Informal Employment in Namibia 2008

Informal employment in Namibia 2008
by Debbie Budlender
Copyright International Labour Organization 2011

First published 2011
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ILO Cataloguing in Publication Data

Budlender, Debbie
Informal employment in Namibia 2008 / Debbie Budlender ; International Labour Office. - Geneva: ILO, 2011
1 v.
ISBN: 9789221247418;9789221247425 (web pdf)
International Labour Office
informal employment / informal economy / labour force / employment / unemployment / working conditions /
informal workers / self employed / Namibia
13.01.3
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Contents
Preface ................................................................................................................................. 4
Introduction ......................................................................................................................... 5
Defining informal sector and informal employment ................................................. 5
Structure of the paper ................................................................................................. 6
The overall shape of the Namibian labour force ................................................................. 6
Characteristics of employed persons ................................................................................... 9
Branch of economic activity .................................................................................... 10
Occupation ............................................................................................................... 12
Size of workplace..................................................................................................... 14
Type of workplace ................................................................................................... 15
Hours of work .......................................................................................................... 15
Beyond the main job ................................................................................................ 16
Demographic characteristics .................................................................................... 17
Employees ......................................................................................................................... 19
Contracts .................................................................................................................. 20
Paid leave ................................................................................................................. 21
Income tax deductions ............................................................................................. 22
Duration of employment .......................................................................................... 22
Remuneration ........................................................................................................... 23
Employers and own-account workers ............................................................................... 25
Suggestions for improvement ............................................................................................ 28
Appendix: Detailed tables ................................................................................................. 30
Preface
The development of statistics on informal employment helps to improve labour statistics and
national accounts. Informal employment plays an important role for job creation, income
generation and poverty reduction in many countries, especially developing and transition
countries. Statistics on informal employment are needed as an evidence-based tool for research
and policy-making. They enhance the visibility of the many workers in the informal economy
and of their contributions to economic and social development.
The purpose of the present paper is to disseminate an analysis of data on informal employment,
which were collected as part of the Namibia Labour Force Survey (LFS) 2008. The Namibia
LFS is conducted about every three years by the Ministry of Labour and Social Welfare in
cooperation with the Central Bureau of Statistics. The Namibia LFS 2008 was the first survey
in the country to collect comprehensive data on informal employment.
This Working Paper was prepared by Debbie Budlender (ILO Consultant, South Africa). The
definition of informal employment used for processing of the Namibia LFS 2008 data, as well
as the tabulation plan established as basis for the analysis presented in this Working Paper, had
been developed by Pandulene Kali () (Director, Labour Market Information, Ministry of
Labour and Social Welfare, Namibia) and Ralf Hussmanns (Chief, Household Surveys Unit,
Department of Statistics, ILO) during a mission, which the latter had undertaken to Windhoek
in June 2009. Ralf Hussmanns also provided comments on the draft of this Working Paper at
various stages of its preparation.
Working papers of the Department of Statistics are meant to stimulate discussion. The ILO will
therefore welcome comments and suggestions concerning the contents of this paper. They
should be addressed to the Department of Statistics, International Labour Office, CH-1211
Geneva 22, Switzerland, fax no. + 41 22 799 6957, e-mail: statistics@ilo.org
Rafael Diez de Medina

Director
Department of Statistics
International Labour Office
February 2011
Introduction
This paper reports on analysis of data from Namibias 2008 Labour Force Survey (LFS) so as
to describe and compare informal and formal employment in the country. The paper is based
on an understanding of informal employment which goes beyond the traditional concept of
informal sector.
Defining informal sector and informal employment

