Ijmsi Vol 1 Isuue 1 2013

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Department of Imaging & Applied Physics,
Curtin University of Technology,
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IUMA (Institute of Materials Science),
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SPAIN
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Nuclear Physics and Radiation Physics ,
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IRAQ
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Department of Engineering,
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UK
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Institute of Metal Research,
Chinese Academy of Sciences
China
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Centre for Corrosion Research,
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Table of content
Cover
Editorial Board I to III
Publication ethics IV
Table of content V
Rayleigh waves in electro-magneto-thermoelastic granular orthotropic non-homogeneous
medium of variable density subjected to gravity field and initial compression
Rajneesh Kakar, Shikha Kakar PP.1-22
The Effect of Milling time on Phase Formation and Curie Temperature of Ultrafine Mn-ferrite
Safoura Daneshfozoun, Esmaeil Mahdavi Ardakani, J amshid Amighian, Morteza Mozafari PP.23-28
Download
Propagation of Torsional Surface Waves in Non-Homogeneous Viscoelastic Aeolotropic Tube
Subjected to Magnetic Field
Rajneesh Kakar, Shikha Kakar PP.29-44
Synthesis and Charactrization of Ni-Zn Ferrite Based Nanoparticles by Sol-Gel Technique
Maryam Sharifi J ebeli, Norani Muti Binti Mohamed PP.45-53
Download
The I nteraction Effects of Synthesis Reaction Temperature and Deposition Time on Carbon
Nanotubes (CNTs) Yield
Hengameh Hanaeia PP.54-61
Download
An overview of pH Sensors Based on I ridium Oxide: Fabrication and Application
Saeid Kakooei, Mokhtar Che Ismail, Bambang Ari-Wahjoedi PP.62-72
Download
International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) Vol. 1 (1): 1-22, 2013
ISSN xxxx-xxxx
Academic Research Online Publisher
1
Research Article
Rayleigh waves in electro-magneto-thermoelastic granular orthotropic non-
homogeneous medium of variable density subjected to gravity field and initial
compression
Rajneesh Kakar
a,
*, Shikha Kakar
b
a
Principal, DIPS Polytechnic College, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, 146001, India
b
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, SBBSIET Padhiana, J alandhar, 144001, India
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +919915716560; fax: +911886237166
E-mail address: rkakar_163@rediffmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history
Revised: 1 March 2013
Accepted:10 March 2013
A b s t r a c t
A mathematical model to show the effect of various inhomogeneities on
propagation of Rayleigh waves in prestressed elastic granular medium has
been presented. Inhomogeneities in electro-magneto and thermal fields have
been assumed to vary exponentially with depth. Lames potential is used to
solve the problem. Some special cases have also been deduced. Dispersion
curves are computed numerically and presented graphically by using
MathCAD. The results indicate that on neglecting various effects of electric
field, magnetic field, initial stress and gravity, the calculations agrees with
classical theories.
Academic Research Online Publisher. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Inhomogeneity
Rayleigh waves
Gravity
Initial stress
1. Introduction
Rayleigh waves are a type of surface waves which are the combination of compression and shear waves.
These waves propagate with slightly lesser speed as compared to bulk shear waves. The study of surface
waves in granular medium is useful in the field of soil mechanics. Lot of literature on Rayleigh waves in
granular media is available in articles written by many authors such as Datta [2], Abd-Alla, El-Naggar
and Ahmed [3, 4, 5, 9] , Sharma J N and Kaur [6], Oshima [7], Paria [8]. Abd-Alla et al. [10] discussed
the effect of stress and gravity on propagation of Rayleigh waves in a magneto elastic material. Willson W
and Yu CP and Tang S [11, 12] investigated the problem of the propagation of magneto-thermo, elastic
plane waves. Gupta et al. [13] investigated surface waves in non-homogeneous granular material under
gravity. Roychoudhuri et al. [26] discussed thermoelastic wave. Recently, Xianhai Song et al. [14] studied
the application of particle swarm optimization to interpret Rayleigh dispersion curves. Kakar [15, 16, 17,
Rajneesh Kakar et al. / International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) Vol.1 (1): 1-22,
2013
2 | P age
18 and 27] has discussed Rayleigh waves in non-homogeneous granular media, viscoelastic and in elastic
media. Some problems on Love waves propagating in piezoelectric material under the effect of an electro-
elastic field were also discussed by Britan [19], Danoyan [20], Du et al. [21], Eskandari [22] and Du et al.
[23].
However, the combined effect of temperature, electric field and magnetic field on Rayleigh waves
propagating in non-homogeneous granular media has not been studied so far; therefore authors solved the
problem of Rayleigh waves propagating in a non- homogeneous granular medium under various
inhomogeneities particularly electro-magneto and thermo. In this paper, the effects of various types of non-
homogeneities in the form of magnetic field, electric field, gravity, temperature, initial compression on
Rayleigh waves is studied. The dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves is obtained with the help of method
of separation of variables. We have assumed that all the non-homogeneities are space dependent and vary
exponentially with depth. In our calculations, medium is taken to be discontinuous and consists of grains.
The motion of these grains is translatory as well as rotatory about its centre of gravity as shown in fig. 1.
The motion of these grains produce friction, therefore the concept of friction has taken in the governing
equations. Also, when the gravity, temperature, magnetic field, initial compression and non-homogeneity
are neglected, the frequency equation is in well agreement with the corresponding classical result. The
results are explained graphically by choosing standard parameters of the medium.
Fig. 1 Schematic of the problem
2. Governing equation and formulation of the problem
We consider Oxyz Cartesian co-ordinate system with O being any point on the free surface, here we
consider the free surface and interface of granular layer resting on non-homogeneous granular half space
bounded by two planes of different material given by z =0 and z =H respectively. Also it is assumed that
oz being normal to half space and Rayleigh wave propagation in the positive direction of x-axis. Here it is
also assumed that at a great distance from centre of disturbance, the wave propagation is two dimensional
and is polarized in xz-plane. Therefore the displacement components along x and z-directions are non-zero
2013
3 | P age
i.e. u
1
and u
3
are non-zero while u
2
is zero. Also, it is assumed that, wave is surface wave as the
disturbance is extensively confined to the boundary. The parameters( , , ) q , represent the rotation vector
of the grain about its centre of gravity. The non-symmetric stress tensor and non-symmetric stress couple
are given by
ij ji
o o = and
ij ji
M M = respectively.
The stress tensor
ij
o is given by
/
ij ij ij
o t t = +
(1)
Where,
ij
t and
/
ij
t are symmetric and anti-symmetric tensors and are
1
( )
2
ij ij ji
t o o = +
/
1
( )
2
ij ij ji
t o o =
(2)
Further symmetric strain tensor are given by relation
1
2
j
i
ij ji
j i
u
u
e e
x x
c
c
c c
| |
= = + |
|
\ .
(3)
The anti-symmetric stresses
/
ij
t are given by
/
23
, F
t
c
t
c
=
/
31
, F
t
cq
t
c
=
/
12
, F
t
c,
t
c
=
/ / /
11 22 33
0. t t t = = =
(4)
where F is the co-efficient of friction.
The stress couple
ij
M is given by
ij ij
M Mv =
(5)
where M is the elastic constant,
11
,
x
c
v
c
=
22
0, v =
33
,
z
c
v
c
=
23
0, v =
31
,
z
c
v
c
=
12 2
( ),
x
c
v e q
c
= +
32 2
( ),
z
c
v e q
c
= +
13
,
x
c,
v
c
=
21
0. v =
(6)
2013
4 | P age
where, components of rotation vector are
1 3, 2,
1
( ),
2
y z
u u e =
2 1, 3,
1
( ),
2
z x
u u e =
3 2, 1,
1
( ).
2
x y
u u e =
(7)
The state of initial stresses (function of z) are given by
;
0;
ij
i j
i j
o
o
= =
`
= =
)
where i, j =1, 2, 3
The Equation of equilibrium of initial stresses are
,
0,
x
o =
,
0.
z
g o =
(8)
The problem is dealing with magnetoelasticity. The basic equations will be electromagnetism and elasticity.
Therefore, the Maxwell equations of electromagnetic field in the absence of the displacement current (in
system-international unit) are
0, V E =

0, V B =

,
t
cB
VE =
c

0 0
.
t
c
cE
VB =
c
(9)
Where, E
, B
,
0
and
0
c are electric field, magnetic field induction, permeability and permittivity of the
vacuum. For vacuum,
0
=
7
4 10 t

and
0
c =
12
8.85 10
in SI units.
The value of magnetic field intensity is
, ) 0 0,0, i H H= H +H

(10)
We have considered an elastic solid under constant primary magnetic field 0 H
acting on the y-axis, gravity

g, perturbation i H
and an initial stress P along the x-axis.

The dynamical equations of motion in the x and z dimensions of granular medium under gravity are
/ 2
13 3 3 31 11 2 1
2
,
u u
g P
x z x y z z t
o e t o e

| | c c c c c c c
+ + + =
|
c c c c c c c
\ .
/ /
23 3 23 12 12
0, P
x z x x z
o e t o t c c c c c | |
+ + + =
|
c c c c c
\ .
/ 2
13 33 31 1 2 1
2
,
u u
g P
x z x x x t
o o t e

c c c c c c | |
+ + =
|
c c c c c c
\ .
(11)
and
/ 31 11
23 23 32
0,
M M
x z
t o o
c c
+ + + =
c c

2013
5 | P age
/ 32 12
31 31 13
0,
M M
x z
t o o
c c
+ + + =
c c

/ 13 33
12 12 21
0.
M M
x z
t o o
c c
+ + + =
c c
, 12)
The problem deals with thermo viscoelastic solid, therefore, the thermal parameters are
(3 2 )
t
o = + (13)
where
t
o is coefficient of linear expansion of solid.
3. Solution of problem
The stress components in presence of electric, magnetic and thermal field are given by
2 2
11 11 1, 13 3, 0 0
,
x z e e
C u C u H E T o c = + + A + A ,
2 2
33 13 1, 33 3, 0 0
,
x z e e
C u C u H E T o c = + + A + A
11 44 3, 1,
( ).
x z
C u u o = + (14)
where,
33 11 13 44
2 , , C C C C = = + = =
Substituting Eq. (14), Eq. (5), Eq. (6) and Eq. (4) in Eq. (13) ; we get
( +2+ P) u
1,xx
+u
1,zz
+( ++ P) u
3,xz
+u
1,x
x
c
c
( +2+ P) +u
3,z
x
c
c
(+P)+(u
3,x
+u
1,z
)
z
c
c
()
g u
3,x
F
t
c
c
(q
,z
)
t
cq
c z
c
c
(F)
2
P
( u
1,zz
u
3,xz
)
2
0 e
H + (2u
1,xx
+u
3,xz
)
2
0 e
E c + (2u
1,xx
+u
3,xz
)
T
x
c
c
=
u
1,tt
, (15)
(F
,t
)
,z
(F,
,t
)
, x
=0, (16)
( +2) u
3,zz
+ u
3,xx
+( +) u
1,xz
+(u
3,x
+u
1,z
)
x
c
c
() +u
1,x
z
c
c
() +u
3,z
z
c
c
( +2)
2 2
0 0
( )
e e
H E c + + ( u
1,xz
u
3,xx
)

2
P
( u
1,xz
u
3,xx
)
+(u
1,x
+u
3,z
)
2
0 e
H
2
0 e
E c + (u
1,x
+u
3,z
) +g u
1,x
T
z
c
c

+F
t
c
c
(q
,x
) = u
3,tt
, (17)
F
t
c
c
+MV
2
+
,z
z
c
c
(M) =0, (18)
F
t
cq
c
+MV
2
(q +w
2
) , )
2
M
w
z z
c c
q
c c
+ + =0, (19)
2013
6 | P age
F
t
c,
c
+MV
2
,
, )
,z
M
z
c
,
c
+ =0, (20)
where,
, are Lames constants and
3 1
1, 3, x z
u u
u u
x z
c c
A = + = +
c c
Now we assume the non-homogeneity of the granular half-space and co-efficient of friction are given by
=
0
e
mz
, =
0
e
mz
, =
0
e
mz
, F =F
0
e
mz
, M =M
0
e
mz
,
P =P
0
e
mz
,
e
=(
e
)
0
e
mz

e
c
=( e
c
)
0
e
mz
, =
0
e
mz
(21)
Where, m,
0
,
0
,
0
, F
0
, M
0
, P
0
,
(
e
)
0
,
( e
c
)
0
,
0
are dimensionless constants.
Inserting Inhomogeneities in Eq. (15-20), we get
(
0
+2
0
+ P
0
) u
1,xx
+
0
u
1,zz
+(
0
+
0
+ P
0
) u
3,xz
+u
1,x
x
c
c
(
0
+2
0
+ P
0
) +u
3,z
x
c
c
(
0
+P
0
)
+(u
3,x
+u
1,z
)
z
c
c
(
0
)
0
g u
3,x
F
0
t
c
c
(q
,z
)
t
cq
c z
c
c
(F
0
)
2
0 0
( )
e
H + (2u
1,xx
+u
3,xz
)
2
0 0
( )
e
E c +
(2u
1,xx
+u
3,xz
)

0
2
P
( u
1,zz
u
3,xz
) 0
T
x
c
c
=
0
u
1,tt
, (22)
(F
0
,t
)
,z
(F
0
,
,t
)
, x
=0, (23)
(
0
+2
0
) u
3,zz
+
0
u
3,xx
+(
0
+
0
) u
1,xz
+(u
3,x
+u
1,z
)
x
c
c
(
0
) +u
1,x
z
c
c
(
0
)
0
2
P
( u
1,xz
u
3,xx
)
+u
3,z
z
c
c
(
0
+2
0
)
2
0 0
( )
e
H + ( u
1,xz
u
3,xx
)
2
0 0
( )
e
E c + ( u
1,xz
u
3,xx
)
+(u
1,x
+u
3,z
)
2
0 0
( )
e
H +
2
0 0
( )
e
E c +
+
0
g u
1,x 0
T
z
c
c
+F
0
t
c
c
(q
,x
) =
0
u
3,tt
, (24)
0
t
F
c
c
+M
0
V
2
+
,z
z
c
c
(M
0
) =0, (25)
0
t
F
cq
c
+M
0
V
2
(q +w
2
) , )
2
0
w
z z
M c c
q
c c
+ + =0, (26)
0
t
F
c,
c
+M
0
V
2
,
, )
,
0
z
M
z
c
,
c
+ =0, (27)
T can be calculated from Fouriers law of heat conduction
pV
2
T=
, )
2
0 L
T
C T G
t t
v
c c
|
c c
+ V , (28)
2013
7 | P age
where, K be the thermal conductivity and obeys the law as given by K =K
0
e
mz
, p =
0
0
K
and C
v
is the
specific heat of the body at constant volume.
We introduce displacement potentials in terms of displacement components are given by
u
1
=|
,x

,z
, u
3
=|
,z
+
,x
(29)
Introducing Eq. (21), (29) into Eq. (22-27), we get
o
2
V
2
| |
,tt
+g
,x
+m|'
2
(2|
,z
+
,x
)
2
T =0, (30)
t
c
c
(
,z
,
,x
) +m
,t
=0, (31)
|
2
V
2

,tt
+g|
,x
+s
q
,t
+m (
2
|
,x
+2|
2
,z
) =0, (32)
F
0
,t
+M
0
V
2
+M
0
m
,z
=0, (33)
s' q
,t
+V
2
q V
4
m [q
,z
V
2
(
, z
)] =0, (34)
s'
,t
+V
2
+m,
,z
=0, (35)
where ,
2 2
0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0
2 ( ) ( )
e e
P H E c
+ + + +
=o
2
, |
2
=
0 0
0
2
2
P
+
,
2
=
2 2
0 0 0 0 0
0
( ) ( )
e e
H E c
+ +
, s =
0
0
F
,
2
=
0
0
K
, s' =
0
0
F
M
, |'
2
=|
2
0
0
2
P
. (36)
Eliminatingq from Eq. (32) and Eq. (34) ; we get
2
' s m
t z
c c
c c
| |
V +
|
\ .
[|
2
V
2

