SOLUTIONS TO PROBLEMS IN CHAPTER 3

3.1 Mode
2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9
The mode = 4
4 is the most frequently occurring value
3.2 Median for values in 3.1
Arrange in ascending order:
2, 2, 3, 3, 4, 4, 4, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 8, 8, 9
There are 15 terms.
Since there are an odd number of terms, the median is the middle number.
The median = 4
Using the formula, the median is located
at the n + 1 th term = 15+1 = 16 = 8th term
222
The 8th term = 4
3.3 Median
Arrange terms in ascending order:
073, 167, 199, 213, 243, 345, 444, 524, 609, 682
There are 10 terms.
Since there are an even number of terms, the median is the average of the
two middle terms:
Median = 243 + 345 = 588 = 294
22
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 5

Using the formula, the median is located at the n + 1 th term.

2
n = 10 therefore 10 + 1 = 11 = 5.5th term.
22
The median is located halfway between the 5th and 6th terms.
5th term = 243 6th term = 345
Halfway between 243 and 345 is the median = 294
3.4 Mean
17.3
44.5 = x/N = 333.6/8 = 41.7
31.6
40.0
52.8 x = x/n = 333.6/8 = 41.7
38.8
30.1
78.5 (It is not stated in the problem whether the
x = 333.6 data represent as population or a sample).
3.5 Mean
7
-2
5 = x/N = -12/12 = -1
9
0
-3

-6 x = x/n = -12/12 = -1
-7
-4
-5
2
-8 (It is not stated in the problem whether the
x = -12 data represent a population or a sample).
3.6 Rearranging the data into ascending order:
11, 13, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 25, 27, 28, 29, 30, 32, 33, 34
(15) 5.25
100
35 i = =
P35 is located at the 5 + 1 = 6th term
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 6

P35 = 19
(15) 8.25
100
55 i = =
P55 is located at the 8 + 1 = 9th term
P55 = 27
Q1 = P25
(15) 3.75
100
25 i = =
Q1 = P25 is located at the 3 + 1 = 4th term
Q1 = 17
Q2 = Median
The median is located at the th term
th

8
2
15 1 =

+
Q2 = 25
Q3 = P75
(15) 11.25
100
75 i = =
Q3 = P75 is located at the 11 + 1 = 12th term
Q3 = 30
3.7 Rearranging the data in ascending order:
80, 94, 97, 105, 107, 112, 116, 116, 118, 119, 120, 127,
128, 138, 138, 139, 142, 143, 144, 145, 150, 162, 171, 172
n = 24
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 7

(24) 4.8
100
20 i = =
P20 is located at the 4 + 1 = 5th term
P20 = 107
(24) 11.28
100
47 i = =
P47 is located at the 11 + 1 = 12th term
P47 = 127
(24) 19.92
100
83 i = =
P83 is located at the 19 + 1 = 20th term
P83 = 145
Q1 = P25
(24) 6
100
25 i = =
Q1 is located at the 6.5th term
Q1 = (112 + 116)/ 2 = 114
Q2 = Median
The median is located at the:
th term
th

12.5
2
24 1 =

+
Q2 = (127 + 128)/ 2 = 127.5
Q3 = P75
(24) 18
100
75 i = =
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 8

Q3 is located at the 18.5th term

Q3 = (143 + 144)/ 2 = 143.5
3.8 Mean = 2,870.87
15
43,063 = =

N
x
The median is located at the

th

+
2
15 1
= 8th term
Median = 2,264
Q2 = Median = 2,264
(15) 9.45
100
63 i = =
P63 is located at the 9 + 1 = 10th term
P63 = 2,646
3.9 The median is located at the th
th

5.5
2
10 1 =

+ position
The median = (595 + 653)/2 = 624
Q3 = P75: (10) 7.5
100
75 i = =
P75 is located at the 7+1 = 8th term
Q3 = 751
For P20:
(10) 2
100
20 i = =
P20 is located at the 2.5th term
P20 = (483 + 489)/2 = 486
For P60:
(10) 6
100
60 i = =
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 9

P60 is located at the 6.5th term

P60 = (653 + 701)/2 = 677
For P80:
(10) 8
100
80 i = =
P80 is located at the 8.5th term

P80 = (751 + 800)/2 = 775.5

For P93:
(10) 9.3
100
93 i = =
P93 is located at the 9+1 = 10th term
P93 = 1096
3.10 n = 17
Mean = 3.59
17
61 = =