The concept of informal sector was developed in the 1970s. In 1993 the 15th International
Conference of Labour Statisticians (ICLS) adopted a resolution that provided a standard
definition of the concept and recommended how it should be operationalised in statistical data
collection and analysis. The ICLS definition was subsequently included in the revised
international System of National Accounts of 1993. It is thus the accepted definition from the
viewpoint of both labour statistics and national accounts.
The definition is based on the characteristics of the enterprise rather than the characteristics of
the persons who own or work in that enterprise. Informal sector enterprises form part of the
institutional sector households in national accounts i.e. they are household unincorporated
enterprises. Stated differently, these enterprises are not constituted as separate legal entities
and do not have accounts separate from the households to which they are linked. Employment
in the informal sector is then defined to include all those who, in a given reference period, are
employed in an informal sector enterprise, regardless of their conditions of work, etc. Because
the informal sector includes own-account enterprises where there are no permanent employees
as well as others which have permanent employees, employment in the informal sector
encompasses a range of different statuses in employment, including own-account worker,
employer, employee and unpaid family worker.
For statistical purposes, the ICLS resolution offered several different ways of operationalising
the concept of informal sector. For the most part countries use either the size of the household
unincorporated enterprise in terms of number of employees or its non-registration with national
authorities. As will be seen below, Namibia includes a question in the LFS that avoids the need
for such proxies. The analysis below includes some cross-tabulations that show how this direct
question compares with the answers to possible proxy measures. In line with the international
standards, some countries restrict the definition to non-agricultural activities, but that
restriction is not applied in this paper.
In the early 2003 the ICLS, in recognition of the fact that the informal sector concept did not
encompass all forms of informalisation, adopted guidelines for a statistical definition of
informal employment. This definition goes beyond the nature of the enterprise to examine the
characteristics of the worker or, more precisely, his or her job. Thus employees are considered
to have informal jobs if, whether in law or practice, the employment relationship is not subject
to standard labour legislation, income taxation, social protection or entitlement to the
employment benefits specified in a national definition. This definition means that informal
employment can be found in formal and informal sector enterprises, and in both public and
private sectors, as well as in households employing paid domestic workers.
With this understanding of informal employment for employees, informal employment as a
whole includes:
Own-account workers and employers who have their own informal sector enterprises
Contributing family workers, irrespective of whether they work in formal or informal

sector enterprises
Employees who have informal jobs in formal sector enterprises or informal sector
enterprises or as paid domestic workers employed by households
Members of informal producers cooperatives
Persons engaged in own-account production of goods exclusively for own final use by
their household, if considered to be employed persons.
For the purposes of this paper, informal employment is defined in terms of the main job of each
respondent to the LFS. It therefore provides an under-estimation of informal employment to the
extent that some individuals have more than one job, and the secondary job could well be
informal. However, as seen below, relatively few individuals in Namibia report multiple jobs.
Employers and own-account workers are considered to be in informal employment if their
enterprise is not registered as a company and does not have detailed formal accounts. The
questions related to these characteristics are straightforward. Thus question I1 asks: Is your
business/enterprise registered as a company?; question I3 asks: Does your business keep
accounts?; and question I4 asks What type of accounts are kept for this business?, with the
first option being Detailed formal accounts. These questions are used to filter out the formal
sector for all those who have stated that in their main job they work as a subsistence/communal
farmer with or without paid employees, an other employer, or an own-account worker
without paid employees.
Employees are considered to be in informal employment if their employer does not pay social
contributions on their behalf. Again, question H1 is relatively straightforward, asking: Does
your employer pay social contribution for you e.g. pension?
Structure of the paper

The next section of this paper briefly describes the overall shape of the Namibian labour force.
This is followed by a much longer section describing the characteristics of employed persons in
terms of status in employment, formal and informal employment and a range of other
characteristics. Two somewhat shorter sections follow, the first of which focuses on employees
and the second of which describes the situation of employers and own-account workers. The
paper ends with a few suggestions as to how future LFS questionnaires or implementation of
the survey could provide improved data on informal employment.
The main body of the paper presents broad descriptions through graphs and simplified tables.
The appendix includes the full set of detailed tables on which the broader description is based.
The overall shape of the Namibian labour force