,tt
+g|
,x
+m (
2
|,
x
+2|
2
,z
)]+sV
4
(
,t
) +msV
2
(
,zt
) =0. (37)
To solve Eq. (30-35), we assume that
| (x, z, t)=|
1
(z) e
i(lxbt)
, (38)
(x, z, t)=
1
(z) e
i(lxbt)
, (39)
(x, z, t)=
1
(z) e
i(lxbt)
, (40)
q (x, z, t)=q
1
(z) e
i(lxbt)
, (41)
, (x, z, t)=,
1
(z) e
i(lxbt)
. (42)
putting Eq. (38-42) in Eq. (30) and Eq. (37), we get
(o
2
D
2
A) |
1
B
1
=0, (43)
(A' D
4
+B' D
3
+C' D
2
+d' D +E)
1
+(E' D
2
+F') |
1
=0, (44)
2013
8 | P age
Where,
D=
d
dz
, A =o
2
l
2
b
2
2m|
2
, B =ilg ilm|
2
, A' =|
2
ibs, B' =3m|
2
imsb,
C' =b (b +i|
2
s') 2l
2
(B
2
ibs) +2m
2
|
2
, d' =(2|
2
l
2
m +2|
2
is'm ml
2
|
2
+mb
2
+imsbl
2
),
E=l
4
(|
2
ibs) bl
2
(b +i|
2
s') +ib
3
s', E' =(ilg +iml
2
),
F'=(igl
3
gl bs' iml
3
2
ms'
2
b
2
+ilgm +il m
2
2
). (45)
Therefore the solutions of Eq. (43) and Eq. (44) is of the form
|
1
=
j j
z z
j j
A e B e

+ , (46)
1
=
j j
z z
j j
E e F e

+ , j =3, 4, 5 (47)
where,
j
(j =3, 4, 5) are the real roots of the following equation
D
6
+P
1
D
5
+P
2
D
4
+P
3
D
3
+P
4
D
2
+P
5
D +P
6
=0, (48)
Where,
P
1
=
2
2
3m imsb
ibs
|
|

,
, ) , ) , ) , )
, )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 2
' 2 2 2
,
b b i s l ibs m ibs l b m
P
ibs
o | o | o | | o |
o |
(
+ +

=
, ) , ) , )
, )
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2
3
2 2
2 2 ' 2 3
,
l is ml mb imsbl l b m m imsb
P
ibs
o | | | o | |
o |
+ + +
=
P
4
=
, )
2
2 2
' ' E AC BE
ibs
o
o |
+
, P
5
=
, )
2 2
' Ad
ibs o |
, P
6
=
, )
2 2
' BF AE
ibs o |
, (49)
where A', B', C', D', E', E, F, A, B are given by Eq. (45).
Further, the constants A
j
, B
j
(j =3, 4, 5) are related with constants E
j
, F
j
respectively by means of Eq. (43).
Equating the coefficients of e
jz
, e
jz
(j =3, 4, 5) to zero and using Eq. (43) and (44) ; we get
where,
A
j
=q
j
E
j
and B
j
=q
j
F
j
(j =3, 4, 5), (50)
q
j
=
2
2 2 2 2 2 2
lg
2
i il m
j l b m
|
o o |
+ +
(j =3, 4, 5) (51)
Now solving Eq. (32) and Eq. (43) for q
1
and
1
, we get
2013
9 | P age
(a
1
D
4
+a
2
D
3
+a
3
D
2
+a
4
D +a
5
)
1
isb (o
2
D
2
+a
6
) q
1
=0 (52)
Now eliminating
1
from Eq. (34) and Eq. (52), we get
[q
1
D
6
+q
2
D
5
+q
3
D
4
+q
4
D
3
+q
5
D
2
+q
6
D +q
7
] q =0, (53)
Where,
q
1
=a
1
isbo
2
, q =ma
1
+a
2
isbo
2
m, q
3
=a
1
(is'b l
2
) +a
2
m +a
3
isba
6
+2isbl
2
o
2
,
q
4
=a
2
(is'b l
2
) +a
3
m +a
4
isbma
6
+isbml
2
o
2
, q
5
=a
3
(is' b l
2
) +a
4
m +a
5
+2isbl
2
a
6
+o
2
l
4
(isb),
q
6
=(is'b l
2
) a
4
+ma
5
+isb ml
2
a
6
, q
7
=a
5
(is'b l
2
) isbl
4
a
6
, a
1
=o
2
|
2
, a
2
=2mo
2
|
2
,
a
3
=|
2
(o
2
l
2
b
2
+2m|
2
) +(b
2
l
2
|
2
) o
2
, a
4
=2m|
2
(o
2
l
2
+b
2
+2m|
2
),
a
5
=(b
2
l
2
|
2
) (o
2
l
2
+b
2
+2m|
2
) +il (g +m
2
) (ilg ilm|
2
), a
6
=b
2
+2m|
2
o
2
l
2
. (54)
The solution of Eq. (53) is of the form
q
j
=
, )
j j
z z
j j
E e F e

+ o
j
, (55)
Where,
j
(j =3, 4, 5) are the real roots of Eq. (33) ando
j
=
i
bs
[|
2
(
j
2
l
2
) +b
2
+(ilg +m i l
2
) n
j
+2m|
2
j
],
Further substituting Eq. (38-42) into Eq. (31), Eq. (33) and Eq. (35), we get
(D +m)
1
il,
1
=0, (56)
(D
2
+mD +h
2
)
1
=0, (57)
(D
2
+mD +h
2
) ,
1
=0, (58)
Where,
h
2
=is'b l
2
The solutions of Eq. (58) and Eq. (58) are given by
1
=A
1
e
oz
+Az e
|z
, (59)
,
1
=B
1
e
oz
+B
2
z e
|z
, (60)
Where, o=
2 2
4
2
m m h +
, | =
2 2
4
2
m m h +
, m
2
4h
2
>0.
Substituting Eq. (59), Eq. (60) into Eq. (56), we get
(A
1
o +A
1
m) e
oz
+(A
2
| +m A
2
) e
|z
=il (B
1
e
oz
+B
2
e
|z
). (61)
Equating the co-efficients of e
oz
and e
|z
to zero in Eq. (61), we get
2013
10 | P age
A
1
=
1
i lB
m o +
, A
2
=
2
i lB
m |
. (62)
Let
0
,
0
,
0
, F
0
, M
0
are the characteristics of layer and
0 0 0 0 0
, , , , F M are the characteristics of
half-space, also for the lower half-space and description of surface wave propagation
1
, |
1
, q
1
,
1
, ,
1
goes
to zero as z , also the non-homogeneity constant m is replaced by constant m for lower granular half-
space also it is assumed that the real parts of (j =3, 4, 5) are positive.
Thus for lower half-space
1
| =
j
z
j j
F e
q

, (63)
1
=
j z
j
F e

, (64)
1
q =
j
z
j j
F e
o

, (65)
1
=
2
z
i l
B e
m
|
|

, (66)
1
, =
2
z
B e
|
(j =3, 4, 5). (67)
4. Boundary conditions and dispersion equation
Case-I The boundary conditions on interface z =H are
(i) u
1
=
1
u ,
(ii) u
3
=
3
u ,
(iii) = ,
(iv) q =q ,
(v) , =, ,
(vi) M
33
=
33
M ,
(vii) M
31
=
31
M ,
(viii) M
32
=
32
M ,
(ix) o
33
=
33
o ,
(x) o
31
=
31
o ,
(xi) o
32
=
32
o .
(xii)T=T
2013
11 | P age
(xiii)
T T
T T
z z
u u
c c
+ = +
c c
(68)
Case-I I The boundary conditions on free surface z =0 are
(xii) M
33
=0,
(xiii) M
31
=0,
(xiv) M
32
=0,
(xv) o
33
=0,
(xvi) o
31
=0,
(xvii) o
32
=0, (69)
where
, )
2
33 32 31
, , , M M M M M M
z z z

q
c c c
= = V =
c c c
, )
2 2 2
2 2 2 2
33 13 33 13 33 0 0 2 2
,
e e
C C C C H E T
x z x z
| | |
o | c |
c c c
= + + + V + A V
c c c c
32
, F
t
o
c
=
c
2 2 2
31 44 2 2
2 . C F
x z x z t
q
o
| | c c c c
= +
|
c c c c c
\ .
M
31
(70)
From the boundary conditions (iii), (v), (vi) and (vii), we get
1 2 H H
B B
e e
m m
o |
o |

+
+
=
2 H
B
e
m
|
|

, (71)
B
1
e
oH
+B
2
e
|H
=
2
H
B e
|
, (72)
M
0
e
mH
[B
1
o e
oH
B
2
| e
|H
] =
0 2
mH H
M e B e
|
|

, (73)
1 2
0
H H
mH
B e B e
M e
m m
o |
o |
o |
(
+

=
2
0
mH H
B
M e e
m
|
|
|

. (74)
From Eq. (71) to Eq. (74), we have
B
1
=B
2
=
2
B =0 (75)
i.e.=, =, = =0. (76)
The other boundary conditions gives the following relations, conditions (xii) and (xiii) are identities due to
Eq. (76).
(xiv) gives,
2013
12 | P age
i.e. K
1
E
3
+K
2
E
4
+K
3
E
5
K
1
F
3
K
2
F
4
K
3
F
5
=0,
(xv) gives,
K
4
E
3
+K
5
E
4
+K
6
E
5
+K
7
F
3
+K
8
F
4
+K
9
F
3
=0,
(xvi) gives,
K
10
E
3
+K
11
E
4
+K
12
E
5
+K
13
F
3
+K
14
F
4
+K
15
F
5
=0,
while condition (xviii) and (xi) is an identity,
(i) gives,
K
16
3 5 3 4
3 17 4 18 5 19 3
H H H H
e E K e E K e E K e F

+ + +
+
5 4
20 4 21 5
H H
K e F K e F

+ =
3 5 4
19 3 20 4 21 5
H H H
K e F K e F K e F

+ + ,
(ii) gives,
(il +n
3
3
)
3
H
e
E
3
+(il +n
4
4
)
4
H
e
E
4
+(il +n
5
5
)
5
H
e
E
5
+(il n
3
3
)
3
H
e

F
3
+(il n
4
4
)
4
H
e

F
4
+(il n
5
5
)
5
H
e

F
5
=
, ) , ) , )
3 5 4
3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5
H H H
il n e F il n e F il n e F

+ + ,
(iv) gives,
o
3
3
H
e
E
3
+o
4
4
H
e
E
4
+o
5
5
H
e
E
5
+o
3
3
H
e

F
3
+
5 4
4 4 5 5
H H
e F e F

o o

+ =
3 5 4
3 3 4 4 5 5
H H H
e F e F e F

o o o

+ + ,
(viii) gives,
M
0
e
mH
3 5 3 4
1 3 2 4 3 5 1
H H H H
K e E K e E K e E K e

+ +
5 4
3 2 4 3 5
H H
F K e F K e F

(

=
3 5 4
0 1 3 2 4 3 5
H H H mH
M e K e F K e F K e F

(
+ +

,
(ix) gives,
e
mH 3 5 3 4
4 3 5 4 6 5 7 3
H H H H
K e E K e E K e E K e F

+ + +
+
5 4
8 4 9 5
H H
K e F K e F

( +

=
3 5 4
7 3 8 4 9 5
H H H mH
e K e F K e F K e F

(
+ +

,
(x) gives,
e
mH
3 5 3 4
10 3 11 4 12 5 13 3
H H H H
K e E K e E K e E K e F

+ + +
+
5 4
14 4 15 5
H H
K e F K e F

( +

=
3 5 4
13 3 14 4 15 5
H H H mH
e K e F K e F K e F

(
+ +

, (77)
where
2013
13 | P age
K
j2
=
j
(o
j

j
2
+l
2
),
2 j
K

=
, )
2 2
j j j
l o + ,
K
j+1
=n
j
[(
j
+2
0
)
j
2

0
l
2
] +2il
0
j
,
1 j
K
+
=
, )
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2
j j j
n l i l
(
+ +

,
K
j+4
=n
j
[(
j
+2
j
)
j
2

0
l
2
] 2il
0
j
,
4 j
K
+
=
, )
2 2
0 0 0 0
2 2
j j j
n l i l
(
+

,
K
j+7
=ib F
0
o
j
+2i l
0
n
j

j

0
(
j
2
+l
2
),
7 j
K
+
=
, )
2 2
0 0 0
2
j j j j
ibF il n l o + + ,
K
j+10
=ibF
0
o
j
2i l
0
n
j

j

0
(
j
2
+l
2
),
10 j
K
+
=
, )
2 2
0 0 0
2
j j j j
ibF il n l o + ,
K
j+13
=iln
j

j
,
K
j+16
=iln
j
+
j
,
16 j
K
+
=
j j
i ln + . (78)
Eliminating E
3
, E
4
, E
5
, F
3
, F
4
, F
5
,
3 4 5
, , F F F from Eq. (58),
We get 9 9 determinant, which gives wave-velocity equation,
11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28
31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58
61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68
71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78
81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88
90 92 9
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a a a a a a
a a a
19
29
39
49
59
69
79
89
3 94 95 96 97 98 99
0
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a
a a a a a a
=
(79)
Equation (79) gives the dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves for a granular non-homogeneous medium
under the influence of gravity. The velocity of Rayleigh waves is given by the real part of the equation and
attenuation of the waves is due to granular nature of the medium given by imaginary part of the same
equation.
Where,
a
11
=
3
1
H
K e

, a
12
=
4
2
H
K e

, a
13
=
5
3
H
K e

, a
14
=
3
1
H
K e
, a
15
=
4
2
H
K e
, a
16
=
5
3
H
K e
,
2013
14 | P age
a
17
=a
18
=a
19
=0, a
21
=
3
4
H
K e

, a
22
=
4
5
H
K e

, a
23
=
5
6
H
K e

, a
24
=
3
7
H
K e
, a
25
=
4
8
H
K e
,
a
26
=
5
9
H
K e
, a
27
= a
28
=a
29
=0, a
31
=
3
10
H
K e

, a
32
=
4
11
H
K e

, a
33
=
5
12
H
K e

, a
34
=
3
13
H
K e
,
a
35
=
4
14
H
K e
, a
36
=K
15
5
H
e
, a
37
=a
38
=a
39
=0, a
41
=K
16
; a
42
=K
17
, a
43
=K
18
, a
44
=K
19
, a
45
=K
20
,
a
46
=K
47
, a
47
=
19
K , a
48
=
20
K , a
49
=
21
K , a
51
=il +n
3
3
, a
52
=il +n
4
4
, a
53
=il +n
5
5
, a
54
=il n
3
3
,
a
55
=il n
4
4
, a
56
=il n
5
5
, a
57
=
3 3
il n , a
58
=
4 4
il n , a
59
=
5 5
il n , a
61
=o
3
, a
62
=o
4
, a
63
=o
5
,
o
64
=o
3
, a
65
=o
4
, a
66
=o
5
, a
67
=
3
o , a
68
=
4
o , a
69
=
5
o , a
71
=M
0
e
mH
K
1
, a
72
=M
0
e
mH
K
2
, a
73
=M
0
e
mH
K
3
,
a
74
=K
1
M
0
e
mH
, a
75
=K
2
M
0
e
mH
, a
76
=K
3
M
0
e
mH
, a
77
=
1 0
mH
K M e , a
78
=
2 0
mH
K M e ,
a
79
=
3 0
mH
K M e , a
81
=K
4
e
mH
, a
82
=K
5
e
mH
, a
83
=K
6
e
mH
, a
84
=K
7
e
mH
, a
85
=K
8
e
mH
, a
86
=K
9
e
mH
,
a
87
=
7
mH
K e , a
88
=
8
mH
K e , a
89
=
9
mH
K e , a
91
=K
10
e
mH
, a
92
=K
11
e
mH
, a
93
=K
12
e
mH
, a
94
=K
13
e
mH
,
a
95
=K
14
e
mH
, a
96
=K
15
e
mH
, a
97
=
13
mH
K e , a
98
=
14
mH
K e , a
99
=
15
mH
K e . (80)
5. Particular cases
Equation (79) in determinant form gives the wave velocity equation of Rayleigh wave in granular non-
homogeneous medium under the influence of gravity, clearly from Eq. (79) we find that wave velocity
c =
b
l
not only depends on gravity, temperature ,magnetic field, electric field, initial stress but also on the
non-homogeneity of material.
Case-I In the absence of granular rotations, we get
0 0
j
Lt Lt
M s

