hydro-Qubec CANADA F. SIROIS cole Polytechnique de Montral CANADA M. I. HENDERSON ISO New England USA

Report on behalf of SC A2

SUMMARY
This paper presents a number of innovative Phase-shifting Transformer (PST) applications made possible by adding series reactive elements for 1) substation uprating, 2) substation reserve sharing, 3) network decoupling, 4) line power flow control using Assisted PSTs (APSTs) and 5) HV transmission line de-icing. All these applications rely on conventional PSTs and reactive elements interconnected in order to meet unusual objectives for PSTs. An analytical method for more easily establishing the PST requirements in power flow control applications is also described. The first three applications are intended for the purpose of real-power exchange within a substation or between substations without increasing the system short-circuit availability. Substation and network upratings rely on the use of an inductor in series with a PST; the inductor limits fault currents in an entirely passive manner while the PST compensates for the parasitic phase angle displacement introduced by the inductor. As for network interconnection applications, LC tuned circuits are connected in series with a PST. In this case, the control of real power exchanges is made possible while decoupling the interconnected networks almost completely during faults. The last two applications share the more conventional objective of controlling power flows but they follow an approach that is unconventional. An APST is formed by adding a high-impedance inductor or capacitor in parallel with a PST. The parallel reactive element shares the line current with the PST thereby relieving the PST as a thermal constraint while allowing the PST power flow control capability to be preserved or even increased. For HV line de-icing, a PST together with a series capacitor is used for increasing the current in specific lines and heating the latter by the Joule effect. This is achieved by creating power loop flows, a situation that PSTs are typically used to eliminate.

KEYWORDS
Phase-shifting Transformer, Fault Current Limiter, Interconnection, Flow Control.

* brochu.jacques@ireq.ca

1. INTRODUCTION
Phase-shifting transformers (PST) have been around for more than 60 years but their implementation remains episodic. They are typically used for increasing or decreasing transmission line power flow. For instance, PSTs often compensate for undesirable phase angle differences at given line terminals resulting from highly variable power generation dispatch within a network or between networks. Without them, uncontrolled loop flows could result in weak loading of certain lines and overloading of others, even under normal operating conditions. In other instances, PST are used to compensate for excessively large phase angle increases at a given line terminals following the loss of a nearby facility such as a line or a transformer. Hence, from a system operator point of view, PSTs allow the use of networks to be maximized while meeting secure power flow levels both before and following contingencies. Although economic considerations have so far justified a limited number of PST implementations world-wide, it is expected that electricity market deregulation will make them more attractive as actual power systems depart more and more from the original intent of long-term planning. This paper presents five innovative applications of PSTs supplemented with reactive elements. The first three share the same objectives, namely power flow control and fault current limitation. The last two applications are dedicated to power flow control using reactive elements to extend the power flow control capabilities of PSTs. Each application is described separately and aspects to be taken into account for specifying PST ratings are discussed. In addition, an analytical method for more easily establishing the requirements of PSTs in power flow control applications is summarized.

2. FAULT CURRENT LIMITATION APPLICATIONS 2.1 Substation Uprating

315 kV

a)

120 kV LA LB

b)

Adding a transformer to an existing substation increases the fault current level. This can overstep the interrupting capability of the substation circuit breakers and a number of other pieces of apparatus [1]. Adding a fault-current limiting reactor and splitting the network are examples of conventional ways of circumventing this situation, but they reduce operating flexibility. Figure 1 illustrates two related techniques that can be used to maintain operating flexibility and maximize the use of all transformers for the case where a fifth transformer has to be added to a substation of four transformers (Fig. 1a). With the shared-reserve transformer technique (Fig. 1b), the low-voltage bus is opened in the middle and the fifth transformer is connected to one of the two pairs of existing transformers. The substation load is then divided into two groups. This technique is very effective as long as the load in each group is proportional to the total transformer loading capability of its respective group. Under well-balanced loads, no current would flow between the two groups of transformers if the normally open breaker is closed. If one transformer goes out of service in either group, the normally open circuit breaker would be closed, either manually or automatically, and all transformers would then share the load current equally.

c)

NO NC

Fig. 1. Addition of a transformer to substation a) using the sharedreserve technique b) or an FCL-PST c).