N
x
The median is located at the
th

+
2
17 1
= 9th term
Median = 4
Mode = 4
Q3 = P75: i = (17) 12.75
100
75 =
Q3 is located at the 13th term
Q3 = 4
P11: i = (17) 1.87
100
11 =
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 10

P11 is located at the 2nd term

P11 = 1
P35: i = (17) 5.95
100
35 =
P35 is located at the 6th term
P35 = 3
P58: i = (17) 9.86
100
58 =
P58 is located at the 10th term
P58 = 4
P67: i = (17) 11.39

100
67 =
P67 is located at the 12th term
P67 = 4
3.11 x x - (x-)2
6 6-4.2857 = 1.7143 2.9388
2 2.2857 5.2244
4 0.2857 .0816
9 4.7143 22.2246
1 3.2857 10.7958
3 1.2857 1.6530
5 0.7143 .5102
x = 30 x- = 14.2857 (x -)2 = 43.4284
4.2857
7
30 = = =
N
x
a.) Range = 9 - 1 = 8
b.) M.A.D. = = =

7
14.2857
N
x
2.041
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 11

c.) 2 =
7
( )2 43.4284
=
N
x = 6.204
d.) = 6.204
( )2
=
N
x = 2.491
e.) 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 9
Q1 = P25
i = (7)
100
25
= 1.75
Q1 is located at the 1 + 1 = 2th term, Q1 = 2
Q3 = P75:
i = (7)

100
75
= 5.25
Q3 is located at the 5 + 1 = 6th term, Q3 = 6
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 6 - 2 = 4
f.) z =
2.491
6 4.2857
= 0.69
z=
2.491
2 4.2857 = -0.92
z=
2.491
4 4.2857 = -0.11
z=
2.491
9 4.2857 = 1.89
z=
2.491
1 4.2857 = -1.32
z=
2.491
3 4.2857 = -0.52
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 12

z=
2.491
5 4.2857 = 0.29
3.12 x x x (x x)2
400
311
0 4 16
511
224
9 5 25
400
511
x = 32 x x = 14 (x x)2 = 48
8
32 = =
n
x
x=4
a) Range = 9 - 0 = 9
b) M.A.D. =
8
14 =


n
xx
= 1.75
c) s2 =
7
48
1
( )2
=

n
xx
= 6.857
d) s = 6.857
1
( )2
=

n
xx
= 2.619
e) Numbers in order: 0, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, 5, 9
Q1 = P25
i = (8)
100
25
=2
Q1 is located at the average of the 2nd and 3rd terms, Q1 = (2 + 3)/2 =
2.5th term
Q1 = 2.5
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 13

Q3 = P75
i = (8)
100
75
=6
Q3 is located at the average of the 6th and 7th terms
Q3 = (5 + 5)/2 = 5
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 5 - 2.5 = 2.5
3.13 a.)
x (x-) (x -)2
12 12-21.167= -9.167 84.034
23 1.833 3.360
19 -2.167 4.696
26 4.833 23.358

24 2.833 8.026
23 1.833 3.360
x = 127 (x -) = -0.002 (x -)2 = 126.834
=
6
127 =
N
x
= 21.167
= 21.139
6
( )2 126.834
==
N
x = 4.598 ORIGINAL FORMULA
b.)
x x2
12 144
23 529
19 361
26 676
24 576
23 529
x = 127 x2= 2815
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 14

=
21.138
6
126.83
6
2815 2688.17
6
6
(127)
2815
( )2 2
2

===

N
N
x
x
= 4.598 SHORT-CUT FORMULA
The short-cut formula is faster.

3.14 s2 = 433.9267
s = 20.8309
x = 1387
x2 = 87,365
n = 25
x = 55.48
3.15
2 = 58,631.359
= 242.139
x = 6886
x2 = 3,901,664
n = 16
= 430.375
3.16
14, 15, 18, 19, 23, 24, 25, 27, 35, 37, 38, 39, 39, 40, 44,
46, 58, 59, 59, 70, 71, 73, 82, 84, 90
Q1 = P25
i = (25)
100
25
= 6.25
P25 is located at the 6 + 1 = 7th term
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 15

Q1 = 25
Q3 = P75
i = (25)
100
75
= 18.75
P75 is located at the 18 + 1 = 19th term
Q3 = 59
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 59 - 25 = 34
3.17
a) .75
4
3
4
1
1
2
1
1 2 = = =
b) .84
6.25
1
1
2.5
1

1 2 = =
c) .609
2.56
1
1
1.6
1
1 2 = =
d) .902
10.24
1
1
3.2
1
1 2 = =
3.18
Set 1:
65.5
4
262
1= = =
N
x
4
4
(262)
17,970
( )2 2
2
1