=t
j
,
0 0
j
Lt Lt s
M s
o

=v
j
(j =3, 4, 5), (81)
where
v
j
=
i
b
[|
2
(t
j
2
l
2
) +b
2
+(ilg +mil
2
) q
j
+2m|
2
t
j
]
and t
j
are the roots of the equation by using Eq. (33)
o
2
|
2
t
j
6
+(3mo
2
|
2
) t
j
5
+b
1
t
j
4
+b
2
t
j
3
+b
3
t
j
2
+b
4
t
j
+b
5
=0,
where
b
1
=3o
2
|
2
l
2
+2m
2
o
2
|
2
+b
2
(o
2
+|
2
) +2m|
4
,
b
2
=6mo
2
|
2
l
2
+mb
2
(o
2
+|
2
) +6m
2
|
4
+2m|
2
b
2
,
2013
15 | P age
b
3
=l
2
[2l
2
o
2
|
2
+2m|
4
+(o
2
+|
2
) b
2
] +2m
2
|
2
(o
2
l
2
+b
2
+2m|
2
)
+(b
2
l
2
|
2
) (o
2
l
2
+b
2
+2m|
2
) +il (g +m
2
)+(ilg ilm|
2
),
b
4
=2ml
2
|
2
(o
2
l
2
+b
2
+2m|
2
) +(mb
2
ml
2
|
2
) +(o
2
l
2
+b
2
+2m|
2
) +iml (g +m
2
) (ilg ilm|
2
),
b
5
=l
2
[(b
2
l
2
|
2
) (o
2
l
2
+b
2
+2m|
2
) +il (g +m
2
) (ilg ilm|
2
).
So Eq. (79) together with relation given by Eq. (81) forms the dispersion equation for the semi-infinite
elastic, isotropic and non-homogeneous medium overlain by a granular layer under the influence of gravity,
magnetic field, electric field and temperature.
Case-I I In the absence of non-homogeneity, Eq. (79) gives the dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves for a
granular medium under the influence of gravity, magnetic field, electric field and temperature.
Where,
a
71
=M
0
K
1
, a
72
=M
0
K
2
, a
73
=M
0
K
3
, a
74
=M
0
K
1
, a
75
=M
0
K
2
, a
76
=M
0
K
3
, a
77
=
1 0
K M ,
a
78
=
2 0
K M , a
79
=
3 0
K M , a
81
=K
4
, a
82
=K
5
, a
83
=K
6
, a
84
=K
7
, a
85
=K
8
, K
86
=K
9
, a
87
=
7
K ,
a
88
=
8
K , a
89
=
9
K , a
91
=K
10
, a
92
=K
11
, a
93
=K
12
, a
94
=K
13
, a
95
=K
14
, a
96
=K
15
, a
97
=
13
K , a
98
=
14
K ,
a
99
=
15
K , (82)
and rest of a
ij
s are same as in Eq. (80).
Case-I II In the absence of granular rotations and non-homogeneity, we get
0 0 0
j
Lt Lt Lt
m M s

=x
j
,
, )
0 0 0
j
Lt Lt Lt s
m M s
o

=W
j
(j =3, 4, 5) (83)
where
W
j
=
, )
2 2 2 2
j j
i
x l b il gn
b
|
(
+ +

, q
j
=
2 2 2 2 2
j
i l g
x l b o o +
and x
j
are the roots of the equation
o
2
|
2
x
j
6
+[(o
2
+|
2
) b
2
3o
2
|
2
l
2
] x
j
4
+[2l
4
o
2
|
2
b
2
l
2
(o
2
+|
2
)
+(b
2
l
2
|
2
) (b
2
l
2
o
2
) l
2
g
2
] x
j
2
+[(b
2
l
2
|
2
) l
2
(o
2
l
2
b
2
) +l
4
g
2
] =0
Thus the equation |a
ij
| =0, where i, j =1, 2, ..... 9
where a
ij
's are given by Eq. (82) gives the dispersion equation for the semi-infinite, elastic and isotropic
medium overlain by a granular layer under the influence of gravity.
2013
16 | P age
Case-I V In the absence of gravity, magnetic field H
0
=0, electric field E
0
=0, temperature T
0
=0, initial stress
P
0
=0 and non-homogeneity, we get
5
2
=
2
2
2
b
l
o
,
(
3
2
,
4
2
) =
, )
, )
2
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
2 ' 2 ' 4 '
2
l b ib s i bl s b b i s b ss
ibs
| | |
|

.
so by makingq
3
, q
4
0, the dispersion Eq. (79) reduces to
|b
ij
|=0 where i, j =1, 2, ..... 9, (84)
where
b
11
=
3
1
H
r e

, b
12
=
3
1
H
r e
, b
13
=
4
2
H
r e

, b
14
=
4
2
H
r e
, b
15
=b
16
=b
17
=b
18
=b
19
=0, b
21
=
3
3
H
r e

,
b
22
=
3
3
H
r e
, b
23
=
4
4
H
r e

, b
24
=
4
4
H
r e
, b
25
=
5
5
H
r e

, b
26
=
5
5
H
r e
, b
27
=b
28
=b
29
=0,
b
31
=
3
6
H
r e

, b
32
=
3
6
H
r e
, b
33
=
4
7
H
r e

, b
34
=
4
7
H
r e
, b
35
=
5
8
H
r e

, b
36
=
5
8
H
r e
,
b
37
=b
38
=b
39
=0, b
41
=
3
, b
42
=
3
, b
43
=
4
, b
44
=
4
, b
45
=il, b
46
=il, b
47
=
3
, b
48
=
4
, b
49
=il,
b
51
=b
52
=b
53
=b
54
=il, b
55
=
5
, b
56
=
5
, b
57
=b
58
=il, b
59
=
5
, b
61
=b
62
=o
3
, b
63
=b
64
=o
4
,
b
65
=b
66
=0, b
67
=
3
o , b
68
=
4
o , b
69
=0, b
71
=M
0
r
1
, b
72
=M
0
r
1
, b
73
=M
0
r
2
, b
74
=M
0
r
2
, b
75
=b
76
=0,
b
77
=
0 1
M r , b
78
=
0 2
M r , b
79
=0, b
81
=r
3
, b
82
=r
3
, b
83
=r
4
, b
84
=r
4
, b
85
=r
5
=b
86
, b
87
=
3
r , b
88
=
4
r ,
b
89
=
5
r , b
91
=r
6
=b
92
, b
93
=b
94
=r
7
, b
95
=r
8
, b
96
=r
8
, b
97
=
6
r , b
98
=
7
r , b
99
=
8
r . (85)
and
r
1
=
3
(o
3

3
2
+l
2
),
1
r =
, )
2 2
3 3 3
l o + , r
2
=
4
(o
4

4
2
+l
2
),
2
r =
, )
2 2
4 4 4
l o + ,
r
3
=2il
0
3
,
3
r =
0 3
2i l , r
4
=2il
0
4
,
4
r =
0 4
2i l ,
r
5
=
2
2
0 2
2
b
l
|
| |
|
\ .
,
5
r =
2
2
0 2
2
b
l
|
| |
|
\ .
, r
6
=i b F
0
o
3

0
(
3
2
+l
2
),
6
r =ib
, )
2 2
0 3 0 3
F l o + ,
r
7
=i b F
0
o
4

0
(
4
2
+l
2
),
7
r =ib
, )
2 2
0 4 0 4
F l o + , r
8
=2il
0
5
,
8
r =
0 5
2i l . (86)
Eq. (84) gives the dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves for a granular medium in the absence of gravity
and non-homogeneity and is in complete agreement with that obtained by Bhattacharaya et al. [24].
2013
17 | P age
Case-V In the absence of gravity, granular rotations, magnetic field H
0
=0, temperature T
0
=0, electric field
E
0
=0, initial stress P
0
=0 and non-homogeneity.
Now using Eq. (84) and (85) into Eq. (86), we get
, )
2 2
3 4
,
0 0 0
Lt Lt Lt
m M s

=
2
2 2
2
,
b
l l
|
| |
|
\ .
, )
3
0 0 0
Lt Lt Lt s
m M s
o

= ib
, )
4
0 0 0
Lt Lt Lt s
m M s
o

=0
4
0 0 0
Lt Lt Lt
m M s
o

=
2
2
b
|
6
0 0 0
Lt Lt Lt r
m M s
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
| |

|
\ .
7
0 0 0
Lt Lt Lt r
m M s
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
| |

|
\ .
(87)
Similar results are also holds for lower medium.
Now using Eq. (87) into Eq. (86), then after some simplification we get 6 6 determinantal equation
|d
ij
|=0 where i, j =1, 2, 3, ..... 6, (88)
where, d
11
=
4
4
2
H
l e
, d
12
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
| |
|
\ .
5
H
e
, d
13
=
4
4
2
H
l e

, d
14
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
| |
|
\ .
5
H
e

,
d
15
=d
16
=0, d
21
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
| |
|
\ .
4
H
e
, d
22
=
5
5
2
H
l e
, d
23
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
| |
|
\ .
4
H
e

,
d
24
=
5
5
2
H
l e

, d
25
=d
26
=0, d
31
=
4
, d
32
= l, d
33
=
4
, d
34
=l, d
35
=
4
,
d
36
=l, d
41
=l, d
42
=
5
, d
43
= l, d
44
=
5
, d
45
=l, d
46
=
5
, d
51
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
, d
52
=2l
5
,
d
53
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
, d
54
=2l
5
, d
55
=
2
2 0
2
0
2
b
l
|
| |

|
\ .
, d
56
=2l
0
0
5
, d
61
=2l
4
,
d
62
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
, d
63
=2l
4
, d
64
=
2
2
2
2
b
l
|
, d
65
=
0
4
0
2l

