PRESENT SIMPLE Forms (+) I work/ he works (-) I dont/ he doesnt work (?) Do you/ does he work? (?

/-) Dont you/ doesnt he work? Use azioni abituali, permanenti, routine verit universali, naturali geografiche, leggi Examples He works in an office. scientifiche, The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100C

con: avverbi di frequenza (always, often, usually, He never goes to parties sometimes, occasionally, rarely/seldom, never); Does he often call during the weekend? frequently, generally, normally, ever?, how often?; They go to the swimming pool every week. every day/week, every other day/ month, once a week/twice a year, three times a monthon Sundays/ Mondays, in the morning/in the evening, at night/at the weekend state verbs (verbi senza la forma ing): like, hate love, enjoy, prefer, think (=believe) believe, know, notice, remember, realise, understand, seem, be, contain, fit, include, matter, need, belong, cost, appear, want, have (=possess) see, hear, taste, feel nello stile narrativo, nelle cronache sportive, recensioni, per istruzioni I dont know. I like reading. This book belongs to me. I see what you mean. (BUT: Im seeing the doctor at 6 oclock) The film is about a man who leaves his town. J. kicks the ball and passes it to B. l.H. acts superbly in the film. You beat the eggs then you add the flour. The plane leaves London at 6.50 a.m. What time does the post office open?

con valore di futuro per orari pubblici, locandine, programmi.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS Forms (+) sogg.+am/is/are+verbo-ing He is working (-) sogg+am/is/are+not+ verbo-ing He isnt working (?) am/is/are+sogg+ verbo-ing? Are you working? (?/-) isnt/arent+sogg+ verbo-ing? Arent I working hard? Isnt he working hard? Use azioni in corso nel momento in cui si parla o si scrive situazioni temporanee per situazioni che indicano cambiamento/ / sviluppo/ evoluzione con: now, at the moment, at present, in this period, these days, today/tonight, nowadays, still, this week con always sorpresa. Examples Someone is making a noise outside. My parents are abroad, so Im staying with my aunt. More and more forests are disappearing because of fires. Computers are becoming faster and faster Are you still watching TV?

Im always losing my car keys! per esprimere irritazione, critiche, They are always criticizing me! What are you thinking about? Im seeing the doctor at 6 oclock. We are looking at some photos. Hes having lunch. Hes being a bit rude. Are you doing anything this afternoon? We are having dinner with the Browns tomorrow.

Ricorda: alcuni verbi di stato hanno il presente progressivo e assumono un significato diverso

con valore di futuro per azioni riguardo a cui si sono presi accordi o si sono fatti programmi. (in genere accompagnato da tomorrow, next week, this afternoon o altre espressioni future).

PRESENT PERFECT SIMPLE Forms (+) I have worked/ he has worked I have/ he has gone (-) I havent/ he hasnt worked I havent/he hasnt gone (?) Have you/ has he worked? Have you/has he gone? (?/-) Havent you/hasnt he worked? Havent you/hasnt he gone? Use Azione avvenute in un tempo non precisato del passato Quando si vuole mettere in rilievo il risultato, leffetto sul presente Azioni avvenute in un periodo di tempo non ancora concluso Con le seguenti espressioni: just, already, yet, still, this week/ month, today, lately recently, so far, up to now, in the last few days/weeks, ever?, never, always. Examples Have you read Hamlet? Look! He has had a haircut! Ive forgotten his name. Ive been to India twice. He has never driven a car before. Tom hasnt worked hard this term. Ive just met him. Have you done your homework yet? I havent finished it yet. Hes already seen that film. I still havent received his reply. Have you heard from Tom recently? Hes always lived in New York. Thats the third time he s phoned her. How long have you known her? Ive had this car for three years. Weve been married for 20 years. They havent phoned me for two weeks. It hasnt rained since January.

Its the first/second time something has happened Nelle forme di durata con since, for,all,,, how long? con verbi che non hanno la forma progressiva Nelle forme di durata con since, for, all how long? con verbi che hanno la forma progressiva per lo pi in frasi negative

PRESENT PERFECT CONTINUOUS Forms (+) I have/ he has been walking (-) I havent/he hasnt been walking (?) have you/ has he been walking? (?/-) Havent you/ hasnt he been walking? Use Examples

Nelle forme di durata con since, for, all how long? We have been walking for two hours con verbi che hanno la forma progressiva per lo pi in How long have you been waiting? frasi affermative e interrogative I havent been waiting long. Nella forma di durata in frasi negative con long, Parlando di attivit recenti si mette in risalto lazione in s, non il risultato. Im dead tired. Ive been packing up my books. Why is she crying? Shes been peeling onions. She has peeled about a kilo.. Your eyes are red. Have you been crying? He has been smoking a lot recently.