=
N
N
x
x
= 14.2215
Set 2:
142.5
4
570
2= = =
N
x
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 16

4
(570)
82,070
( )2 2
2
2

=
N
N
x
x
= 14.5344
CV1 = (100)
65.5
14.2215
= 21.71%
CV2 = (100)
142.5
14.5344
= 10.20%
3.19
x x x (x x)2
7 1.833 3.361
5 3.833 14.694
10 1.167 1.361
12 3.167 10.028
9 0.167 0.028
8 0.833 0.694
14 5.167 26.694
3 5.833 34.028
11 2.167 4.694
13 4.167 17.361
8 0.833 0.694
6 2.833 8.028
106 32.000 121.665
12
106 = =
n
x
x = 8.833
a) MAD =
12
32 =

xx
= 2.667
b) s2 =
11
121.665
1
( )2
=

n
xx
= 11.06
c) s = s 2 = 11.06 = 3.326
d) Rearranging terms in order:
3 5 6 7 8 8 9 10 11 12 13 14
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 17

Q1 = P25: i = (.25)(12) = 3
Q1 = the average of the 3rd and 4th terms:
Q1 = (6 + 7)/2 = 6.5
Q3 = P75: i = (.75)(12) = 9
Q3 = the average of the 9th and 10th terms:
Q3 = (11 + 12)/2 = 11.5
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 11.5 - 9 = 2.5
e.) z =
3.326
6 8.833 = - 0.85
f.) CV =
8.833
(3.326)(100)
= 37.65%
3.20 n = 11 x x-
768 475.64
429 136.64
323 30.64
306 13.64
286 6.36
262 30.36
215 77.36
172 120.36
162 130.36
148 144.36
145 147.36
x = 3216 x- = 1313.08
= 292.36 x = 3216 x2 = 1,267,252
a.) range = 768 - 145 = 623
b.) MAD =
11

1313.08 =

N
x
= 119.37
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 18

c.) 2 =
11
11
(3216)
1,267,252
( )2 2
2
=

N
N
x
x
= 29,728.23
d.) = 29,728.23 = 172.42
e.) Q1 = P25: i = .25(11) = 2.75
Q1 is located at the 2 + 1 = 3rd term
Q1 = 162
Q3 = P75: i = .75(11) = 8.25
Q3 is located at the 8 + 1 = 9th term
Q3 = 323
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 323 - 162 = 161
f.) xnestle = 172
Z=
172.42
= 172 292.36

x
= -0.70
g.) CV = (100)
292.36
172.42
(100) =

= 58.98%

3.21 = 125 = 12
68% of the values fall within:
1 = 125 1(12) = 125 12
between 113 and 137
95% of the values fall within:

 2 = 125 2(12) = 125 24

between 101 and 149
99.7% of the values fall within:
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 19

3 = 125 3(12) = 125 36

between 89 and 161
3.22 = 38 = 6
between 26 and 50:
x1 - = 50 - 38 = 12
x2 - = 26 - 38 = -12
6
12 1 =

x
=2
6
12 2 =

x
= -2
K = 2, and since the distribution is not normal, use Chebyshevs theorem:
4
3
4
1
1
2
1
1
1
1 22 = = =
K
= .75
at least 75% of the values will fall between 26 and 50
between 14 and 62? = 38 = 6
x1 - = 62 - 38 = 24
x2 - = 14 - 38 = -24
6
24 1 =

x
=4
6

24 2 =

x
= -4
K=4
16
15
16
1
1
4
1
1
1
1 22 = = =
K
= .9375
at least 93.75% of the values fall between 14 and 62
between what 2 values do at least 89% of the values fall?
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 20

1-2
1
K
=.89
.11 = 2
1
K
.11 K2 = 1
K2 =
.11
1
K2 = 9.09
K = 3.015
With = 38, = 6 and K = 3.015 at least 89% of the values fall within:
3.015
38 3.015 (6)
38 18.09
19.91 and 56.09
3.23 1 - 2
1
K
= .80
1 - .80 = 2
1
K
.20 = 2
1