, d
66
=
2
2 0
2
0
2
b
l
|
| |

|
\ .
. (89)
2013
18 | P age
Thus Eq. (88) gives the dispersion equation of Rayleigh waves for semi-infinite elastic and isotropic
medium overlain by granular layer of thickness H in the absence of gravity and non-homogeneity is in
complete agreement with the equation obtained by Ewing et al. [25]
6. Numerical analysis
Numerical results have been obtained graphically to show the effect non-homogeneities and phase velocity
on initial stress and dimensionless wave number. The parameters for the material are taken in table 1.
Table 1
Material properties
C
11
C
13
C
44
C
33
0
135 GPa 67.9 GPa 22.2 GPa 113 GPa 7500 Kg/m
3
Various graphs are plotted with the help of MathCAD. Fig. 2 shows the effect of initial compression on the
Rayleigh Waves, it is obvious that Rayleigh wave velocity decreases with an increasing of the various
values of the initial stress P also with the wave number. Fig. 3 represents the variation of phase velocity
with dimensionless less wave number at different values of initial stress. The three modes of Rayleigh
waves have been plotted at two different values of initial stress i.e. at P =1 and P =0.1. The value of
magnetic field, electric field and temperature is fixed at 0.4 Tesla, 50 V/m and 293 K. It is clear from fig. 3
as the value of initial compression increases the phase velocity decreases sharply with dimension less wave
number. Fig. 4 is plotted to observe the effect of various non-homogeneities factor ' W in (%) on Rayleigh
waves velocity with respect wave number at P=1and P=0.1. In graph Wrepresents the zero
th
level of non-
homogeneities. Fig. 5 represents the effect of depth (dimensionless) on frequency (dimensionless) on
Rayleigh wave velocity.
2013
19 | P age
Fig. 2 Variation of Rayleigh waves velocity respect to initial stress with the various values of the wave number,
H =0.4 Tesla, g =9.8 m/s
2
, T =293 K, E=50 V/m, granular rotations =0.
Fig. 3 Variation of Rayleigh waves velocity respect wave number, H =0.4 Tesla, E=50 V/m,
T =293 K, g =9.8 m/s
2
, P=1, P=0.1, granular rotations =0.
2013
20 | P age
Fig. 4 Effect of coupled non-homogeneities (%) on Rayleigh waves velocity with respect wave number keeping
initial stress at P=1and P=0.1
Fig. 5 Variation of Rayleigh waves frequency with respect depth, H =0.4 Tesla, E=50 V/m,
T =293 K, g =9.8 m/s
2
, P=1, P=0.1, granular rotations =0.
2013
21 | P age
7. Conclusion
The frequency equation contains terms involving gravity and non-homogeneity, so the phase velocity not
only depends on gravity field but also on the non-homogeneity of the material medium, magnetic field,
electric field, temperature, initial stress and granular notations. The exact solution for inhomogeneous half-
space subjected to gravity field, electric field, magnetic field, temperature field and mechanical field is
obtained. All material coefficients are assumed to have the same exponent-law dependence on the depth of
the half space. The governing equations in Cartesian coordinates are recorded for future reference.
Acknowledgements
The authors are thankful to the referees for their valuable comments.
Reference
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rd
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2(1):7-20. DOI: 10.11648/j.ajmp.20130201.12
International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) 1 (1): 23-28, 2013
ISSN xxxx-xxxx
23 | P age
Research Article
The Effect of Milling time on Phase Formation and Curie Temperature of
Ultrafine Mn-ferrite
Safoura Daneshfozoun
a,c,*
, Esmaeil Mahdavi Ardakani
b,c
, J amshid Amighian
c
,
Morteza Mozafari
c
a
Department of Chemical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia
b
Department of Fundamental and applied science, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS, Perak, Malaysia
c
Nanophysics Research Group, Research Center for NanoSociences and nanoTechnology, The University of
Isfahan, Isfahan Iran
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 0060175381750 fax: 006053688206
E-mail address:safoorad@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history
Received:01Feb2013
Accepted:10Feb2013
A b s t r a c t
Nano sized MnFe
2
O
4
powders were prepared via mechanochemical processing
(MCP), using a refined domestic iron oxide (hematite) and manganese oxide as
starting materials. Milling was performed in a SPEX 8000D mixer/mill unit at
different milling times in air, Argon and oxygen atmospheres. In order to
obtain a single-phase sample, the as-milled powders were annealed at different
temperatures and in different atmospheres. Phase character of the as-milled
and annealed powders was studied by a Bruker diffractometer, D8 model.
Particle size of the powders was calculated, using Scherrers formula.
Saturation magnetization of the samples was measured, using a sensitive
permeameter. Also curie temperature of samples was measured with a punctual
LCR meter .The results show that milling in Argon and annealing in vacuum
leads to a single-phase powder at lower annealing temperature in comparison
with those annealed in conventional ceramic technique.
Keywords:
mechanochemical processing
Nano sized MnFe
2
O
4
Saturation magnetization
Curie temperature
1. I ntroduction
In recent years, Magnetic nanoparticles are taken into interest of researchers due to their
specific characteristics such as unique magnetic properties. The magnetic properties
difference between a bulk material and a nanomaterial is very evident, for example; much
greater amount of magnetization and the magnetic anisotropy has been reported for
nanoparticles. These reports also have stated that hundreds of degrees differences in the Curie
temperatures between nanoparticle and the matching microscopic phases. The magnetic
properties of nanoparticles is determined by using various factors such as chemical
composition, the type and the degree of defectiveness of the crystal lattice, the particle size
Daneshfozoun S. et al. / International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) 1 (1): 23-28,
2013
24 | P age
and shape, the morphology, interact the particle with their surrounding particles. So this can
be controlled by controlling some factors like nanoparticle size, shape, composition, and
structure. It must be mentioned that controlling these factors cannot always be possible
during the synthesis of nanoparticles spatially when size and chemical composition of
samples are nearly equal. Thus sometimes same type nanomaterials may have markedly
different properties. In addition, many unusual properties such as giant magnetoresistance,
abnormally high magnetocaloric effect has been found in magnetic nanomaterials analyses
[1,2].
Spinel ferrites are particularly attractive candidate for such studies due to their importance
both in microwave devices and in soft magnetic applications where loss minimization is
important [3]. Among the spinel ferrite, manganese ferrite has found a great interest due to its
moderate Curie temperature and different cations distribution in tetrahedral (A) and
octahedral (B) sites, when different preparation techniques are used [4]. In most of the
techniques, the nanosize powders are prepared by wet chemical methods, e.g. coprecipitation
[5]. The powders show magnetic properties different from those of the bulk samples prepared
by standard ceramic technique [6]. Another method of preparing ferrite nanopowders is
mechanical grinding of coarse powders, usually in dry condition and so many other
techniques [7].
In this work, we have prepared nano-sized MnFe
2
O
4
powders by mechanochemical
processing (MCP), a process that makes use of chemical reactions activated by high-energy
ball milling. In this process high-energy collision from the balls transfer to a powder mixture
placed in the ball mill. At first Benjamin and his co-workers developed this process at the
International Nickel Company in 1960 and can produce fine, uniform dispersions of oxide
particles (Al
2
O
3
, Y
2
O
3
, and ThO
2
) in nickel-base superalloys by this simple method. This
type of materials could not be made by more conventional powder metallurgy methods. It can
be said that synthesis and production of material has been changed by this Initiative.
Besides materials synthesis, high-energy ball milling is a way of varying the conditions in
which chemical reactions usually take place either by changing the reactivity of as-milled
solids or by compelling chemical reactions within milling. It is, also, a way of inducing phase
transformations in starting powders with same chemical composition in their particles [8].
We also studied the effect of milling time, atmosphere of milling and annealing process and
temperature of annealing on phase formation of ultrafine Mn-ferrite and investigated its
magnetic properties.
2. Materials and Method
A refined domestic iron oxide (Fe
2
O
3
), which is a by-product of Mobarakeh Steel Complex
and manganese oxide (MnO
2
) from E. Merck Co. were mechanically alloyed in a hardened
steel vial using three 12.6 mm and four 6.3 mm hardened steel balls with a ball to powder
mass ratio of 7:1. All the compositions were corrected for extra pick up of iron from ball
milling using iron deficient compositions. The mechanical alloying was performed either
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25 | P age
under a pure argon atmosphere or in air in a SPEX 8000D mixer/mill unit, at different milling
times. Annealing of the as-milled powders was carried out under vacuum or in air at
temperatures between 700 and 1000 C for 1h. Phase formation was studied for different
samples with a Bruker D8 advance diffractometer (CuK =1.5405). Temperature of single-
phase samples was measured by using a punctual LCR meter Mean particle size of each
single-phase sample was determined by Scherrers formula and XRD broadening peak. For
magnetic measurements, as-milled and annealed powders were cold pressed into about 10
mm in diameter cylindrical specimens with a height of about 5 mm. Magnetic parameters of
the samples were calculated from their hysteresis loops, using a sensitive permeameter with a
maximum field of 1.2 kOe.
3. Results and discussion
Figure1 shows the X- ray diffraction patterns of the as-milled powder together with those
annealed at different temperatures and different milling times, as indicated in the figure 1.
Fig.1. X-ray diffraction patterns of the as-milled powder together with those annealed at
different temperatures and different milling times.
As is clear, by increasing milling time, a decrease in annealing temperature is achieved. This
is obvious because as the milling time is increased, the particle size of the powders will
decrease which leads to lower annealing temperature [9]. The maximum annealing
temperature of 850 C, which obtained for the powder with 10 h milling time, is much lower
than the annealing temperature of about 1250 C associated to bulk MnFe
2
O
4
observed in
conventional ceramic technique. Variation of room temperature saturation magnetization of
the single-phase samples with respect to milling time is shown in Figure 2.
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26 | P age
Fig. 2. Variation of saturation magnetization versus milling time.
As can be seen the values of the saturation magnetization (s) is smaller than those related to
bulk MnFe
2
O
4
, about 80 emu/g, and decreases with the particle size. This decreasing can be
discussed in terms of a model in which it is assumed that each particle consists of a
ferromagnetic core surrounded by a spin-glass shell and the spins in the core and shell are
exchange coupled [10]. Also another reason is that measurements were carried out on cold
pressed samples, which have a low density and a high porosity and not on sintered ones with
a high magnetic moment density. Table 1 shows the values of saturation magnetization (s)
coercive force (Hc) and the mean particle size of the samples.
Table 1. Values of (Hc), (
s
) and the mean particle size of the samples.
Milling time (min) 20 45 90 300 360 600
s
(emu/gr) 70.31 65.30 51.06 40.17 36.67 34.41
Hc (Oe) 31.2 28.4 21.3 17.9 17.3 15
Mean Particle size
(nm)
34.52 32.38 26.36 21.81 20.62 19.8
Results show that, by reducing the particle size, both of saturation magnetization and
coercive force are decreased. The decrease of Hc with decreasing particle size has been
discussed under the theory of single domain particles.
In Figure 3, Curie temperatures of the samples were measured by time-mill is shown. As you
can see, in the figure after a sharp decline in starts of fin curve, the Curie temperature
gradually decreases. This could be due to reduced nuclear magnetization resultant against the
shell, because the Curie temperature is the temperature at which the intrinsic magnetization
disappears and the smaller magnetization at the first needs lower temperature to eliminate
[11].
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27 | P age
Fig. 3. Curie temperatures of the samples versus milling time
4. Conclusions
In this work MnFe
2
O
4
nanoparticles ranging from 19.8 to 36.3 nm were prepared via
mechanochemical processing, using a refine domestic Fe
2
O
3
and MnO
2
from E. Merck Co. In
this technique a lower annealing temperature with respect to conventional ceramic technique
was achieved. Magnetic measurements of the powders (in the form of cold pressed cylinders)
show that not only the saturation magnetization is smaller than those of bulk MnFe
2
O
4
, but
also decreases with reducing particle size. Also the results show that coercive force of the
powders is decreased with decreasing the particle size.
Acknowledgments
This study was started in Isfahan university and completed at The Universiti Teknologi
PETRONAS and supported by The Office of Graduate studies. The authors are grateful to the
office for their support.
References
1. Yong. -Kang Sun, Mingma, Ya Zhang and Ning Gu, Physicochem. Eng. Aspects of
Colloids and Surfaces A: Synthesis of nanometer-size maghemite particles from magnetite
; (2004): 245:15
2013
28 | P age
2. Lu, A.H., E.e.L. Salabas, and F. Schth, Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis, protection,
functionalization, and application, Angewandte Chemie International Edition. 2007, 46(8):
1222-1244
3. Tpfer, J., H. Kahnt, P. Nauber, S. Senz, and D. Hesse, Microstructural effects in low loss
power ferrites, J ournal of the European ceramic society. 2005, 25(12): 3045-3049
4. Frey, N.A., S. Peng, K. Cheng, and S. Sun, Magnetic nanoparticles: synthesis,
functionalization, and applications in bioimaging and magnetic energy storage, Chemical
Society Reviews. 2009, 38(9): 2532-2542
5. Gnanaprakash, G., S. Ayyappan, T. Jayakumar, J. Philip, and B. Raj, Magnetic
nanoparticles with enhanced -Fe
2
O
3
to -Fe
2
O
3
phase transition temperature,
Nanotechnology. 2006, 17(23): 5851
6. Chen, J., C. Sorensen, K. Klabunde, G. Hadjipanayis, E. Devlin, and A. Kostikas, Size-
dependent magnetic properties of MnFe2O4 fine particles synthesized by coprecipitation,
Physical review B. 1996, 54(13): 9288
7. Rana, S., J. Philip, and B. Raj, Micelle based synthesis of cobalt ferrite nanoparticles and
its characterization using Fourier Transform Infrared Transmission Spectrometry and
Thermogravimetry, Materials Chemistry and Physics. 2010, 124(1): 264-269
8. Takacs, L. International J ournal of Self-Propagating High-Temperature Synthesis; (2009):
18(4): 276-82
9. Nowosielski, R., R. Babilas, G. Dercz, L. Pajk, and J. Wrona, Structure and properties of
barium ferrite powders prepared by milling and annealing, Archives of Materials Science and
Engineering. 2007, 28(12): 735-742
10. Giri, S., A. Poddar, and T. Nath, Surface spin glass and exchange bias effect in Sm0.
5Ca0. 5MnO3 manganites nano particles. 2011
11. Soleimani, R., M. Soleimani, M. Gheisari Godarzi, and A. Askari, Preparation of Soft
Manganese Ferrite and Inventional of its Magnetic Properties and Mn 55 Nuclear Magnetic
Resonance, J ournal of fusion energy. 2011, 30(4): 338-341
ISSN xxxx-xxxx
29 | P age
Research Article
Propagation of Torsional Surface Waves in Non-Homogeneous Viscoelastic
Aeolotropic Tube Subjected to Magnetic Field
Rajneesh Kakar
a,
*, Shikha Kakar
b
a
Principal, DIPS Polytechnic College, Hoshiarpur, Punjab, 146001, India
b
Faculty of Electrical Engineering, SBBSIET Padhiana, Jalandhar, 144001, India
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +919915716560; fax: +911886237166
E-mail address:rkakar_163@rediffmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history
Revised:8 March
Accepted:15March
A b s t r a c t
The effect of magnetic field on torsional waves propagating in non-
homogeneous viscoelastic cylindrically aeolotropic material is discussed. The
density and elastic constant of the viscoelastic specimen are non-
homogeneous. Bessel functions are taken to solve the problem and frequency
equations have been derived in the form of a determinant. Dispersion equation
in each case has been derived and the graphs have been plotted showing the
effect of variation of elastic constants and the presence of magnetic field. The
obtained dispersion equations are in agreement with the classical result. The
numerical calculations have been presented graphically by using MATLAB.
Keywords:
Aeolotropic Material,
Magnetic Field,
Viscoelastic Solids,
Non-Homogeneous,
Bessel Functions
1 I ntroduction
A large amount of literature is available on surface wave in the monograph of Ewing [1]. But
there is a very few problems of cylindrically aeolotropic elastic material have been
considered so far because of the inherent difficulty in solving complicated simultaneous
partial differential equations. Kaliski [2], Narain [3] and many others have investigated the
magnetoelastic torsional surface waves. White [4] has investigated cylindrical waves in
transversely isotropic media. The elastic cylindrical shell under radial impulse was studied by
Mcivor [5]. Cinelli [6] has investigated dynamic vibrations and stresses in elastic cylinders
and spheres. Pan and Heyliger [7] have given the exact solutions for magneto-electro-elastic
Laminates in cylindrical bending. The wave propagation in non-homogeneous magneto-
electro-elastic plates has been solved by Bin et al. [8]. Kong et al. [9] solved the problem of
thermo-magneto-dynamic stresses and perturbation of magnetic field vector in non-
Rajneesh Kakaret al. / International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) Vol.1 (1): 40-55,
2013
30 | P age
homogeneous hollow cylinder. Recently, Kakar et al. [10, 11and 12] studied various surface
waves in elastic as well in viscoelastic media.
In this study, the torsional waves are investigated in non-homogeneous viscoelastic
cylindrically aeolotropic material subjected to a magnetic field. The problem is solved
analytically by using Bessels functions and numerically by using MATLAB.
2 Basic equations
The problem is dealing with magnetoelasticity. Therefore the basic equations will be
electromagnetism and elasticity. Therefore, the Maxwell equations of electromagnetic field in
the absence of the displacement current (in system-international unit) are [14]
0 V E =

,
(1a)
0 V B =

,
(1b)
t
cB
VE =
c

,
(1c)
0 0
.
t
c
cE
VB =
c
(1d)
Where, E
,B
,
0
and
0
c are electric field, magnetic field induction, permeability and
permittivity of the vacuum. For vacuum,
0
=
7
4 10 t

and
0
c =
12
8.85 10
in SI units. Also,
the term Ohm's law is
, J E o =

(2a)
Where, J
is the current density and is a material conductivity.

The Lorentz force on the charge carriers is [14].
( ) ( ).
v
J E V B E B
t
o o
c
= + = +
c

(2b)
The homogeneous form of the electromagnetic wave equation is [14]
2
2
0 0 2
0
t
| | c
V E =
|
c
\ .
,
(3a)
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2
2
0 0 2
0
t
| | c
V B =
|
c
\ .
.
(3b)
Where,
2 2
2
2 2 2
1 1
r r r r u
c c c
V = + +
c c c
The dynamical equations of motion in cylindrical coordinate , ) , , r z u are (Love [13, 18])
Where, , , , . , ,
rr r rz rr z zz
s s s s s s s
u uu u
are the respective stress components, , ,
R Z
T T T
u
are the
respective body forces and , , u v w are the respective displacement components.
The stress-strain relations are [18]
0 0 0
11 12 13
,
rr rr zz
s e e e
uu
o o o = + +
(5a)
0 0 0
21 22 23
,
rr zz
s e e e
uu uu
o o o = + +
(5b)
0 0 0
31 32 33
,
zz rr zz
s e e e
uu
o o o = + +
(5c)
0
44
,
rz rz
s e o =
(5d)
0
55
,
z z
s e
u u
o =
(5e)
0
66
.
r r
s e
u u
o =
(5f)
Where,
ij
o = elastic constants (ij =1, 26).
The elastic constants of viscoelastic medium are [21]
2
0 / //
2 ij ij ij ij
t t
o o o o
c c
= + +
c c
(ij =1, 26).
(6)
Where,
/
ij
o and
//
ij
o are the first and second order derivatives of .
ij
o
The strain components are [20]
2
2
1 1
( ) ,
r rr rz
rr R
s s s u
s s T
r r z r t
u
uu

u
c c c c
+ + + + =
c c c c
(4a)
2
2
2 1
,
r z r
s s s s v
T
r r z r t
u uu u u
u

u
c c c c
+ + + + =
c c c c
(4b)
2
2
1
.
z rz zz rz
Z
s s s s w
T
r r z r t
u

u
c c c c
+ + + + =
c c c c
(4c)
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1
,
2
rr
u
e
r
c
=
c
(7a)
1 1
,
2
v u
e
r r
uu
u
c | |
= +
|
c
\ .
(7b)
1
,
2
zz
w
e
z
c
=
c
(7c)
1 1
,
2
z
w v
e
r r z
u
c c | |
= +
|
c c
\ .
(7d)
1
,
2
rz
w u
e
r z
c c | |
= +
|
c c
\ .
(7e)
1
,
2
zz
w
e
z
c
=
c
(7f)
The rotational components are [20]
1 1
,
2
r
w v
r z u
c c | |
O =
|
c c
\ .
(8a)
1 1
,
2
u w
r z r
u
c c | |
O =
|
c c
\ .
(8b)
1 ( )
.
z
rv u
r r u
c c | |
O =
|
c c
\ .
(8c)
Equations for the propagation of small elastic disturbances in a perfectly conducting
viscoelastic solid will have the body force in terms of electromagnetic force
, )
J B

