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  • Fatigue 06

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    Waleed Shakil
    38 vizualizări3 pagini
    1) Fluctuating loads from cyclic loading can cause fatigue crack growth over time even if the loads are well below the material's static strength, potentially leading to catastrophic failure. 2) The Comet airliner crashes in the 1950s that killed over 100 people demonstrated this, as pressurization cycling in the aircraft grew cracks that brought down the plane. 3) Different types of fatigue loading exist, including mechanical, fretting, contact, corrosion, creep, thermal, and thermo-mechanical fatigue from varying loads and environments. Parameters like stress range, stress amplitude, and loading ratio influence fatigue crack growth rates.

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    1) Fluctuating loads from cyclic loading can cause fatigue crack growth over time even if the loads are well below the material's static strength, potentially leading to catastrophic failure. 2) The Comet airliner crashes in the 1950s that killed over 100 people demonstrated this, as pressurization cycling in the aircraft grew cracks that brought down the plane. 3) Different types of fatigue loading exist, including mechanical, fretting, contact, corrosion, creep, thermal, and thermo-mechanical fatigue from varying loads and environments. Parameters like stress range, stress amplitude, and loading ratio influence fatigue crack growth rates.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
    Descărcați ca PDF, TXT sau citiți online pe Scribd
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    38 vizualizări3 pagini

    Fatigue 06

    Încărcat de

    Waleed Shakil
    1) Fluctuating loads from cyclic loading can cause fatigue crack growth over time even if the loads are well below the material's static strength, potentially leading to catastrophic failure. 2) The Comet airliner crashes in the 1950s that killed over 100 people demonstrated this, as pressurization cycling in the aircraft grew cracks that brought down the plane. 3) Different types of fatigue loading exist, including mechanical, fretting, contact, corrosion, creep, thermal, and thermo-mechanical fatigue from varying loads and environments. Parameters like stress range, stress amplitude, and loading ratio influence fatigue crack growth rates.

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    Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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    din 3

    Importance of Fatigue Bottom line: Fluctuating loads are more detriment than

    monotonic loading

    Fatigue Crack Growth


    Ashraf -F. Bastawros
    Aerospace and Engineering Mechanics
    Iowa State University bastaw@iastate.edu, X4-3039 Howe Hall Rm. 2347
    Spring 2006
    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    Example: Comet Airliner First jet propelled aircraft.


    - Actual cabin differential pressure during flight 8.5psi (57kPa) -The design pressure was 20psi (138kPa), [FOS >2]. - Pressurized once to double its working pressure of 114kPa
    Thought would not fail under the action of fatigue {WRONGE}

    Crack growth due to cyclic loading caused catastrophic failure of the aircraft
    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    Fatigue Failure

    Types of Fatigue Loading


    Mechanical Fatigue: pure fluctuation in applied load Fretting Fatigue: cyclic stress with oscillatory relative motion and frictional sliding. Contact Fatigue: rolling and sliding contact Corrosion Fatigue: chemical aggressive or embitterment. Creep Fatigue: cyclic loading at constant elevated temperature

    Aloha Airlines, 4/28/1988. The aircraft lost 1/3 of its roof due to a stress fracture while cruising at 24,000 feet.

    Thermal Fatigue: cyclic temperature at constant or zero load Thermo-mechanical Fatigue: combined cyclic variation of both loading and temperature
    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    From: http://www.airdisaster.com/
    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    Cyclic Loading definitions

    Cyclic Loading Definitions


    Parameters defining a cyclic loading history - Stress Range: - K-Range: - Stress amplitude: - Mean Stress: - Loading ratio:

    = max min K = Kmax Kmin

    a = 1 2 (max min ) m = 1 2 (max + min )


    R=

    Typical stress history during cyclic loading


    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    - Nf : No. of cycle to failure


    Iowa State University

    min Kmin = max Kmax


    Ashraf Bastawros

    Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006

    Cyclic Loading Definitions


    Frequency: f (Hz or cycle/s). Rotating machinery at 3000rpm,
    f = 50Hz. The running frequency generally influences fatigue crack growth if there are environmental effects present, such as humidity or elevated temperature. The frequency of the on/off cycle could be more detriment in limiting the life.

    Cyclic vs. Static Loading


    Key difference between static and cyclic loading Static: until applied K reaches K c ( 30MPa m for example )
    the crack will not grow

    Cyclic: K applied can be few percent of K c ( 3MPa m


    Over time, the crack grows.
    for example )

    Waveform: is the profile of the stress history; sine wave,


    square wave or any other regular or random profile. It would influence the fatigue crack growth if there are environmental effects.
    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    The design could be safe under static loading, but any cyclic loading must be considered.
    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    Fatigue Crack Growth

    Fatigue Crack Growth


    2 > 1
    a1 , 2

    Crack length, a

    FG da IJ H dN K

    FG da IJ H dN K

    a1 , 1

    da = f (loading) dN

    Cycle N Paris, Gomez and Anderson (A rational analytical theory of fatigue, the Trend in
    Engineering, Vol 13, 9-14, 1961)

    postulated that the rate of crack growth


    a da m = C ( K ) dN N
    Ashraf Bastawros

    depends on K in the following way:


    Iowa State University

    da m = C ( K ) ; K = Y a dN Y is a geometric constant depends on the specimen type


    Iowa State University Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006 Ashraf Bastawros

    Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006

    Fatigue Crack Growth

    Iowa State University

    Fracture Mechanics, Spring 2006

    Ashraf Bastawros

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