K
.20K2 = 1
K2 = 5 and K = 2.236
2.236 standard deviations
3.24 = 43. within 68% of the values lie + 1
1 = 46 - 43 = 3
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 21

within 99.7% of the values lie + 3

3 = 51 - 43 = 8
= 2.67
= 28 and 77% of the values lie between 24 and 32 or + 4 from the mean:
1-2
1
K
= .77
k2 = 4.3478
k = 2.085
2.085 = 4
=
2.085
4
= 1.918
3.25 = 29 = 4
x1 - = 21 - 29 = -8
x2 - = 37 - 29 = +8
4
8 1=

x
= -2 Standard Deviations
4
8 2=

x
= 2 Standard Deviations
Since the distribution is normal, the empirical rule states that 95% of
the values fall within 2 .
Exceed 37 days:
Since 95% fall between 21 and 37 days, 5% fall outside this range. Since the normal
distribution is symmetrical 2% fall below 21 and above 37.
Thus, 2% lie above the value of 37.
Exceed 41 days:
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 22

12
4
41 29 = =

x
= 3 Standard deviations
The empirical rule states that 99.7% of the values fall
within 3 = 29 3(4) = 29 12
between 17 and 41, 99.7% of the values will fall.
0.3% will fall outside this range.
Half of this or .15% will lie above 41.
Less than 25: = 29 = 4
4
4
4
= 25 29 =

x
= -1 Standard Deviation
According to the empirical rule:
1 contains 68% of the values
29 1(4) = 29 4
from 25 to 33.
32% lie outside this range with (32%) = 16% less than 25.
3.26 x
97
109
111
118
120
130
132
133
137
137
x = 1224 x2 = 151,486 n = 10 x = 122.4 s = 13.615
Bordeaux: x = 137
z=
13.615
137 122.4 = 1.07
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 23

Montreal: x = 130
z=
13.615
130 122.4
= 0.56
Edmonton: x = 111

z=
13.615
111122.4
= -0.84
Hamilton: x = 97
z=
13.615
97 122.4 = -1.87
3.27 Mean
Class f M fM
0 - 2 39 1 39
2 - 4 27 3 81
4 - 6 16 5 80
6 - 8 15 7 105
8 - 10 10 9 90
10 - 12 8 11 88
12 - 14 6 13 78
f=121 fM=561
=
121
561 =

f
fM
= 4.64
Mode: The modal class is 0 2.
The midpoint of the modal class = the mode = 1
3.28
Class f M fM
1.2 - 1.6 220 1.4 308
1.6 - 2.0 150 1.8 270
2.0 - 2.4 90 2.2 198
2.4 - 2.8 110 2.6 286
2.8 - 3.2 280 3.0 840
f=850 fM=1902
Mean: =
850
1902 =

f
fM
= 2.24
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 24

Mode: The modal class is 2.8 3.2.

The midpoint of the modal class is the mode = 3.0

3.29 Class f M fM
20-30 7 25 175
30-40 11 35 385
40-50 18 45 810
50-60 13 55 715
60-70 6 65 390
70-80 4 75 300
Total 59 2775
=
59
2775 =

f
fM
= 47.034
M - (M - )2 f(M - )2
-22.0339 485.4927 3398.449
-12.0339 144.8147 1592.962
- 2.0339 4.1367 74.462
7.9661 63.4588 824.964
17.9661 322.7808 1936.685
27.9661 782.1028 3128.411
Total 10,955.933
2 =
59
( )2 10,955.93
=

f
fM
= 185.694
= 185.694 = 13.627
3.30 Class f M fM fM2
5 - 9 20 7 140 980
9 - 13 18 11 198 2,178
13 - 17 8 15 120 1,800
17 - 21 6 19 114 2,166
21 - 25 2 23 46 1,058
f=54 fM= 618 fm2= 8,182
s2 =
53
8182 7071.7
53
54
(618)

8182
1
( )2 2
2

n
n
fM
fM
= 20.9
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 25

s = S 2 = 20.9 = 4.57
3.31 Class f M fM fM2
18 - 24 17 21 357 7,497
24 - 30 22 27 594 16,038
30 - 36 26 33 858 28,314
36 - 42 35 39 1,365 53,235
42 - 48 33 45 1,485 66,825
48 - 54 30 51 1,530 78,030
54 - 60 32 57 1,824 103,968
60 - 66 21 63 1,323 83,349
66 - 72 15 69 1,035 71,415
f= 231 fM= 10,371 fM2= 508,671
a.) Mean:
231
10,371 =

