Chapter 9 - Section A - Mathcad Solutions

9.2 TH := ( 20 + 273.15)K TC := ( 20 + 273.15)K QdotC := 125000 Carnot := TC TH TC kJ day (9.3) := 0.6 Carnot = 3.797 TH = 293.15 K TC = 253.15 K

Wdot :=

(9.2) 0.08 Cost := Wdot kW hr 9.4

QdotC

Wdot = 0.381 kW Cost = 267.183 dollars yr Ans.

Basis: 1 lbm of tetrafluoroethane The following property values are found from Table 9.1: State 1, Sat. Liquid at TH: H1 := 44.943 State 2, Sat. Vapor at TH: H2 := 116.166 S1 := 0.09142 S2 := 0.21868 P1 := 138.83 P2 := 138.83

State 3, Wet Vapor at TC: Hliq := 15.187 Hvap := 104.471 P3 := 26.617 State 4, Wet Vapor at TC: Sliq := 0.03408 Svap := 0.22418 P4 := 26.617 (a) The pressures in (psia) appear above. (b) Steps 3--2 and 1--4 (Fig. 8.2) are isentropic, for which S3=S2 and S1=S4. Thus by Eq. 6.82): x3 := S2 Sliq Svap Sliq x3 = 0.971 x4 := S1 Sliq Svap Sliq x4 = 0.302

(c) Heat addition, Step 4--3: H3 := Hliq + x3 ( Hvap Hliq) H3 = 101.888 Q43 := ( H3 H4)
298

H4 := Hliq + x4 ( Hvap Hliq) H4 = 42.118 Q43 = 59.77 (Btu/lbm)

(d) Heat rejection, Step 2--1: Q21 := ( H1 H2) (e) W21 := 0 W32 := ( H2 H3) W14 := ( H4 H1) (f) := Q43 W14 + W32 Q21 = 71.223 W43 := 0 W32 = 14.278 W14 = 2.825 = 5.219 (Btu/lbm)

Note that the first law is satisfied: Q := Q21 + Q43 W := W32 + W14 Q + W = 0

9.7

TC := 298.15 K T'C := 273.15 K By Eq. (5.8):

TH := 523.15 K T'H := 298.15 K Carnot := 1 TC TH T'C T'H T'C

(Engine) (Refrigerator) Carnot = 0.43

By Eq. (9.3):

Carnot :=

Carnot = 10.926 Q'C Wrefrig kJ sec kJ sec Ans.

By definition:

Wengine QH

But

Wengine = Wrefrig QH := Q'C Carnot Carnot

Q'C := 35

Whence

QH = 7.448

Given that: QH := Q'C

:= 0.6 Carnot QH = 20.689 kJ sec

:= 0.6 Carnot Ans.

= 6.556

299

9.8

(a) QC := 4 := QC W

kJ sec

W := 1.5 kW = 2.667 QH = 5.5 kJ sec Ans. Ans. TH = 313.15 K

(b) QH := QC + W (c) = TC TH TC

TH := ( 40 + 273.15) K

TC := TH

+ 1

TC = 227.75 K or -45.4 degC

Ans.

9.9

The following vectors contain data for parts (a) through (e). Subscripts refer to Fig. 9.1. Values of H2 and S2 for saturated vapor come from Table 9.1.

489.67 479.67 T2 := 469.67 rankine 459.67 449.67 107.320 105.907 Btu H2 := 104.471 103.015 lbm 101.542
T4 := 539.67 rankine S'3 = S2

0.79 0.78 := 0.77 0.76 0.75

600 500 Btu QdotC := 400 300 sec 200

0.22244 0.22325 Btu S2 := 0.22418 0.22525 lbm rankine 0.22647

H4 := 37.978 Btu lbm From Table 9.1 for sat. liquid

(isentropic compression)

300

The saturation pressure at Point 4 from Table 9.1 is 101.37(psia). For isentropic compression, from Point 2 to Point 3', we must read values for the enthalpy at Point 3' from Fig. G.2 at this pressure and at the entropy values S2. This cannot be done with much accuracy. The most satisfactory procedure is probably to read an enthalpy at S=0.22 (H=114) and at S=0.24 (H=126) and interpolate linearly for intermediate values of H. This leads to the following values (rounded to 1 decimal):

