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StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt

Protection
AppIication Note
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
Application Note
Copyright 2005 ABB Oy, Distribution Automation, Vaasa, FNLAND 3
ssued: 15.04.2005
Version: A/12.04.2005
Contents:
1. Scope .........................................................................................4
2. Introduction ..............................................................................5
3. TechnicaI impIementation .......................................................6
3.1. Connection diagram .....................................................................6
3.2. Calculation of stabilising voltage ..................................................6
3.3. Calculation of the relay setting .....................................................7
3.4. Calculation of the stabilising resistor ...........................................7
3.5. Calculation of the voltage-dependent resistor ..............................8
3.6. Calculation example .....................................................................8
4. Summary ..................................................................................10
5. References ...............................................................................10
6. List of symboIs .......................................................................11
Copyrights
The information in this document is subject to change without notice and should not be construed as a
commitment by ABB Oy. ABB Oy assumes no responsibility for any errors that may appear in this docu-
ment.
n no event shall ABB Oy be liable for direct, indirect, special, incidental or consequential damages of
any nature or kind arising from the use of this document, nor shall ABB Oy be liable for incidental or con-
sequential damages arising from use of any software or hardware described in this document.
This document and parts thereof must not be reproduced or copied without written permission from ABB
Oy, and the contents thereof must not be imparted to a third party nor used for any unauthorized pur-
pose.
The software or hardware described in this document is furnished under a license and may be used,
copied, or disclosed only in accordance with the terms of such license.
Copyright 2005 ABB Oy
All rights reserved.
1MRS 755627
4
1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
1. Scope
This document explains how to calculate the value oI the stabilising resistor used in
motor earth-Iault protection. Typically, a stabilising resistor is needed when
residually connected current transIormers are used to measure the earth-Iault
(residual) current. The purpose oI the stabilising resistor is to prevent the relay Irom
operating due to saturation oI the current transIormers during motor start-up.
This document introduces the Iormulas needed Ior the calculation oI the stabilising
resistor and contains a calculation example.
The principles described can be generally used Ior motor earth-Iault protection and
Ior calculating, Ior example, the protection settings Ior SPACOM and RED 500
series protection relays.
KEYWORDS: earth-Iault protection, motor protection, current transIormer
saturation, stabilising resistor
1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
5
2. Introduction
The earth-Iault current can be measured in diIIerent ways. One way is to use a core
balance current transIormer. The core balance current transIormer is preIerred when
high sensitivity is needed. A stabilising resistor is not used with the core balance
current transIormer. Another method is to measure the earth-Iault current through a
residual connection oI the three phase CTs. This connection is also called the
Holmgreen connection. The residual connection can be used when the sensitivity
requirement is about 10 oI the CT nominal current, or higher. For very sensitive
protection a core balance current transIormer has to be used.
When the residual connection oI the three phase CTs is used, an unwanted operation
oI the earth-Iault protection relay sometimes occurs during motor start-up. The
reason Ior the unwanted relay operation may be that the start-up current oI the motor
occasionally causes one or more oI the three phase CTs in residual connection to
saturate. The CT saturation is caused by the DC component oI the unsymmetrical
start-up current. To avoid this problem a suitable stabilising resistor can be
connected in series with the earth-Iault current input oI the protection relay. The
stabilising resistor Iorces the current Ied by a non-saturated current transIormer to
Ilow through the secondary circuit oI a saturated current transIormer.
6
1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
3. TechnicaI impIementation
3.1. Connection diagram
Fig. 3.1-1 illustrates the connection principle when the earth-Iault current is
measured through the residual connection oI the three phase CTs. The stabilising
resistor is connected in series with the earth-Iault current input oI the protection
relay. The purpose oI the voltage-dependent resistor is to limit the voltage oI the
secondary circuit to a saIe level. The need Ior a VDR is case-speciIic and can be
checked by calculation.
M
L3 Io
Rs
V
D
R
L2 L1
fig 3-1-1
Fig. 3.1.-1 Resiaual connection of three phase CTs ana application with a
stabilising resistor (Rs) ana a voltage-aepenaent resistor (JDR).
3.2. CaIcuIation of stabiIising voItage
The stabilising voltage U
s
is calculated assuming that one oI the residually
connected current transIormers will be Iully saturated at motor start-up:
U
s
I
start
n
------------ R
ct
R
m
u
(1)
Where:
I
start
start-up current (primary value) oI the motor
n CT ratio
R
ct
internal resistance oI the CT
R
m
resistance oI the longest loop oI the CT secondary circuit
The current transIormer knee-point voltage U
kn
has to be at least twice as high as the
stabilising voltage U
s
.
1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
7
3.3. CaIcuIation of the reIay setting
The sensitivity oI the protection can be calculated as:
I
prim
n I
s
3 I
e
u I
u
u
(2)
where:
I
prim
primary current at which the relay starts
n CT ratio
I
s
start current (secondary value) oI the earth-Iault protection
I
e
magnetizing current oI the CT at the voltage U
s

I
u
current through the VDR at the voltage U
s

The relay start current can be calculated using Iormula (2), when the primary
sensitivity requirement Ior the protection is known:
I
s
I
prim
n
------------ 3I
e
I
u