==
f
fM
n
fM
x = 44.9
b.) Mode. The Modal Class = 36-42. The mode is the class midpoint = 39
c.) s2 =
230
43,053.5
230
231
(10,371)
508,671
1
( )2 2
2

n
n
fM
fM
= 187.2
d.) s = 187.2 = 13.7
3.32
a.) Mean
Class f M fM fM2
0 - 1 31 0.5 15.5 7.75
1 - 2 57 1.5 85.5 128.25
2 - 3 26 2.5 65.0 162.50
3 - 4 14 3.5 49.0 171.50
4 - 5 6 4.5 27.0 121.50
5 - 6 3 5.5 16.5 90.75
f=137 fM=258.5 fM2=682.25
=
137
258.5 =

f
fM
= 1.89
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 26

b.) Mode: Modal Class = 1-2. Mode = 1.5

c.) Variance:
2 =
137
137
(258.5)
682.25
( )2 2
2
=

N
N
fM
fM
= 1.4197
d.) standard Deviation:

 = 2 = 1.4197 = 1.1915
3.33 f M fM fM2
20-30 8 25 200 5000
30-40 7 35 245 8575
40-50 1 45 45 2025
50-60 0 55 0 0
60-70 3 65 195 12675
70-80 1 75 75 5625
f = 20 fM = 760 fM2 = 33900
a.) Mean:
=
20
760 =

f
fM
= 38
b.) Mode. The Modal Class = 20-30. The mode is the
midpoint of this class = 25.
c.) Variance:
2 =
20
20
(760)
33,900
( )2 2
2
=

N
N
fM
fM
= 251
d.) Standard Deviation:
= 2 = 251 = 15.843
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 27

3.34 No. of Farms f M fM

0 - 20,000 16 10,000 160,000
20,000 - 40,000 11 30,000 330,000
40,000 - 60,000 10 50,000 500,000
60,000 - 80,000 6 70,000 420,000
80,000 - 100,000 5 90,000 450,000
100,000 - 120,000 1 110,000 110,000
f = 49 fM2 = 1,970,000
=

49
1,970,000 =

f
fM
= 40,204
The actual mean for the ungrouped data is 37,816. This computed group
mean, 40,204, is really just an approximation based on using the class
midpoints in the calculation. Apparently, the actual numbers of farms per
state in some categories do not average to the class midpoint and in fact
might be less than the class midpoint since the actual mean is less than the
grouped data mean.
fM2 = 1.185x1011
2 =
49
49
(1.97 10 )
1.18 10
( ) 62
11
2

x
x
N
N
fm
fM
=

= 801,999,167
= 28,319.59
The actual standard deviation was 29,341. The difference again is due to
the grouping of the data and the use of class midpoints to represent the
data. The class midpoints due not accurately reflect the raw data.
3.35 mean = $35
median = $33
mode = $21
The stock prices are skewed to the right. While many of the stock prices
are at the cheaper end, a few extreme prices at the higher end pull the
mean.
3.36 mean = 51
median = 54
2

Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 28

mode = 59
The distribution is skewed to the left. More people are older but the most
extreme ages are younger ages.
3.37 Sk =

9.59
3( ) = 3(5.51 3.19)

dM
= 0.726
3.38 n = 25 x = 600
x = 24 x2 = 15,462 s = 6.6521
Sk =
6.6521
3( ) = 3(24 23)

s
x Md = 0.451
There is a slight skewness to the right
3.39 Q1 = 500. Median = 558.5. Q3 = 589.
IQR = 589 - 500 = 89
Inner Fences: Q1 - 1.5 IQR = 500 - 1.5 (89) = 366.5
and Q3 + 1.5 IQR = 589 + 1.5 (89) = 722.5
Outer Fences: Q1 - 3.0 IQR = 500 - 3 (89) = 233
and Q3 + 3.0 IQR = 589 + 3 (89) = 856
The distribution is negatively skewed. There are no mild or extreme
outliers.
3.40 n = 18 Q1 = P25:
i = (18)
100
25
= 4.5
Q1 = 5th term = 66
Q3 = P75:
i = (18)
100
75
= 13.5
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 29

Q3 = 14th term = 90
Median:
n th th th
2
19
2
(18 1)
2
( 1) + = + =
= 9.5th term
Median = 74
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 90 - 66 = 24
Inner Fences: Q1 - 1.5 IQR = 66 - 1.5 (24) = 30
Q3 + 1.5 IQR = 90 + 1.5 (24) = 126

Outer Fences: Q1 - 3.0 IQR = 66 - 3.0 (24) = -6

Q3 + 3.0 IQR = 90 + 3.0 (24) = 162
There are no extreme outliers. The only mild outlier is 21. The
distribution is positively skewed since the median is nearer to Q 1 than Q3.
3.41 x = 80 x2 = 1,148 y = 69
y2 = 815 xy = 624 n = 7
r=

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
r=
2

7
(69)
815
7
(80)
1,148
7
(80)(69)
624
22

=
(233.714)(134.857)
164.571 =
r=
177.533
164.571 = -0.927
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 30

