LabReport1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry

AnandDhariya

AERO521:ExperimentalMethodsinFluidDynamics
14
th
February2008

Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 1
Abstract:
Thisreportdescribestheuseoflaserinterferometrytomeasurethetemperatureofacandle
flamebasedontheexperimentperformedinlabbyGroup6ofAERO521course.Thesetup
is first explained along with detailed procedure to obtain the images of the fringes formed
duetointerference.Alsothereportexplainstheanalysisofthesefringeimagestoobtainthe
temperature of the candle flame at different locations. Based on this analysis, plots are
generated for the temperature field and the results are discussed along with the final
conclusions.

1. ExperimentalSetup:
Theexperimentalsetupisasshowninthepicturebelow.Theexperimentwasperformedon
a special optical bench which has threaded holes on it for attachment of the various
components.Themajorapparatususedinthisexperimentaredescribedasfollows.

Fig.1:Experimentalsetupforflametemperaturemeasurementusinginterferometry
Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 2
HeNeLaser:A5mWattHeliumNeonlaserwasusedforthisexperiment.Theoutputofthe
laserislinearlypolarizedlightofwavelength632.8nm(red).
SpatialFilter:Wehaveuseda40xmicroscopeobjectivewitha10microndiameteraperture
and 160 mm focal length lens to form our spatial filter that ensures removal of diffracted
light.
Collimating Lens: A collimating lens of focal length 371.6mm is used which is required to
makethelightraysparallel.
Beam Splitter: A 50:50 beam splitter was used for this experiment. This means it transmits
50%oftheincidentlightandreflectstheremaining50%.Thebeamsplitterissoalignedthat
itbisectstheanglebetweenthe2mirrors.Sincethemirrorsaremutuallyperpendicularthe
beamsplitterisalignedat45
o
.
Mirrors: Highly polished glass mirrors were used in this setup. The mirrors have 2
diametricallyoppositescrewsforadjustingtheirinclination
Screen:Aflatpieceofpaperismountedonthestandtoformthescreenonwhichthefringe
patternisobserved.
Camera:AblackandwhitePolaroidcamerawasusedtotakepicturesofthefringepattern.
To take the pictures the paper screen was removed so that the fringe pattern is directly
incidentonthecamera.Thisisaveryoldsystemhowever,thebiggestadvantageisthatthe
pictures produced are 1:1 and this eliminates the need of additional optics and it greatly
simplifiesthemeasurementsandcalculations.
Alltheapparatuswereproperlyaligned.Thealignmentofthe2mirrorswascritical.Forthis
thelaserwasturnedONanditwasseenthat2redspotswereformedonthelaserface.The
brighter spot corresponded to the light reflected from the mirror directly opposite to the
laser.Thismirrorwasalignedsuchthatthereflectedspotisdirectlyabovethelaseroutput
spot. Once this was done a faint red spot was observed at 2 oclock position on the laser
face.Thisisduetothelightreflectedbythebeamsplitterandthisspotwasusedtocorrect
thealignmentofthebeamsplitter.

Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 3
2. ExperimentalProcedure:
Once the experimental setup was complete we could begin the experiment which was
carriedoutinthefollowing3stages.
Measurement of coherence length: For the HeNe laser used of wavelength 632.8 nm, the
theoretically calculated value of spatial coherence length is 20 cm. We can experimentally
measurethecoherencelengthbydisplacingoneofthemirrorsandadjustingittoseeifwe
get interference pattern. When the two mirrors are equidistant from the beam splitter we
get the best possible interference pattern. Now the holes on the optical bench are 1 inch
aparti.e.about2.54cm.Theobjectmirrorisbroughtclosertothebeamsplitterinintervals
of 1 inch and the mirror is adjusted till we get interference patterns on the screen. The
coherence length of the laser is twice the mirror displacement. We observed interference
patterns for mirror displacements of 1 inch, 2 inch and 3 inch. However on displacing the
objectmirrorby4inchesitwasnotpossibletoobservetheinterferencefringes.Thismeans
thattheactualcoherencelengthofthelaserinlabconditionsissomewherebetween6to8
inchesorabout15to20cmasexpected.

Effectofvaryingtheangleofthemirrorbyasmallvalue:Itispossibletomeasurethelaser
wavelengthbytiltingoneofthemirrorsbyasmallvalue.

