First Computer = People Computer was originally a job title it was used to describe those human beings whose

jobs are to perform calculations. Pascal, German, four functions 1801- Joseph Marie Power loom 1822- Charles Babbage Difference Engine Was able to compute tables of #, Logs tables Mark 1 1944 A partnership of IBM & Harvard Principle designer was Howard Aiken, 1947 he estimated only 6 computers are enough for entire US. Electronic Digital Computers Forefather is ENIAC Electronical Numerical Integrator & Calculator At university of Pennsylvania between 1943 to 1945 by John Mauchly & J. Preper Eckret Its size was 2040 feet Room IBM stretch computer in 1959 --600$
1. Mainframe processing of Data o In 1939, Dr. John V. Atanasoff and his assistant Clifford Berry constructed the first electronic digital computer. Their machine, the Atanasoff-Berry-Computer (ABC) provided the foundation for the advances in electronic digital computers. These computers processed binary bits of information and performed mathematical computations for science projects. The invention of the first mainframe computer led to a career field established as Computer Science. The category of Computer Science was given because computer usage was strictly related to the science field and the processing of scientific data. 2. The ENIAC Computer o In 1944, a leap in computer processing would take place with the ENIAC computer. The ENIAC Computer is the prototype from which all modern computers evolved from. The ENIAC comprised thirty separate units and weighed more than thirty tons and consumed 200 kilowatts of electrical power. The ENIAC was still used for the processing of scientific data in the field of ballistics and played a role in the development of the atomic bomb. On the horizon was the concept of applying computers in other areas of education, business and everyday life. The concept of creating business applications would emerge with IBM creating the 8-bit punch card system. The processing of punch cards from a business perspective would become known throughout the industry as "information science application".

3. Creation of Business Applications for Industry o In 1952, the evolving punch card system created by IBM would change the way government, business and education would perceive the way that data was to be processed. Punch cards allowed mainframes to read and extract data from computers by reading hole punches. Programmers wrote programs on a mainframe for punch card operations in which the punch card would be read into the program by a card reader to update a database. The database could be a business application, a scientific application or any application. Business applications were difficult for computer scientists because many didn't have a background in business. The programmers usually had to call in business people and write down notes of how business managers and executives wanted the computer to process information. The computer programmer usually wrote the program without understanding of business concepts at all. In the late 1950s and 1960s, computers would start to integrate into other areas of society. Accounting, retail sales, transportation and media services would benefit from the advent and use of computers. There was still a language barrier between programmers and business people who wanted certain applications developed for their business or operation. That would begin to change in 1970.

History of Internet 1950,1960

Only allow communication between stations. It was used by project RAND to Support Herbert Simon, Pittsburgh Pennsylvania.

A pioneer in Global network T.C.R Licklider.

Arpa net Advanced Research Project Agency Network Developed by ARPA of US DOD In 1970.
First Email in 1971 by Ray Tomlinson File transfer in 1973 Voice traffic Network Voice Protocol (NVP)

History of Web
Conseil European pour la Recherch Nuclealre Computer Scientist Tim Bernershee CERN 1989 The European Laboratory for particle physics

Marc Anderson Founder of web pages Browser = 1994

What is an Enterprise? An enterprise is an activity or a project that produces services or products. There are essentially two types of enterprise:

Business enterprises, which are run to make a profit for a private individual or group of individuals. This includes small business. Social enterprises, which function to provide services to individuals and groups in the community.

An Enterprise is a group of people with a common goal, which has certain resources at its disposal to achieve that goal. Resources included are money, material, man-power and all other things that are required to run the enterprise. Planning is done to ensure that nothing goes wrong. Thus Enterprise Resource planning is a method of effective planning of all the resources in an organization. What is a Resource?

A resource is a source or supply from which benefit is produced.

Something that can be used for support or help: The local library is a valuable resource. 1. Resources: The total means available for economic and political development, such as mineral wealth, labor force, and armaments. 2. Resources: The total means available to a company for increasing production or profit, including plant, labor, and raw material; assets. A resource is any physical or virtual entity of limited availability that needs to be consumed to obtain a benefit from it.

PLANNING
Planning is the function of management that involves setting objectives and determining a course of action for achieving these objectives. Planning requires that managers be aware of environmental conditions facing their organization and forecast future conditions. It also requires that managers be good decision-makers. Planning is a process consisting of several steps. The process begins with environmental scanning, which simply means that planners must be aware of the critical contingencies facing their organization in terms of economic conditions, their competitors, and their customers. Planners must then attempt to forecast future conditions. These forecasts form the basis for planning. Planners must establish objectives, which are statements of what needs to be achieved and when. Planners must then identify alternative courses of action for achieving objectives. After evaluating the various alternatives, planners must make decisions about the best courses of action for achieving objectives. They must then formulate necessary steps and ensure effective implementation of plans.

Finally, planners must constantly evaluate the success of their plans and take corrective action when necessary. There are many different types of plans and planning. STRATEGIC PLANNING
Strategic planning involves analyzing competitive opportunities and threats, as well as the strengths and weaknesses of the organization, and then determining how to position the organization to compete effectively in their environment. Strategic planning has a long time frame, often three years or more. Strategic planning generally includes the entire organization and includes formulation of objectives. Strategic planning is often based on the organization's mission, which is its fundamental reason for existence. An organization's top management most often conducts strategic planning.

