Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 23652369

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Construction and Building Materials

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Compression strength of concrete cylinders reinforced with carbon ber laminate

J. Piekarczyk, W. Piekarczyk, S. Blazewicz
AGH University of Science and Technology, Faculty of Materials Engineering and Ceramics, 30-059 Cracow, al Mickiewicza 30, Poland

a r t i c l e

i n f o

a b s t r a c t
Composite laminates made from carbon bers and epoxy resin (CFRP) have been obtained and used as a strengthening of concrete in the form of cylinders. The laminates were made with the use of high-modulus and high-strength carbon bers. Different types of laminates (1D, 2D) of different thickness were wrapped and glued to the surface of concrete cylinders. The studies were focused on the compressive strength improvement of the cylinders. Compressive strengths and axial strains of unconned and CRFP-conned concrete cylinders were compared. Compressive strength of concrete cylinders was considerably improved by wrapping the cylinders with the high-strength carbon laminates in the hoop direction. 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Article history: Received 12 August 2009 Received in revised form 7 November 2010 Accepted 14 November 2010 Available online 18 December 2010 Keywords: Composite Strengthening Carbon bers Concrete Compression test

1. Introduction Studies on external reinforcement of concrete, particularly on improvement of its bending and compression strength, have been conducted for the last decades. Till the nineties of the last century, the studies were focused on application of steel-based various elements to enhance load carrying capacity and ductility of concrete building materials. However, because of the steel weight and corrosion degradability considerable attention has been devoted to the development of composite laminates as an alternative reinforcement for concrete in place of conventional steel rebars and structural elements. Glass bers-based composites in the form of jackets bonded with a glue to the surface of reinforced cylinders allow to enhance the compression strength up to 100%, and up to 200% in case of composite jackets made of aramide and carbon ber reinforcements [1,2]. Strengthening effectiveness depends on architecture of bers within the laminate, its thickness, ber type and its volume in polymer matrix [3,4]. It was also proved that the percentage reinforcement efciency is higher for low and mediumstrength concretes, as compared with high strength concrete [1]. The studies in question allowed construction of numerous models allowing prediction of mechanical properties of reinforced and non-reinforced concrete elements of different shapes (circular, square and rectangular columns) covered with composite laminates [2,4,5]. CFRP is characterized by high tensile strength, high elastic modulus, small density and high resistance to corrosive factors.
Corresponding author.
E-mail address: blazew@agh.edu.pl (S. Blazewicz). 0950-0618/$ - see front matter 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2010.11.035

Selection of appropriate matrices used for bonding the carbon bers in the laminates and for gluing the laminates to concrete elements allows considerable increase of load capacity of these elements, improvement of bending strength of beams and roofs, as well as an improvement of compressive strength of columns of both circular and noncircular cross sections [611]. Most of works conducted to study the compressive strength and ultimate strains of FRP-conned concrete column structures considered composite laminates covering the columns with the main bers oriented in the hoop direction [1214]. However, carbon bers as reinforcement component of a composite matrix can be used in different form like 1D, 2D or MD and various types of composites can be prepared. Relatively well recognized is the case when the composites with building construction are loaded in tensile mode and tensile stress acts along the ber. Unidirectional (1D) bers reinforced polymer composite wrapped around columns with the main bers orientated in the hoop direction can signicantly enhance the axial compressive strength and ductility through this lateral connement. A more complex is the case when the concrete columns are conned with the (2D) two directional ber laminates, spiral wraps or discrete wraps and the brous component is not subjected to the pure tensile stress when the concrete columns are loaded under axial compressive stress. The objective of this work was to investigate the effect of strengthening of medium-strength concrete cylinders conned with various types of carbon ber-reinforced polymer laminates (CFRP) differing in the mechanical properties (high-strength and high-modulus), ber orientation in the composite laminates and the thickness. The effectiveness of various composite laminates in improvement of mechanical properties of the conned concrete

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J. Piekarczyk et al. / Construction and Building Materials 25 (2011) 23652369 Table 2 Mechanical properties of composite laminates in tensile test. Type of composite laminates Carbon ber orientation in laminate [0] [0] [0/90] [45/45] [0] Tensile strength, rII (MPa) 1420 25 1150 12 1010 30 105 27 1050 13 Tensile modulus EII (GPa) 113 2 110 3 62 5 35 6 320 12 Tensile modulus EL (GPa) 13 1 11 1 64 1.0 37 2 6.2 0.4

cylinders (connement strength, modulus, compressive strain and work up to fracture) was analyzed.