In the case of large load imbalance, a PST can be added in series with a bus-tie reactor as shown in Fig. 1c to form a fault-current-limiting phase-shifting transformer (FCL-PST). The reactor acts as the

fault-current-limiting element while the PST is used to compensate the phase angle difference between voltages at the reactor terminals. By doing so, the net phase angle difference across the complete FCLPST can be reduced to nil. When this condition is achieved, the current flowing through the FCL-PST makes the currents in all the transformers almost equal in amplitude. EMTP and load flow studies have shown that a one-core PST (120-kV, 264 nominal throughput MVA and 55 rated design MVA [2] at 30C, 4% impedance, 12) together with a set of three reactors (28 Mvar total, 5.7 ) allows the five transformers (240 MVA at 30 C, 15.9% impedance) to be interconnected while keeping the substation fault current at its initial level. The key operating constraints used for this study were operation at 20C with one transformer out of service and at 30 C with all facilities in service. Load flow studies show that the PST tap-changer does not need to be readjusted on a daily basis to follow load fluctuations. Seasonal changes could therefore be adequate even for large load imbalances. Following the loss of one transformer, the normally open circuit breaker is closed and the PST circuit breakers are opened.
6 5 4 3 2
a) Reference case (4 transf.) SFLC = 4.08 c) FCL-PST SFLC = 5.33 b) Shared-reserve transformer SFLC = 5.33

Increases in substation loading capabilities depend on the initial loading of each group of transformers. If loads LA 1 and LB increase over time following the locus of balanced loads (dotted line in Fig. 2), it can be seen that the shared0 reserve transformer technique (light shaded area) provides 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 a substation loading capability that reaches the SFLC of Loading on bus A, LA (pu) 5.33 for one loading condition only. Where loads are far from balanced, the addition of an FCL-PST (darker area) Fig. 2. Increases in substation loading can be an alternative since the transformer asset can be capability provided by techniques fully used even under large load imbalances. A proper b) and c). comparison of these two options implies an evaluation of the respective costs per MVA of new load connected. Where modifications in the network are costly for balancing the loads, the cost of the FCL-PST including its long-term losses could potentially be economical when the gain it provides in substation loading capability is fully considered. This concept is currently being investigated at Hydro-Qubec.

Loading on bus B, LB

The graph in Fig. 2 provides the domain of loading LA and LB that can be fed by the three types of substations in Fig. 1. Taking into account the load fluctuations with temperature, the transformer loading capabilities and the foregoing operating constraints, the initial substation firm loading capability (SFLC) is 4.08 pu and increases to 5.33 pu with the fifth transformer (1 pu being 240 MVA).

(pu)

2.2 Substation Reserve Sharing

The FCL-PST could also be applied between the transformer groups of two substations, as illustrated in Fig.3. This is especially interesting in urban areas where many substations are located close to each other and feed a radial sub-circuit with a high short-circuit level. In some instances, tying the subcircuits together can exceed the maximum allowable short-circuit level, unless a sufficiently large series inductor is used as the coupling element, which in turn can restrict power exchange to well below line capacity. Even when no inductance is required, the phase angle difference between substations is likely to produce a loop flow of real power that may overload the transformers of one substation. The FCL-PST provides the degree of freedom required to handle both problems and thus allows either substation to assist the other following the loss of a transformer or even the loss of a HV power line. Where normally open lines already exist between substations, the FCL-PST constitutes an effective solution for closing them permanently. It can also be used for integrating a new lowimpedance underground cable in the vicinity of several existing higher-impedance lines by maintaining the cable power flow within limits.

Coupling two or more substations improves grid meshing and results in a better sharing of reserve equipment, which in turn improves the reliability and flexibility of a network. These benefits can be used to face rapid load growth securely, giving planners sufficient time to plan and build new infrastructures. Reserve sharing seems particularly attractive in downtown areas, where building sites are becoming cost-prohibitive and projects require long and careful planning. It could also be applied at medium voltage between distribution substations. As opposed to the substation uprating application, an FCL-PST used for substation reserve sharing cannot be bypassed during contingencies. Hence, its PST used for reserve sharing requires a larger angular range to ensure sufficient real power exchange during contingencies and prevent equipment overload in any substation. Besides, communication links are required to gather information from all interconnected substations and provide sufficient input to the PST phase angle control system. Fig. 3. Substation reserve sharing with FCL-PST.