(using
Eq. (4)) and are
, )
2
2
1 1
( ) ,
r rr rz
rr
R
s s s u
s s J
r r z r t
u
uu

u
c c c c
+ + + + B =
c c c c
(9a)
, )
2
2
2 1
,
r z r
s s s s v
J
r r z r t
u uu u u
u

u
c c c c
+ + + + B =
c c c c
(9b)
, )
2
2
1
.
z rz zz rz
Z
s s s s w
J
r r z r t
u

u
c c c c
+ + + + B =
c c c c
(9c)
Let us assume the components of magnetic field intensity H
are 0
r u
H = H = and
z
H = H
constant. Therefore, the value of magnetic field intensity is
, ) 0 0,0, i H H= H + H

(10)
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Where, 0 H
is the initial magnetic field intensity along z-axis and i H
is the perturbation in the

magnetic field intensity.
The relation between magnetic field intensity H
and magnetic field inductionB
is
0
B = H

(For vacuum,
0
=
7
4 10 t

SI units.)
(11)
From Eq. (1), Eq. (2), Eq. (3) and Eq. (10), we get
2
0
v
t t
o

cH c | |
V H= + V H
`
|
c c
\ .
)

(12)
The components of Eq. (12) can be written as
2
,
0
1
r
r
t o
cH
= V H
c
2
,
0
1
t
u
u
o
cH
= V H
c
2
0
1
.
z
t o
cH
= V H
c
(13a)
(13b)
(13c)
3 Formulation of the problem
Let us consider a semi-infinite hollow cylindrical tube of radii and . Let the elastic
properties of the shell are symmetrical about z-axis, and the tube is placed in an axial
magnetic field surrounded by vacuum. Since, we are investigating the torsional waves in an
aeolotropic cylindrical tube therefore the displacement vector has onlyv component. Hence,
0, u= (14a)
0 w= (14b)
( , ). v v r z = (14c)
Therefore, from Eq. (14) and Eq. (7), we get,
0,
rr zz zr
e e e e
uu
= = = =
1
,
2
z
v
e
z
u
c | |
=
|
c
\ .
(15a)
(15b)
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1
.
2
r
v v
e
r r
u
c | |
=
|
c
\ .
(15c)
From Eq. (14) and Eq. (8), we get,
1
,
2
r
v
z
c | |
O =
|
c
\ .
(16a)
0,
u
O = (16b)
.
z
v v
r r
c
O = +
c
(16c)
Using Eq. (14), Eq. (15) and Eq. (6), the Eq. (5) becomes
0,
rr zz rz
s s s s
uu
= = = = (17a)
2
/ //
66 66 66 2
1
( ) ( ),
2
r
v v
s
t t r r
u
o o o
c c c
= + +
c c c
(17b)
2
/ //
55 55 55 2
1
( )( ).
2
z
v
s
t t r
u
o o o
c c c
= + +
c c c
(17c)
Where,
/
ij
o and
//
ij
o are the first and second order derivatives of .
ij
o
For perfectly conducting medium, (i.e.o ), it can be seen that Eq. (2) becomes
0
,0,0
v
c t
H c (
E =
(
c

(18)
Eq. (1) and Eq. (18), the Eq. (13) becomes,
0, ,0 i
v
z
c (
H = H
(
c

(19)
From the above discussion, the electric and magnetic components in the problem are related
as
0
,0,0 0, ,0
v v
c t z
H c c ( (
= H
( (
c c

(20)
Using Eq. (19) and Eq. (1) to get the components of body force in terms of Gaussian system
of units as:
2
2
0, ,0
4
v
z t
( H c
T =
(
c

(21)
Eq. (17) and Eq. (20) satisfy the Eq. (4a) and Eq. (4c), therefore, the remaining Eq. (4b)
becomes
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2 2
/ // / //
2 66 66 66 55 55 55 2 2
2
2 2 2
/ //
66 66 66 2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( )( )
2 2
2 1
( ) ( )
2 4
v v v
v
r t t r r z t t r
t
v v H v
r t t r r z
o o o o o o
o o o
t
c c c c c c c c
+ + + + +

c c c c c c c c c
=
`
c
c c c c

+ + +

c c c c )
(22)
Let
/ / // //
, ,
l l l
ij ij ij ij ij ij
C r C r C r o o o = = = and
0
m
r = (23)
Where,
ij
o ,
/
ij
o ,
//
ij
o and
0
are constants, r is the radius vector and , l m are non-
homogeneities.
From Eq. (23), we get Eq. (17) as
2
/ //
66 66 66 2
1
( ) ( ),
2
l
r
v v
s r
t t r r
u
o o o
c c c
= + +
c c c
(24a)
2
/ //
66 66 66 2
1
( ) ( ),
2
l
r
v v
s r
t t r r
u
o o o
c c c
= + +
c c c
(24b)
Using Eq. (23), the Eq. (22) becomes
2 2
/ // / //
2 66 66 66 55 55 55 2 2
0 2
2 2 2
/ //
66 66 66 2 2
1 1
( ) ( ) ( ) ( )
2 2
2 1
( ) ( )
2 4
l l
m
l
v v v
r r
v
r t t r r z t t r
r
t
v v H v
r
r t t r r z
o o o o o o
o o o
t
c c c c c c c c
+ + + + +

c c c c c c c c c
=
`
c
c c c c

+ + +

c c c c )
(25)
4 Solution of the problem
Let
( )
( )
i z t
v r e
,
+
= [16] be the solution of Eq. (25). Hence, Eq. (25) reduces to
2
2 2
1 2 2 2
( 1) ( 1)
0
l
l l
r r r r r

c + c +
+ + O + O=
c c
(26)
Where,
2 / // 2 2
2 0 55 55 55
1 / // 2
66 66 66
2 ( )
,
i
i
, o o , o ,
o o , o ,
+
O =
+
(27a)
2 2
2
2 / // 2
66 66 66
.
2 ( )
H
i
t o o , o ,
O =
+
(27b)
Eq. (26) is in complex form, therefore we generalize its solution for 0 l = and 2 l =
4.1 Solution for 0 l =
For, 0 l = the Eq. (26) becomes,
2
2
2 2
1 1
( ) 0
r r r r

c c
+ + =
c c
(28)
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Where,
2 2 2
1 2
= O + O
(29)
The solution of Eq. (28) is
( )
1 1
{ ( ) ( )}
i z t
v PJ Gr QX Gr e
, +
= +
(30)
From Eq. (24) and Eq. (30)
/ // 2 ( )
66 66 66 0 1 0 1
2 2
{ } { ( ) ( ) { ( ) ( )
2 2
i z t
r
P Q
s i GJ Gr J Gr GX Gr X Gr e
r r
,
u
o o , o ,
+
(
= + +
(

(31)
5 Boundary conditions and frequency equation
The boundary conditions that must be satisfied are
B1. Forr = , (is the internal radius of the tube)
0
( ) r r r
s
u u u
t t + =
B2. Forr = , ( is the external radius of the tube)
0
( ) r r r
s
u u u
t t + =
Where
ru
t and
0
( ) ru
t are the Maxwell stresses in the body and in the vacuum, respectively.
There will be no impact of these Maxwell stresses. Hence,
0
( )
0
r r u u
t t = = (32)
On simplification, Eq. (18) and Eq. (30) gives
( ) 0
1 1
{ ( ) ( )}
i z t
i PJ Gr QX Gr e
c
,
,
+
H
E = +
(33)
Let,
( )
0
i z t
e
, +
E = +
Hence, Eq. (3) becomes
2
2
2
1
0
r r r

c + c+
+ + + =
c c
(34)
Where,
2
2 2
2
c
,
=
(35)
The solution of the Eq. (34) becomes
0 0
( ) ( ) RJ r SX r + = + (36)
Where
0
J and
0
X are Bessel functions of order zero. R and S are constants.
From Eq. (37) and Eq. (40)
( )
0 0
{ ( ) ( )}
i z t
RJ r SX r e
,

+
+ = +
(37)
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The boundary conditions B1 and B2with the help of the Eq. (31) and (32) turn into:
0 1 0 1
{ ( ) 2 ( )} { ( ) 2 ( )} 0 P G J G J G Q G X G X G o o o o o o + = (38)
0 1 0 1
{ ( ) 2 ( )} { ( ) 2 ( )} 0 P G J G J G Q G X Ga X G | | | | | + = (39)
Eliminating P and Q from Eq. (38) and Eq. (39)
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
0
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
G J G J G G X G X G
G J G J G G X Ga X G
o o o o o o
| | | | |

=

(40)
On solving Eq. (40), we get the obtained frequency equation
0 1 0 1
0 1 0 1
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
0
( ) 2 ( ) ( ) 2 ( )
G J G J G G X G X G
G J G J G G X Ga X G
o o o o o o
| | | | |

= =

(41)
On the theory of Bessel functions, if tube under consideration is very thin i.e. | o o = + A and
neglecting
2 3
, ........ o o A A , the frequency equation can be written as (Watson [16])
3 2
1 0 o + =
(42)
Where,
2
2 / // 2 2 2
0 55 55 55
2
/ // 2
66 66 66
2 ( )
2
H
i
i
, o o , o ,
t
o o , o ,
+ +
=
+
(43)
Putting the value of in Eq. (42), the frequency , of the wave can be found. Clearly,
frequency , is dependent on magnetic field.
Put , o = u (44)
The phase velocity 1
/ c , =
can be written as
2
2
2
2 1
2 / // 2
0 66 66 66
4
2
H
c
c i
t
to o o , o ,
| |
|
| |
\ .
= u + K
|
+
\ .
(45)
Where,
2
,
k
t
=
/ // 2
55 55 55
/ // 2
66 66 66
,
i
i
o o , o ,
o o , o ,
+
K =
+
/ // 2
2 66 66 66
0
0
2
i
c
o o , o ,
+
=
(46)
The term H i.e. magnetic field is negative in Eq. (45) which reduces the phase velocity of
torsional wave.
Case 1
2013
38 | P age
Since the pipe under consideration is made of an aeolotropic material, then
/ //
0
ij ij
o o = = (47)
Hence, from Eq. (42), Eq. (44) and Eq. (47) the frequency equation becomes
3
0 0
0 o u + u =
(48)
Using Eq. (45) and Eq. (46), the phase velocity is
2
2
2 2 66 55
2 0
0 66 66
2 2 2
H
c
o o
to o to

| |
= u +
`
|
\ .

)
(49)
1
2
2 0
2
55 2
2
0 66 66
[ ]
2
2
[ ]
c H
c
o
t
o
o to
u

= +
`

)
(50)
Where,
2
0 66 0
2 c o =
The term H i.e. magnetic field is negative in Eq. (49) which reduces the phase velocity of
torsional wave. This is in complete agreement with the corresponding classical results [15]
Case 2
If the pipe under consideration is made of an isotropic material, then
/ //
55 66
0,
ij ij
o o o o _ = = = =
(51)
Using Eq. (49) and Eq. (50), the phase velocity is
2
2
2 2
2 0
0
1
2 2 2
H
c
_
to t_

| |
= u +
`
|
\ .

)
(52)
This is in complete agreement with the corresponding classical results [3]
5.1Solution for l=2
For, 2 l = the Eq. (26) becomes,
2 2
2 2
1 2 2
(3 ) 3
( 0
r r r r

O c c
+ + O =
c c
(53)
Putting
1
( ) r
r
= N in Eq. (53), one get
2013
39 | P age
2 2
2
1 2 2
1
0
r r r r
( c N cN P
+ + O N =
(
c c

(54)
Where,
2 2
2
3 P= O
(55)
Solution of Eq. (54) will be (Watson [16])
1 2
( ) ( ) RJ r SX r
P P
N = O + O (56)
Putting the value of and Nin Eq. (55), we get
( )
1 1
1
{ ( ) ( )}
i z t
RJ r SX r e
r
, +
P P
P = O + O
(57)
From the Eq. (24) and Eq. (56)
1 1 1 1
/ // 2 ( )
66 66 66
1 1 1 1
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )}
2
( ) 0
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )}
2
i z t
r
R
rJ r J r
s i e
S
rX r X r
,
u
o o , o ,
P P
+
P P
(
O O P + O
(
= + = (
(
+ O O P + O
(

(58)
With the help of Eq. (32), Eq. (56) and boundary conditions B1 and B2, we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )} 0
2 2
R S
J J X X o o o o o o
P P P P
O O P + O + O O P + O =
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )} 0
2 2
R S
J J X X | | | | | |
P P P P
O O P + O + O O P + O=
(59)
Eliminating R and S from Eq. (58) and Eq. (59)
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
0
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
J J X X
J J X X
o o o o o o
| | | | | |
P P P P
P P P P
O O P + O O O P + O
=
O O P+ O O O P + O
(60)
On solving Eq. (60), we get
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
J J J J
X X X X
o o o | | |
o o o | | |
P P P P
P P P P
O O P+ O O O P + O
=
O O P+ O O O P + O
(61)
If
1
is the root of the above equation, then
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
J J F J F J F
X X F X F X F
q q q q q q
q q q q q q
P P P P
P P P P
P + P +
=
P + P +
(62)
Where,
1
F | o =
On the theory of Bessel functions, if tube under consideration is very thin i.e. | o o = + A and
neglecting
2 3
, ........ o o A A , the frequency equation can be written as (Watson [18])
2013
40 | P age
2 2 2
1
1
1
( 2) 2 1 ( 2) 0 o
| |
P + P + P + + O =
|
O
\ . (63)
Where,
2 2
2 2 2
2 / // 2
66 66 66
3 3 ,
2 ( )
H
i
t o o , o ,
P = O P =
+
(64a)
2 / // 2 2
2 0 55 55 55
1 / // 2
66 66 66
2 ( )
.
i
i
, o o , o ,
o o , o ,
+
O =
+
(64b)
From the Eq. (62), Eq. (63) and Eq. (64), the phase velocity can be written as (same as above
Eq. (45) and Eq. (46))
2
/ // 2 2
2 55 55 55
2 / // 2
0 66 66 66
2
i c
c i
o o , o ,
q
to o o , o ,
+ | |
= +
|
+
\ . (65)
Case 1
Since the pipe under consideration is made of an aeolotropic material, then
/ //
0
ij ij
o o = =
(66)
The frequency equation is given by
1 1 1 1
1 1 1 1
3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3
3 1 3 3 3 1 3 3
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
J J J J
X X X X
o o o | | |
o o o | | |
P P P P
P P P P
O O P + O O O P + O
=
O O P+ O O O P + O
(67)
3
2 2
6 3 0 q q o + =
(68)
2 2
2
1
66
3 ,
2
H
to
P =
2 2
2 0 55
3
66
2
,
, o
o
O =
2 3
q = O at
1
1 P =
(69)
Using Eq. (65), Eq. (66), Eq. (67) and Eq. (69), we get (calculations are done in the similar
manner as for the Eq. (48) to Eq. (50) for 0 l = case)
1
2
2
2
3 55
2
01 66
2 c
c
q
o t
o
o
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(
= +
(
| |
(
|
\ .