The September LFS recorded a total of 678,680 (weighted) economically active persons aged
15 years and above, of whom a little under half (331,444) were employed. Just over half (51%)
of the economically active were female, but with a higher unemployment rate than for men
women accounted for only 44% of all employed. Similarly, persons living in rural areas
accounted for 52% of the economically active, but only 37% of the employed. (To some extent
this pattern could reflect under-recording of more marginal employment where a respondent
does not see such work as constituting work for pay, profit or family gain.)
As explained above, this report focuses on informal employment, which is understood as
including employers and own account workers in the informal sector, contributing family
workers as well as employees whether employed in the formal sector, informal sector or as
paid domestic workers in households who do not enjoy secure work with social protection.
The categorisation is based on status in employment in the main job, and this report as a whole
thus reflects the situation in respect of main jobs. Given that 97% of all employed persons
reported that they had only one job over the previous seven days, this restriction should not
seriously affect the accuracy of the overall picture.
The question on employment status in the main job (E9) distinguished between the following
categories:
Subsistence/communal farmer with paid employees
Subsistence/communal farmer without paid employees
Other employer with paid employees
Other own-account worker without paid employees
Employee
Unpaid subsistence/communal family worker
Other unpaid family worker
Other
A total of 13 (unweighted) employed respondents categorised their status as other, with a
further 9 not specifying status at all. These respondents were ignored in the analysis.
(Similarly, for other tabulations were a small number of respondents have no response or an
invalid response recorded, they are ignored in the analysis.) Of the remaining employed
respondents, those placing themselves in the first four categories were classified as employers
or own-account workers. Those placing themselves in the fifth and sixth categories were
classified as contributing family workers.
Employers and own-account workers were classified as informal if the enterprise was not
registered as a company and did not keep detailed formal accounts. Employees were classified
as informal if they indicated that their employer did not pay social contributions, such as for
pension, on their behalf. All contributing family workers were classified as informal.
Graph 1 shows the formal/informal distribution for each of the detailed statuses in
employment. By definition, all unpaid family workers are informal. The overwhelming
majority of employers and own account workers without permanent employees are informal,
especially among those working in subsistence or communal agriculture. In contrast, around
70% of employers with permanent employees are formal. Among employees, less than three
fifths have formal jobs.
Graph 1: Employment by detailed status in employment and formality

0%
10%
20%
30%
40%
50%
60%
70%
80%
90%
100%
subsistence/communalwithemployees
subsistence/communal
otheremployerwithemployees
otherownaccountworker
employee
unpaidfamily workersubsistence/communal
otherunpaidfamily worker
unpaidfamily worker
otherunpaidfamily
subsistence/communa
worker
l
Formal
Informal
otherownaccount
worker
employee
otheremployerwith subsistence/communa subsistence/communa

employees
l
lwithemployees
156343
5086
8234
358
3097
346
3211
113259
29316
2731
6466
1444
Formal
Informal
Source: Namibia Labour Force Survey 2008
Graph 2 below gives the distribution across formal and informal employment and aggregated
status in employment for all employed, male and female, and rural and urban. Overall, formal
employees account for close on half (47%) of all employed persons, with informal employees
accounting for another third (34%). Formal employers and own account workers account for
only 5% of all employed, as against 12% informal employers and own account workers.
Among employees formal workers thus outnumber informal ones while the opposite is true for
employers and own account workers. (Recorded) contributing family workers account for only
1% of all employed.
Graph 2: Employed persons by aggregated status in employment and formality

100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
All
Female
Male
Rural
3557
1696
1861
737
2820
Informalemployee
113259
47530
65729
48757
64502
Formalemployee
156343
69128
87215
44267
112076
Informalemployer
39956
21618
18338
23101
16856
Formalemployer
16776
4676
12099
6029
10747
Contribfamily
Formalemployer
Informalemployer
Formalemployee
Informalemployee
Urban
Contribfamily
There is little difference between male and female in the proportion of the employed who are
employees and the breakdown, within employees, between formal and informal. However
among employers, 15% of all female employed are informal employers or own account
workers as against only 3% with these statuses in employment who are formal. For males, in
contrast, the comparable percentages are 10% and 7%.
In terms of location, 76% of rural employed persons are employees, as against 85% in urban
areas. Further, more than half of the rural employees are informal while among urban
employees a clear majority are formal. In both rural and urban areas, 5% of all employed
persons are formal employers or own account workers, but in rural areas a further 19% are
informal employers or own account workers as against only 8% in urban areas.
Characteristics of employed persons

Graph 3 gives the distribution of employed persons between agriculture and non-agriculture
and formal and informal status.
Overall, 16% of the employed are recorded as working in agriculture with almost twice as
many working informally as formally. Non-agricultural formal employment accounts for 47%
of all employed, with a further 37% in informal non-agricultural employment.
Women are markedly less likely than men to work in agriculture (8% as against 23% of each of
these groups), but if working in agriculture women are more likely than men to be doing so
on an informal basis. Similarly, while 43% of women are doing informal non-agricultural
work, only 32% of men are doing so.
As expected, a far larger proportion of rural (39%) than urban (3%) employed persons are in
agriculture, but the distribution within agriculture between formal and informal employment is
similar across the two locations. In contrast, a larger percentage of rural non-agricultural
workers work informally, while the opposite pattern is found among urban non-agricultural
workers.
Graph 3: Employment by sector and formality
100%
90%
80%
70%
60%
50%
40%
30%
20%
10%
0%
Total
Women
Men
Rural
Informalemployment nonagriculture
121344
62402
58941
40436
Urban
80908
Formalemployment nonagriculture
155994
71045
84949
34917
121077
Informalemployment agriculture
35429
8442
26987
32158
3271
Formalemployment agriculture
18677
3461
15216
15857
2820
Branch of economic activity