3.42 x = 1,087 x2 = 322,345 y = 2,032

y2 = 878,686 xy= 507,509 n = 5
r=

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
r=

5
(2,032)
878,686
5
(1,087)
322,345
5
(1,087)(2,032)
507,509
2

22

r=
(86,031.2)(52,881.2)
65,752.2 =
67,449.5
65,752.2
= .975
3.43 Delta (x) SW (y)
47.6 15.1
46.3 15.4
50.6 15.9
52.6 15.6
52.4 16.4
52.7 18.1
x = 302.2 y = 96.5 xy = 4,870.11
x2 = 15,259.62 y2 = 1,557.91
r=

n
y
y
n
x
x

n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
2

Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 31

r=

6
(96.5)
1,557.91
6
(302.2)
15,259.62
6
(302.2)(96.5)
4,870.11
22

= .6445
3.44 x = 6,087 x2 = 6,796,149
y = 1,050 y2 = 194,526
xy = 1,130,483 n = 9
r=

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
r=

9
(1,050)
194,526
9
(6,087)
6,796,149
9
2

(6,087)(1,050)
1,130,483
22

=
r=
(2,679,308)(72,026)
420,333 =
439,294.705
420,333 = .957
3.45 Correlation between Year 1 and Year 2:
x = 17.09 x2 = 58.7911
y = 15.12 y2 = 41.7054
xy = 48.97 n = 8
r=

n
y
y
n
x
x
n

xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
2

Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 32

r=

8
(15.12)
41.7054
8
(17.09)
58.7911
8
(17.09)(15.12)
48.97
22

=
r=
(22.28259)(13.1286)
16.6699 =
17.1038
16.6699 = .975
Correlation between Year 2 and Year 3:
x = 15.12 x2 = 41.7054
y = 15.86 y2 = 42.0396
xy = 41.5934 n = 8
r=

n
y
y
n
x
x
n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
r=

8
(15.86)
42.0396
2

8
(15.12)
41.7054
8
(15.12)(15.86)
41.5934
22

=
r=
(13.1286)(10.59715)
11.618 =
11.795
11.618 = .985
Correlation between Year 1 and Year 3:
x = 17.09 x2 = 58.7911
y = 15.86 y2 = 42.0396
xy = 48.5827 n = 8
r=

n
y
y

n
x
x
n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
2

Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 33

r=

8
(15.86)
42.0396
8
(17.09)
58.7911
8
(17.09)(15.86)
48.5827
22

r=
(2.2826)(10.5972)
14.702 =
15.367
14.702 = .957
The years 2 and 3 are the most correlated with r = .985.
3.46 Arranging the values in an ordered array:
1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2, 2,
3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 3, 4, 4, 5, 6, 8
Mean:
30
75 = =
n
x
x = 2.5

Mode = 2 (There are eleven 2s)

Median: There are n = 30 terms.
The median is located at
2
21
2
30 1
2
1 + = + = th n
= 15.5th position.
Median is the average of the 15th and 16th value.
However, since these are both 2, the median is 2.
Range = 8 - 1 = 7
Q1 = P25:
i = (30)
100
25
= 7.5
Q1 is the 8th term = 1
Q3 = P75:
i = (30)
100
75
= 22.5
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 34

Q3 is the 23rd term = 3

IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 3 - 1 = 2
3.47 P10:
i = (40)
100
10
=4
P10 = 4.5th term = 23
P80:
i = (40)
100
80
= 32
P80 = 32.5th term = 49.5
Q1 = P25:
i = (40)
100
25
= 10
P25 = 10.5th term = 27.5
Q3 = P75:
i = (40)
100
75

= 30
P75 = 30.5th term = 47.5
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 47.5 - 27.5 = 20
Range = 81 - 19 = 62
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 35

3.48 =
20
126,904 =
N
x
= 6345.2
The median is located at the (n+1)/2 th value = 21/2 = 10.5 th value
The median is the average of 5414 and 5563 = 5488.5
P30: i = (.30)(20) = 6
P30 is located at the average of the 6th and 7th terms
P30 = (4507+4541)/2 = 4524
P60: i = (.60)(20) = 12
P60 is located at the average of the 12 th and 13th terms
P60 = (6101+6498)/2 = 6299.5
P90: i = (.90)(20) = 18
P90 is located at the average of the 18 th and 19th terms
P90 = (9863+11,019)/2 = 10,441
Q1 = P25: i = (.25)(20) = 5
Q1 is located at the average of the 5th and 6th terms
Q1 = (4464+4507)/2 = 4485.5
Q3 = P75: i = (.75)(20) = 15
Q3 is located at the average of the 15 th and 16th terms
Q3 = (6796+8687)/2 = 7741.5
Range = 11,388 - 3619 = 7769
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 7741.5 - 4485.5 = 3256
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 36