(70)
Where,
2
01 66 0
/ 2 c o =
Case 2
If the pipe under consideration is made of an isotropic material, then
2013
41 | P age
/ //
55 66
0,
ij ij
o o o o _ = = = =
(71)
The frequency equation (calculations are done as for the l=0 case) is
2 2 2 2
2 2 2 2
4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4
4 1 4 4 4 1 4 4
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
{ ( ) ( 2) ( )} { ( ) ( 2) ( )}
J J J J
X X X X
o o o | | |
o o o | | |
P P P P
P P P P
O O P+ O O O P + O
=
O O P + O O O P + O
Where,
2 2
2
2
3 ,
H
_
P =
2 2
2 0
4
2
.
, _
_
O =
(72)
Using Eq. (71) and Eq. (72), the phase velocity for this case is (same as above Eq. (45) and
Eq. (46)
02
2
2
2
4
2 2
2
1
c
c
q
t
o
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(
= +
(
| |
(
|
\ .
(73)
Where,
02
2
0
2 c _ =
6 Numerical analysis
The effect of non-homogeneity on torsional waves in an aeolotropic material made of
viscoelastic solids has been studied. The numerical computation of phase velocity has been
made for homogeneous and non-homogeneous pipe. The graphs are plotted for the two cases
(l=0 and l=2). Different values of (diameter/wavelength) for homogeneous in the
presence of magnetic field and non homogeneous case in the absence of magnetic field are
calculated from Eq. (49) and Eq. (65) with the help of MATLAB. The variations elastic
constants and presence of magnetic field in two curves have been obtained by choosing the
following parameters for homogeneous and non-homogeneous aeolotropic pipe. The
dispersion equations for both cases are solved numerically with the help of parameters.
Table 1.Material properties
l
0
u
o
Homogeneous
Pipe
0 2.333 10
Inhomogeneous 2 2.333 10
2013
42 | P age
Pipe
The curves obtained in Figure 1 clearly show that the phase velocity for homogeneous as
well as non-homogeneous case decreases inside the aeolotropic tube. The presence of
magnetic field also reduces the speed of torsional waves in viscoelastic solids. These curves
justify the results obtained in Eq. (50) and Eq. (52) mathematically given by Narain [3] and
Chandrasekharaiahi [15]. We see that for homogeneous case when magnetic field is present
and for non-homogeneous case when magnetic field is not present the variation i.e. shape of
the curves is same. For non-homogeneous case, the elastic constants and the density of the
tube are varying as the square of the radius vector.
Table 2.Material properties
l H (Gauss)
55 66
/ o o
Homogeneous
Pipe
0 0.32 0.8
Inhomogeneous
Pipe
2 0 0.8
Fig.1Torsional wave dispersion curves
7 Conclusion
The above problem deals with the interaction of elastic and electromagnetic fields in a
viscoelastic media. This study is useful for detections of mechanical explosions inside the
earth. In this study an attempt has been made to investigate the torsional wave propagation in
non-homogeneous viscoelastic cylindrically aeolotropic material permeated by a magnetic
field. It has been observed that the phase velocity decreases as the magnetic field increases.
Acknowledgements
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2 1.4 1.6 1.8 2
0
0.5
1
1.5
2
2.5
3
3.5
4
Diameter/Wavelength
P
h
a
s
e

V
e
l
o
c
i
t
y
l=0
l=2
2013
43 | P age
We are thankful to Dr. K. C. Gupta for his valuable comments.
References
1. Ewing WM, J ardetzky, Press F. Elastic waves in layered media. McGraw-Hill, New
York 1957.
2. Kaliski S, Petykiewicz J . Dynamic equations of motion coupled with the field of
temperatures and resolving functions for elastic and inelastic bodies in a magnetic
field.Proceedings Vibration Problems1959; 1(2): 17-35.
3. Narain S.Magneto-elastic torsional waves in a bar under initial stress. Proceedings
Indian Academic Science1978; 87 (5): 137-45.
4. White JE, Tongtaow C. Cylindrical waves in transversely isotropic media.J ournal of
Acoustic Society1981;70(4):1147-1155.
5. Mcivor IK. The elastic cylindrical shell under radial impulse. ASME J . Appl. Mech.
1966;33:831837.
6. Cinelli G. Dynamic vibrations and stresses in elastic cylinders and spheres.ASME J .
Appl. Mech. 1966;33:82530.
7. Pan E, Heyliger PR. Exact solutions for Magneto-electro-elastic Laminates in
cylindrical bending.Int. J . of Solid and Struct. 2005; 40: 6859-6876.
8. Bin W, J iangong Y, Cunfu H. Wave propagation in non-homogeneous magneto-
electro-elastic plates.J . of Sound and Vib. 2005; 317: 250-264.
9. Kong T, Li DX, Wang X. Thermo-magneto-dynamic stresses and perturbation of
magnetic field vector in non-homogeneous hollow cylinder.Appl. Mathematical
Modeling2009; 33: 2939-2950.
10. Kakar R, Kakar S. Propagation of Rayleigh waves in non-homogeneous orthotropic
elastic media under the influence of gravity, compression, rotation and magnetic
field.J ournal of Chemical, Biological and Physical Sciences2012; (1): 801-819.
11. Kakar R, Kakar S.Influence of gravity and temperature on Rayleigh waves in non-
homogeneous, general viscoelastic media of higher order.International J ournal of
Physical and Mathematical Sciences 2013;4(1): 62-70.
12. Kakar R, Kakar S. Rayleigh waves in a non-homogeneous, thermo, magneto,
prestressed granular material with variable density under the effect of
gravity.American J ournal of Modern Physics 2013; 2(1): 7-20.
13. Love AEH. Some Problems of Geodynamics. Cambridge University press 1911.
14. Thid B.Electromagnetic Field Theory. Dover Publications1997.
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15. Chandrasekharaiahi DS. On the propagationof torsional waves in magneto-
viscoelastic solids. Tensor, N.S. 1972;23: 17-20.
16. Watson GN. A treatise on the theory of Bessel functions. Cambridge University Press,
Second Edition 1944.
17. Green AE. Theoretical Elasticity. Oxford University Press 1954.
18. Love AEH. Mathematical Theory of Elasticity. Dover Publications. Forth Edition
1944.
19. Timoshenko S. Theory of Elasticity, McGraw-Hill Book Company. Second Edition
1951.
20. Westergaard HM. Theory of Elasticity and Plasticity. Dover Publications1952.
21. Christensen RM. Theory of Viscoelasticity. Academic Press1971.
ISSN xxxx-xxxx
45 | P age
Research Article
Synthesis and Charactrization of Ni-Zn Ferrite Based Nanoparticles by
Sol-Gel Technique
Maryam Sharifi Jebeli*, Norani Muti Binti Mohamed
a
Department of Fundamental & Applied Science, Universiti Teknologi,PETRONAS,Bandar Seri Iskandar
, 31750 Tronoh, Perak.
* Corresponding author. Tel.: 0060173151040
E-mail address: mshjebeli@yahoo.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history
Received:01Feb2013
Accepted:12Feb2013
A b s t r a c t
A series of Ni-Zn ferrite based naoparticles (Ni
0.76-x
Zn
0.04+x
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
) in which x is varied from 0.01 to 0.04,
were prepared by sol-gel technique. Characterization of the samples was
Performed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Raman Spectroscopy, and Field
Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM). The XRD results show the
major peak (311) of the spinel cubic structure for Ni-Zn ferrites. FESEM
results show that single phase Ni-Zn ferrite nanoparticles with average
diameters 17-45 nm can be obtained by sol gel technique. Initial permeability
and Q factor for all samples were measured and the magnetic measurements of
the nano ferrites show that it can be used as a magnetic feeder for the
transmitter.
Keywords:
Sol Gel technique
Nanoparticle
Permeability
Q- factor
1. I ntroduction
Ferrites represent an important category of materials, which are largely used, due to
their numerous practical applications, as for example magnetic devices in electronic,
optical and microwave installations [1-2].Substituted Ni-Zn ferrites have wide applications
in radio frequency (RF) electronic devices due to the high initial permeability in combination
with giant resistivity [3-5]. Most of the physical properties of these materials, especially
the magnetic ones (coercivity, saturation magnetization, losses) dramatically change with
the decrease of the particle size, especially at nano-size range [3-4]. Thus, special
interests have been paid to the synthesis that leads to formation of nanoferrites. In this
context, unconventional synthesis methods [5-8] have advantages over the conventional
methods [9-10]. One of the most popular unconventional synthesis methods that recently
have been extensively used is the sol-gel method [11-13]. This method was successfully was
used in obtaining nanomaterials, especially magnetic nanoparticles that lead to formation of
ferrite particles having sizes between 10 to 100 nm [1- 4].
Jebeli M.S. et al. / International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) 1 (1): 45-53, 2013
46 | P age
Some new techniques have been tried to reduce the sintering temperature of Ni-Zn based
ferrites: such as addition of CuO and some sintering aids [1-8]. Moreover, the reduction of
the particle size of the raw materials was also favorable for decreasing sintering temperature
[14].
In this paper Ni-Zn ferrite based nanoparticles were prepared using a sintering temperature
of 5000C. Due to the CuO addition also another decrease of the sintering temperature was
obtained which is due to low melting point of CuO compared to other oxides. So a decrease
in sintering temperature from 1200 C (Conventional method) to 500 C was obtained.
2.1. Materials and mix design
The samples were synthesized using Ni, Mg, Co ,Cu ,Zn ,Ti and Fe nitrates and citric acid as
precursors, by dissolving them in distilled water while stirring at room temperature. The
solutions were evaporated by heating at 75oC with continuous stirring until a viscous gel
formed. After the gel formed, the powders were dried at 110 C in an oven for 24 hours and
dried powders were crushed by using mortar for 1 hour. Then, the samples were annealed at
500 C with holding time of 4 hours [8].
2.2. Experimental test
PVA (Polyvinyl alcohol) was added into them for their granulation and pressed into toroidal
shapes. The green bodies were sintered at 700 C in air for 5 h [7]. The resultant toroidal
cores had 10 mm outer diameter, 5mm inner diameter and 2 mm thickness. Initial
permeability and Q factor were carried out after each toroid was wound with 25 turns of
0.3mm diameter insulating copper wire. The wire ends were scraped by using a sand paper.
The sample was then connected to a Hewlett Packard 4284A Precision LCR meter. A series
of inductance, L
S
, and Q factor values were recorded from the lowest frequency to resonance
frequencies. The initial permeability values were calculated by introducing Ls to the equation
below [14]:
i=
) (
2
1
0
0
2
D
D
tIn N
L
s

where L
S
is the parallel inductance, N is the number of turns, 0 is the permeability of free
space (4 x10
-7
m/A), t is the thickness, D
0
is the outer diameter, and D
i
is the inner diameter
of the toroid, respectively. The magnetic measurements of the component ferrites
demonstrated that it can be used as a magnetic feeder for the transmitter [15].
47 | P age
The phase identification of the calcined powders was performed by X-ray diffraction(XRD)
on a Philips PW-1730 X-ray diffractometer using Cu K radiation (=1.54 A
0
).The average
crystallite sizes of the synthesized powders were determined by using the XRD patterns, via
the well-known Scherrer equation [16]. The morphology of the powders was investigated by
Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FESEM).
3. Results and discussion
3.1 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD)
Figure 1 shows X-ray diffraction pattern of the samples prepared by sol-gel method. The X-
ray diffraction patterns show well developed diffraction lines assigned to pure spinel phase,
with all major peaks matching with the standard pattern of Ni-Zn ferrite, J CPDS 8-0234. The
average crystallite sizes of the ferrites calculated from the broadening of the (311) X-ray
diffraction peak by the Scherrer equation [16] were about 15-20 nm.
Fig.1. X -ray diffraction Pattern of Ni
0.76-x
Zn
0.04+x
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
after annealing at
500
o
C for 4 hours which shows the major peaks of all samples is in [311].
3.2 Raman Spectra
The purpose of Raman Spectroscopy is to see the vibrations of the atoms in Ni
0.76-x
Zn
0.04+x
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
samples after annealing at 500C for 4 hours. Figure 2
shows the major peaks of five samples is in range 486 to 698.392 cm1. These ranges for
major Peaks of Raman shift were confirmed as Raman shift for Ni-Zn ferrite [3].
48 | P age
Fig.2. Raman pattern of Ni
0.76-x
Zn
0.04+x
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
after
annealing at 500
o
C for 4 hours which shows the major peaks of five samples
is in range 486 to 698.392 cm
1
.
3.3 FESEM results
(FESEM) is used to identify the morphology, dimension for grain size of the bulk and nano-
sized particles [11].Figure 3a-3d ( for samples prepared by sol gel methods) show nearly
uniform spherical ferrite particles having a distribution size of 17-45nm. The ED pattern
(inset) reflects that these nanoparticles are well crystallized, thedvalues calculated from the
ring diameters correspond well to the spinel structure and are consistent with the XRD
pattern. The EDX spectrum revealed that the darker particles contain Zn, Ti, Mg, Cu, Ni and
Fe.
3.4 I nitial permeability and Q factor
It is obvious that the increase of frequency has led to an increased initial permeability and Q
factor up to resonance frequency [7 and 12]. From figure 4, it was observed that a fall of
initial permeability with increasing Zn content. A probable explanation is that it was highly
difficult to disperse the Zn powder particles which tend to agglomerate, during the mixing
stage of the raw materials [17].
49 | P age
Fig. 3. Show nearly uniform spherical ferrite particles having a distribution size of 17-45 nm:
a) Ni
0.75
Zn
0.05
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
(sample No.1)
b)Ni
0.74
Zn
0.06
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
(sample No.2)
c) Ni
0.73
Zn
0.07
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96,
(sample No.3)
d) Ni
0.72
Zn
0.08
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
(sample No.4)
e) Ni
0.71
Zn
0.09
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Mg
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
(sample No.5)
a b
c d
e
50 | P age
Table 1. EDX result for five samples prepared by sol gel method
Element Weight
%
Sample
No: 1
Atomic
%
Sample
No: 1
Weight
%
Sample
No: 2
Atomic
%
Sample
No: 2
Weight
%
Sample
No: 3
Atomic
%
Sample
No: 3
Weight
%
Sample
No: 4
Atomic
%
Sample
No: 4
Weight
%
Sample
No: 5
Atomic
%
Sample
No: 5
Zn K 2.22 7.81 1.29 55.59 5 12.25 4.76 11.50 5.30 23.83
O K 32.06 55.20 26.23 0.83 32.91 56.94 30.20 54.79 21.95 36.66
Mg K 0.44 0.88 0.59 30.65 0.83 0.59 1.53 1.13 2.43 1.42
Fe K 43.59 26.47 50.48 11.02 41.88 0.73 44.09 22.91 52.36 30.83
Ni K 20.09 8.98 19.8 1.00 16.78 20.76 16.73 8.47 16.53 11.02
Cu L 1.40 0.43 2.00 0.67 1.87 7.91 2.06 0.94 2.15 1.11
Ti K 0.2 0.23 0.33 0.24 0.74 0.82 0.94 0.42 1.16 0.53
Totals 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00 100.00
Fig.4. Initial Permeability of the toroids prepared by Ni-Zn ferrite based nanoparticles.
Fig.5. LCR meter and the toroids prepared by Ni-Zn ferrite based nanoparticles.
51 | P age
There is a marked shift (to the left) of resonance frequency due to the increment of Zn. Thus
nano-regions of badly non-stoichiometric compositions would be created, give rise, for
instance to Fe
+2
ions which could contribute to eddy current through