2. Materials and methods The concrete samples for reinforcement with CFRP were prepared in the form of cylinders made of concrete of the strength class C25/30 having diameter / 47 mm and height h = 112 mm. The concrete mixture composed of: 45.3% gravel 2/8 mm; 29.2% sand 0/4 mm; 15.9% Portland cement CEM III/A 32.5 R; 8.5% water and 0.13% super-plasticizer Chrysouid CE40 was prepared according to the PN-EN 206-1:2003 standard. Although the cylindrical samples used in this study are smaller than those indicated in the PN-EN 12390-3:2002 standard they were prepared using gravel grains according to the requirements, i.e., the cylinder diameter was more than three times greater than the grains size. Moreover, for comparison a set of cylinders according to the PN-EN 12390-1 standard (diameter of 150 mm, height of 300 mm) was also fabricated. The determined compression strength for these samples was r = 36.5 2.7 MPa. To prepare the composite laminates carbon bers in the form of roving (1D) and fabric (2D) differing in mechanical properties and basic area masses were used. The properties of single carbon bers and manufacturers catalogue data applied for elaboration of composite laminates are gathered in Table 1. Chemo curing epoxy resin 601 purchased from Sarzyna, Organica Co. Ltd., Poland, with a density of 1.2 g cm3, molecular weight of 700 and viscosity of 20,000 mPa s at 25 C was chosen as the matrix material. Before impregnation of carbon bers this resin was mixed with a curing agent Z-1 (amine-based hardener) in the amount of 10 wt.% at room temperature. Carbon bers-based laminate composites were obtained by impregnation of carbon bers in the form of 2D woven fabric, 1D fabric and roving (12 K) with epoxy solution followed by curing the composite at room temperature. In situ CFRP wrapping technique has been used. Before curing the laminates were circumferentially wrapped and glued to the concrete cylinder surface. The laminates made from carbon ber fabrics were wrapped by a wet lay-up process, and the ber roving-based laminates by lament winding. Additionally, a part of at composite samples was manufactured to determine their base mechanical characteristics in tensile tests. It should be noted however, that the at coupon composites in tensile test display higher mechanical properties (tensile strength, modulus) than those wrapped on the cylinder surfaces; this fact, known in literature, is attributed to existence of the composite laminate curvature and localized deformations of the fractured concrete cylinder [5]. The mechanical tensile tests of these composites were conducted according to the standards procedure (PN-EN ISO 527-5) on Zwick-1435 testing machine with PC controlled by TestXpert (v.8.1) software at a crosshead rate of 2 mm/ min. For each type of the composite samples ve measurements were made and the tensile strength and tensile modulus were determined as means standard deviations (SD). The tensile modules of the composites were determined along and perpendicularly to the laminate direction. The mechanical characteristics of the at laminate composites determined in tensile test are performed in Table 2. The following ve types of CFRP-conned concrete cylinders were obtained. Concrete cylinders conned with composite laminates made from the high tensile strength bers (1D fabric, M-125 g/cm2, UTS) denoted as M-125. Concrete cylinders conned with composite laminates made from the high tensile strength carbon bers (1D fabric, M-300 g/cm2, UTS) denotes as M-300. Concrete cylinders conned with composite laminates made from the high tensile strength carbon bers with [0/90] ber orientation related to the cylinder hoop direction (2D fabric, 210 g/cm2, STS) denoted as T-0-90. Concrete cylinders conned with composite laminates made from the high tensile strength carbon bers with [45/45] ber orientation related to the cylinder hoop direction (2D fabric, 210 g/cm2, STS) denoted as T-45-45. Concrete cylinders conned with 1D composite laminates made from the highmodulus carbon bers (12 K roving, 12,000 elemental bers in roving) denoted as K 63712. M-300 1D fabric M-125 1D fabric T-0-90 2D woven fabric T-45-45 2D woven fabric K 63712 roving 12 K

The compression tests of the CFRP-conned cylinders were conducted on MTS 815 testing machine at a constant rate of axial deformation of 0.2 mm/min. For each type of samples ve measurements were made and the compressive strength, axial strain and work up to failure were determined from the stressstrain curves and means standard deviations (SD) were calculated.