115.5 116.0 Btu H'3 := 116.5 117.2 lbm 117.9

H1 = 88.337 kJ kg

H23 :=

H'3 H2

H3 := H2 + H23 H1 := H4

H23

24.084 30.098 kJ = 36.337 43.414 kg 50.732

273.711 276.438 kJ H3 = 279.336 283.026 kg 286.918

mdot :=

QdotC H2 H1

QdotH := mdot H H ( 4 3)

Wdot := mdot H23

8.653 7.361 lbm Ans. mdot = 6.016 sec 4.613 3.146 689.6 595.2 Btu Ans. QdotH = 494 sec 386.1 268.6 94.5 100.5 Ans. Wdot = 99.2 kW 90.8 72.4
301

 :=

QdotC Wdot

6.697 5.25 = 4.256 3.485 2.914

TH := T4

Ans.

TC := T2 TC TH TC

Carnot :=

Carnot

9.793 7.995 = 6.71 5.746 4.996

Ans.

9.10

Subscripts in the following refer to Fig. 9.1. All property values come from Tables F.1 and F.2. T2 := ( 4 + 273.15) K QdotC := 1200 H4 := 142.4 kJ kg kJ sec T4 := ( 34 + 273.15) K H2 := 2508.9 S'2 = S2 kJ kg := 0.76 S2 := 9.0526 kJ kg K

(isentropic compression)

The saturation pressure at Point 4 from Table F.1 is 5.318 kPa. We must find in Table F.2 the enthalpy (Point 3') at this pressure and at the entropy S2. This requires double interpolation. The pressure lies between entries for pressures of 1 and 10 kPa, and linear interpolation with P is unsatisfactory. Steam is here very nearly an ideal gas, for which the entropy is linear in the logarithm of P, and interpolation must be in accord with this relation. The enthalpy, on the other hand, changes very little with P and can be interpolated linearly. Linear interpolation with temperture is satisfactory in either case. The result of interpolation is H'3 := 2814.7 kJ kg H23 := H'3 H2 kJ kg H1 := H4

H23 = 402.368
302

H3 := H2 + H23 mdot := QdotC H2 H1

H3 = 2.911 10 mdot = 0.507

3 kJ

kg

kg Ans. sec kJ Ans. sec Ans.

QdotH := mdot ( H4 H3) Wdot := mdot H23 := QdotC Wdot T2 T4 T2

QdotH = 1404 Wdot = 204 kW = 5.881

Ans.

Carnot := 9.11

Carnot = 9.238

Ans.

Parts (a) & (b): subscripts refer to Fig. 9.1

At the conditions of Point 2 [t = -15 degF and P = 14.667(psia)] for sat. liquid and sat. vapor from Table 9.1: Hliq := 7.505 Btu lbm Hvap := 100.799
303

Btu lbm

H2 := Hvap

Sliq := 0.01733

Btu lbm rankine

Svap := 0.22714

Btu lbm rankine

For sat. liquid at Point 4 (80 degF): H4 := 37.978 Btu lbm S4 := 0.07892 H1 := H4 QdotC H2 H1 mdot = 0.0796 S1 := S4 H1 = 34.892 BTU lbm lbm sec Ans. Btu lbm rankine

(a) Isenthalpic expansion: QdotC := 5 Btu sec

mdot :=

(b) Isentropic expansion: x1 := S1 Sliq Svap Sliq QdotC H2 H1

H1 := Hliq + x1 ( Hvap Hliq) lbm sec

mdot :=

mdot = 0.0759

Ans.

(c) The sat. vapor from the evaporator is superheated in the heat exchanger to 70 degF at a pressure of 14.667(psia). Property values for this state are read (with considerable uncertainty) from Fig. G.2: H2A := 117.5 Btu lbm S2A := 0.262 Btu lbm rankine lbm sec Ans.

mdot :=

QdotC H2A H4

mdot = 0.0629

(d) For isentropic compression of the sat. vapor at Point 2, S3 := Svap H3 := 118.3 and from Fig. G.2 at this entropy and P=101.37(psia) Btu lbm Eq. (9.4) may now be applied to the two cases:

In the first case H1 has the value of H4: a := H2 H4 H3 H2 a = 3.5896

304

Ans.

