Datacommunication

Cebu Institute of Technology
computer studies
Data Communications and Networking
IT 315 & CPE523 Data Communications
computer studies
Data Communications
Data Communication.
- the process of transferring digital information between two or more points. - the exchange of data between two devices via some form of information medium.
Computer Networks.
- an interconnected set of independent computers.
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Data Communications
Four fundamental characteristics Delivery Accuracy Timeliness Jitter Five components Message Medium Sender Protocol Receiver
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The Communication Model

information Input Device data Transmitter
transmission medium Output Device
Receiver data
information
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Implementation
Modem Computer
Telephone line
Computer
Modem
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Building Blocks of a Network

Terminals, Workstations, Computers, and other devices (end nodes) Transmission Media ( for transmitting data and control signals) Network electronics ( intermediate devices for routing data from source to destination) Software to control data transmission Network Architecture Standards (Standards to ensure interoperability between different equipments made by different vendors)
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Transmission Media
These transmit electronic or light signals and consist of different media. Transmission media may be bounded or unbounded.
Network electronic devices

Serve a variety of functions including routing or switching data from source to destination or for providing the interface between different transmission media or different communication protocols.
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Software in end nodes

implements techniques and protocols which define the rules and end procedures for initiating and terminating data transfers, interpreting how data is represented and transmitted and how errors are handled.
Software in the network electronics

performs other functions to ensure data is transmitted from source to destination.
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Network Architecture Standards

Interface: the point of interaction between two devices such as a printer and a PC. Interconnection standards: specification of the methods of interfacing two devices, making it unnecessary for vendors to know the insides of each others equipment as long as the specifications at the boundary are met. Architecture: blueprint of standards for a network consisting of items such as choice of media, media interfaces, encoding methods, transmission protocols, routing protocols, etc. Needed to ensure interoperability between various devices and equipment made by different
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Benefits
speed and convenience
cost reduction
high reliability
resource sharing
scalability manageability
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Topology
ring
star
tree
fully connected
bus
irregular
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Network Classification
1. LAN 2. MAN
3. WAN
- Local Area Network

- Metropolitan Area Network
- Wide Area Network
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Transmission Technology
1. Broadcast networks
2. Point-to-point networks
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Modes of Point-to-Point Link

1. Simplex - the direction of the data between two
nodes is in one way only
2. Half Duplex - allows data to traverse in both

directions but only in one direction at a time (not simultaneous)
3. Full Duplex - allows data to go in opposite

directions at the same time.
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Network Software
Layering - a technique used in networks to reduce
the complexity of making software communicate.

layer N + 1 layer N + 1 protocol layer N + 1 layer N layer N layer N protocol layer N - 1 layer N - 1 layer N - 1 protocol

N - service access point (SAP)

interface
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The OSI Reference Model

USER Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link
AH
PH TH
USER
AH User data PH
SH User data User data User data User data
Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link
NH
User data Bitstream
Physical
Physical
Communication path
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Principles applied by ISO in designing the seven layers

Each layer must perform a well-defined function.
The function of each layer must be defined with the goal of defining international standard protocols.
There should be minimal flow of information across the interfaces of the layers.
The number of layers should be right enough - not too high that the architecture goes out of control nor too low that so many distinct functions are thrown together in one layer out of the need. IT 315 & CPE523
Data Communications
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Physical Layer
Four Important Characteristics:
Mechanical Electrical Functional Procedural
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Data Link Layer

accepts bit streams from the physical layer
identifies the boundaries made by the DLL on the opposite side

separates bit streams into frames, putting large data into small, manageable units
concerned with an error-free transmission of data