If we explore non-agricultural work in more detail, we find that the largest single sector is
services, which accounts for 35% of all employed persons. The second biggest is trade, at 19%
of the total. These two sectors dominate in both the formal and informal economies, but to
different extents.
Thus services accounts for 41% of formal employment, as against 29% of informal, while trade
accounts for 23% of informal employment as against 15% of formal employment. Construction
accounts for 7% of all employment, more or less equal to the contribution of financial services.
However, construction accounts for 10% of informal employment as against 4% of formal.
Expressed differently, and as shown in Graph 4, 70% of all construction workers are informal,
as are 58% of trade workers but only 39% of services workers.
10
Graph 4: Percentage of employment that is informal by industry and sex

120%
100% 100%
100%
80%
71%
66%
70%
70%
66%
64%
61%
61%
58%
60%
49%
49%
43%
39%
41%
40%
35%36%35%
36%
30%
35%
32%
28%
33%
23%
20%21%20%
20%
13%
0%
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Utilities
Construction
Trade
Total
Male
Female
Transport
Finance
Services
Total
Table 1 gives the pattern in respect of the economy as a whole. Table A.2 reveals further
variation according to status in employment. For example, a full 37% of informal employers
and own account workers are in trade, while only 10% are in services. In contrast, 36% of
informal employees work in services, with a much smaller 18% in trade.
This pattern reflects, at least in part, the large numbers of informal workers who are own
account workers without paid employees. Construction accounts for 8% of informal employers
and own account workers and 11% of informal employees. Of contributing family workers,
25% are found in agriculture, with a further 25% in trade, 18% in services and 13% in
construction.
11
Table 1. Employment by branch of economic activity and formality (in percent)

Industry
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Utilities
Construction
Trade
Transport
Finance
Services
International
Total
Total
16%
3%
6%
2%
7%
19%
5%
7%
35%
0%
100%
Formal
11%
4%
8%
2%
4%
15%
6%
9%
41%
0%
100%
Informal
23%
1%
5%
1%
10%
23%
4%
5%
29%
0%
100%
In gender terms, women account for 72% of all informal trade workers as compared to only
44% of formal trade workers. Similarly, women account for 76% of informal services workers
but only 66% of formal services workers.
In terms of location, rural workers account for 29% of all formal jobs but 46% of all informal
jobs. Rural workers account for 34% of all workers in services across both urban and rural
areas. However, in all other sectors, the informal proportion is higher in rural than urban areas.
The informal proportions are 37% and 20% respectively in rural and urban areas in trade.
Occupation
Just under a quarter (23%) of all employed persons in Namibia work in elementary
occupations. Table 2 reveals that the proportion is higher for informal employment (28%) than
for formal (19%). A similar pattern is found for the second, third and fourth largest
occupational categories, namely services and sales workers, skilled crafts persons and skilled
agricultural workers. For professionals, in strong contrast, the category accounts for 15% of
formal workers but only 2% of informal. Similarly, clerks and associate professionals are more
commonly found in formal than in informal work. Thus, for example, while 89% of
professionals have formal jobs, only 24% of skilled agricultural workers and 43% of
elementary workers do so.
12
Table 2. Employment by occupation and formality (in percent)

