__________________________________________________________________________________Per centage : Percentage By percentage we many hundredths.

Thus, x per cent means x hundredths, written as x% For eg: 9%=9/100 16%=16/100=4/25 To convert a fraction in percentage 3/4=(3/4*100)%=75% 0.2=2/10=(2/10*100)%=20% Various types of sums : Various types of sums Express as fraction 1)64% 2)0.5% Express as decimal 1)36% =36/100=0.36 2)0.3% Express as rate per cent : Express as rate per cent For eg: 1)2/3 2/3=(2/3*100)%=66.66% 2)0.002=? % Find the value of: 1)70% of 70 70/100*70=49 2)3% of 6 Fill in the blanks : Fill in the blanks 1)(?...)% of 64 is 8 we assume it as x so, x/100*64=8 x=(8*100)/64=12.5 2)(?...)% of 24 is 0.72 3)What per cent is 120 of 90? Let x% is 120 of 90. So, x/100*90=120 x=(120*100)/90=133.33% Slide 5 : 4) What per cent is 5mg of 1 kg? Queries based on income Rules 1)If as income is r%more than bs income,then bs income is less than as income by [r/(100+r)*100]% 2)If as income is r% less than bs income,then bs income is more than as income by [r/(100-r)*100]% er : er For eg: 1)If As salary is 50% more than that of B,then how much percent is Bs salary less than that of A? Sol: Bs salary is less than that of A by [r/(100+r)*100]% =[(50/150)*100]% =33.33% For you to solve: 2)If As salary is 30% less than that of B, then how much percent is Bs salary more than that of A? l : l Rule: If the price of a commodity increases by r%,then reduction in consumption so as not to increase the expenditure, is [r/(100+r)*100]% For eg: 1)If the price of tea is increased by 20%,find by how much percent a householder must reduce her consumption of tea so as not to increase the expenditure? Sol: reduction in consumption=[r/(100+r)*100]% =[20/(120)*100]% =16.66% Slide 8 : 2) If the price of sugar falls down by 10%, by how much per cent must a householder increase its consumption, so as not to decrease expenditure on this item? Promblems on population Formulae: 1) If the population of town is P and its annual increase is r%,then: t : t Population after n years= P(1+(r/100))^n Population n years ago=p/(1+(r/100))^n If the population is P and annual decrease is r%,then: Population after n years=P(1+(r/100))^n Population n years ago=P/(1+r/100))^n For eg: 1) The population of a town is 176400.It increases annually at the rate of 5% per annum. What will be its population after 2 years? What it was 2 years ago? Slide 10 :

Population after 2 years=[17640*(1+5/100)^2] =17640*21/20*21/20 =194481 Population 2 years ago=17640/(1+5/100)^2 =17640*20/21*20/21 =16000 For you to solve: The value of a machine depreciates at the rate of 10% per annum. If its present value is Rs.81000,what will be its worth after 3 years? What was its value 2 years ago? resentation Transcript Class 3 : Class 3 Percentages Profit and Loss Percentage : Percentage Definition: Per cent means Per hundred or part of hundred. In other words a fraction whose denominator is 100. Usage: Percentages is used to compare different values which do not have a common base. In other words percentage is a tool for comparison where we use 100 as a common base for comparison. Percentage : Percentage For calculating percentage we change the base or denominator into 100. To convert a fraction into percentage we multiply the fraction by 100. Some fractions that we should memorize as percentages Fractions. : Fractions. 1/1=100% 1/2 =50% 1/3=33.33% 1/4 =25% 1/5=20% 1/6=16.66% 1/7=14.28% 1/8=12.5% 1/9=11.11% 1/10=10% 1/11=9.09% 1/12=8.33% Percentage is used : Percentage is used To compare To measure increase/decrease Performance Measurement Ram has got 700 marks out of 800 and shyam has got 725 out of 825 which is better? Rainfall in delhi last year was 800 cm this year it is 600 cm , what is the percentage decrease? Slide 6 : Last year, my zonal manager for delhi did a turnover of 15 cr, this year he has managed to do 17.5 cr , I have promised to give him 0.25% of the incremental revenue as incentive, what will be his incentive Some generalizations : Som e generalizations If p1% of the number is x1 and p2% of the number is x2 , then the number would be given by. x2-x1 X100 p2-p1 If the expenditure on the item is fixed then.. To find the increased or decreased consumption at a particular price %age change on consumpn=%age change in rate 100+%age change in rate Generalizations.. contd : Generalizations.. contd If the percentage has changed two times first by x% and then by y% then the total increase/ decrerase in percentage is given by x+y+xy/100. If there is a product AXB if A changes by x% and B changes by y% then the percentage change in the resultant product will be given by the above fromula only. Slide 9 : If the two values are respectively x% and y% more than the third value then the first value is( 100+x/100+y)X100 % of the second. A candidate securing x% marks in an examination fails by a marks and a candidate securing y% marks passes by b marks, then the maximum marks in this examination is given by M=100(a+b)/y-x If As value is x% more than y, then ys value would be (x/100+x)% less than x. If As value is x% less than y, then ys value would be (x/100-x)% more than x. Slide 10 : C.P= cost price S.P= selling price S.P-C.P= gain C.P-S.P= loss. (S.p-c.p)/C.pX100= gain %