3.49 n = 10 x = 9,332,908 x2 = 1.06357x1013

= (x)/N = 9,332,908/10 = 933,290.8
=
10
10
(9332908)
1.06357 10
()2
13
2

=
x
N
N
x
x
= 438,789.2
2

3.50
a.) =
N
x = 26,675/11 = 2425
Median = 1965
b.) Range = 6300 - 1092 = 5208
Q3 = 2867
Q1 = 1532 IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 1335
c.) Variance:
2 =
11
11
(26,675)
86,942,873
( )2 2
2
=

N
N
x
x
= 2,023,272.55
standard Deviation:
= 2 = 2,023,272.55 = 1422.42
d.) Texaco:
z=
1422.42
= 1532 2425

x
= -0.63
ExxonMobil:
z=
1422.42
= 6300 2425

x
= 2.72
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 37

e.) Skewness:
Sk =
1422.42
3( ) = 3(2425 1965)

dM

= 0.97
3.51 a.)
Mean:
10
20,310 = =
n
x = 2,031
Median:
2
1670 +1920
= 1795
Mode: No Mode
b.) Range: 3350 1320 = 2030
Q1: (10) 2.5
4
1 = Located at the 3rd term. Q1 = 1570
Q3: (10) 7.5
4
3 = Located at the 8th term. Q3 = 2550
IQR = Q3 Q1 = 2550 1570 = 980
xxx

()

xx
3350 1319 1,739,761
2800 769 591,361
2550 519 269,361
2050 19 361
1920 111 12,321
1670 361 130,321
1660 371 137,641
1570 461 212,521
1420 611 373,321
1320 711 505,521
5252 3,972,490
MAD =
10
5252 =

n
xx
= 525.2
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 38

()

s2 =
9
3,972,490
1
2

n
xx
= 441,387.78
s = s 2 = 441,387.78 = 664.37
c.) Pearsons Coefficient of skewness:
Sk =
664.37
3( ) = 3(20311795)

s
x Md = 1.066
d.) Use Q1 = 1570, Q2 = 1795, Q3 = 2550, IQR = 980
Extreme Points: 1320 and 3350
Inner Fences: 1570 1.5(980) = 100
2550 + 1.5(980) = 4020
Outer Fences: 1570 + 3.0(980) = -1370
2550+ 3.0(980) = 5490
No apparent outliers
1500 2500 3500

$ Millions
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 39

3.52 f M fM fM2
15-20 9 17.5 157.5 2756.25
20-25 16 22.5 360.0 8100.00
25-30 27 27.5 742.5 20418.75
30-35 44 32.5 1430.0 46475.00
35-40 42 37.5 1575.0 59062.50
40-45 23 42.5 977.5 41543.75
45-50 7 47.5 332.5 15793.75
50-55 2 52.5 105.0 5512.50
f = 170 fM = 5680.0 fM2 = 199662.50
a.) Mean:
=
170
5680 =

f
fM
= 33.412
Mode: The Modal Class is 30-35. The class midpoint is the mode = 32.5.
b.) Variance:
2 =
170

170
(5680)
199,662.5
( )2 2
2
=

N
N
fM
fM
= 58.139
standard Deviation:
= 2 = 58.139 = 7.625
3.53 Class f M fM fM2
0 - 20 32 10 320 3,200
20 - 40 16 30 480 14,400
40 - 60 13 50 650 32,500
60 - 80 10 70 700 49,000
80 - 100 19 90 1,710 153,900
f = 90 fM= 3,860 fM2= 253,000
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 40

a) Mean:
90
3,860 =

==
f
fm
n
fM
x = 42.89
Mode: The Modal Class is 0-20. The midpoint of this class is the mode = 10.
b) standard Deviation:
s=
982.571
89
87,448.9
89
253,000 165,551.1
89
90
(3860)
253,000
1
( )2 2
2

==

n
n
fM
fM
= 31.346
3.54 x = 36 x2 = 256
y = 44 y2 = 300
xy = 188 n = 7
r=

n
y
y
n
x
x

n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
r=

7
(44)
300
7
(36)
256
7
(36)(44)
188
2

22

=
r=
(70.8571)(23.42857)
38.2857 =
40.7441
38.2857 = -.940
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 41