Occupation
Armedforces
Managers
Professionals
Associateprofessionals
Clerks
Services/Sales
Skilledagricultural
Craft
Operators
Elementary
Total
Total
1%
5%
9%
7%
7%
18%
9%
16%
5%
23%
100%
Formal
1%
6%
15%
9%
10%
16%
4%
13%
6%
19%
100%
Informal
0%
4%
2%
3%
3%
21%
14%
20%
4%
28%
100%
Graph 5 illustrates the percentage of employment that is informal for each occupation. The
percentage is highest for both male and female workers in skilled agricultural occupations, and
lowest for the male-dominated armed forces.
Graph 5: Percentage of employment that is informal by occupation
100%
90%
90%
80%
76%
72%
70%
67%
63%
59%
60%
59%
57%
56%
58%
55%
53%
49%
48% 46%
50%
40%
40%
38%
39%
35%
29%
30%
20%
20%
27%
24%23%24%
24%
18%
13%
11%
9%
10%
5%
5%
0%
0%
Armedforces
Managers
Professionals
Assoc
professional
Clerks
Total
Services/Sales Skilledagricult
Female
Craft
Operators
Elementary
Total
Male
Men occupy 68% of the managerial posts in the formal economy but only 32% in the informal
economy. Further, 78% of all female own account/employer managers have no paid
employees, with this percentage increasing to 83% if we restrict analysis to informal
employment. The comparable percentages for men are 30% and 76%. Men account for 91% of
formal skilled agricultural workers and 72% of informal.
13
Size of workplace
Graph 6 illustrates the extent to which small workplaces dominate for informal employment,
and vice versa. This strong relationship between informality and size is found despite the fact
that size of the workplace was not used to define either the informal sector or informal
employment. Thus only 14% of employment in single-person workplaces is formal, but this
percentage rises steadily to reach 78% in workplaces employing 21 or more workers.
As a result, well over a third (38%) of informal workers are in workplaces employing a single
person, while this is the case for only 5% of formal workers. Conversely, over half (57%) of
formal workers are in workplaces with 21 or more workers, while this is the case for only 18%
of informal workers. This 18% is, however, much higher than might be expected if our picture
of the informal economy consists overwhelmingly of very small workplaces. Indeed, 38% of
informal workers are in workplaces employing 6 or more workers.
Graph 6: Number of persons engaged in workplace by formality
140000
120000
100000
80000
60000
40000
20000
0
Total
Formal
Informal
23
45
610
1115
16 20
21+
68336
41005
22917
33250
21351
15368
127664
9261
12424
9968
19198
13386
9651
99231
59076
28581
12949
14052
7965
5717
28433
Total
Formal
Informal
In the one-person workplaces, men are more dominant in the formal economy (45%) than in
the informal (37%). However, in workplaces employing 6 or more people, male dominance is
more marked in the informal than in the formal enterprises. This reflects, at least in part, the
large number of women in informal one-person small businesses.
14
Type of workplace
Table 3 provides information on the type of workplace in which formal and informal work is
performed. Overall, more than half (55%) of all employed persons work in factories, offices or
shops. However, while this is true for more than three-quarters (76%) of formal workers, only
22% of informal workers operate in such locations. Overall, formal workers account for 72%
of all those who work in factories, offices or shops.
In sharp contrast, formal workers account for only 15% of those who work from home with no
special place assigned for working. Thus while only 3% of formal workers work from home in
this way, over a fifth (21%) of informal workers do so, with a further 10% working from their
clients home or place. Compared to many other developing countries, Namibia has a relatively
small percentage of workers working without a fixed location. Informal workers are, however,
about four times as likely as formal workers to be in this situation.
Table 3. Employment by type of workplace and formality (in percent)
Typeofworkplace
Athome(nospecial
space)
Businessspaceinside
Factory,office,shop
Farmorplot
Clienthome/place
Constructionsites
Markets,tradefairs
Streetstall
Nofixedlocation
Other
Total
Total
Formal
12%
3%
Informal
21%
3%
55%
14%
7%
3%
1%
1%
3%
2%
100%
2%
76%
9%
3%
2%
1%
0%
1%
1%
100%
4%
32%
19%
10%
4%
2%
1%
4%
2%
100%
Men account for 50% of those who do formal work from home, as against 42% of those who
do informal work from this location. In factories, offices and shops, the male percentage is
more or less constant (53%) for both informal and formal. Rural workers account for half of
those who do informal work from home, but only 32% of those who do formal work.
Hours of work
More than four in every five (82%) Namibian workers report that they work full-time. The
percentage is, however, much higher for formal workers (93%) than for informal (69%). Of
informal employers and own-account workers, 65% report that they work full-time.
Expressed differently, these patterns mean that 81% of part-time workers are in informal
employment. Men account for 63% of formal part-time workers, and 53% of informal parttime workers while, as seen above, they account for 56% of all employed. This counters the
assumption that it is primarily women who do part-time work.
15
Graph 7 shows informal workers dominating in all categories except among those working 4049 hours per week. In this single category, formal workers far outnumber informal workers
accounting for 69% of all workers in the category. Informal dominance is particularly marked
among those working a relatively small number of hours. Thus 88% of those working under 20
hours per week are informal workers. Informal workers also dominate among those working
excessive hours in that informal workers are over-represented among those working 50 hours
or more per week.
Graph 7: Employed persons by usual hours of work and informality
120000
109798
100000
80000
60000
48663
40000
23087
21099
18675
20000
14110
4549
628
12624
10022
10493
8045
11304
4607
4382
6715 7986
1501
1183
3920
1839 3044
0
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
Formal
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
Informal
In contrast to the reported pattern in terms of full-time and part-time work, women account for
close on two-thirds of those working fewer than 40 hours a week, and only about a third of
those working 50 hours or more.
Beyond the main job