In the second case H1 has its last calculated value [Part (b)]: b := H2 H1 H3 H2 b = 3.7659 Ans.

In Part (c), compression is at constant entropy of 0.262 to the final pressure. Again from Fig. G.2: H3 := 138 Btu lbm (Last calculated Wdot := ( H3 H2A) mdot value of mdot) Wdot = 1.289 c := QdotC Wdot c = 3.8791 BTU sec Ans.

9.12

Subscripts: see figure of the preceding problem. At the conditions of Point 2 [sat. vapor, t = 20 degF and P = 33.110(psia)] from Table 9.1: H2 := 105.907 Btu lbm S2 := 0.22325 Btu lbm rankine

At Point 2A we have a superheated vapor at the same pressure and at 70 degF. From Fig. G.2: H2A := 116 Btu lbm Btu lbm S2A := 0.2435 Btu lbm rankine Btu lbm R

For sat. liquid at Point 4 (80 degF): H4 := 37.978 S4 := 0.07892

Energy balance, heat exchanger: H1 := H4 H2A + H2 Btu sec H1 = 27.885 BTU lbm mdot = 25.634 lbm sec

QdotC := 2000

mdot :=

QdotC H2 H1

305

For compression at constant entropy of 0.2435 to the final pressure of 101.37(psia), by Fig. G.2: H'3 := 127 Btu lbm := 0.75 Hcomp := H'3 H2A Btu lbm

Wdot := mdot Hcomp mdot = 25.634 lbm sec Wdot = 396.66 kW

Hcomp = 14.667 Ans.

If the heat exchanger is omitted, then H1 = H4. Points 2A & 2 coincide, and compression is at a constant entropy of 0.22325 to P = 101.37(psia). mdot := QdotC H2 H4 H'3 := 116 Btu lbm Hcomp := H'3 H2 Btu lbm

Wdot := mdot Hcomp lbm sec

Hcomp = 13.457

mdot = 29.443

Wdot = 418.032 kW

Ans.

9.13

Subscripts refer to Fig. 9.1. At Point 2 [sat. vapor @ 10 degF] from Table 9.1: H2 := 104.471 Btu lbm S2 := 0.22418 Btu lbm R S'3 := S2

H values for sat. liquid at Point 4 come from Table 9.1 and H values for Point 3` come from Fig. G.2. The vectors following give values for condensation temperatures of 60, 80, & 100 degF at pressures of 72.087, 101.37, & 138.83(psia) respectively. 31.239 Btu H4 := 37.978 44.943 lbm 113.3 Btu H'3 := 116.5 119.3 lbm

H1 := H4

306

(a) :=

By Eq. (9.4): H2 H1 H'3 H2 H'3 H2 0.75 8.294 = 5.528 4.014 Since

Ans.

(b) H :=

H = H 3 H 2

Eq. (9.4) now becomes H2 H1 H 6.221 = 4.146 3.011

:=

Ans.

9.14

WINTER

TH := 293.15 Wdot := 1.5 QdotH = 0.75 ( TH TC) TH TC Wdot = TH QdotH TC := 250 Given TH TC Wdot = 0.75 ( TH TC) TH TC := Find ( TC) TC = 268.94 K Ans. (Guess)

Minimum t = -4.21 degC

307

SUMMER

TC := 298.15 QdotC := 0.75 ( TH TC) TH TC Wdot = QdotC TC TH := 300 Given TH TC Wdot = TC 0.75 ( TH TC) TH := Find ( TH) TH = 322.57 K Ans. (Guess)

Maximum t = 49.42 degC 9.15 and 9.16 Data in the following vectors for Pbs. 9.15 and 9.16 come from Perry's Handbook, 7th ed. H4 :=

1033.5 kJ 785.3 kg

H9 := 284.7

kJ kg

H15 :=

1186.7 kJ 1056.4 kg

By Eq. (9.8):

z :=

H4 H15 H9 H15

z=

0.17 0.351

Ans.