Fig2:Effectoftiltingthemirrorby
SupposeoneofthemirrorsM
2
isdeflectedbyasmallangleasshownintheabovediagram.
ThewavefrontreflectedbymirrorM
2
willbeatanangle2relativetothewavefrontreflected
bymirrorM
1
.Thusforsmallvaluesof,thefringespacingwillbe/2.Nowiffringespacingis
Beamsplitter
2

M
1
M
2
Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 4
, we have = /2. Thus if we measure the fringe spacing then wecan find by tilting the
mirrorbyasmallknownangle.
Measurementofflametemperatureofcandle:
To aid in the measurements of fringe spacing and other parameters for analysis of
photographsweneedtohavesomereference.Forthisa12mmdiametersteelrodisplacedin
thepathoftheobjectbeamandaphotographistaken.Nowallthelengthsonthepicturescan
bescaledtothisreferencelengthtoensurethedataiscorrect.

Fig3:Photographof12mmdiameterrodforscaling
Next the candle is placed in the path of the object beam and is lighted. The mirror is
adjustedtogetstablefringesonthescreen.ThepaperscreenisremovedandaPolaroidpicture
istakenoftheinterferencepattern.Thefilmsaredevelopedandtreatedwithastabilizingfluid.

Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 5
3. DataCollection:
The photograph of the interference pattern of flame was analyzed in Photoshop. I have
selected3stationsonthepictureasshownbelowandfringespacingwasmeasuredatthese
3locationstofinddensityandtemperature.

Fig4:Photographofinterferencepatternduetocandleflame
I tabulated the fringe spacing at the 3 stations in MS Excel and then interpolated the
intermediatevaluesusingr=0.78.Theplottedcurvesforthesevaluesareasshownbelow.The
exceltableisshowninAppendix(B).

Fig5:InterpolatedfringespacingatStation1

A quadratic curve fit was obtained in MS Excel for these points shown by the black solid line.
Theequationsforthiscurvefitarealsoshownintherespectiveplots.
N1=0.123y
2
+0.003y 8.455
10
8
6
4
2
0
10 5 0 5 10
Nv/syatStation1
Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 6

Fig6:InterpolatedfringespacingatStation2

Fig7:InterpolatedfringespacingatStation3

The rest of the analysis was done in MATLAB and the code for it is attached at the end in
Appendix(A).

N2=0.111y
2
+0.014y 6.870
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10 5 0 5 10
Nv/syatStation2
N3=0.099y
2
+0.001y 5.778
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
10 5 0 5 10
Nv/syatStation3
Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 7
4. DataAnalysis:
Theanalyticalequationsforfindingthedensityandhencethetemperatureoftheflameare
asbelow.
N2 = _ (n -n
re
)
2
1
d +2
z
Az

where,
isthewavelengthoflight=632.8nm,
Nisthefringenumber
n=indexofrefraction
Sincethetemperaturedistributionisaxisymmetricwecanwrite
_ (n -n
re
)
2
1
d = 2_
(r)rdr
r
2
-y
2

wheref(r)=n(r)n
ref
andhence

2]N(y, z) -
z
Az
= 2]
(r)rdr

r
2
-y
2

thisequationgivesusarelationbetweenthefringenumber,NandthedifferenceinR.I.f(r).
ThesolutiontothisisgivenbytheAbelTransformasfollows

(r) = -
2
a
_
1
y
2
-r
2
d
dy
]N(y, z) -
z
Az

r
dy

Since we have values at discrete points we cannot use these analytical equations directly
andhencehavetousethediscretizedversionoftheequationsasfollows.

2N
|
= 2
k
I-1
k=|
_
rdr
_r
2
-r
|
2
r
k+1
r
k

_
rdr
_r
2
-r
|
2
r
k+1
r
k
= _r
k+1
2
-r
|
2
-_r
k
2
-r
|
2
= Ar ](k +1)
2
-|
2
-

k
2
-|
2

Therefore
A
|,k

k
= _
2
2MAr
]
I-1
k=|
N
|

Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 8

with
A
|,k
= (k +1)
2
-|
2
-

k
2
-|
2
, k |

A
|,k
= , k < i
AndM=2forMichelsonInterferometer.

I have found the R.I. difference f vector by inverting the A matrix. Density can be found
using
p = p
c]
+

k
K

whereKistheGladstoneDaleconstantfoundbyinterpolatingthevaluesgivenintablefor
airfor=632.8nmand
ref
=1.225kg/m
3
forairatstandardtemperaturepressure.
TofindtheTemperatureT,theequationofstate
I =
P
p R

where
P=101325N/m
2
and
R=287J/kgK

Once the values of density, and Temperature, T were found these were plotted against
theradialdistanceshown.

Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 9
5. Results:
ThesegraphswereplottedinMATLABandtheyshowhowthedensityandtemperaturevary
withintheflameasafunctionofradialdistancer.

Fig8:Densityvariationasafunctionofradialdistancewithintheflame

Fig9:Temperaturevariationasafunctionofradialdistancewithintheflame
Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 10
6. Conclusion:
Wecansummarizetheconclusionsdrawnsofarfromtheanalysisasfollows:
(i) Thecoherentlengthofthelaserisabout20cm.Fromourexperimentwecansay
thatitisbetween1520cm.

