O 'a~ I O ~ I U ~ ~ ~ I P I ~

(Noun clause)

'

a~ds::~am~naiimdb~ud~~d~::na~ai]~ds:: uiuiy ~~mm?iu~i]~~ d s : I u m d5::1uA~iim~i~?i~bbo1nol'7~03flfl~ds~1uA 2 ~~md16ndl?~1bbn'31u~niu h u 3 w m ~ s l n w i i ~ a i u Gtwsirbilrr3dds::lumdfi.a'uinlua~w~5~nqw il~

U~U~U~'ILTEIA (Noun clause)

9

Noun clause HUTUBJ Dependent clause ~ ~ ~ l ' l f l d l ~ W ~ ~ J l ~ b ~ ~

R ~ ~ W U I U ~n <d l ~ ~ ~ ~ 1 ~ 1 ~ f l d 1 w ~ 1 n l d nmu ~d1: n:m su l~ m ~ u w k y w u n unl:
vtd
d

Noun / Subject Complement 16

Function

Examples

Notes

Subject

a. The fact was evident. b.

That he won the prize was

evident.

"That he won the prize"

% M ~ T E ~ Ub FId l w ~ l n b d u
V d d

d5E51~91JJ "was"

Object

c. He wanted to know the fact.

> 1

d.

He wanted to know whether

"whether the train arrived late' IWJ~~UFI d rhn~ld

the train arrived late.

dMfl150191~1J "know"

Object of Preposition

e. Jane was pleased with the

plan. f.
Jane was pleased with what 'what happened" u F I:M ~ :I~ . f ~inuinrdwnssuaa~ "with"
V d d

happened.

Noun/Subject Complement

g. That was a mistake.

h. That was what he wanted. "what I he wanted" %M~%::~uFI h d1~0dlnbd~ Naun / Subject complement
v d
d

v d d uiuiyd.r:~t~~~ui'~otiiuu'iudiu ciicluinrdud~u~.r:n~]ud~i~~~~]u ~.I:~IIPI d~b&kd dsrnu n5sN nSsurrouywun Noun / Subject complement Q:UUWUDIPR'R~UI~IG & . m a 4 m ~ ~a ~d ~ ~ ~ ~ ~ d ~ d ~ d h&rliafid u ~ ~ n ~ Y d . r

I.

W-S*

lfluhurraisrrhifu
-

if / wheth

u~~~~dss~u~dgu uth 6u6aa

k d i i ~ u ~ ~ ~ ~ f ~ cRD n R.I'IWU~U i r u ~ ~ 'thatn ~ ~ &uN%F~:L!u~ d ~ : ~ ~ ~ uiuiyd.rdu~ifuii"that-clause I 'that-clause" mui.rnrhsfi&u d.r&~1<3 ~n'num: d.r:blu n.r.rurrouds:bn ria: Nounlsubject complement

Function Subject

Examples

Notes

a 11% b a. That she failed is unbelievable. IWIJ~:I:IUR b. That we would go abroad soon d5:67~kl "that-clausen is our decision. c. He assynes (that) we cancel the meeting. d. He suggests (that) we should study hard. e. It appears that we are caught in the traffic jam. The fact was that no one could solve the problem.

Object

I~d'l:lUFl c U R l d flS'IU 80 "that - clausen

Noun/Subject Complement

"that-clause" I u ~ e ~:~~T V A d lm: f cii~uinrduNoun / Subject complement

'

f.

$aa~kflQl

d i j i "that" a: d a: Iauinsd aoiiiln'ijmaiu~uiuh 1 azuutuauiuiydszlumuu d.nn$uhwiqnsw ~qoi~nzIt4' adu 6'aaeiiq c atnz d

d

uan~inni'a'I# that-clause miudnmm~m?a~i~~ndi?uisra'? that-clause w A' &Jnngoliunknjudidir 7 l6Gn m u - miuaihdiuiudtfluuiuassu idu allegation, discovery, fact, fear aQu6'u - miuakdiqmdiudrr~m~~isud~~oa'nwm~ adu glad, pleased,
w

9 w

qfraid, convinced, strange, splendid t f i ~ h IRUQ~~~ANR$~ Subject + be + Adjective + that-clause

M ~ B

A'

It + be / seem + Adjective + that clause

Type of Word

Examples

~otes
"the proposal'' b b a z "the announcement" t ~ u d i u i u
dtfl~~~~'a'5U

Noun

a. The proposal that banks should open before 9 o'clock led to a heated discussion. b. The announcement that there will be a party on Christmas is welcomed by everyone.