(3)
The relay setting is then simply:
I
r
I
s
I
2
-----
(4)
where:
I
2
rated current oI the relay (typically 1 A or 5 A)
3.4. CaIcuIation of the stabiIising resistor
The stabilising resistor R
s
is calculated as:
R
s
U
s
I
s
------
I
start
R
ct
R
m
u
I
s
n u
---------------------------------------------
(5)
where:
I
start
start-up current (primary value) oI the motor
R
ct
internal resistance oI the CT
R
m
resistance oI the longest loop oI the secondary circuit
n CT ratio
I
s
start current (secondary value) oI the earth-Iault protection
The power rating oI the stabilising resistor R
s
is calculated as:
(6)
P
U
kn

2
R
s
---------------- t
where:
8
1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
U
kn
knee-point voltage oI the CT
A wire wound resistor type is recommended. When selecting the resistor it should
be noted that the measuring wires can be reliably connected to the resistor, that a
suitable installation kit is included and the voltage withstand is high enough Ior the
application concerned.
3.5. CaIcuIation of the voItage-dependent resistor
During Iaults inside the zone oI protection the voltage oI the measuring circuit may
grow high enough to exceed the isolation level the relay, current transIormers and
the wires. This can be avoided by installing a voltage-dependent resistor into the
circuit. The voltage-dependent resistor is typically needed iI the peak voltage during
a Iault is 3 kV or higher.
The voltage U
f,
which ignores the CT saturation, during the Iault can be calculated
as Iollows:
U
f
I
max
n
------------ R
s
R
ct
R
m
R
r
u
(7)
where:
I
max
maximum earth-Iault current
The peak voltage, u
SHDN,
which

includes the CT saturation, can be estimated Irom
the Iollowing Iormula (given by P.Mathews 1955):
(8)
3.6. CaIcuIation exampIe
The power system is low-impedance earthed. The maximum earth-Iault current is
limited to 400 A. The required motor earth-Iault protection sensitivity is assumed to
be 20 oI the Iull load current. The starting current oI the motor is assumed to be
4.8 x I
nm
. The resistance oI the longest loop oI the secondary circuit is 0.2 : and the
relay input impedance is 0.02 :. Calculate a suitable stabilising resistor value as
Iollows:
Motor data
Rated power, P
nm
2800 kW
Rated voltage, U
nm
3300 V
Rated current, I
nm
549 A
The CT speciIications Irom the CT manuIacturer's catalogue are assumed to be:
600/5 A , 5P10 , 15 VA, R
ct
0.28 ohm, U
kn
34.0 V, I
m
100 mA (at U
kn
)
First the stabilising voltage is calculated using Iormula (1):
U
s
4.8 549A u
120
-------------------------- 0.82: 0.2: u 10.5V |
In this case the requirement Ior the current transIormer knee-point voltage is
IulIilled because U
kn
~ 2U
s
.
u
peak
2 2U
kn
U
f
U
kn

1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
9
The magnetising curve oI the CT is assumed to be linear. The magnetising current
at the stabilising voltage will then be:
I
e
10.5V
34.0V
-------------- 100mA u 31mA |
The secondary start current oI the relay is
calculated using Iormula (3). The current through the voltage-dependent resistor is
assumed to be zero.
I
s
0.2 549A u
120
-------------------------- 3 31mA u 822mA |
The relay setting is then calculated using Iormula (4):
I
r
0.82A
5A
-------------- 0.16 |
The resistance oI the stabilising resistor is calculated using Iormula (5):
R
s
10.5V
0.82A
-------------- 13: |

The power oI the stabilising resistor is calculated using Iormula (6):
P
34.0V
2
13:
----------------- 89W | t
Based on Iormula (7), the need Ior the voltage-dependent resistor is checked:
U
f
400A
120
------------- 13: 0.82: 0.2: 0.02: 44J |
The voltage-dependent resistor is not needed in this case, because the voltage during
the Iault is much lower than 3 kV. Formula (8) does not have to be used in this case,
because Iormula (7) already gives a low voltage value.
10
1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
4. Summary
This document describes how to select a suitable stabilising resistor to be introduced
in a motor earth-Iault protection scheme. The inIormation given is valid Ior ABB's
SPACOM and RED 500 protection relays. The required calculation Iormulas are
presented and a calculation example is included to show how to use the Iormulas.
The correctly selected stabilising resistor prevents undesired operation oI the earth-
Iault protection due to CT saturation. II the voltage during an in-zone Iault can be
expected to grow so high that it will exceed the insulation level oI the circuit, a
voltage-dependent resistor should be inserted in the circuit.
5. References
IEC 60044-1. Instrument transIormers Part 1: Current transIormers.
1MRS 755627
StabiIizing Resistor in Motor Earth-FauIt
Protection
11
6. List of symboIs
I
2
rated current oI the relay
I
e
magnetizing current oI the CT at the voltage U
s

I
max
maximum earth-Iault current
I
nm
rated current oI the motor
I
prim
primary current at which the relay starts
I
s
start current (secondary value) oI the earth-Iault protection
I
start
start-up current (primary value) oI the motor
I
r
relay setting
I
u
current through the VDR at the voltage U
s
n CT ratio
P rated power oI the stabilising resistor
P
nm
rated power oI the motor
R
ct
internal resistance oI the CT
R
m
resistance oI the longest loop oI the CT secondary circuit
R
r
relay input impedance
R
s
stabilising resistor
U
f
voltage

which ignores the CT saturation
U
kn
knee-point voltage oI the CT
U
nm
rated voltage oI the motor
U
s
stabilising voltage
u
SHDN
peak voltage which

includes the CT saturation
VDR voltage-dependent resistor
ABB Oy
Distribution Automation
P.O. Box 699
F-65101 Vaasa
FNLAND
Tel. +358 10 22 11
Fax. +358 10 224 1094
www.abb.com/substationautomation
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