2.3 Network Decoupling

The decoupling interconnector (DI) allows the implementation of new interconnections, such as: ties between separate subtransmission systems, for increasing operational flexibility, sharing transmission reserves, and facilitating reactive power management; bus ties, for paralleling generation or transformation with no increase in short-circuit levels. As compared to an FCL-PST, a DI increases the decoupling effect between subnetworks one step further. The DI, together with the APST of section 3, belongs to a family of power flow controllers called interphase power controllers (IPC) [3, 4]. As illustrated in Fig. 4, two impedances, one inductive and one capacitive, can be connected in series with each phase of a PST to form a DI. Its active and reactive power characteristics are plotted as a function of the phase angle difference sr between its terminal voltages for the specific case where the two impedances form a conjugated pair and where the phase shifts 1 and 2 are equal in amplitude, of opposite signs and constant. The active-power characteristic is the top segment of a cosine function while the reactive-power characteristic is the corresponding segment of a sine function. The amplitudes of the cosine and sine functions are equal and proportional to the difference between 1 and 2. As shown, the DI maintains the active-power flow transit almost constant over a 50 angle span in a fully passive manner.

Vs

sr 1

Vr

2 Q P&Q

Fig. 4. DI implementation, equivalent circuit and power characteristics.

In normal operating conditions, the DI provides bidirectional power flow control and voltage support through the generation and absorption of reactive power to the subnetworks it interconnects. The desired operating levels are obtained by adjusting the phase shifts using tap-changers. Where required, the reactive power can be controlled independently of the active power by adjusting 1 and 2 separately. The control functions, inherent to the DI, are robust and predictable for all pre- and postcontingency conditions. Figure 5 illustrates the inherently passive decoupling behaviour of the DI for a three-phase fault. In this example, a large generator is commissioned in the Rnetwork and a surplus of energy is to be exported to network S. The grounding on both sides is different, direct in S and resonance-grounding in R. Furthermore, the phase-shift between systems S and R makes a direct connection impossible. As shown by the four traces, the DI can resolve this interconnection problem. Upon application of a three-phase fault in system R close to the DI, it can be observed that: the voltage on the R-side falls to almost zero because of the fault; the DI current Ir on the R-side remains quite constant; the voltage on the S-side remains practically unaffected; the DI current Is on the S-side falls to a small value.

Sub-network S

Sub-network R

DI

Fault on the R-side

Fault current limitation

Voltage decoupling

The results of an exhaustive prototype demonstration using the Hydro-Qubec power system simulator are Fault current limitation summarized in [5]. Effects of variations in system frequency, negative sequence voltages and sensitivity to external harmonic sources were taken into account in this study. The most difficult operating condition Fig. 5. Decoupling effect of a DI for a for the DI, the one that dictates the final design of the three-phase fault. components, is the occurrence of an open circuit on either side of the tuned IPC. In this situation, the two branches of the DI form a series resonant circuit excited by the equivalent voltage source of the phase shift. The design objective is to protect the DI components (already out of service) during shutdown. The solution makes use of conventional components, such as zinc-oxide energy absorption devices. 3. POWER FLOW CONTROL APPLICATIONS

3.1 Assisted Phase-shifting

The power flow control capability of a PST such as a one-core delta type (Fig. 4) varies with its tap changer position. For an internal phase shift in the neighborhood of 0, line currents flow through only a fraction of the tapped windings while the delta windings are subjected to very low current. Joule losses are then minimal and the PST capability is maximum. With an increase in the phase-shift , either positive or negative, a greater proportion of the tapped windings carries the line current while the delta windings are subjected to increasing current. Hence, the larger the phase-shift, the larger the Joule losses and the lower must be the line current flowing through the PST to keep its oil temperature at the nominal value. Figure 6 illustrates one such reduction in the power flow control capability in the simplified case where this phenomenon would be related only to copper losses.

APST

PST Capacitor
(XC = 6 XPST)

Inductor
(XL = 8 XPST)

sr

The two APST applications in sections 3.3 and 3.4 describe the addition of reactive elements to existing PSTs and the resulting increases in power flow control capabilities that can be achieved by converting them into APSTs. For a totally new APST installation, a lower PST rating can be used in conjunction with a parallel impedance, so that the total cost of the APST solution would be less than that of a full-rating conventional PST. This is particularly true of applications in which a wide phase-angle control range is required. An APST in boost mode provides reactive-power generation that increases with the angle sr at its terminals. In the application case of the Mead-Phoenix Project, section 3.3, this reactive power production provides a voltage support that increases with the line current. As for the buck mode, the Plattsburgh APST described in section 3.4 has shown that additional shunt compensation may be needed to compensate for the inductor reactive losses where networks are voltage-sensitive.

Fig. 6. Increase in power flow control capability of a one-core PST converted into an APST.

