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The Sullivan Report Key recommendations Research CO2 emissions from new buildings 1990 : 2008 Lifecycle costs of changes to CO2 emissions standard Lifecycle analysis of embodied CO2 and emissions Heat supply options assessment SAP, SBEM SAP, SBEM and DSM + cost modelling SimaPro v 7.0.2, SAP and DSM MS Excel, custom
International panel appointed by Scottish Ministers chaired by Lynne Sullivan The Sullivan Report December 2007 56 recommendations 9 workstreams New build, existing Domestic, non-domestic Design, construction, performance Costings
Consultation proposal for 2010: 30% better than 2007 Technical Handbooks
105.2 tonnes
2.7 tonnes
3.0 tonnes
3.9 tonnes
3.5 tonnes
6.3 tonnes
6.3 tonnes
Cost impacts of changes to energy standards in 2010 Non-Domestic Davis Langdon LLP with Faber Maunsell
Primary school
4,466 m2
10m
www.sbsa.gov.uk/research/summ_nd_energ_2010.htm
Study methodology
Created energy models using recent projects in Scotland Proposed two levels of fabric upgrades / energy efficiency Modelled low carbon technologies to reduce emissions: Wind Site-side turbines and roof-top units Sun Solar thermal hot water and Photovoltaics Ground source heat pumps Biomass boilers Estimated capital and operational savings with payback periods
Energy efficiency scenarios Element U-values (W/mK) Roof Wall Floor Windows, doors, rooflights Air permeability (m/(h.m) @ 50Pa) Solar shading (effective g-value) Heating - gas fired (S & delivery ) (%) Cooling - electric (EER & delivery (%)) Lighting (W/m/100 lux): Primary school Secondary school City centre office Retail warehouse Baseline 0.25 0.30 0.25 2.20 10 0.7 88 & 95 3 & 90 3.2 3.1 2.8 3.9 2 2.5 85 0.95+ Intermediate 0.15 0.25 0.20 1.60 7 0.5 90 & 95 3.5 & 90 2.5 2.25 2.25 2.5 2.5 2.5 90 & 85 0.95+ MS AM&T+A Advanced 0.10 0.15 0.10 1.20 3 0.5 92 & 95 4 & 90 2 2 2 2 2.5 2.5 92 & 85 0.95+ DD & MS AM&T+A
Ventilation Specific Fan Power (W/l/s): Schools Office & retail warehouse Hot Water gas indirect (S & delivery ) (%) Power Factor Correction Lighting Controls BMS Controls
Baseline 94.1 tonnes CO2 59.3 = 37% reduction 47.1 = 50% reduction
Intermediate energy efficiency + 119 kW wind = 50% CO2 reduction Additional cost 4.9%
37% 50%
Baseline
Advanced Int'mediate Int'mediate Int'mediate Advanced Advanced Advanced EE only 119 kW 221 m2 PV 198 kW 20 kW 58 kW 205 kW wind GSHP wind GSHP biomass + 3 m2 PV
Advanced energy efficiency + 58 kW GSHP = 50% CO2 reduction Additional cost 5.2%
250
0
Baseline 85 kW wind 112 kW wind 311 kW biomass 173 kW wind
Advanced energy efficiency + 78m2 solar HW = 50% CO reduction Additional cost 3.2%
167 m2 Advanced Advanced Advanced solar HW 78 m2 190 m2 423 kW + 437 m2 solar HW solar HW biomass GSHP + 423 kW + 530 m2 GSHP PV + 20 kW 2 wind + 116 m2 PV
Tonnes CO2
Baseline 366.1 tonnes CO2 274.6 = 25% reduction 230.6 = 37% reduction 183.1 = 50% reduction
% on-costs
Advanced energy efficiency PLUS 494m2 PV + 209kW biomass + 12kW wind + 30m2 solar HW (maximum capacity, all LCE) = 42% CO reductionAdvanced Advanced Int'mediate Advanced 2 Advanced energy saving 248 kW 44.1% 286 m2 delivered PV 209 kW 266 m2 PV 494 m2 PV GSHP + 18 kW biomass + 209 kW + 209 kW Additional cost 5.9% + 12 kW CHP + 162 m2 PV GSHP biomass
wind + 12 kW wind + 12 kW wind + 12 kW wind + 12 kW wind + 30 m2 solar HW
49 53 60
27 34 28 32 33 30 32 38
19 23 20 22 23 21 22 27
MWh