Adjective

c. She is delighted that her son

"delighted" tfhdi fl?fliC(Ji

got the scholarship.

d.

It's splendid that you passed the entrance exam.

Exercise 1 Complete the following B e Examples I believed that t suitable that - clause.

1.
2.

That

is a g

--

It was reported that The fact that

3.

4.
5.

It is essentiaI that --I am glad that

~ I ~ I ~ ~ J ~ ~ T U L I A ~ & ~(~h-clause) ~~~~U~IJ~~I~W~IQI~

9

dsdunai9$uiu6 ~ ~ ~ 7 d 5 ~ b h (Question' ~ 6 i f l i ~Words or Whquestion) 16 uiuiyd$~unds::t.nnu'ai~b?unii Wh-clause ikq~:d~ln?jlfludi~~wdq dsrmu/nssu nssuaaq,ywun aa: Noun/Subject complement
UI~I

Function Subject

Examples

Notes

a. Why he came early is unknown.

b. What will come next is still a mystery.

u i r n y d s r l u ~ l u d ~a ~l~n
((8::

IY fiiwuintduds::mu

v d d

aasds::Tfln u~~~~ds::I~~~lu c d~::Iun Wdd ~a:: d fiiwuin~d~n53u wa9d5:1un

Object

c. I want to know when the play will be performed. d. I wonder who will arrive first.

"c ' " ' 4

Function Examples Notes

Object of Preposition

e. I must find out who stole

my money.
f.

~iuiylj~zlu~'lwd'rzT~~ e v d z rsnz f viiwwinsdwnssuunu

lJIWlJYl

I am not interested in what

he offered me.

Noun/Subject Complement

g.

Our decision was how ,we

V I U I Y ~ ~ ~ T ~ R 'J I U~ Z ~ U g R
bbnz h ~lwwlnbdw
1

could get to the airport in time.

h.

v d d

Noun/Subject complement

This is what every one

wants.

fiathsntn
uiuiydsz~u~C(~uhhun'idszsnndiniu ~ ~ R ~ U R ~ I U ~ ~ ~ I ~ R ~ O ~ I U 2 b I]~I~din ssUlj~~zuwslwhuFiin~usGu3n'w i~ n h d o uiuiyd~zlu~~~s~uudi~u sdusfiu?n'ud-r~1uRunnbd3n"a1ddo Subject + Verb Z U I I N ~ ~ J Z ~ I ~ ~ ~ I ~ ~ ~ Q

h g l ~ d ~ kVerb f h + Subject
Exercise 2
,

Complete the following sentences with suitable Wh-clause,

Examples

I don't know why I came.

1. 2.
3.

Please tell the manager what

. .
,
,
,

Coffee and tea are available for whoever Sam wants to know why What annoyed me the most.

4.
94

5.

My father is' going to build his cabin with

EN

293

0~7~ 91 ~ d . S ~v ~ ~ l ~ ~ o d . S d d . So,un b~~ clause l as Reported Speech)

~ummknquiiuu~~uuuiu~~d~::~ufl'Lu~d~~ (Reported ~d~::~uflm~~iu speech) ~ ~ u ~ h n ~ i i l d ~ & fu iu "n ~" ~s ~d uu u & ~ i ~ ~ d ~

I. dszTu~s~u91udszsnwnai~.rua.~nssia

hniud~du~2ngol~tdud5::Iumuon~i~ (statement) ~ r d i u uddu s

that -clause

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Notes

a. "We are late."

The students said (that) they were late:'

~ I H ~ ~ ~ "weyy U I Udihu

19,

''theyW kin5~1

L~ZIUU

Plfl Present

Lou Past

b. "You may have the cake"

Jane remarked (that) the boy might have the cake.

L ~ U "may" L ~ ~ U U "mightyy

c. "I want to go shopping Martina said (that) she tomorrow". wanted to go shopping the next day.

21n5~13 L H W "tomorrow" ~ d&.~u~flu "the next dayyy

~ 5 5 ~ ~ l ~ ~ ~ ~ , i l ~ 1 ~ Ldi f l d5161~ 3 l ~ ~ n55U ~ l I<iZI04 ~ b ~ ~ 3 n ' ~

2.

a ' ~hn3ui~rrruduon~~ai~"souonani'pdd iini.r~d2/auuda.r~.ru

w

tomorrow yesterday now ago here

the next day the previous day, the day before then . before there
95

EN 205

n3u'l:

Present tense Past tense

Past tense Past Perfect tense would could might lad to

n ~ a i d a a : will
can may must
/

E h U could,

might, ought to, should, would

Q~IJL~DLIU;~
I

4.