As noted above, overall 3% of employed persons reported that they had done more than one
job during the past week. The percentage was highest at 5% - among employers and ownaccount workers, and was as high as 10% amongst the sub-category of formal employers and
own-account workers. Among employees, there was a slightly higher likelihood of multiple
jobs among informal (3%) than formal (2%) workers. Virtually no contributing family workers
said that they had multiple jobs during the past week.
Men and persons living in rural areas were somewhat over-represented among those in the
formal economy with multiple jobs.
16
About 4% of all employed persons said that they would have preferred to work for more hours
during the previous seven days, and would have been able to work more hours. This was the
case for 6% of informal workers compared to 2% of formal workers. The first question, in
relation to preference for more work, included more work in their present jobs, additional work
in a further job, or a replacement job that involved longer hours.
Informal workers (4%) were noticeably more likely than formal (1%) to report being in this
situation. As a result, 80% of those reporting desire, availability and search for an additional
work were informal workers. There was very little difference between groups defined on the
basis of status in employment.
In terms of gender, among those informally employed it was women more than men who
wanted additional work while the opposite held among those in formal employment. In terms
of location, rural workers both formal and informal were less likely than urban to want
additional work.
Demographic characteristics
Graph 8 illustrates the age distribution of formal and informal workers. Informal workers are
seen to be more dominant in the younger age groups, up to age 30. Formal workers dominate
for the rest of the standard working life, but informal workers again outnumber formal workers
among those aged 60 and above.
Graph 8: Employed persons by age group and formality
60000
55742
55125
50171
50000
44786
42825
40000
30000
26278
23706
20000
12549
10000
6384
3266
2276
3996
562
1239
228
572
187
0
1519
2029
3039
4049
5059
Formal
6069
7079
8089
9099
Informal
Graph 9 shows a marked decrease in informality as the educational level of the employed
person rises. (As many as 7% of employed persons did not provide information on their
17
educational level. These workers are taken into account when reporting on percentages below,
but are not included in the graph.) Thus, for example, 65% of employed persons with only
primary education are informal, while this is the case for only 5% of those with university
education or teacher training and 14% of those with other post-school education. The relatively
high 15% among postgraduates could be the result of a relatively small sample of persons with
this level of education.
Graph 9: Employed persons by highest educational level and formality
70000
60000
50025
50000
44814
40000
30000
25536
20000
13070
10412
11121
10000
10170
7971
0
Primary
JunSecondary
SenSecondary
Postschool
Formal
University
Postgraduate
TeacherTraining
None/Unspec.
Informal
Overall, a larger proportion of male (26%) than female (17%) employed persons have only
primary education. The female percentage of workers with this level of education is higher
among the informally (39%) than among the formally employed (21%). However, men are
over-represented among both formal and informal workers with this level of education. Aroune
one-tenth of employed people 7% of employed women and 12% of employed men have no
or unspecified education. More than six in ten (61%) of those with no or unspecified education
work in informal jobs.
Rural workers (30%) are more likely than urban workers (17%) to have only primary
education. Rural workers account for 58% of informal workers with this level of education.
Finally, in terms of demographic characteristics, 97% of all employed persons are Namibians,
with very little difference between formal and informal workers when considered as a whole.
However, the percentage of Namibians falls to 90% among formal employers and own-account
workers, with a further 4% of this category being European citizens and 2% South African.
Angolans constitute the single biggest nationality other than Namibians, but amount to only
1% of all employed persons, and less than 1% of formal employers and own-account workers.
Instead, Angolans tend to be found among informal employees, where they account for 2% of
the total.
18
Employees
As noted above, in September 2008 there were approximately 270,000 employees in Namibia.
Graph 10 shows the breakdown by type of employer, sex and location. The government
category includes those employed by parastatals. The private category includes those employed
by private enterprises, non-profit organisations and co-operatives. For sex and location, only
the female and rural categories are shown so as to simplify the figure.
The largest groups are formal employees in private companies, informal employees in private
companies, and formal employees in government and parastatals. These three groupings
account for 29%, 27% and 26% respectively of all employees. As expected, informal
government (4%) and formal household employees (3%) are very small categories, but
informal household employees account for more than one-tenth of all employees.
Female employees are slightly over-represented among formal government employees and
under-represented among formal private employees. They are markedly over-represented
among informal household workers, where they account for 71% of the total. Rural employees
are under-represented among private formal employees and over-represented among private
informal employees. There is little difference between rural and urban in the likelihood of
employment by government or households.
Graph 10: Employees by type of employer and formality
90000
78086
80000
72150
70707
70000
60000
50000
40000
34826
30720
28297
30000
21954
21810
20000
10327
10000
7058
3817
5811
Governmentformal
Governmentinformal
Privateformal
Privateinformal
Householdformal
All
70707
10327
78086
72150
7058
30720
Female
34826
3817
28297
21954
5811
21810
Rural
23624
4991
18419
32387
1992
11259
All
Female
Householdinformal
Rural
19
Contracts
Graph 11 illustrates the nature of the contract of employment held by employees with different
types of employers. Overall, 84% of formal employees have a written contract, as against only
28% of informal employees. Among government formal employees, 94% report having a
written contract, as is the case for as much as 62% of informal government employees. In
contrast, only 8% of informal household employees report having a written contract.
Graph 11: Employees by nature of contract, type of employer and formality
80000
70000
66796
60721
60000
49679
50000
40000
28197
30000
22406
20000
16349
10000
6395
3640
3932
3088
3704
2456
0
Governmentformal
Governmentinformal
Privateformal
awrittencontract
Privateinformal
Householdformal
Householdinformal
averbalagreement
There is little difference between formally employed women and men in the likelihood of
having a written contract, but 30% of male informal workers compared to 25% of female have
written contracts. There are more substantial differences between rural and urban workers.
Thus 87% of urban formal workers and 33% of informal report a written contract, as against
only 75% and 20% respectively in rural areas.
Table 4 shows that more than four in five contracts of formal employees specify permanent
employment, while this is the case for only 29% of informal employees. Permanent contracts
are least likely for informal household workers (22%) and most likely for formal government
workers (91%). Fixed-term contracts are most likely for informal government workers (42%)
and least likely for formal government workers (5%). This suggests that the formal-informal
distinction within government employee is between those with permanent contracts who get
benefits such as membership of funds and those with short-term contracts who do not.
20
Table 4. Employees by duration of contract and formality (in percent)

