2/20/2013

1


Advanced Fluid Mechanics

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING
CAIRO UNIVERSITY

PhD &MSc Students 2012-2013
2/20/2013
2
Lecture 1

Introduction


Course Instructor


Dr. Ashraf Ibrahim Sayed
Email: aisayed11@yahoo.com
Tel:01283958074
2/20/2013
3
References
1) Fundamentals of Fluid Mechanics , 4e.
Bruce R. Munson, Donald F. Young ,Theodore H. Okiishi
John Wiley & Sons, 2001.
2) Fluid Mechanics, 5e.F. M. White, McGraw-Hill, 2003.
3) Mechanics of Fluids - B.S. Massey.

plus many others available!
Course Outline

Introduction
Basic Equations
Perfect gas equations
Continuity equation
Momentum Equation
Energy Equation
Gas Dynamics
Isentropic flow in variable area duct
Adiabatic flow with friction in constant area duct (Fanno flow)
2/20/2013
4
Course Outline (cont.)

Diabetic flow without friction in constant area duct (Rayliegh flow)
Normal chock wave
Applications on viscous and frictionless flow
Flow in pipes
Differential analysis of Boundary Layer
The grades are distributed as:
Final Exam (70 pt)
Attendance (10 pt)*
Report 1 (10 pt)*
Report 2 (10 pt)*
TOTAL (100 pt)
Course Grades
*Note: you can select only two of these items to be 15 pt each
2/20/2013
5
Aim of the course
Enable students to understand basic concepts of
fluid mechanics and gas dynamics and apply
them to many applications.

Realize the importance of the subject and its
applications in flow in nozzles and diffusers,
rockets, space shuttles, Gas turbine, Steam
turbine, and compressors.
1.About properties of fluids, particularly perfect gases
1. Simple differentiation and integration
2. The meaning of a partial derivative
3. How to draw free-body diagrams
5. How to resolve a force into its components
6. Newtons Second Law of motion
7. The Zeroth, First, and Second Laws of thermodynamics
To the Student
2/20/2013
6
Review of Elementary Principles
UNITS AND DIMENTIONS
Dimension: a qualitative definition of a physical entity
(such as time, length, force)
Unit: an exact magnitude of a dimension
(such as seconds, feet, newton)
Density is the mass per unit volume and is given the
symbol . It has units of kg/m3

Specific volume is the volume per unit mass and is
given the symbol v. It has units of m3/kg. Thus =1/v

Specific weight is the weight (due to the gravity force)
per unit volume and is given the symbol . If we take a
unit volume under the influence of gravity, its weight
will be . Thus = g N/m3

Specific gravity is the ratio between fluid density and
water density

w
f
G S

= .
2/20/2013
7
2/20/2013
8
Viscosity ()
x
y
U
Viscous flow
Non viscous flow
( inviscid )
y
x
U
uniform flow
Units of viscosity is kg/m.sec
It is the fluid resistance to relative motion
Velocity profile
This viscosity is called dynamic viscosity

v =
Units of Kinematic viscosity is
S m /
2
Shear stress (t)
It is the tangent force per unit area and is Generated
due to relative fluid motion
There are another viscosity called Kinematic viscosity
2/20/2013
9
Newtons law of viscosity
dy
du
t =
dy
du
o t
Units of shear stress is
2
/ m N
0 =
dy
du
value
dy
du
=
exists t 0 = t
Uniform flow ( no relative motion )
Speed of sound (a)
For liquid
Bulks modulus
k a =
kRT a =
For gas
v
p
c
c
k =
2/20/2013
10
Mach number ( M )
a
V
M =
It is the ratio between fluid or body speed and speed of sound
Mach number is dimensionless
Compressibility k
It is the matter acceptance to be compressed
Substance Fluid
Solid
Gas Liquid
no free surface
has free surface
F
F
L
AL
A
2/20/2013
11
For solids when we apply a stress
E c o =
Where: E is the modulus of elasticity
c is the strain o is the stress

A
= c
Negative because of compression
c
o
) ( = E


=
1 2
c
Units of E is
2
/ m N
For liquids when we apply a stress ( pressure )
E c o =
Where: k is the bulks modulus
Negative because the volume of k
d
dp

= ) (

1 2
d
Units of k is
2
/ m N
dp

d
k
liquid will be reduced
2/20/2013
12
For gases
when we apply small pressure the volume changes by high
values and k is changing rapidly, so it is not a property for
gases which are affected also by changing the temperature

We need to apply a very high pressure to Decrease the volume
by very small amount ( k is very high )

We can consider liquids as incompressible fluids
For liquids
So for gases we use the equation of state
RT pv = RT p =
or
Where:
R is gas constant in J/kg.k
T is the temperature in k
P is the absolute pressure in (Pascal)
2
/ m N
is the density in
3
/ m kg
For air R =287 J/kg.k
2/20/2013
13
Conclusions
Any liquid can be considered as incompressible fluid
and incompressible flow

Any gas is considered compressible fluid or assumed
incompressible fluid but in flow it can be considered
either compressible flow or assumed to be
incompressible flow
The gas is considered compressible if M>0.3 and is
assumed to be incompressible flow if M0.3 (why)
Rep1?
Specific heat
2/20/2013
14
Entropy changes
Process Diagrams
Many processes in the gaseous region can be
represented as a polytropic process, that is, one
that follows the relation
2/20/2013
15
Some special processes:
Adiabatic no heat transfer
Isothermal T = constant
Isobaric p = constant
Isentropic s = constant

Diabatic ?
? v = constant

2/20/2013
16