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100
Tonnes CO2
% on-costs
3.5 3.0
Baseline
S1
Passive chilled beams Reduced glazing S2 S3 S5 S9 S4 Highly efficient lighting = 31% CO2 reduction Passive chilled beams and 27% delivered energy saving reduced glazing PLUS Additional cost 0.4%
highly efficient lighting = 31.2% fewer emissions,
S7
300
25% 37% 50%
12
250
10
200
150
100
50
0
Baseline Int'mediate Advanced Int'mediate5 Int'mediate EE only EE only 2 m2 PV 90 kW + 51 kW wind biomass + 51 kW biomass
Advanced energy efficiency 48 kW biomass heating + 284 m2 PV / 166 kW wind = 50% CO2 reduction 47 - 49% delivered energy savings Additional cost Advanced 11.7 11.8% Int'mediate Advanced Advanced Advanced
152 m2 PV + 8 m2 solar HW 284 m2 PV + 48 kW biomass 166 kW wind + 48 kW biomass 353 m2 PV + 8 m2 solar HW 327 m2 PV + 48 kW GSHP
7 11 18 21 20 21 30 20 21 24 22
6 38 9 13 14 14 14 17 15 15 16 15
6 25 8 11 11 12 11 13 12 12 13 12
Retail warehouse: architectural strategies / services efficiencies etc Highly efficient luminaires + daylight dimming = 37% CO2 reduction 32% delivered energy saving Additional cost 1.3% Ultra efficient luminaires + daylight dimming + 108 kW wind = 50% CO2 reduction 42% delivered energy saving Additional cost 5.4%
Comparison of DSM and SBEM results for CO2 emissions Primary school TER kgCO2/m2/ annum DSM results SBEM results DSM - SBEM 19.91 29.69 -9.79 Secondary Office school building 23.11 32.69 -9.58 32.60 48.97 -16.37 Retail warehouse 63.86 76.70 -12.84
Impact on CO2 emissions of energy efficiency upgrades Intermediate energy efficiency upgrade Advanced energy efficiency upgrade DSM modelling SBEM modelling DSM modelling SBEM modelling 22.9% 4.3% 43.0% 22.9% 24.1% 6.4% 40.2% 24.1% 19.5% 23.6% 27.6% 36.1% 31.8% 26.8% 43.6% 37.4%
Energy use calculations: SBEM monthly, DSM hourly Lighting energy use assumptions: - SBEM varies energy use with floor area, areas of windows and rooflights (assumes people turn their lights off in high levels of natural daylight) - allowance for reduction in lighting due to daylight and motion sensing switching and controls Inputs Different levels of input data, different ways to input information + Differences between buildings Differences in the energy load profiles of the buildings studied (office has higher level of cooling and auxiliary energy than the other buildings studied)
Additional capital costs of cheapest improvement scenarios to achieve specified levels of CO2 reductions DSM baseline buildings DSM modelling
CO2 reductions Primary Secondary Office Retail
0.5 3.4% 0.8 3.9% 1.2 5.0% 1.9 5.2% 4.0 8.9%
0.4 0.8% 0.5 1.8% 0.6 2.1% 0.8 2.5% 1.2 6.6%
1.0 1.8% 1.2 3.7% 1.5 3.7% 2.0 6.3% 3.3 4.1%
0.7 1.4% 0.9 2.6% 1.1 2.9% 1.4 3.8% 2.1 13.0%
1 SELECT BASELINES - City centre office; 2 houses, 1 flat, 2007 energy standards - Davis Langdon materials database (Bath ICE, own data) - SimaPro v 7.0.2 (LCA software), - Baseline CO2 footprint embodied CO2, CO2 emissions 2 APPLY IMPROVEMENT SCENARIOS - Energy efficiency measures (insulation, airtightness, boiler efficiency, lighting) + low carbon equipment; or Architectural measures + services efficiencies - Embodied CO2 of improvement scenarios 3 EVALUATE IMPACTS Assumed 60 years occupancy, snapshot at 35 years Embodied CO2 / CO2 emissions reductions = CO2 payback periods
Frame, 2,490
Substructures, 1,359
Roof, 262
Stairs, 32
Wall finishes, 25
2.45 yrs
linda.sheridan@scotland.gsi.gov.uk