3.55
CVx = (100%)
32
3.45
(100%) =
x
x

= 10.78%
CVY = (100%)
84

5.40
(100%) =
y
y

= 6.43%
stock X has a greater relative variability.
3.56 = 7.5
From the Empirical Rule: 99.7% of the values lie in + 3 = 7.5 + 3
3 = 14 - 7.5 = 6.5
= 2.167
suppose that = 7.5, = 1.7:
95% lie within + 2 = 7.5 + 2(1.7) = 7.5 + 3.4
Between 4.1 and 10.9
3.57 = 419, = 27
a.) 68%: + 1 419 + 27 392 to 446
95%: + 2 419 + 2(27) 365 to 473
99.7%: + 3 419 + 3(27) 338 to 500
b.) Use Chebyshevs:
The distance from 359 to 479 is 120
= 419 The distance from the mean to the limit is 60.
k = (distance from the mean)/ = 60/27 = 2.22
Proportion = 1 - 1/k2 = 1 - 1/(2.22)2 = .797 = 79.7%
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 42

c.) x = 400. z =
27
400 419 = -0.704. This worker is in the lower half of
workers but within one standard deviation of the mean.
3.58
x x2
Albania 1,650 2,722,500
Bulgaria 4,300 18,490,000
Croatia 5,100 26,010,000
Germany 22,700 515,290,000
x=33,750 x2= 562,512,500
=
4
33,750 =
N
x
= 8,437.50
=
4
4
(33,750)
562,512,500

( )2 2
2
=

N
N
x
x
= 8332.87
b.)
x x2
Hungary 7,800 60,840,000
Poland 7,200 51,840,000
Romania 3,900 15,210,000
Bosnia/Herz 1,770 3,132,900
x=20,670 x2=131,022,900
=
4
20,670 =
N
x
= 5,167.50
=
4
4
(20,670)
131,022,900
( )2 2
2
=

N
N
x
x
= 2,460.22
c.)
CV1 = (100)
8,437.50
8,332.87
(100)
1
1

= 98.76%
CV2 = (100)
5,167.50

2,460.22
(100)
2
2

= 47.61%
The first group has a much larger coefficient of variation
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 43

3.59 Mean $35,748

Median $31,369
Mode $29,500
since these three measures are not equal, the distribution is skewed. The
distribution is skewed to the right. Often, the median is preferred in reporting
income data because it yields information about the middle of the data while
ignoring extremes.
3.60 x = 36.62 x2 = 217.137
y = 57.23 y2 = 479.3231
xy = 314.9091 n = 8
r=

n
y

y
n
x
x
n
xy
xy
2
2
2

()()
=
r=

8
(57.23)
479.3231
8
(36.62)
217.137
8
(36.62)(57.23)
314.9091
2

22

=
r=
(49.50895)(69.91399)
52.938775 = .90
There is a strong positive relationship between the inflation rate and
the thirty-year treasury yield.
3.61
a.) Q1 = P25:
i = (20)
100
25
=5
Q1 = 5.5th term = (42.3 + 45.4)/2 = 43.85
Q3 = P75:
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 44

i = (20)
100
75
= 15
Q3 = 15.5th term = (69.4 +78.0)/2 = 73.7
Median:
th th n
2
20 1
2
+1 = +
= 10.5th term
Median = (52.9 + 53.4)/2 = 53.15
IQR = Q3 - Q1 = 73.7 43.85 = 29.85
1.5 IQR = 44.775; 3.0 IQR = 89.55
Inner Fences:
Q1 - 1.5 IQR = 43.85 44.775 = - 0.925
Q3 + 1.5 IQR = 73.7 + 44.775 = 118.475
Outer Fences:
Q1 - 3.0 IQR = 43.85 89.55 = - 45.70
Q3 + 3.0 IQR = 73.7 + 89.55 = 163.25
b.) and c.) There are no outliers in the lower end. There is one extreme
outlier in the upper end (214.2). There are two mile outliers at the
upper end (133.7 and 158.8). since the median is nearer to Q 1, the
distribution is positively skewed.
d.) There are three dominating, large ports
Displayed below is the MINITAB boxplot for this problem.
Chapter 3: Descriptive Statistics 45

20 120 220

Tonnage
3.62 Paris: 1 - 1/k2 = .53 k = 1.459
The distance from = 349 to x = 381 is 32
1.459 = 32
= 21.93
Moscow: 1 - 1/k2 = .83 k = 2.425
The distance from = 415 to x = 459 is 44
2.425 = 44
= 18.14