~ l ~ ~ L 1 1 ~ ~ 1 ~ ~ t %1 kfi~ say, ~ tell, d ~state, ~ ~ add, f l M~ ~ ~~S J ~ f l

remark L ~ U ~ U
Exercise 3

Change the following sentences into Reported Speech. Also make other necessary changes.
Examples

We may not be in time." She remarked. She remarked that they might not be in time<

66

1.
2.

She said, "I am going to town with my sister." John stressed, "We must study hard." He confirmed, "She is ready to come with us." The teacher said, "You may see the photo if you like." My neighbours told me, "We are moving now." Mrs. Smith remarked, "You have an excellent cook." She said to herself, "I have been smoking too much." The boy told me, "I had a good time yesterday."
I
1

3.
4.

,,

5.
6.

; ~ h

7.
8.

b1-3

9.

One of the students said "I havz to leave early today." The coach encouraged, "You all can do it if you try."

10.

d~z~orna~~ud~~9ud5~tfln/o)~us"u/d~in-b d.ir~u~di~edr~ud~aiurnou~u/ ~ j u a(Yeslno question) rda dduuifludsrlunnu~iuoduiu6au 'if / whether" UIU~$U~WAU~~I if / whether 2.

clause

Direct Speech

Reported Speech

Notes

a. "Is he going?"

I wonder if he is going.

"he" ~ . s u ~ ~ s s w u 3 ~u~~I+~

o~ii~i?$~IJljidduu~id~~
b. "Has he left yet?"

I would like to know

L

"he" ~Jlj~niaidduu~id~

whether he has left yet.

c. "Can he come?"

I wanted to know
whether he could come. past tense i d d ~ ~ past ifl~
perfect tense

d. "Did he leave?"

Mary asked whether he

ntYnin0~'d Present tense 2. lusi?odn c uar d knirnrinimJduuudaq iduiiuliiuaiiu thatu h r~nrdin~rri~udsrh~nn"nn~~oiu'Lu~d past tense clause ~ncinui 3. dsrl~~r)uq~ujlni~r3u~di~udit~~ud5:b~~~lnrEii 4. kiii "whether" GUIJI~~W d~r1~1~d~Sun~qn15
*

Exercise 4

..

,.,

Change the following sentences into Reported Speech. Also make other necessary changes.
Examples

He asks, "May I leave early?" He asks if he may leave early.

1.
2.

He asked, "Have you bought yourself a new hat?" The boss asked, "Can you finish the work tomorrow?" Jack wonders, "Do I know that man?" The teacher asked, "Did you hear from Jane?" The students wonder, "Do we have to take the proficiency test?" The tourist asks me, "Is there any post office here?" My friend asked, "Do you know when the bank closes?"
1

3.
4. 5.
6.

7.
8. 9.

I ask my mother, "Can I come home late tomorrow?" The boss asked, "Does anyone want to plan a party?"
,

10.

My brother wondered, "Will there be a quiz tomorrow?"

2.

iirnsddu~~d~niui~udn~~tl that-clause t : ~ ~ u ~ n~ ' uE ifI /

whether - clause
3.
4.

iiuu1nitlsdu~ttuuu?ud5::Iunaaia~ ~ I ~ ' ~ U I ~ D I P I ~ ~ U ~ ' I : : ldi16 I ~ R M ask, K ~ enquire,

wonder, want to

know

6fl~hJ

Exercise 5

Put the following sentences into Reported Speech and also make other
necessary changes.

Examples
He asked me, ':Where are you going now?" He asked me where I was going then.

1.
2.

"How did you do that?" (They wanted to know ...) "When will my dress be finished?" (She asked...) "What is the matter?" (My mother wanted to know ...) Jane asked Tom, "Why are you so sad?" The student asked, "Where shall I send it?" We wondered, "Why does he sing so loudly?" Jane asked, "How do you like this cake?" His friend commented, "How could you be so unkind?'' Her friends wondered, "Why has.she not eaten anything?" The teacher wanted to knoi, 'When are you beginning your holiday? "
I

3.
4.

5.
6.

7.

8 .
9.

10.

' ,

LANGUAGE TELLS US THINGS WE NEED TO KNOW

(Guth : 1970, 11)