(ii) The wavelength of light can be found by tilting the mirror by a small value
(measuredinradians)andusingtheequation
o =
z
2e

whereisthefringedisplacement.

(iii) Theflamedensitydecreasesaswemoveradiallyoutwardsfromtheflamecentre
andislowestatstation1andhighestatstation3foragivenradiallocation.
Also, the flame temperature decreases radially outwards and the highest at
station1andlowestatstation3foragivenradiallocation.
Thus we have successfully determined the temperature and density within the flame
andplottedtheresults.

7. References:
(i) HolographicinterferometrybyCharlesV.WestWileyPublishing
(ii) Fluid Mechanics Measurements edited by Richard J. Goldstein Taylor and
Francis
(iii) LabnotesbyProf.LuisBernal

Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 11
APPENDIX(A):MATLABcodeforfindingandplottingdensityandtemperature:
%I nt er f er omet r y measur ement s do f i nd t emper at ur e of f l ame %
cl ear ;
dr =0. 70;
M=2;
l ambda=632. 8*10^- 6;
r ho_r ef =1. 225;
K=0. 2256*10^- 3;
P=101325;
R=287;
f or i =1: 11
f or k=1: 11
i f k>=i
A( i , k) =sqr t ( ( k) ^2- ( i - 1) ^2) - sqr t ( ( k- 1) ^2- ( i - 1) ^2) ;
el se
A( i , k) =0;
end
end
end
y=( 0: 10) *dr ;
N1=0. 123*y. ^2+0. 003. *y- 8. 455;
N2=0. 111*y. ^2+0. 014*y- 6. 870;
N3=0. 099*y. ^2+0. 001*y- 5. 778;

f 1=l ambda/ ( 2*M*dr ) *( A^- 1*N1' ) ;
f 2=l ambda/ ( 2*M*dr ) *( A^- 1*N2' ) ;
f 3=l ambda/ ( 2*M*dr ) *( A^- 1*N3' ) ;

r ho1=r ho_r ef +f 1/ K;
r ho2=r ho_r ef +f 2/ K;
r ho3=r ho_r ef +f 3/ K;

T1=P. / ( r ho1*R) ;
T2=P. / ( r ho2*R) ;
T3=P. / ( r ho3*R) ;
f i gur e( 1) ;
pl ot ( y, r ho1, ' k V' , y, r ho2, ' k *' , y, r ho3, ' k o' , ' Mar ker FaceCol or ' , ' k' ) ;
l egend( ' St at i on1' , ' St at i on 2' , ' St ant i on 3' , ' Locat i on' , ' Best ' ) ;
xl abel ( ' r adi al l ocat i on, r ( mm) ' ) ; yl abel ( ' Densi t y, \ r ho( kg/ m^3) ' )
t i t l e( ' Densi t y v/ s r adi al l ocat i on' ) ;
xl i m( [ 0 7. 5] )
f i gur e( 2) ;
pl ot ( y, T1, ' k V' , y, T2, ' k *' , y, T3, ' k o' , ' Mar ker FaceCol or ' , ' k' ) ;
l egend( ' St at i on1' , ' St at i on 2' , ' St ant i on 3' , ' Locat i on' , ' Best ' ) ;
xl abel ( ' r adi al l ocat i on, r ( mm) ' ) ; yl abel ( ' Temper at ur e, T( K) ' )
t i t l e( ' Temper at ur e v/ s r adi al l ocat i on' ) ;
xl i m( [ 0 7. 5] )
%End of code %




Lab1:TemperatureMeasurementsbyLaserInterferometry 12
APPENDIX(B):FringespacingatStations1,2and3:
The fringe number N=0 corresponds to the fringe at the border of the flame and as we move
radiallyinwardsthefringenumberdecreases(becomesnegative).
Station1 Station2 Station3
N y(mm) N y(mm) N y(mm)
0 8.22222
1 7.74074 0 7.96296
2 7.2963 1 7.33333 0 7.7037
3 6.7037 2 6.66667 1 6.96296
4 6.07407 3 5.96296 2 6.11111
5 5.37037 4 5.11111 3 5.2963
6 4.48148 5 4.14815 4 4.07407
7 3.33333 6 2.66667 5 2.7037
8 0 7 0 6 0
7 3.518519 6 2.777778 5 2.851852
6 4.592593 5 4.074074 4 4.148148
5 5.407407 4 5.037037 3 5.259259
4 6.074074 3 5.777778 2 6.111111
3 6.703704 2 6.518519 1 6.962963
2 7.185185 1 7.185185 0 7.62963
1 7.703704 0 7.814815
0 8.111111
Table1FringespacingatStations1,2and3