e Fe Fe
3 2
reaction [17]. Thus by adding more Zn, the lower the resonance frequency and thus the lower
initial permeability and Q factor are obtained (Figure 6).
Fig.6. Q factor of the samples prepared by sol- gel method
Initial permeability and Q factor of the samples were measured (Figure 4 and Figure 6) and
the sample No 1 has the most resonance frequency and initial permeability and we can used it
as a magnetic feeder for the transmitter (Figure 7).
Figure 7 shows comparison of aluminum transmitter with and without ferrites. We can see
magnetic field for aluminum transmitter with sample No:1 is 41% higher than the magnetic
field obtained without ferrite.
4. Conclusions
Ni-Zn ferrite based nanoparticles (Ni
0.76-x
Mg
0.04+x
Ti
0.0025
Co
0.1
Cu
0.075
Zn
0.04
Fe
1.96
O
3.96
)
prepared by sol-gel method and single phase for this compound obtained at 500
0
C.
Nanocrystalline size for samples prepared by this method is about 15-20 nm. Initial
permeability and Q factor measured and investigated. Magnetic field of aluminum transmitter
with sample No:1 is 41% higher than aluminum transmitter without ferrite.
52 | P age
Fig.7. Comparison of aluminum transmitter with and without ferrite.
References
1. Anil Kumar PS, Shrotri J J , Deshpande CE, Date SK. Systematic study of magnetic
parameters of NiZn ferrites synthesized by soft chemical approaches. J ournal of Applied
Physics. 1997; 81(8):47884790.
2. Burke J E. Ceramic Fabrication Process. New York: Wiley; 1958.
3. Rezlescu E, Sachelarie L, Popa PD, Rezlescu N. Effect of substitution of divalent ions on
the electrical and magnetic properties of Ni-Zn-Me ferrites. IEEE Trans Magn. 2000;
36:39623967.
4. Goldman A. Modern Ferrite Technology. New York: Van Nostrand Reinhold. 1990.
5. Hsu JY, Ko WS, Chen CJ. The effect of V
2
O
5
on the sintering of NiCuZn ferrite. IEEE
Trans Magn. 1995; 31:39943996.
6. Hsua WC, Chen SC, Kuo PC, Lie CT, Tsai WS. Preparation of NiCuZn ferrite
nanoparticles from chemical co-precipitation method and the magnetic properties after
sintering. Mater SciEng B-solid. 2004; 111:142149.
7. J ankovskis J . Modelling the Frequency Dependence of Complex Permeability Based on
Statistics from Polycrystalline Ferrites Microstructure. Ferrites proceedings of the Eight
International Conference on Ferrites (ICF8); Kyoto and Tokyo. 2000. p. 319.
8. Kim CW, Koh JG. A study of synthesis of NiCuZn-ferrite sintering in low temperature by
metal nitrates and its electromagnetic property, J ournal of Magnetism and Magnetic
Materials. 2003; 257:355368.
53 | P age
9. Kim CS, Kim WC, An SY, Lee SW. Structure and Mossbauer studies of Cu doped NiZn
ferrite. J MagnMagn Mater. 2000; 215-216:213216.
10. Kondo K. The Digest Edition of Tokin Technical Revi. Vol. 26. Sendai, J apan: Tokin
Corporation; 1999. p. 1.
11. Kondo K, Chiba T, Yamada S, Otsuki E. Analysis of power loss in Ni-Zn ferrites. Journal
of Applied Physics. 2000; 87(9):62296231.
12. Caltun OF, Spinub L, Stancua AL, Thungb LD, Zhou W. Study of the microstructure and
of the permeability spectra of NiZnCu ferrites. J ournal of Magnetism and Magnetic
Materials. 2002;242-245:160162.
13. Lebourgeois R. Low Losses NiZnCu Ferrites, Ferrites proceedings of the Eight
International Conference on Ferrites (ICF8). Kyoto and Tokyo. 2000. p. 576.
14. Nakamura T. Low-temperature sintering of Ni-Zn-Cu ferrite and its permeability spectra.
Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 1997;168:285291.
15. Seo SH, Oh JH. Effect of MoO
3
addition of sintering behaviors and magnetic properties
of NiCuZn ferrite for multilayer chip inductor. IEEE Trans Magn. 1999;35(5):34123414.
16. Shrotri J J, Kulkarni SD, Deshpande CE, Mitra A, Sainkar SR, Anil Kumar PS, Date SK.
Effect of Cu substitution on the magnetic and electrical properties of Ni-Zn ferrite
synthesised by soft chemical method. Materials Chemistry and Physics. 1999; 59:15.
17. Zhang H, Ma ZW, Zhou J , Yue ZX, Li Lt, Gui ZL. Preparation and investigation of
(Ni
0.15
Cu
0.25
Zn
0.60
)Fe
1.96
O
4
ferrite with very high initial permeability from self-propagated
powders. Journal of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials. 2000;213:304308.
ISSN xxxx-xxxx
54 | P age
Review Article
The I nteraction Effects of Synthesis Reaction Temperature and Deposition
Time on Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) Yield
Hengameh Hanaei
a,b
a
Institute of Advanced Technology (ITMA), University Putra Malaysia
b
Chemical Engineering Department, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS
* Corresponding author. Tel.:006014257185
E-mail address: hengameh.hanaei@gmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history
Received:01Feb2013
Accepted:12Feb2013
A b s t r a c t
This research focused on investigation of interaction effects of reaction
temperature and deposition time on FBCVD growth of CNTs. In present study,
Fluidized Bed Chemical Vapor Deposition (FBCVD) has been introduced as a
promising method for carbon nanotubes (CNTs) synthesis because of its large
scale, low cost and high yield production. However, there is no clear relation
between synthesis parameters and CNTs growth; therefore more data
investigations are required for FBCVD synthesis of CNTs. Scanning Electron
Microscopy (SEM), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM), Thermo
Gravimetric Analysis (TGA) and Energy Dispersive X-ray spectroscopy
(EDX) were used in this work. The results demonstrated that the ideal reaction
temperature was 750C and the deposition time was 40min.
Academic Research OnlinePublisher. All rights reserved.
Keywords:
Carbon nanotubes;
synthesis;
Fluidized bed;
Chemical vapor deposition;
CNTs;
1. I ntroduction
Carbon nanotubes (CNTs) are present as a one-dimensional novel form of fullerenes. CNTs
are constructed from sp2 orbital hybridization of carbon atoms, with a few nanometers in
diagonal diameter and many microns in lengths. Carbon atoms are covalently bonded to each
other. This structure of carbon nanotubes makes it stronger than Sp3 bonds structure of
diamond. There are two categories of CNTs; multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWNTs) and
single wall carbon nanotubes (SWNTs) [1-3]. The most attractive and simple method is
chemical vapor deposition (CVD). It has been successfully scaled up to large quantities as
lower temperature and ambient pressure is needed. Compared to other methods, CVD is an
economical technique. CVD was first used for synthesis of CNTs by Endo and coworkers
Hanaei H. / International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) 1 (1): 54-61, 2013
55 | P age
[4]. In this process, carbon nanotube is produced by heating a metal catalyst (e.g., iron,
nickel, or cobalt) to desired temperature (500C - 1000C) under a carrier gas. Then, a
hydrocarbon source is heated at desired temperature in a tube furnace over a period of time.
In this technique, thermal energy is used to break off the hydrocarbon in the presence of
catalyst. The mechanism of this process involves the separation of hydrocarbon molecules
deposited on metal catalyst particles [5-7].
There are two steps in FBCVD technique for synthesis of CNT: catalyst preparation and
actual reaction. Catalysts are usually prepared on a substrate, in this study Al2O3 as a
substrate and Fe-Mo as a catalyst were used. The right amount of alumina powder was added
to a solution of iron nitrate (Fe (NO
3
)
3
9H
2
O) and (NH
4
)
6
Mo
7
O
24
4H
2
O ammonium
molybdate. The weight ratio of Iron to molybdenum to alumina Fe: MO: Al
2
O
3
is 9: 1: 5
[8]. In our experiments, catalyst was placed into the reactor and argon gas with 1.4 l/min ratio
was introduced into the bottom vessel of the reactor, and then passes through the gas
distributor, and finally flows out into the atmosphere. Acetone vapor was injected by the flow
of argon into the reactor. As a result the acetone was decomposed over the catalyst to form
carbon nanotubes. After reaction, the morphology and microstructure of the CNTs were
observed using SEM. The exact amount of carbon deposit formed during the reaction is
determined by weighing the catalyst before and after reaction. The yield of deposited carbon
is obtained from the total weight of the catalyst after the reaction by subtracting the initial
weight of the catalyst before reaction. Process carbon yield based on the amount of deposited
carbon during the reaction is obtained from the following formula:
Carbon Yield (%) =[(m
tot
-m
cat
)/m
cat
] * 100
where m
cat
is the initial amount of the catalyst before reaction) and mtot is the total weight of
the product after reaction [9].
56 | P age
3. Statistical Analysis
Two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to determine the difference between
samples, using SPSS software. Duncan test was used to carry out the difference of means
between pairs. And Hsus test was used to determine the best level of sample with p<0.05.
4. Result and Discussion
5g catalyst was used for this part of experiment the interaction effect of reaction temperature
and deposition time on CNTs growth was examined. The values applied in this set of
experiment were: 5g catalyst (Fe-Mo/Al
2
O
3
), acetone as a carbon source with rate of 1.5
mL/min and one carrier gas (Argon) with rate of 1.4 L/min. The carbon yield for each
condition was calculated using the above Equation. Table 1 indicates the carbon yield at
different deposition time and different reaction temperature condition. Based on the results of
the experiments presented in Table 1, the carbon yield rate at 550C, 650C, 750C, 850C
and 950C reaction temperature is different for 30min to 50min deposition time. As described
in the previous section, the carbon yield reaches a maximum carbon yield at 40min and
50min deposition time. In addition, the carbon yield rate for 40min and 550C is 50%, 650C
is 78% and for 750C is 98.19%. It can be seen that there is a linear trend between reaction
rate and reaction temperature from 550C to 750C and the carbon yield rate increased with
the increased of synthesis temperature from 550 C to750 C.
Table 1. The interaction effect of Temperature and Time on carbon yield
Temperature C 550C 650C 750C 850C 950C
weight 6.6 7.2 8.5 6.37 8.6
30min
Carbon yield(%) 32 44 70 27.4 72
weight 7.5 8.9 9.91 8.7 9.90
40min
Carbon yield(%) 50 78 98.19 74 98.06
weight 7.75 9 9.97 8.9 9.90
50min
Carbon yield(%) 55 80 99.5 78 98.1
57 | P age
Therefore, at low temperature, the decomposition rate of acetone is low and very little of
active catalytic sites led to the low carbon yield rate before 750C. Beyond 750 C, some
parasitic phenomena occurs which are responsible for deactivation of the catalyst and the
carbon yield decreased with the increase of synthesis temperature from 750C to 850C, at
850C the carbon yield rate for 40min deposition time is 74%. When the reaction temperature
is greater than 850C, the deposit is included in encapsulated iron particles and uncatalyzed
acetone. Supported catalyst at high temperature partial to sintering so, larger particle sizes
was obtained. The carbon yield at 950C and 40min is 98.06%. Also for 50min deposition
time, carbon yield at 550, 650, 750, 850 and 950C are 55%, 80%, 99.5%, 78% and 98.1%
respectively. Based on the above result, it can be concluded that the reaction temperatures at
750C and 950C for 40 min and 50min deposition time is good for carbon yield and at
750C and 40min is favorable for high purity in the synthesis of CNTs according to SEM
images in Figure 2.
Also, same process occurred for 30min by changing the temperature. According to Table 1
the carbon yield reported for 30 min deposition time and at 550C, is 32%, at 650C is 44%,
at 750C is 70%, at 850 C is 27.4% and for 950C is 72%. By comparing these results it can
be concluded that at 30, 40 and 50min deposition time, the carbon yield increased from
550C to 750C and after that at 850C a decrease is observed because of deactivated catalyst
and at 950C there is many uncatalyzed acetone. The highest carbon yield at all temperatures
is at 50min deposition time but 40min deposition time is favorable for high purity in the
synthesis of CNTs according to SEM images in Figure 2.
To make the comparison more understandable, Figure 1 demonstrates the effect of reaction
temperature and deposition time on carbon yield. As it is shown in the diagram of Figure 1 it
can be seen that, for constant amount of catalyst loading 5g, the effect of reaction temperature
on carbon yield depends on the time of deposition and vice versa. At different temperature
and time deposition different carbon yield percentage is observed.
It can be seen that, although the trend of changes is similar for each independent effect but at
different temperature and time deposition we can see different carbon yield percentage. The
effect of reaction temperature on carbon yield depends on the time of deposition and vice
58 | P age
versa. It can be concluded that the interaction of reaction temperature and deposition time is
significant. The result from statistical analysis confirmed the above results.
Fig.1. The interaction Effect of Temperature and Time on carbon yield
Results from two way analysis of variance (ANOVA) at a 95% confidence interval indicate
that temperature and time has a significant effect on the carbon yield. A p-value (0.001)
<0.05 shows a statistically significant effect, so we concluded that at constant amount of
catalyst, reaction temperature and deposition time has an effect on carbon yield during carbon
nanotube growth.
Qualitative characterization of the carbon deposits formed using the FBCVD process at
different deposition time and reaction temperature was performed by scanning electron
microscope (SEM). Figure 2 illustrates representative images of those samples that had high
carbon yield, (750C, 40min), (750C, 50min), (950C, 40min) and (950 C, 50 min). The
SEM images indicate that the trend toward CNTs formation at 950 C with a deposition time
of 40 min and 50 min is almost low. It also shows that the product included amorphous
carbon and tubes with the diameter about 0.5 m. The product obtained at 750 C and 50 min
also did not show significant formation of CNTs formation that could be attributed to the
deactivation of catalyst.
It can be seen that at 750C and 40min deposition time, most of the CNTs were regularly
arranged with uniform and similar shapes. These results confirmed the TGA analysis as
attributed Figure 3 shows the TGA graphs of synthesized CNTs at (750C, 40min), (750C,
50min), (950C, 40min) and (950C, 50min). It can be seen that the amount of oxidization
59 | P age
temperature at 750C, 40min is higher than 500C and for another samples the oxidization
temperature is lower than 450C so, this result indicates that the trend toward CNTs
formation at 750C, 40min is the best. The TGA graph of reaction temperature at 950C,
illustrated that the oxidization temperature is less than 420C and it can be concluded that
more amorphous carbon is present. Amorphous carbon usually started to burn in temperature
of less than 420C. This conclusion is consistent with the observation from SEM.
Fig.2. SEM image of CNT at: A) 750C and 40min ,B) 750C and 50min, C) 950C and 40min, D 950C and
50min
60 | P age
Fig.3. TGA Graph of all the samples in this set of experiments.
4. Conclusion
Our work was done in the fluidized-bed reactor with good heat and mass transfer coefficients
that allows uniform temperatures within the bed and rapid gas-solid interactions. Also in this
fluidized bed reactor, before the introducing acetone into the reactor, liquid form of acetone
was transformed to its vapor by the argon flow. That argon gas was preheated with using the
main body of furnace. Therefore, acetone vapor was injected by the flow of argon introduced
into reactor. So, these unique properties of fluidized bed make low cost and large scale
synthetic production. Present work demonstrates the interaction effect of synthesis
temperature and deposition time on carbon and CNTs yield in FBCVD. CNTs were
synthesized on a Fe-Mo bi-metallic catalyst system supported on Al2O3. The product was
analyzed by SEM, TGA. The results demonstrated that the ideal reaction temperature and
deposition time was about 750C, 40min.
References
1. Ajayan, P., Nanotubes from carbon. Chem. Rev, 1999. 99(7): 1787-1800.
2. Baker, R., et al., Nucleation and growth of carbon deposits from the nickel catalyzed
decomposition of acetylene, in J ournal of catalysis. 1972:51-62.
3. Iijima, S., Helical microtubules of graphitic carbon. Nature, 1991. 354(6348): 56-58.
61 | P age
4. Endo, M., et al., The production and structure of pyrolytic carbon nanotubes (PCNTs).
J ournal of Physics and Chemistry of Solids, 1993. 54(12): 1841-1848.
5. See, C. and A. Harris, A review of carbon nanotube synthesis via fluidized-bed chemical
vapor deposition. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry Research, 2007. 46(4): 997-1012.