The series voltage injected by the PST provides an opportunity to add reactive elements in parallel with it to share the line current. The resulting device is called an assisted phase-shifting transformer (APST). As illustrated in Fig. 6, the reactive element must be a capacitor in boost mode (quadrant 2) and an inductor in buck mode (quadrant 1). It can be seen that, as the angle sr moves away from 0, the PST capability drops while the realpower transfer increases in the reactive elements. The reactive elements therefore compensate for the drop in PST capability. Given this complementary behavior, it is possible to maintain the APST capability above that of the PST.

3.2 Power Controller Plane

Determining the components of an APST in power flow control applications can be a real challenge due to the coupling between network and APST responses. In order to establish the steady-state constraints imposed by the network and simplify the design of both APSTs, and PSTs, an efficient yet simple method is proposed in which the network is considered from the power flow controllers point of view [6]. This method is based on the power controller plane defined in terms of the real power flow P controlled by a power flow controller and the phase angle sr immediately across its terminals, as illustrated in Fig. 7 for the case of a PST. Steady-state operation of power flow controllers is generally characterized by observing their effect on the power flow in a transmission line. Consequently, results and conclusions are typically presented as a function of the phaseangle across a given line. This practice is

Network sr P Zpst Vr 0

Vs

Fig. 7. Definition of a PST working area in the P-sr power controller plane.

convenient for illustrating the impact of power flow controllers on the network but does not translate the impact of the operating conditions imposed on them by an actual network. The concept of the power controller plane, or P-sr plane, allows two families of real power characteristics to be defined: the network and the power controller characteristics. The left-most and right-most PST characteristics in Fig. 7 are found at the extreme tap changer positions. As for the network, the extreme characteristics depend on power flow dispatches and contingencies. For a given network, only a limited number of operating conditions are needed to establish the left-most and rightmost network characteristics. The main feature of the P-sr plane is that the extreme power controller and network characteristics allow the graphical construction of a working area that contains all the possible steady-state operating points of the power controller. The working area thus defined in the P-sr plane simplifies the design of a power controller in three different ways: Only a few limiting load flow cases are needed to cover all the steady-state operating conditions imposed on the power controller by the network. As illustrated in Fig. 7, the most stressed current and voltage conditions for the power flow controller can be readily identified. Once the working area is known, simple graphical constructions can be used in conjunction with load flow calculations to visualize the effect of changes in network operating conditions and finalize the design of a power controller.

3.3 APST in boost mode

In the following example, the power flow control method is applied to an actual network to describe the benefits that could result from the conversion of the two existing PSTs of the Mead-Phoenix project (MPP) [7] into an APST by adding a capacitor across the existing PSTs. The prospective study described below results of a join effort between Centre dInnovation sur le Transport dnergie du Qubec (CITEQ) and MPP [8]. The MPP is part of the transmission system between Arizona and California. Some of its design considerations are quite unique. The most significant is the application of two parallel 500-kV phase-shifting transformers rated 650 MVA each. The PSTs are installed at the sending end of the line, at Perkins substation, an extension to Westwing substation near Phoenix. The 500-kV line is both series-compensated (70%) and phasecompensated (25) to increase its transfer capability in normal operation. The PSTs are necessary for the dispatch condition where the phase angle across the line is small and the power flow is restricted despite the high level of series compensation. Without the PSTs, the capability of the line is limited to about 800 MW. As shown in Fig. 8, the steady-state loading of the line is thermally limited to 1,300 MW by the PSTs. The steady-state capabilities delimited by Fig. 8. Uprating of existing PSTs in boost mode by adding a capacitor in parallel with them to form the working area of the PSTs cover the expected range of dispatch conditions as an APST. well as the most significant contingencies

on the 500-kV network. The results shown were obtained by load flow simulation using a base case that covers all the western part of the North-American network. Although many working cases were considered, only two extreme cases were needed to illustrate the increase in the working area. The P-sr plane proved to be very effective in the process of selecting the capacitor size while ensuring that the PST ratings were not exceeded. As shown, a 370-Mvar capacitor bank allows the power flow control capability of the existing PSTs to be increased by 210 (16%) and 610 MW (47 %) in summer and winter conditions respectively. In summer, the capacitor bank extends the PST 25 phase control range by 6.