Slide 11 : Question 1 If the price of petrol increases by 25% and Raj intends to spend only an additional 15% on petrol, by how much % will he reduce the quantity of petrol purchased? Question 2 A shepherd has 1 million sheeps at the beginning of Year 2000. The numbers grow by x% (x > 0) during the year. A famine hits his village in the next year and many of his sheeps die. The sheep population decreases by y% during 2001 and at the beginning of 2002 the shepherd finds that he is left with 1 million sheeps. Which of the following is correct? Question 3 In an election contested by two parties, Party D secured 12% of the total votes more than Party R. If party R got 132,000 votes, by how many votes did it lose the election? Slide 12 : Question 4 A candidate who gets 20% marks fails by 10 marks but another candidate who gets 42% marks gets 12% more than the passing marks. Find the maximum marks. Question 5 When processing flower-nectar into honeybees' extract, a considerable amount of water gets reduced. How much flower-nectar must be processed to yield 1kg of honey, if nectar contains 50% water, and the honey obtained from this nectar contains 15% water? Question 6 A vendor sells 60 percent of apples he had and throws away 15 percent of the remainder. Next day he sells 50 percent of the remainder and throws away the rest. What percent of his apples does the vendor throw? Slide 13 : Question 7 If the cost price of 20 articles is equal to the selling price of 16 articles, What is the percentage of profit or loss that the merchant makes? Question 8 30% of the men are more than 25 years old and 80% of the men are less than or equal to 50 years old. 20% of all men play football. If 20% of the men above the age of 50 play football, what percentage of the football players are less than or equal to 50 years? Question 9 If the price of petrol increases by 25%, by how much must a user cut down his consumption so that his expenditure on petrol remains constant? Question 10 Peter got 30% of the maximum marks in an examination and failed by 10 marks. However, Paul who took the same examination got 40% of the total marks and got 15 marks more than the passing marks. What was the passing marks in the examination? _____________________________________________________________________________________ _ Question: If the price of petrol increases by 25% and Raj intends to spend only an additional 15% on petrol, by how much % will he reduce the quantity of petrol purchased? Correct Answer - 8%. Choice (3) Explanatory Answer Let the price of 1 litre of petrol be Rs.x and let Raj initially buy 'y' litres of petrol. Therefore, he would have spent Rs. xy on petrol. When the price of petrol increases by 25%, the new price per litre of petrol is 1.25x. Raj intends to increase the amount he spends on petrol by 15%. i.e., he is willing to spend xy + 15% of xy = 1.15xy Let the new quantity of petrol that he can get be 'q'. Then, 1.25x * q = 1.15xy Or q = (1.15xy/1.25x)=(1.15y)/1.25 = 0.92y. As the new quantity that he can buy is 0.92y, he gets 0.08y lesser than what he used to get earlier. Or a reduction of 8%. Question:

A shepherd has 1 million sheeps at the beginning of Year 2000. The numbers grow by x% (x > 0) during the year. A famine hits his village in the next year and many of his sheeps die. The sheep population decreases by y% during 2001 and at the beginning of 2002 the shepherd finds that he is left with 1 million sheeps. Which of the following is correct? 1. x > y 2. y > x 3. x = y 4. Cannot be determined Correct choice (1). Correct Answer - (x > y) Solution: Let us assume the value of x to be 10%. Therefore, the number of sheep in the herd at the beginning of year 2001 (end of 2000) will be 1 million + 10% of 1 million = 1.1 million In 2001, the numbers decrease by y% and at the end of the year the number sheep in the herd = 1 million. i.e., 0.1 million sheep have died in 2001. In terms of the percentage of the number of sheep alive at the beginning of 2001, it will be (0.1/1.1)*100 % = 9.09%. From the above illustration it is clear that x > y. Question: In an election contested by two parties, Party D secured 12% of the total votes more than Party R. If party R got 132,000 votes, by how many votes did it lose the election? (1) 300,000 (2) 168,000 (3) 36,000 (4) 24,000 Correct Answer - (3) Solution: Let the percentage of the total votes secured by Party D be x% Then the percentage of total votes secured by Party R = (x 12)% As there are only two parties contesting in the election, the sum total of the votes secured by the two parties should total up to 100% i.e., x + x 12 = 100 2x 12 = 100 or 2x = 112 or x = 56%. If Party D got 56% of the votes, then Party got (56 12) = 44% of the total votes. 44% of the total votes = 132,000 i.e., (44/100)*T = 132,000 T = (132,000*100)/44 = 300,000 votes. The margin by which Party R lost the election = 12% of the total votes = 12% of 300,000 = 36,000 Question:

A candidate who gets 20% marks fails by 10 marks but another candidate who gets 42% marks gets 12% more than the passing marks. Find the maximum marks. (1) 50 (2) 100 (3) 150 (4) 200 Correct Answer - (2) Solution: From the given statement pass percentage is 42% - 12% = 30% By hypothesis, 30% of x 20% of x = 10 (marks) i.e., 10% of x = 10 Therefore, x = 100 marks. Question: When processing flower-nectar into honeybees' extract, a considerable amount of water gets reduced. How much flower-nectar must be processed to yield 1kg of honey, if nectar contains 50% water, and the honey obtained from this nectar contains 15% water? CAT 2007 (1) 1.5 kgs (2) 1.7 kgs (3) 3.33 kgs (4) None of these Correct Answer - (2) Solution: Flower-nectar contains 50% of non-water part. In honey this non-water part constitutes 85% (100-15). Therefore 0.5 X Amount of flower-nectar = 0.85 X Amount of honey = 0.85 X 1 kg Therefore amount of flower-nectar needed = (0.85/0.5) * 1kg = 1.7 kg. Question: A vendor sells 60 percent of apples he had and throws away 15 percent of the remainder. Next day he sells 50 percent of the remainder and throws away the rest. What percent of his apples does the vendor throw? (1) 17 (2) 23 (3) 77 (4) None of these Correct Answer - (2) Solution: Let the number of apples be 100. On the first day he sells 60% apples ie.,60 apples.Remaining apples =40. He throws 15% of the remaining i.e., 15% of 40 = 6.Now he has 40-6 = 34 apples The next day he throws 50% of the remaining 34 apples i.e., 17. Therefore in all he throws 6+17 =23 apples. Question:

If the cost price of 20 articles is equal to the selling price of 16 articles, What is the percentage of profit or loss that the merchant makes? (1) 20% Profit (2) 25% Loss (3) 25% Profit (4) 33.33% Loss Correct Answer - (3) Solution: Let Cost price of 1 article be Re.1. Therefore, Cost price of 20 articles = Rs. 20. Selling price of 16 articles = Rs. 20 Therefore, Selling price of 20 articles = (20/16) * 20 = 25 Profit = Selling price - Cost price = 25 - 20 = 5 Percentage of profit = Profit / Cost price * 100. = 5 / 20 * 100 = 25% Profit Question: 30% of the men are more than 25 years old and 80% of the men are less than or equal to 50 years old. 20% of all men play football. If 20% of the men above the age of 50 play football, what percentage of the football players are less than or equal to 50 years? (1) 15% (2) 20% (3) 80% (4) 70% Correct Answer - (3) Solution: 20% of the men are above the age of 50 years. 20% of these men play football. Therefore, 20% of 20% of 4% of the total men are football players above the age of 50 years. 20% of the men are football players. Therefore, 16% of the men are football players below the age of 50 years. Therefore, the % of men who are football players and below the age of 50 = (16/20*100 = 80% Question: If the price of petrol increases by 25%, by how much must a user cut down his consumption so that his expenditure on petrol remains constant? (1) 25% (2) 16.67% (3) 20% (4) 33.33% Correct Answer - (3) Solution: Let the price of petrol be Rs.100 per litre. Let the user use 1 litre of petrol. Therefore, his expense on petrol = 100 * 1 = Rs.100 Now, the price of petrol increases by 25%. Therefore, the new price of petrol = Rs.125. As he has to maintain his expenditure on petrol constant, he will be spending only Rs.100 on petrol. Let x be the number of litres of petrol he will use at the new price. Therefore, 125*x = 100 => x = 100/125=4/5 =0.8 litres.