Con lately, recently

Per esprimere irritazione.

sorpresa

rimprovero,

rabbia,

You havent been quarrelling again, I hope. Who has been eating my chocolates?

PAST SIMPLE Forms (+) I walked/he went (-) I didnt walk/he didnt go (?) did you walk/ did he go? (?/-) didnt you walk/didnt he go? Use Azioni trascorse senza ripercussione sul presente Fatto o azione svolta in un preciso tempo passato Con last, ago, yesterday, in 1998, when Per dare dettagli e dinamiche di eventi passati Examples Jack grew a beard but now he has shaved it off. How many plays did Shakespeare write? The train left two minutes ago. He has broken his arm. How did it happen? He fell off his bike When she saw the mouse she screamed.

Se ce pi di un past simple le azioni sono in sequenza

Con la seguente costruzione: Its (ages/two months) since I last went to a disco How long is it since?

Its two years since they left the country. Its a year since we last heard from John.= We havent heard from John for a year. How long is it since they left the country? = How long ago did they leave the country?

PAST CONTINUOUS Forms (+) I was walking / you were walking (-) I wasnt/you werent walking (?) were you/ was he walking? (?/-) werent you / wasnt he walking? Use Azione in corso in un momento del passato Con while, as (=mentre) Examples At one oclock Gorge was studying. While we were having breakfast, Sue was sleeping. I was having a bath when the phone rang. While I was having a bath the phone rang

Per descrivere il background di una scena

It was a mild summer day. The sun was shining in the sky and a light breeze was blowing. The children were playing in the park.

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE Forms (+) I had walked (-) I hadnt walked (?) had you walked? (?/-) hadnt you walked? Use Examples

per parlare di eventi accaduti prima di un momento o I didnt recognise John because he had grown a beard . fatto passato By the time I got to the phone it had stopped ringing. When we got to the station the train had In un contesto passato con le seguenti espressioni: already left. just, already, yet, when, earlier, before, after, ever After she had read the letter she tore it to pieces. It was the third time I had seen that film. It was the first/second time How long had you and John known each other Nella forma di durata in un contesto passato (Nelle when you decided to get married? forme di durata con since, for,all,,, how long? con verbi I had had that car for only a month when they che non hanno la forma progressiva stole it. Nelle forme di durata in un contesto passato con Tom was very tired. He hadnt slept well for a since, for, all how long? con verbi che hanno la long time. forma progressiva per lo pi in frasi negative It was two years since they had left the country. It was a year since we had heard from John last.= We hadnt heard from John for a year. How long was it since they had left the country? = How long before had they left the country?

Con la seguente costruzione: It was (ages/two months) since I had been to a disco How long was it since?

PAST PERFECT CONTINUOUS Forms (+) I had been walking / you had been walking (-) I hadnt been walking (?) had you been walking? (?/-) hadnt you been walking? Use Examples

Nella forma di durata in un contesto passato con verbi It had been raining all morning. che hanno la ing form e per lo pi in frasi affermative I had been working in the company for two years when they promoted me. e interrogative. How long had you been waiting when they arrived? Parlando di attivit svolte nel passato per mettere in risalto lazione in s e non il risultato She had been working hard that day, so she was tired.

FUTURE TENSES (1) Forms PRESENT SIMPLE (+) I work/ he works (-) I dont/ he doesnt work (?) Do you/ does he work? (?/-) Dont you/ doesnt he work? Use con valore di futuro per orari pubblici, locandine, programmi. futuro in frasi subordinate: nelle frasi con if, unless, in case, when, as soon as, before, after, until quando nella frase principale c un futuro con valore di futuro per azioni riguardo a cui si sono presi accordi o si sono fatti programmi. (in genere accompagnato da tomorrow, next week, this afternoon o altre espressioni future). con i verbi di moto (go, come) assai frequente Examples The plane leaves London at 6.50 a.m. What time does the post office open? If I pass my exam tomorrow, Ill celebrate. When he arrives at the station he will call us.