3.4 Plattsburgh APST in buck mode

The Utica-Albany (Mohawk Valley) corridor in New York is the main portion of the Central-East interface, the other portion being the PV20 tie to Vermont shown in Fig. 9. The Utica Albany corridor is heavily loaded and flows are restricted to respect EHV system voltage limits. Severe lowvoltage conditions can be caused by the loss of sources in New England, including the RNDC HVDC interconnection at Sandy Pond. Both the New York and Vermont systems are voltagelimited and the PV20 PST is used to ensure secure flows across the interconnection. For example, it is necessary to restrict post-contingency flows from Vermont to New York, especially for the loss of 230-kV lines west of Plattsburgh. Similarly, following the loss of the Highgate HVDC tie (at the Qubec-Vermont border) or the RNDC dc interconnection at Sandy Pond, maximum flows from New York to Vermont need to be restricted to respect both the voltage restrictions in Vermont and the PV20 PST shortterm emergency thermal limit. The PST is also used to minimize the angle between New York and Vermont during line restoration procedures.

PV 20 115 kV

RNDC 500 kV

Besides, the PV20 tie is one of the three 115-kV lines providing the necessary short-circuit level for proper operation of the Highgate HVDC. The contingency loss of the PV20 line initiates a runback of the power transfer from Qubec to Vermont in order to prevent commutation failures. Therefore, in order to avoid interactions, any solution to increase transfers on PV20 must maintain the short-circuit contribution to Highgate. Fig. 9. Location of the PV20 tie between New York and Vermont. New York Power Authority (NYPA) and Vermont Electric Power Company (VELCO), working in conjunction with CITEQ, have concluded that an APST configuration at NYPA's Plattsburgh station would meet all system objectives [9]. It was recognized that placing a high-impedance inductor (75 , 800 A, 48 Mvar) in parallel with the existing PST (115-kV, 175 MVA, 40) would allow the PV20 summer precontingency restriction to be increased from 105 to 140 MW, a 33% increase. All this achieved while maintaining full controllability of the PV20 tie. Figure 10 gives the basic single-line diagram of the Plattsburgh IPC and indicates the new equipment installed. The 75- value was considered the optimal value for increasing the PV20 summer short-term emergency restriction

Fig. 10. Plattsburgh APST single-line diagram.

imposed by the PST emergency thermal limit, while minimizing the reactive losses and cost of the inductor. It is connected via 115-kV underground cables because there was not sufficient space to implement aerial busbar connections to the PST. Two 25-MVar shunt capacitor banks are also added on the line side of the APST to compensate most of the additional reactive losses and help support the voltage on the VELCO system. Although they are not part of the APST itself, they are required for its proper operation and therefore are part of the project. The engineering and project management for construction began on August 11, 1997 and the APST started commercial operation on June 29, 1998. The results for the first year of operation showed that the total energy transfer for the 1998 summer period increased by 77 GWh (25.7%), compared to the previous year. Although these excellent results reflect different market conditions, it can be said that without the higher flows allowed by the APST it would have been physically impossible to transfer at least 40 of these 77 GWh.

3.5 High-voltage Transmission Line De-icing

As shown in Fig. 11, it takes at least one PST and two series circuit breakers connected to the substation buswork to implement the on-load network de-icer (ONDI) concept. In some instances, series compensation is also needed for de-icing long twin conductor bundle circuits (Fig. 12). This concept is currently under study at Hydro-Qubec.
a)

Station

ONDI Line to de-ice

b)
CB 1

CB 2

PST current Load current

Fig. 11. Configuration of a network for de-icing with an ONDI.

The ONDI can be energized without disrupting the integrity of the network. The substation breakers are initially closed, as shown in Fig. 11a, while the ONDI breakers are open. To de-ice the line indicated, the ONDI is set at zero-phase shift and its circuit breakers are closed. Then circuit breakers CB1 and CB2 are opened and the ONDI falls in series with the line to de-ice, Fig. 11b. At this point, the ONDI is ready to induce a current that will add to the load current and make up for the de-icing current by the Joule effect. Looking at the current meters, the operator can move the tap-changer position up to the point where the current needed for this specific line is reached. Any of the other three lines can be similarly de-iced. As shown, all lines remain in service during de-icing and loads eventually connected along these lines will continue to be fed by the network during de-icing.