3. Results and discussion 3.1. Compressive strength tests of CFRP-conned concrete cylinders Typical stressstrain curves resulting from axial compression of unconned concrete cylinder and concrete cylinder conned with various composite laminates consisted of two layers are illustrated in Fig. 1. All conned concrete cylinders were wrapped with two layers, and the mean thickness of laminates was about 0.82 0.02 mm, except of M-125 laminates, the thickness of which was 0.51 0.02 mm. This lower value of thickness of M-125 laminate was due to lower value of fabric area mass for this type of ber fabric (see Table 1). As it indicates from this gure the axial stressaxial strain behavior is dependent on the type of laminates. The composite laminates differed in the carbon bers type (high-modulus, high-strength) and orientation of bers in the laminate (1D fabric and 2D fabric with orientation [0/90] and [45/45]). During the compression tests two types of compressive stress axial strain behaviors for the samples covered with composite laminates can be distinguished, namely the curves which end at a stress level either higher or smaller than the strength obtained for concrete samples without laminates. When the compressive axial stress is relatively low (r < 50 MPa) and the curves for both unconned and conned cylinders are similar. The slope of the strengthstrain curve within this area depends only on the value of compressive modulus of the concrete cylinder. This value calculated from the slope of a the linear part of the curve for unconned cylinder at the stress level of 30 MPa equals to 16.8 GPa, while e.g.,

200 160

M-300

[MPa]

120 80 40

K-63712

T- 0-90o M-125 T- 45-45o

Table 1 Properties of single carbon bers and their specication. Properties Type of bers/manufacturer specication K 63712 Tensile strength (MPa) Youngs modulus (GPa) Elongation (%) Density (g cm3) Diameter (lm) 2600 640 0.4 2.12 11 M-125 (g/m2)a UTS 4810 240 2 1.8 7 M-300 (g/m2)a UTS 4810 240 2 1.8 7 T-210 (g/m2)a STS 4400 230 1.75 1.78 7

without laminate

0 0,0

0,5

1,0

1,5

2,0

2,5

3,0

[%]
Fig. 1. Compressive stressaxial strain curves of unconned concrete cylinder and concrete cylinders conned with composite laminates; K 63712 high-modulus carbon ber roving; M-300 1D fabric made of high tensile strength bers; T-0/ 90 and T-45/45 2D fabric made of high tensile strength bers; M-125 1D fabric made of high tensile strength bers.

K 63712 Mitsubishi Chem. Functional Product Inc., Japan. UTS, STS Toho-Tenax, Co., Ltd., Japan. a Fabric area mass.

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for the concrete/M-300 system the compressive modulus for the same stress level is about 16.3 GPa. In the second phase the curves change their slopes around the strength level of the unconned concrete strength. Concrete without laminate is fractured (maximum on the curve) and characteristic fragmentation of the cylinder is observed as the result of the stress reduction (Fig. 2). On the contrary, in the case of the composite laminates-conned concrete cylinders their lateral expansion is accompanied by an ascending compressive stress and development of the post-micro and macrocracks within the samples. The composite laminate strengthens the concrete sample when the system reaches its strength. The conned concrete/laminate system is a more ductile in comparison to unconned concrete sample, and the slope values of the stressaxial strain curves decrease with increasing compressive stress and depend on the tensile modulus of the composite laminate (see Table 2). Almost linear compressive stressstrain curve demonstrates the concrete cylinder covered with the high-modulus composite laminate K 63712. The slopes of the stressstrain curves are roughly proportional to the tensile modulus measured parallel to the laminate direction. The changes of the compressive modulus of conned and unconned concrete samples determined from theses curves are shown in Fig. 3. The gure compares two types of composite laminates based on high-modulus and high-strength carbon bers; for M-300-conned cylinders the compressive stress increase to 189 MPa is accompanied by reduction of the connement modulus to 3 GPa.