TACTICAL PLANNING
Tactical planning is intermediate-range planning that is designed to develop relatively concrete and specific means to implement the strategic plan. Middle-level managers often engage in tactical planning. Tactical planning often has a one- to three-year time horizon.

OPERATIONAL PLANNING
Operational planning generally assumes the existence of objectives and specifies ways to achieve them. Operational planning is short-range planning that is designed to develop specific action steps that support the strategic and tactical plans. Operational planning usually has a very short time horizon, from one week to one year.

Timeline System 1960s Inventory Management & Control

1970s

1980s

1990s

Description Inventory Management and control is the combination of information technology and business processes of maintaining the appropriate level of stock in a warehouse. The activities of inventory management include identifying inventory requirements, setting targets, providing replenishment techniques and options, monitoring item usages, reconciling the inventory balances, and reporting inventory status. Material Materials Requirement Planning (MRP) utilizes software applications for Requirement scheduling production processes. MRP generates schedules for the Planning (MRP) operations and raw material purchases based on the production requirements of finished goods, the structure of the production system, the current inventories levels and the lot sizing procedure for each operation. Manufacturing Manufacturing Requirements Planning or MRP utilizes software Requirements applications for coordinating manufacturing processes, from product Planning (MRP II) planning, parts purchasing, inventory control to product distribution. Enterprise Resource Enterprise Resource Planning or ERP uses multi-module application Planning (ERP) software for improving the performance of the internal business processes. ERP systems often integrate business activities across functional departments, from product planning, parts purchasing, inventory control, product distribution, fulfillment, to order tracking. ERP software systems may include application modules for supporting marketing, finance, accounting and human resources.

What is Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP)? ERP is a process of managing all resources and their use in the entire enterprise in a coordinated manner. A process or approach which attempts to consolidate all of a company's departments and functions into a single computer system that services each department's specific needs. ERP is a set of integrated business applications, or modules which carry out common business functions such as general ledger, accounting, or order management ERP systems are the software tools used to manage enterprise data. ERP systems help organizations deal with the supply chain, receiving, inventory management, customer order management, production planning, shipping, accounting, human resource management and other business functions. (Somers and Nelson) According to Deloitee Consulting, An ERP system is a packaged business software system that allows a company to automate and integrate the majority of its business processes; share common date and practices across the enterprise; produce and access information in real time environment. ERP Systems are different from the legacy systems in that organizations use ERP to integrate enterprisewide information supporting financial, human resources, manufacturing, logistics and Sales & marketing functions. (Shanks, Seddon and Willcocks) An ERP System Provides enterprise database where all business transactions are entered, processed, monitored and reported. An ERP system introduces best practices which are defined as simply the best way to perform a function

Material requirements planning

Material requirements planning (MRP) is a production planning and inventory control system used to manage manufacturing processes. Most MRP systems are software-based, while it is possible to conduct MRP by hand as well. An MRP system is intended to simultaneously meet three objectives: Ensure materials are available for production and products are available for delivery to customers. Maintain the lowest possible level of inventory. Plan manufacturing activities, delivery schedules and purchasing activities.

Prior to MRP, and before computers dominated industry, reorder-point/reorder-quantity (ROP/ROQ) type methods like EOQ had been used in manufacturing and inventory management.

In the 1960s, Joseph Orlicky studied the TOYOTA Manufacturing Program and developed Material Requirements Planning (MRP), and Oliver Wight and George Plossl then developed MRP into manufacturing resource planning (MRP II). The basic function of MRP system includes inventory control, bill of material processing and elementary scheduling. MRP helps organizations to maintain low inventory levels. It is used to plan manufacturing, purchasing and delivering activities. "Manufacturing organizations, whatever their products, face the same daily practical problem - that customers want products to be available in a shorter time than it takes to make them. This means that some level of planning is required." Companies need to control the types and quantities of materials they purchase, plan which products are to be produced and in what quantities and ensure that they are able to meet current and future customer demand, all at the lowest possible cost. Making a bad decision in any of these areas will make the company lose money. A few examples are given below: If a company purchases insufficient quantity of an item used in manufacturing (or the wrong item) it may be unable to meet contract obligations to supply products on time. If a company purchases excessive quantities of an item, money is wasted - the excess quantity ties up cash while it remains as stock and may never even be used at all. Beginning production of an order at the wrong time can cause customer deadlines to be missed.

MRP is a tool to deal with these problems. It provides answers for several questions:

What items are required? How many are required? When are they required?

Manufacturing resource planning MRP II

Manufacturing resource planning (MRP II) is defined by APICS as a method for the effective planning of all resources of a manufacturing company. Ideally, it addresses operational planning in units, financial planning in dollars, and has a simulation capability to answer "what-if" questions and extension of closed-loop MRP. This is not exclusively a software function, but a marriage of people skills, dedication to data base accuracy, and computer resources. It is a total company management concept for using human resources more productively.

ERPs used in Pakistan

Jaffer Brothers Mobilink Shell IBA Tapal Unilever PIA UBL Civil Aviation Siemens Pakistan Pakistan Refinery Limited Packages Ltd Jahangir Siddiqui & company

ICI Pakistan (Pvt) Ltd. Indus Motors Engro Chemicals Pakistan Ltd. Auditor General of Pakistan (PIFRA) Pakistan Petroleum Limited Pakistan State Oil (PSO) Atlas Honda National Refinery Limited Thal Jute Mills Lakson Tobaco