PRESENT CONTINUOUS (+) sogg.+am/is/are+verbo-ing He is working (-) sogg+am/is/are+not+ verbo-ing He isnt working (?) am/is/are+sogg+ verbo-ing? Are you working? (?/-) isnt/arent+sogg+ verbo-ing? Arent I working hard? Isnt he working hard? BE GOING TO (+) sogg.+am/is/are+going to+ verbo base He is going to work (-) sogg+am/is/are+not+ going to+verbo base He isnt going to work (?) am/is/are+sogg+ going to+verbo base? Are you going to work? (?/-) isnt/arent+sogg+ going to+verbo base? Arent I going to work hard? Isnt he going to work hard?

Are you doing anything this afternoon? We are having dinner with the Browns tomorrow. Im going to Como this afternoon.

Im not going to buy that car: its too expensive. What are you going to do after you finish high school? Look at those clouds. Its going to rain. per esprimere un futuro immediato: rende spesso Mind that cup. You are going to spill the tea. lespressione stare per Look at the time! You are going to be late. per esprimere un futuro immediato: quando riteniamo My sister is going to have a baby. che una cosa debba accadere in base a quanto si vede o si sa. per esprimere intenzione; rende spesso lespressione avere intenzione di

WILL (+) sogg.+ will+ verbo base He will work. /Hell work (-) sogg+will+not+ verbo base He will not work/ He wont work (?) Will+sogg+ verbo base? Will he work? (?/-) Wont+sogg+ verbo base? Wont he work hard?

previsioni promesse e/o minacce decisioni istantanee con : be sure, be afraid, believe, expect, hope, probably, perhaps, maybe, ever/never

Ill be 20 next month. Ill send you a postcard. Its getting dark in here. Ill turn the light on. I need some eggs. Ill get them for you. Dont worry about the exam. Im sure youll pass it. I probably wont be home before ten.

FUTURE TENSES (2) Forms FUTURE CONTINUOUS (+) I will be working (-) I wont be working (?) will you be working? (?/-) wont you be working? Use Azioni in corso in un dato momento future, spesso accompagnato da espressioni come in an hours/days time, this time tomorrow/next week, a day/week from now... Azioni gi programmate che si ritiene debbano verificarsi (in questo caso possibile usare altre forme di futuro) Examples This time tomorrow Ill be lying on the beach. Meet me at the caf at 6. Ill be sitting at a table outside and Ill be wearing a red scarf Well be leaving at 7 tomorrow and well be reaching the coast just before midday= were leaving/ we will probably reach)

FUTURE PERFECT (+) sogg.+will have + participio pass. He will have worked (-) sogg+will+not+ have+ p.p. He wont have worked (?) will he have worked? (?/-) wont he have worked?

Per informarsi in modo cortese sui programmi di -Will you be staying at home next weekend? -Yes, why? qualcuno (spesso per fini personali) Azioni completate in un dato momento futuro, spesso accompagnato da espressioni come by then, by next year, by the end of the month, in a days/weeks time, within next week, a week from now, this time next week Per parlare di qualcosa che si suppone sia gi accaduto. Nelle forme di durata al futuro con verbi che non ammettono la forma progressiva (-ing) Forme di durata al futuro con verbi che ammettono la forma progressiva (-ing)

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS (+) sogg.+will have been+ verboing He will have been working for two weeks (-) He wont have been working (?) Will he have been working ? (?/-) Wont he have been working ?

Will he have finished writing his book by next year? Two days from now Ill have started my holidays. By tomorrow the painters will have finished the house Thomas will have already told you about the accident Ill have been in this country for ten years next January When Louise retires next year shell have been teaching for 40 years. On the 15th, well have been going out together for exactly three months.

CONDITIONAL SENTENCES Study the following examples tipo Type 0 Type 1 Type2 IF present simple present simple past simple Principale present simple will+ v.base imperativo would+ v.base could+ v.base Esempi If you press this button you switch the machine on. If I find your watch Ill tell you Phone me if he arrives earlier. If you took more exercise you would feel better. What would you do if you won a million pounds? If I went to bed now I wouldnt sleep. If I were you I wouldnt buy that coat. If she had seen that film she would have enjoyed it. It wouldnt have been so difficult if I had had a map What would he have done if he had missed the bus?

Type 3

past perfect (had done)

would/could have + part. pass.