A de-icing current can be up to three times the current level that makes a line self-compensated HV line ONDI and its voltage equal to 1 pu at any point. This implies that reactive-power production has to be progressively supplied to the network when an ONDI increases a line current from the nominal Shunt point up to the de-icing level. Existing shunt compensation compensation (Fig. 12) has to be switched on to provide adequate voltage support during the deFig. 12. De-icing of a long 315-kV twin-bundle icing of relatively short circuits. For 315-kV circuits series compensated transmission line. made of twin conductor bundles and more than 100 km long, series compensation must also be used to support network voltages; otherwise adequate de-icing currents cannot be reached. As observed in the application study on Hydro-Qubecs Matapdia network [10], series compensation provides a voltage support that adjusts itself to the needs of a 315-kV 130-km-long circuit subjected to a de-icing current
Series compensation

reaching the bundle thermal limit of 2,400 A. This study further shows that a single ONDI installed at the intersection of a number of HV transmission lines has the capability of sequentially de-icing nine 230- and 315-kV circuits totalizing over 900 km. No ice-sensitive disconnecting switches need to be opened or closed. The PST rating at 315 kV and 5 C is 920 MVA, which translates to around 700 MVA at 30C. This allows a 1700-A current to be added to the existing load currents in 315-kV circuits. As for the required phase-angle ranges, the PST must be able to cover 50 to 0 and 0 to 50 without being disconnected from the network. Such a PST must be a two-core design equipped with a 25 auxiliary winding for shifting the range of 25 of the tapped winding. As far as planning studies are concerned, the concept presented here has been thoroughly validated. EMTP-type transient studies remain to be done to ensure that the ONDI provides full security under all abnormal events. Regarding this aspect, the two 500-kV, 650-MVA PSTs in service in Arizona in series with a 70% series compensated line [7] show that the ONDI concept is sound and worth pursuing. 4. CONCLUSION PSTs offer proven and robust devices for controlling power flows in electrical networks up to 500 kV. The addition of reactive elements can extend their range of control capability or diversify their applications. This paper has presented a number of such applications where the addition of these reactive elements can prove economical under particular circumstances. It also shows that the power controller plane method of analysis considerably simplifies network studies involving such assemblies. Although PSTs have tended to be dedicated to a niche market over more than 60 years, the situation is likely to evolve in the future since electricity market deregulation should make them more attractive for solving unexpected congestion problems. The innovative PST implementations presented here should further enlarge their utilization perspective in power systems.

5. BIBLIOGRAPHY
[1] T. Kawamura, S. Kobayashi, H. Takagi, Y. Aoshima, K. Sasaki, K. Ibuki and Y. Murayama, Raising the short-circuit current at existing 500-kV substations, CIGR No. 23-110, 1996. [2] IEEE Guide for the Application, Specification, and Testing of Phase-Shifting Transformers, IEEE Standard C57.135-2001, May 2002. [3] J. Lemay, J. Brochu and F. Beauregard, Interphase power controllers - Complementing the family of FACTS controllers, ABB review, No. 1/00, pp. 65-71, 1996. [4] J. Brochu, Interphase power controllers, 2nd Edition, Montral: Polytechnic International Press, p 320, 2001. [5] G. Sybille, Y. Haj-Maharsi, G. Morin, F. Beauregard, J. Brochu, J. Lemay and P. Pelletier, Simulator Demonstration of the Interphase Power Controller Technology, IEEE Transactions PWRD, Vol. 11, No. 4, October 1996, pp. 1985-1992. [6] J. Brochu, F. Beauregard, P, Pelletier, and R. J. Marceau, Steady-State Analysis of Power Flow Controllers using the Power Controller Plane, IEEE Transactions PWRD, Vol. 14, No. 3, July 1999, pp. 1024-1031. [7] R. S. Thallam, T. G. Lundquist, T. W. Gerlach, S. R. Atmuri and D. A. Selin, Design studies for the Mead-Phoenix 500 kV AC transmission project, IEEE Transactions PWRD, Vol. 10, pp. 1862-1874, Oct. 1995. [8] J. Brochu, F. Beauregard, J. Lemay, G. Morin, P, Pelletier and R. S. Thallam, Application of the Interphase Power Controller Technology for Transmission Line Power Flow Control, IEEE Transactions PWRD, Vol. 12, No. 2, April 1997, pp. 888-894. [9] J. Lemay, P. Brub, M. M. Brault, M. Gvozdanovic, M. I. Henderson, M. R. Graham, G. E. Smith, R. F. Hinners, L. R. Kirby, F. Beauregard and J. Brochu, The Plattsburgh Interphase Power Controller, Paper presented at the 1999 IEEE T&D Conference and Exposition, New Orleans, April 11-16, 1999. [10] J. Brochu, R. Cloutier and A. Bergeron, On-load network de-icer for HV transmission lines, in Proc. 2005 Int. Workshop on Atmospheric Icing of Structures, June 2005.