During strengthening the concrete cylinders in the compressive test, a parabolic increase of the axial deformation is observed until a complete sample failure. With the exception of concrete/T-45-45 system, the compressive strength and the ultimate strain are signicantly enhanced for all conned samples. Failure takes place when the value of stresses loading the laminate (lateral widening of the cylinder) exceeds the tensile strength of the laminate (displacement of loose concrete fragments trapped between the cylinder side and concrete adhering to the surfaces of testing machine). In the conned concrete samples after their destruction (Fig. 4), loose material is observed within central cylinder zones, while the solid fragments are observed at the cylinder base (Fig. 5). It may suggest that in such concrete samples the conning pressure is non-uniformly distributed. Although the concrete is subject to uniform connement the failure is initiated in the central part of cylinders when the hoop rupture strain is reached. Microphotograph analysis of the unconned concrete cylinders (Fig. 2) indicates that during compressive failure in the central part of sample conical fragments of concrete are formed. It should be noted however, that a good glue bonding of the concrete fragments to the laminate both within the failure zone and at the cylinder base was observed. It results from high adhesive properties of the 601 epoxy resin used to carbon laminate and concrete. The compressive strength of the applied resin amounts for 90 100 MPa and the tensile strength 4050 MPa [15]. In the case of the laminate obtained from 2D fabric (T-210 g/m2) with the [0/90] ber orientation (a half of the bers is oriented in the hoop direction of the cylinder, and the second half along the cylinder height), the compressive strength of T-0-90-conned cylinders was two times higher in comparison to T-45-45-conned cylinders. Laminates with the [45/45] ber orientation wrapped on the cylinder surface only slightly improve the compressive strength of the conned concrete samples (about 15%). The behavior of both conned concrete cylinders signicantly differs under axial compression. The bers in the T-45-45 laminate are not oriented in the hoop direction of the cylinder and as it results from the Table 2 their tensile strength and modulus are signicantly lower as compared to other composite laminates used in this work. On the contrary, the use of a such laminate allows for obtaining a very high axial strain up to 9% of conned cylinders in the compressive test (Fig. 6). The axial strain to failure of unconned concrete cylinder is only 0.7%. For comparison, the concrete cylinder conned with

Fig. 2. Fragments of fractured concrete cylinders after compression tests.

20,0

concrete
15,0

K63712 M-300
Fig. 4. Concrete cylinders conned by carbon laminate after compression tests.

E [GPa]

10,0

5,0

0,0 0 50 100 [MPa] 150 200

Fig. 3. Changes of compressive modulus of concrete cylinders conned with laminates made of high-modulus bers (K 63712), high-strength bers (M-300) and unconned cylinders (concrete) as a function of axial compression stress.

Fig. 5. Concrete fragments adhered to laminate within central zones of concrete cylinders and solid fragments at the cylinder base.

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60

200
T- 45-45 without laminate

[MPa]

[MPa]

40 20 0 0,0

150

M-300 K 63712
100

2,0

4,0

6,0

8,0 50 0 0,5 1 1,5 2 2,5

[%]
Fig. 6. Axial compressive stressaxial strain curves of concrete cylinder without laminate and conned cylinder with T-45-45 laminate; the bers in laminate are not oriented in the hoop cylinder direction.

d [mm]
Fig. 7. Effect of laminate thickness on axial compressive strength of concrete cylinders covered with high-modulus (K 63712) and high-strength (M-300) composite laminates.

Table 3 Comparison of mechanical parameters of conned and unconned concrete cylinders. Type of conned cylinder M-300 M-125 T-0-90 T-45-45 K 63712 Unconned Carbon ber orientation in laminate [0] [0] [0/90] [45/45] [0] Compressive axial strength (MPa) 189 19 120 1 122 12 64 2 130 10 55 3 Axial strain to failure, e (%) 2.8 0.3 2.0 0.2 1.9 0.2 8.9 0.7 1.2 0.1 0.7 0.1 Work to failure (N m) 724 66 349 45 367 37 774 84 187 16 36 3

M-300 composite laminate (this laminate is made of high-strength bers M-300 g/m2 with 2% elongation at break, see Table 1) during compression test reached the strain to failure of 2.75%, whereas for the cylinder conned with laminate made of high-modulus bers (K 63712) the axial strain to failure was 1.2% (Fig. 1). Table 3 compares the mechanical parameters of concrete cylinders wrapped with two layers of composite laminates. The highest value of the axial compressive strength was obtained for (1D) laminate made of the high-strength bers oriented in the hoop cylinder direction (M-300). The obtained strength was 189 MPa and it is over 40% higher than that obtained for conned cylinder with laminate 1D made of high-modulus bers (K 63712), and over 3.4 times higher as compared to the concrete cylinders without laminate. It worth to note that although effectiveness of compressive strength enhancement for T-45-45-conned concrete is not signicant (only 15%) due to a very high axial deformation this connement system displays the highest value of work up to failure (Table 3). 3.2. Inuence of laminate thickness on axial compressive strength of CFRP-conned concrete cylinders