9.17

Advertized combination unit: TH := ( 150 + 459.67) rankine TH = 609.67 rankine QC := 50000 Btu hr TC := ( 30 + 459.67) rankine TC = 489.67 rankine WCarnot := QC
308

TH TC TC

WCarnot = 12253

Btu hr

WI := 1.5 WCarnot

WI = 18380

Btu hr

This is the TOTAL power requirement for the advertized combination unit. The amount of heat rejected at the higher temperature of 150 degF is QH := WI + QC QH = 68380 Btu hr

For the conventional water heater, this amount of energy must be supplied by resistance heating, which requires power in this amount. For the conventional cooling unit, TH := ( 120 + 459.67) rankine WCarnot := QC TH TC TC WCarnot = 9190 Work = 13785 Btu hr

Work := 1.5 WCarnot The total power required is WII := QH + Work

Btu hr

WII = 82165

Btu hr

NO CONTEST

9.18

TC := 210 By Eq. (9.3): := TC TH TC QC

T'H := 260

T'C := 255

TH := 305

I := 0.65

TC T'H TC QC I

II := 0.65

T'C TH T'C

WCarnot =

WI =

WII =

QC II r = 1.477 Ans.

Define r as the ratio of the actual work, WI + WII, to the r := 1 + 1 Carnot work: II I 9.19

This problem is just a reworking of Example 9.3 with different values of x. It could be useful as a group project.
309

9.22 TH := 290K Carnot := TC TH TC

TC := 250K Carnot = 6.25

3 2

Ws := 0.40kW := 65% Carnot = 4.063 Ans. QH = 2.025 kW

QC := Ws 9.23

-3 QC = 1.625 10 kg m sec QH := Ws + QC

Follow the notation from Fig. 9.1 With air at 20 C and the specification of a minimum approach T = 10 C: T1 := ( 10 + 273.15)K T4 := ( 30 + 273.15)K T2 := T1

Calculate the high and low operating pressures using the given vapor pressure equation Guess: Given ln PL := 1bar PH := 2bar
PL

PL := Find ( PL) Given ln

4104.67 PL T1 bar = 45.327 5.146 ln + 615.0 T1 2 bar K T1 K K PL = 6.196 bar

PH

PH := Find ( PH)

4104.67 PH T4 bar = 45.327 5.146 ln + 615.0 T4 2 bar K T4 K K PH = 11.703 bar

Calculate the heat load ndottoluene := 50 kmol hr T1 := ( 100 + 273.15)K T2 := ( 20 + 273.15)K

Using values from Table C.3

QdotC := ndottoluene R ICPH T1 , T2 , 15.133 , 6.79 10 QdotC = 177.536 kW

310

, 16.35 10

,0

Since the throttling process is adiabatic: But: Hliq4 = Hliq1 + x1 Hlv1 so:

H4 = H1 Hliq4 Hliq1 = x1 Hlv

T

and:

4 Hliq4 Hliq1 = Vliq ( P4 P1) + Cpliq ( T) dT T

1

Estimate Vliq using the Rackett Eqn. := 0.253 Zc := 0.242 Tr := Tc := 405.7K Vc := 72.5 cm
3

Pc := 112.80bar Tn := 239.7K Hlvn := 23.34 kJ mol

mol

( 20 + 273.15)K Tc
2

Tr = 0.723
3

Vliq := Vc Zc

(1Tr) 7

Vliq = 27.112

cm

mol

Estimate Hlv at 10C using Watson correlation Tn T1 Trn := Trn = 0.591 Tr1 := Tc Tc

Tr1 = 0.698 kJ mol

3

1 Tr1 Hlv := Hlvn 1 Trn

0.38

Hlv = 20.798

Hliq41 := Vliq ( PH PL) + R ICPH T1 , T4 , 22.626 , 100.75 10 Hliq41 = 1.621 kJ mol x1 := Hliq41 Hlv

, 192.71 10

,0

x1 = 0.078

For the evaporator H12 = H2 H1 = H1vap H1liq + x1 Hlv = ( 1 x1) Hlv H12 := ( 1 x1) Hlv ndot := QdotC H12 H12 = 19.177 ndot = 9.258
311

kJ mol Ans.

mol sec