Contractduration
Limitedduration
Permanentnature
Unspecifiedduration
Total
Total
Formal
12%
59%
27%
100%
Informal
19%
29%
52%
100%
8%
81%
10%
100%
Paid leave
Graph 12 confirms that formal government employees are the most likely to have access to
both paid annual leave and paid sick leave, while informal household workers are least likely to
do so. Access is also relatively common for formal employees of private companies, where
over three-quarters get paid annual leave and 83% get paid sick leave. Among informal
employees, just over half of those employed by government get paid sick leave but only 31%
get paid annual leave. This finding accords with the finding above that many of these
employees are on fixed-term contracts.
Graph 12: Employees - Paid leave by type of leave, employer and formality
100%
95%
90%
90%
83%
80%
77%
70%
59%
60%
60%
52%
50%
40%
31%
30%
30%
22%
22%
20%
13%
10%
0%
Governmentformal
Governmentinformal
Privateformal
Annualleave
Privateinformal
Householdformal
Householdinformal
Sickleave
There is little difference between male and female employees in access to paid leave. However,
rural employees are less likely than urban to have access to this benefit. Thus 79% of formal
rural employees, but 84% of urban have access to paid annual leave, and 16% and 24%
respectively among informal employees. For paid sick leave, the comparable percentages are
83% and 25% respectively for rural employees and 90% and 33% for urban employees.
21
Income tax deductions