with 2.5 mm thick laminate demonstrate over threefold increase of the compressive strength in comparison to unconned concrete cylinders. For this connement system the axial strain at the failure stress (170 MPa) is about 1.65% and this values is about 10% lower than the cylinders covered M-300 laminate. M-300 laminate-conned samples found to have the compression strength of 195 MPa, i.e., over 3.5 times higher than that obtained for the unconned concrete cylinder and this value was obtained for 0.82 mm thick laminate. Changes of the axial compressive strain to failure of M-300 laminate-conned concrete cylinders as a function of the laminate thickness are shown in Fig. 8. The curve illustrates that covering the concrete cylinder with this type of laminate is effective to a certain limit. Further reinforcement of the cylinders is no longer being effective as the axial strainthickness curve approaches to the plato. The axial strain at the fracture stress reached the value of 3%. It is well known that a higher axial strain may lead to increase of fracture energy of a material. For this type of connement the calculated volumetric ratio of M-300 laminate to concrete (1.2 mm thick laminate) is about 5%. This value is very high as compared to typical values of composite/concrete ratios (0.11%) applied for concrete strengthening [2,5]. It should be noted however, that the laminates used here were manufactured with a relatively small amount of bers reinforcement (about 35 vol.%). For T-45-45 laminate (Fig. 6) the ultimate axial strain was almost 9% and this value was found for 3.6% values of volume fraction of laminate to concrete. Such a parameter may be considered in view of fatigue properties of concrete-based structures. In (1D) unidirectional composite laminates the crack can

Two types of laminates were used to study the inuence of the laminate thickness (number of layers) on the axial compressive strength of concrete cylinders covered with two composite laminates; laminates were made of high-modulus carbon ber laminate (K 63712) and high-strength bers (M-300 g/m2). Results are shown in Fig. 7. Both composite laminates in tensile test show linear elastic behavior and as it results from the Table 2 the K 63712 laminate is characterized by a much higher tensile modulus than M-300 laminate. Moreover, this composite has a signicantly lower tensile strain to failure (0.3%) as compared to M-300 laminate. It indicates that K 63712 laminate hoop rupture strain under the compressive stress of concrete cylinder/K 63712 system is smaller and such a composite laminate is not effective for concrete cylinder strengthening in comparison to the high tensile strength M-300 composite laminate. K 63712-conned concrete cylinders covered

[%]
1 0 0 0,4 0,8 1,2

d [mm]
Fig. 8. Changes of axial compressive strain of M-300 laminate conned concrete cylinders in function of laminate thickness.

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easily propagate along the ber in a brittle epoxy matrix, whereas in (2D) composite (T-45-45 is 2D composite) due to bidirectional ber orientation in laminate (balanced fabric/epoxy laminate) the failure mechanism by splitting along the ber is inhibited. These results suggest that by combining a laminate structure consisted of 1D high tensile strength bers wrapped in the hoop direction of the cylinder together with [45/45] laminate it is possible to obtain simultaneously high compressive strength and improved fracture energy of the concrete samples. It should be noted that the experiments with concrete cylinders covered with carbon ber laminates were made on small-scale test samples. However, for circular concrete elements, the limited number of existing tests on large-scale columns have indicated that the size of columns does not have a signicant effect on the observed behavior in compression tests and large-scale circular columns under concentric compression tests can be extrapolated from that of small-scale concrete cylinders [1618]. 4. Conclusions Compressive axial strength of concrete cylinders was improved by wrapping the cylinders surface along their circumference with high-strength carbon ber-based composite laminates. Effectiveness of enhancement of mechanical properties of concrete cylinders depends on the ber type, bers orientation in the laminates and thickness of the composite laminate bonded to the concrete surface. Covering the concrete cylinder samples with high-strength carbon bers-based composite laminates resulted in the increase of the axial compressive strength from 54.6 MPa to about 190 MPa. Considerably smaller reinforcement effects were obtained for the high-modulus carbon bers-based composite laminates used for connement of concrete samples. The axial compressive strains at the fracture stress of concrete cylinders covered with a laminate were higher for high-strength bers as compared with high-modulus bers. The highest axial strain and the highest work up to failure were found for the cylinder concrete samples covered with T-45-45 composite laminate. For this laminate only a slight increase in the compressive strength (16%) was obtained. The most effective concrete reinforcement was obtained for laminates manufactured from carbon bers in the form 1D fabric. The results indicate that the high compressive strength and ductility of the concrete cylinders can be obtained by combination of (1D) unidirectional and [45/45] laminates wrapped on the sample surface.

Acknowledgement The study has been nanced by the Polish Ministry of Science and Education from research founds of the period 20062009 as a Grant No. N507 094 31/2272. References
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