deals with the way of controlling access to a shared channel.
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Network Layer
determine the routes a packet should traverse from the source to the destination station. control the congestion on the subnet.
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Transport Layer
makes sure that the data arrives correctly on the other end.
responsible for establishing, maintaining, and terminating communications between two machines.
identifies the connections quality of the service that the session layer requires.
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Session Layer
coordinates communication between different applications.
responsible for establishing and maintaining virtual connections between running processes in different computers.
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Presentation Layer
concerned with the syntax between application entities
here the data format and representation are specified to resolved differences. convert data from the application format into a common format called the canonical representation.
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Application Layer
this is where facilities like e-mail, directory look-up, file transfer, etc., belong. displays received information and sends the users data to the lower layers. provides access to the OSI environment for users.
It hides and encapsulates the data - thus, internal structures, algorithms, etc. are internal to the layer and not visible to the other layers. It is easier to understand complex systems because it is broken down into pieces or layers. There is enough room for evolution since layers can be changed as long as its services and interface to intermediate layers do not change. A layer can be simplified or omitted if some or none of its services are not needed. Alternate implementation of a layer can co-exist. An alternate service can be offered at layer N+1 that share the service of layer N. IT 315 & CPE523
Data Communications
Advantages of using layers
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Disadvantages of Layering
Poorly defined layers can result to complex and awkward interfaces.
The design of an older layer may be sub-optional given the design of a new layer.
A function could have been implemented on several layers, resulting in inefficiency.
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The TCP/IP Model

Application Presentation Session Transport Network Link Physical Transport Internet Host-tonetwork Application Non-existent
The OSI vs. TCP/IP Reference Model
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Host-to-Network Layer
The TCP/IP model does not give any specific rules on this layer
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Internet Layer
allows hosts to transmit packets and let them travel independently even when out of sequence
routing of packets and congestion avoidance
IP - Internet Protocol
official protocol in this layer which is similar in functionality to the OSI network layer.
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Transport Layer
Allows peer entities on the source and destination hosts to carry on conversation just like the OSI transport layer.
Two types:
1. TCP - Transmission Control Protocol

Establishes a reliable connection-oriented communication.
2. UDP - User Datagram Protocol

Establishes unreliable connectionless services
Used for one-shot, request-reply service where prompt delivery is more important than accuracy & CPE523
IT 315 Data Communications
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Application Layer
Telnet - virtual terminal for users who log on to a distant machine and works there. SMTP - Simple Mail Transfer Protocol FTP - File Transfer Protocol HTTP - HyperText Transfer Protocol
NNTP Network News Transfer Protocol
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OSI vs. TCP/IP

Similarities:
The functionality of the layers is very similar. The concept of a stack of independent protocols was used in both..
Differences:
OSI was able to distinguish the concepts of layer, services, and protocol, unlike TCP/IP The OSI model was invented first prior to the protocols. In TCP/IP, the protocols were established first before the model. OSI has 7 layers while TCP/IP has only 4.
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Protocols
A Protocol is a set of rules that make communication on a network more efficient. The technical definition of a data communications protocol is: a set of rules, or an agreement, that determines the format and transmission of data.
Key elements: Syntax

structure or format of the data.
Semantics
meaning of each section of bits.
Layer n on one computer communicates with Layer n on another computer. The rules and conventions used in this communication are collectively known as the Layer n protocol.
Timing
when data should be sent how fast they can be sent
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Standards
agreed-upon rules
Provide guidelines to manufacturers, vendors, government agencies, and other service providers to ensure the kind of interconnectivity necessary in todays marketplace and international communications (interoperability of devices).
Two categories of data communications standards: de facto

by fact or by convention.
not been approved by an organized body. Been adopted as standards through widespread use.
De jure
by law or by regulation
been legislated by an officially recognized body.
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Standard Creation Committees

International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
multinational body
members from the standards creation committees of various governments throughout the world. active in developing cooperation in the realms of scientific, technological, and economic activity.
International Telecommunication Union Telecommunication Standards Sector (ITU-T)

formerly the Consultative Committee for International Telegraphy and Telephony (CCITT). Devoted to the research and establishment of standards for telecommunications.
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Example of standards addressed by ITU-T

V-series Connecting equipment to a Public Switched Telephone Network (PSTN) X-series Connecting equipment to a Public Switched Data Network (PSDN) I-series Connecting equipment to an Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN)
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Standard Creation Committees

American National Standards Institute (ANSI)
private, nonprofit corporation not affiliated with the U.S. federal government.
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)

the largest professional engineering society in the world.
international in scope -> aims to advance theory, creativity, and product quality in the fields of Engineering. oversees the development and adoption of international standards for computing and communications.
Electronics Industries Association (EIA)

devoted to the promotion of electronics manufacturing concerns.
made significant contributions by defining physical connection interfaces and electronic signaling specifications for data communication.

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