6. Wei, F., et al., The mass production of carbon nanotubes using a nano-agglomerate fluidized
bed reactor: A multiscale space-time analysis. Powder Technology, 2008. 183(1): 10-20.
7. Venegoni, D., et al., Parametric study for the growth of carbon nanotubes by catalytic
chemical vapor deposition in a fluidized bed reactor. Carbon, 2002. 40(10): 1799-1807.
8. Qian, W., et al., Synthesis of carbon nanotubes from liquefied petroleum gas containing
sulfur. Carbon, 2002. 40: 2968-72.
9. Hernadi, K., et al., Fe-catalyzed carbon nanotube formation. Carbon, 1996. 34(10): 1249-
1257.
ISSN xxxx-xxxx
62 | P age
Review Article
An overview of pH Sensors Based on I ridium Oxide: Fabrication and
Application
Saeid Kakooei*, Mokhtar Che Ismail, Bambang Ari-Wahjoedi
Centre for Corrosion Research, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS,
Tronoh31750, Malaysia
* Corresponding author. Tel.: +60174958196;
E-mail address: skakooei59@hotmail.com
ARTICLE INFO
Article history
Received:01Feb2013
Accepted:10Feb2013
A b s t r a c t
In recent years, there has been an increasing interest in the adoption of
emerging sensing technologies for instrumentation within a variety of
structural systems. Iridium oxide as an stable and interesting material for pH
sensor in variuse temperature and pressure was paid attention by a lot of
researchers. In this study an overview of different methods for fabrication of
IrO
2
pH sensors and their application are presented.
Keywords:
pH Sensor;
IridiumOxide;
Electrodeposition;
Sputtering;
Sensor Fabrication
1. I ntroduction
During the past decades IrO
2
became a superior material for reference electrode[1, 2] and pH
measurements in different fields such as biological media [3, 4], food industry [5], nuclear
field [6, 7], and oil and gas industry [8-10]. Iridium oxide can provide a rapid and stable
response in different media because of its high conductivity and low temperature coefficient.
Potentiometric response of the Iridium oxide to pH is a function of transition effect between
twooxidation states Ir(III) oxide and Ir(IV) oxide, which can be shown as follow[11]:
Ir(IV)oxide +qH
+
+ne
-
Ir(III)oxide +rH
2
O
In 1996, Roe et al.[12] measured dissolved oxygen, pH, and ion currents on mild steel
corroded surface using three closely spaced microelectrodes. They proposed a real time
mapping of the pH distribution on the mild steel corroded surface.
Kakooei S. et al. / International Journal of Material Science Innovations (IJMSI) 1 (1): 62-72, 2013
63 | P age
Two properties of biocompatibility and corrosion resistance of iridium oxide electrodes are
noticeable [13]. This fact made iridium oxide electrodes as a potential candidate for
Microbial induced corrosion investigation. A crystal structure of stoichiometric iridium oxide
is shown in Figure 1.
Figure 1: Crystal structure of IrO
2
[14]
The difference between IrO
x
pH sensor and traditional glass pH sensor is related to their
mechanism for pH measuring. Glass pH electrode depends on solution-phase activities of the
relevant electrode whereas IrO
x
is dependent on H
+
activity and oxidation state of IrOx. The
proposed reaction at the anhydrous Iroquois electrode shown as[15]:
2IrO
2
+2H
+
+2e
-
Ir
2
O
3
+H
2
O (1)
And for a hydrous IrO
x
electrode as follows reaction:
2[IrO
2
(OH)
2
2H
2
O]
2-
+3H
+
+2e
-
[Ir
2
O
3
(OH)
3
3H
2
O]
3-
+3H
2
O
(2)
Hence the Nernstian response slopes for electrodes prepared by different methods can range
between 59 and 88.5 mV/pH. Moreover, proposed Nernst equations are as follows:
E=E
0
- 2.3RT/2F log[Ir
2
O
3
]/[IrO
2
]
2
[H
+
]
2
(3)
and
E =E
0
- 2.3RT/2F log[Ir
2
O
3
]/[IrO
2
]
2
[H
+
]
3
(4)
It be proposed that any variation in the Ir
3+
/Ir
4+
ratio, IrOx electrode preparation, IrOx
electrodes age, and deliberate exposure to redox agents such as Fe(CN)
6
3-/4-
have been shown
to affect the pH response [15, 16].
Cathodic storage charge capacities (CSC
C
) of the test samples will be calculated by
integrating the cathodic area in cyclic voltammograms. The CSC
C
data generally be used in
the characterization of neural stimulation electrodes [17-19], although in some research work
CSC
C
calculated like this is approximately equal to the amount of Ir
4+
on the substrate in thin
64 | P age
electrodeposited layers. The calculated area above-mentioned is presented by the CV of an
EIROF on Au in Figure 2 [20].
Fig. 2. CV of iridium oxide in PBS at 50 mV/s showing the area used to calculate the CSC of the film [20].
2- I ridium oxide pH sensor fabrication:
It is clear that preparation methods play the main role in the pH response of the iridium
oxide-based electrodes. Anhydrous iridium oxides were achieved by thermal oxidation or
sputtering Methods which showed pH response of 59 mV/pH, whereas iridium oxides
fabricated by electrochemically technique are predominantly hydrated iridium oxides such as
IrO
2
4H
2
O, Ir(OH)
4
2H
2
O which present a super-Nerntian response 90 mV/pH unit [21].
2-1. Solgel processes
Sol-gel method was used to fabricated IrO
2
pH sensor on flexible substrate [22, 23]. Three
different groups of pH sensors fabricated by the sol-gel process indicated similar near super-
Nernstian response, good reversibility, and similar response times, which show better
reproducibility and repeatability in this fabrication technique.
The sol-gel technique is well-known as a cheap method for advance material fabrication. Da
Silva et al.[24] used a polymeric precursor approach to fabricate a low-cost pH sensor with
substitution of IrO
x
by TiO
2
. The best result was related to 70 % (IrO
x
)-30% (TiO
2
).
65 | P age
The challenge in sol-gel method is related to the drying process, which led to creating cracks
in iridium oxide film due to its dehydration. This phenomenon can be decreased by using
proper additives.
2-2. Electrochemical or thermal oxidation of iridium and iridium salts
Song et al. [13] fabricated an Ir/IrO
2
pH sensor by using the potentiodynamically cycling
method on an Ir electrode in 0.5 M H
2
SO
4
aqueous solution at a 50 mV/s scan rate with
different exposure time ( 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr). According to Figure 3, they found that pH
sensor fabricated by 2-hr and 4-hr treatment showed more drift than those fabricated by 8-hr
and 24-hr treatment.
Fig 3. Stacked voltammograms of iridium potentiodynamically cycled between 0.25 V
SCE
and 1.27 V
SCE
at 50
mV/s for 2, 4, 8, and 24 hr in deaerated 0.5 M H2SO4 aqueous solution [13].
Song et al. investigated the effect of bisulfite and thiosulfate ions on the Ir/IrO
2
pH sensor.
The calibration of pH sensor significantly changed when exposed in solution test containing
aforementioned ions.
2-3. Sputtering
Sputtering method was used in most IrO2 film fabrication for neural stimulation electrods
[17, 25-27]. Kreider [28] in 1991 used sputtered iridium oxide as pH-sensing electrodes in
high-temperature high-pressure saline solutions. Sputtered iridium oxide films was fabricated
in mixed Argon and oxygen environment in a 1:l ratio at a total pressure of ~0.40 Pa. The
thickness of 0.5-0.7 m thick depositions were made primarily on alumina circuit board at
66 | P age
30-40 C and at 240 C. He found that with increasing exposure time insaline solutions, pH
sensitivity decreased at high temperature. The main disadvantage of sputtering method is
expensive price of its target price which is not also available for some rare material.
2-4. Anodic or cathodic electrodeposition
Yamanaka [29] proposed electrodeposition of iridium oxide for the first time for fabrication
of display device. His suggested solution was based on a complex of IrCl
4
and oxalate
component. After that a lot of researcher improved this solution or used it as described by
Yamanaka [18, 30-32].
Ryynnen et al. for first time used atomic layer deposition (ALD) for iridium oxide (IrO
x
)
fabrication as the pH sensitive layer with an average sensitivity of -67 mV/pH at 22 C. They
could coat 110 nm IrO
x
layer on a glass substrate consists of 300 nm thick titanium
electrodes. Their pH sensor was able to detect pH in a range from pH 4 to pH 10 [33].
Various metals have been used as substrate for IrO
2
coating such as Au, Pt, Ir, PtIr, stainless
steel, tin-doped indium oxide (ITO) [29, 34, 35]. Marzouk [36] in a valuable work
investigated various substrate pure metals such as Au, Ag, Ti, Cu, Ni, W, Zr, and Co and
some alloys such as nickel-chrome, Hastelloy and stainless steel. The blue layer of deposit,
proper adhesion of deposit to surface, and stability of the cyclic voltammogram were the
most important factor for substrates comparing. Mayorga et al. [35, 37] described a simple
pH sensor fabrication through IrO
2
electrodeposition on stainless steel substrate. The
fabricated sensor had fast response time and good repeatability.
Most of researchers followed original Yamanaka solution[29], although some others
attempted the modification of his solution[38, 39].
Marzouk approved that using (NH
4
)
2
[IrCl
6
] instead of IrCl
4
was wrong since the solution did
not develop to dark greenish-blue color for up to 7 days at room temperature [36]. Marzouk
was successful to reduce the development time of solution from 3 days to 10 minutes by
heating the solution to 90 C. Petit et al. [38] replaced IrCl
4
with K
3
IrCl
6
. The required time
for solution development was 4 days at 35 C. This solution did not offer any highlighted
merit. Lu et al. [18] attempted to use H
2
IrCl
6
.6H
2
O for electrodeposition solution. Their
solution was developed from light yellow to dark blue after 5 days.
67 | P age
Table 1. Application and characterization of IrO
2
electrodes fabricated by electrodeposition technique.
Substrate Precursor
materials
Oxide
thickness
Sensitivity
(Nernstian
behavior
mV/pH)
Application References
Platinum wire --------- --------- 70.2 Interfacial pH
measurement
[39]
Au, Pt, I r, PtIr,
and
316LVM
stainless steel
wires
IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
100 nm
---------
Neural stimulation and
recording
[34]
Tin-doped
indium oxide
(I TO)
IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
--------- --------- Electrochromic display
devices
[29]
Platinum IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
--------- -68 to -77 Glucose sensor [1]
Au, Ag, Ti, Cu,
Ni, W, Zr, Co,
nickel-chrome,
Hastelloy and
stainless steel
IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
--------- -73 pH measurement
as a detector in a flow
injection analysis (FIA)
system
[36]
Platinum H
2
IrCl
6
6H
2
O,
oxalic acid,
and K
2
CO
3
--------- 75.51 pH measurement as a
Neural sensor
[18]
Stainless steel IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
20-30 nm --------- pH measurement as a
biosensor
[35, 37]
SnO2-coated
glass
K
3
IrC1
6
,
oxalic acid,
and K
2
CO
3
-------- --------- --------- [38]
Polyimide-Cr-
Au
IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
-------- 77 pH measurement
in brain tissues
[40]
I TO-coated
glass
IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
-------- 64.5 ---------- [11]
Carbon fiber Na
3
IrCl
6
, HCl,
NaOH
-------- --------- Scanning
electrochemical
microscope (SECM)
[41]
Sputtered
Platinum on
flexible
Kapton films
IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
-------- -63.5 pH measurement of
extracellular Myocardial
Acidosis during Acute
Ischemia
[42]
Platinum IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
-------- 77.6 pH measurement of
microfluidic-based
microsystems
[32, 43]
Sputtered
Gold on Si
wafer
IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
-------- -68 Monitoring of water
quality
[15]
Stainless steel IrCl
4
, oxalic
acid, and
K
2
CO
3
-------- -73 Corrosion monitoring [44]
Nguyen et al. [40] observed a 12 mV/pH as drift of sensitivity after 8 days sensitivity test
repeating. They explained that this change in sensitivity is due to dehydration phenomenon of
hydrated iridium oxide, which can be minimized by keeping IrO
2
pH sensor in phosphate
buffered saline (PBS) solution.
68 | P age
Wipf et al.[41] produced a pH microelectrode via electrodeposition of IrO
2
on carbon fiber.
They used this pH sensor in development of the scanning electrochemical microscope
(SECM). The fabricated pH sensor was able to measure pH near a surface. The result was
shown as a vertical pH map or image.
As Lu et al.[18] reported there is an optimum thickness for IrO
2
electrodeposited coating.
Coating electrochemical performance increase when its CSC
c
and thickness increase, but
when CSC
c
approach to
~
45mC/cm
2
delamination of IrO
2
coating was detected. Their
demonstarated iridium oxide electrode showed a pH sensitivity -75.51 mV/pH in broad pH
range of 1-13. More research works are presented in Table 1 with electrode application and
other characterization.
2-5. Other methods
A surface renewable IrO
2
pH sensor or hydrogen ion-selective electrode can be made by
using composite electrode technique. Quan et al.[21] used carbon black, polyvinyl chloride
andammonium hexachloroiridate to fabricate an IrO
2
based composite electrode. Increasing
IrO
2
content up to 40 wt% showed an increasing on the pH response. They also investigated
the effect of different ions on pH electrode efficiency that resulted that Fe(CN)
6
3-
, Fe(CN)
6
4-
,
I
-
, and H
2
O
2
affected by electrode result. Similar results for IrO
2
pH sensor were also reported
in other research [45].
Park et al.[46, 47] fabricated an iridium oxide-glass composite electrode by mixing
ammonium hexachloroiridate and glass powder, pressing, and sintering under oxygen
atmosphere. The mention electrode was renewable by using 2000 grit SiC emery paper
whenever it becomes fouled or deactivated. They observed many microscopic voids in the
electrode surface after sintering at high temperature. pH response in these electrodes was
dependent on the size and population of voids. Surface voids can be reduced by hot press
sintering technique.
3. Applications
3.1. Biomedical and Biological applications
Marzouk et al.[48] in 2002 measured extracellular pH in ischemic rabbit papillary muscle for
the first time. They used a pH sensor based on an IrO
2
film electrodeposited on a planar
sputtered platinum electrode fabricated on a flexible Kapton substrate.
69 | P age
Fast response time of pH sensor is very important for biological application. Iridium oxide
pH microsensors were used to measure the acidification rate of CHO and fibroblast cells in a
cell culture with microfluidic control [32]. This approach can also be used in bioanalytical
filed or biosensor [32, 43].
Iridium oxide sensors are widely used in neural stimulation and recording electrodes
regarding to their low impedance, high charge storage capacity [34].
Iridium oxide based pH sensor is a reliable and robust approach for biological application.
OHare et al. [4] investigated application of IrO
2
electrode fabricated by thermal oxidation
and anodization as a pH sensor in the cultured intervertebral disc. Their electrodes were
tending to be unstable in physiological media. Also dissolution of the hydrated oxide film
happened in higher concentrations of chloride. They reduced the effect of chloride by using
thermally annealed Nafion films. Although Nafion film caused an increase in response time,
it could protect iridium oxide film against the aggressive nature of biological media [32, 42].
3.2. Industrial applications
Zhang et al.[39, 49] used IrO
2
pH sensor for measuring pH in electrode/solution interface in
electrodeposition process. They found that by increasing the applied potential, interfacial pH
increased. Marzouk [36] fabricated a tubular IrO
2
pH sensor for using in a flow injection
analysis (FIA) system as a detector.
The pH of a solution is one of the most important parameters used for characterizing an
electrolyte during corrosion processes [5, 8, 10]. For this purpose, some researcher used
iridium oxide microelectrode to study the effect of local pH near the surface on corrosion on
steel surfaces [9, 50].
4. Conclusion
In this study various techniques for fabrication of IrO
2
electrode was presented. Iridium oxide
pH sensor are able to measure pH changes in real-time which enablae researchers to use it in
variouse industrial field. More attention was paid to electrodeposition method due to cheaper
fabrication process, low-temperature process, potential for using cheaper substrates, and
versatility of sensor shapes and designs.
70 | P age
Acknowledgements
We are gratefully acknowledge the financial support from Ministry of Higher Education
(ERGS Grant No: 158200327) and Universiti Teknologi PETRONAS that has made this
work possible.
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acting on the y-axis, gravity

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is the current density and is a material conductivity.

is the initial magnetic field intensity along z-axis and i H

is the perturbation in the

and magnetic field inductionB

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