He has cut down his petrol consumption by 0.2 litres = (0.2/1)*100 = 20% reduction. There is a short cut for solving this problem. If the price of petrol has increased by 25%, it has gone up 1/4th of its earlier price. Therefore, the % of reduction in petrol that will maintain the amount of money spent on petrol constant = 1/(4+1) = 1/5 = 20% i.e. Express the percentage as a fraction. Then add the numerator of the fraction to the denominator to obtain a new fraction. Convert it to percentage - that is the answer. Question: Peter got 30% of the maximum marks in an examination and failed by 10 marks. However, Paul who took the same examination got 40% of the total marks and got 15 marks more than the passing marks. What was the passing marks in the examination? (1) 35 (2) 250 (3) 75 (4) 85 Correct Answer - (4) Solution: Let x be the maximum marks in the examination. Therefore, Peter got 30% of x = (30/100)x = 0.3x And Paul got 40% of x = (40/100)*x = 0.4x. In terms of the maximum marks Paul got 0.4x - 0.3x = 0.1x more than Peter. (1) The problem however, states that Paul got 15 marks more than the passing mark and Peter got 10 marks less than the passing mark. Therefore, Paul has got 15 + 10 = 25 marks more than Peter. (2) Equating (1) and (2), we get 0.1x = 25 => x = 25/0.1= 250 x is the maximum mark and is equal to 250 marks. We know that Peter got 30% of the maximum marks. Therefore, Peter got (30/100)*250 = 75 marks. We also know that Peter got 10 marks less than the passing mark. Therefore, the passing mark will be 10 marks more than what Peter got = 75 + 10 = 85. _____________________________________________________________________________________ 1) There are 8 Apples on the table, you take 3. How many do you have? 2) 10 Birds in a field. 2 were shot, how many were left? 3) Take away the first letter, take away the last letter, then take away all the other letters. What do you have left? 4) If you have 4 melons in one hand, and 7 apples in the other - What do you have? 5) A box has nine ears of corn in it. A Squirrel carries out three ears a day, and yet it takes him nine days to carry out all the corn. Explain? 6) Why do white sheep eat more than black sheep? 7) A man wanted to plant 4 trees, but all 4 had to be equal distances from each other. How did he do it? 8) I have 2 coins in my hand that add up to 60c. One of the coins isn't a 50c piece. What are the coins? 9) A fisherman was asked how long was the fish he had caught. He said "it is 30cms plus half its length" How long was the fish? 10) A Hammer and a Nail cost $31. If the Hammer cost $30 more than the Nail, what is the cost of each? 11) It takes 7 men 2 hours to build a wall. How long does it take 3 men to build the same wall? 12) "I will bet you $1" said Fred, "that if you give me $2, I will give you $3 in return." "Done," replied Tom. Was he?

13) "How much will one cost?" "25 cents" "How much will fifteen cost?" "50 cents" "OK then, I'll take one hundred and sixteen" "Thank you, that will be 75 cents please" Explain. 14) What comes next in the following sequence ? 1, 4, 5, 6, 7, 9, 11,... 15) In a scientific context, what could the following phrase mean? How I want a drink, alcoholic of course, after the heavy chapters involving quantum mechanics Answers: 1) If you take 3 then you have 3. 2) 2 - the others flew away. 3) The Mailman. 4) Big hands. 5) He has 2 of his own ears, so he carries out only 1 ear of corn per day. 6) There are more white sheep than black sheep. 7) He planted 3 trees at the corners of an equilateral triangle. He built a mound in the middle and planted the 4th on the top of the mound so that it was the same distance from the other 3 trees. (on the points of a tetrahedron.) 8) 50c and a 10c (The coin that isn't a 50c piece is a 10c. The other coin is the 50c). 9) 60 cms. 10) Hammer $30.50, Nail $0.50 11) No need to bother, the 7 men have already built it. 12) Tom accepts the bet, gives Fred $2. Fred does not give Tom $3 so loses the bet and has to pay Tom $1. Result Fred gains $1. 13) He is buying house numbers, each separate digit costs 25c, so 116 is three digits so 3 x 25c = 75c. 14) 100 (The next number that doesn't contain a "T" in the spelling). 15) The number of letters in each word refers to pi to 14 decimal places, i.e. 3.14159265358979