Three quarters (67%) of formal employees have income tax deducted from their wage or
salary, while this is the case for only 12% of informal employees. Table 5 shows that among
informal workers, tax deductions are most common in government, where just over a quarter
(28%) have tax deducted. In contrast, only 13% of even formal employees employed by
households have tax deducted. This latter finding is no doubt, at least in part, related to
relatively low earnings in this sector.
Table 5. Employees: Deduction of tax by type of employer and formality (in percent)
Typeofemployer
Total
Government
Private
Household
Total
Formal
44%
80%
34%
3%
Informal
67%
88%
53%
13%
12%
28%
14%
1%
Duration of employment
Graph 13 shows a very stark difference in the profile of formal and informal employees in
respect of duration of employment. For formal employees, the largest category accounting
for more than a quarter (27%) of this group is those who have been employed for 11 years or
more. Among informal employees, in contrast, nearly half (48%) have worked for less than one
year in this job.
Among government employees, only 8% have worked for less than a year, but this is the case
for 34% of private sector employees and 40% of household employees. If we restrict the
analysis to informal employees, 50% of private sector employees and 45% of household
employees have worked for less than a year.
22
Graph 13: Employees by duration of employment and informality

60000
54302
50000
41315
40000
34967
32411
30000
24498
23691
21650
20000
16140
9894
10000
7630
0
Formal
lessthan1year
Informal
1to2years
3to5years
6to10years
11ormoreyears
Among both formal and informal employees, women are less likely than men to have worked
for a long period. This is an expected pattern given womens family and reproductive roles,
combined with the absence of full support for these roles in the form of universal paid
maternity leave and other provisions.
Remuneration
When asked how much they earned or got paid per month in their main job, 53 employees,
corresponding to a weighted total of 3,863 workers, recorded a zero response. A further 3
employees did not respond to the question. Thus for 1% of all employees the response was zero
or there was no response. The majority of those giving a zero response were working in private
enterprises (21) or government (14). It seems unlikely that all these workers receive no
payment at all. We therefore, when calculating quartiles for presenting findings in respect of
earnings, exclude these workers and report them in a separate category.
Graph 14 shows very different patterns for formal and informal employees in respect of
earnings. For example, only 7% of formal employees earn between N$1 and N$599 per month,
while this is the case for 43% of informal employees. Conversely, 39% of formal employees
earn N$3,500 or more per month, compared to only 6% of informal employees.
23
Graph 14: Employees by monthly earnings and formality

70000
61109
60000
50000
48079
47991
40000
37817
33083
30000
19169
20000
10708
10000
6718
2949
1115
0
Formal
Informal
0orunknown
1599
6001299
13003499
3500+
Table 6 reveals that earnings prospects are best in government, where even among informal
employees 16% earn N$3,500 or more per month. However, even among this group of
workers, more than a fifth earn less than N$600 per month. For each type of employer there are
very stark differences in earnings between formal and informal employees.
Table 6. Employees: Monthly earnings by type of employer and formality (in percent)
Earningsbrackets
(N$)
0orunknown
1599
6001299
13003499
3500+
Total
Government
Formal
Informal
2%
1%
2%
21%
8%
37%
32%
26%
55%
16%
100%
100%
Private
Formal
Informal
2%
1%
9%
36%
31%
36%
30%
20%
28%
6%
100%
100%
Household
Formal
Informal
3%
1%
31%
65%
45%
25%
17%
7%
5%
2%
100%
100%
Graph 15 presents mean earnings by sex and location for formal and informal employees with
non-zero earnings. The graph starkly illustrates the much lower earnings for informal
employees across all categories. In terms of gender, women tend to earn less than men among
both formal and informal employees, but the gender gap is larger in both absolute and relative
terms among informal employees. In terms of location, the urban-rural gap is wider in relative
terms among informal employees, but not in absolute terms.
24
Graph 15: Employees - Mean monthly earnings by formality, sex and location
Mean
6000
4960
5000
4504
4140
4000
3067
3000
2798
2000
1809
1613
963
1000
724
0
Formalfemale Formalmale
Informal
female
Informalmale
Formalrural
Formalurban Informalrural Informalurban
Total
Employers and own-account workers

As noted above, there were more than 50,000 employers and own-account workers in Namibia
in September 2008, of whom 70% were informal.
Graph 16 confirms that smaller enterprises dominate in both the formal and informal sectors.
However, this dominance is more marked for the informal sector where 53% of the operators
are working without any employees apart, perhaps, from business partners and unpaid family
workers. A further 44% work in enterprises with between 1 and 4 employees. Among formal
employers and own account workers, 16% are in enterprises with 10-49 employees, and 1%
have 50+ employees.
Somewhat surprisingly, 39% of own-account workers report that their enterprises have
employees. This suggests that there might be some mis-classification in terms of status in
employment. The percentage of own-account workers reporting employees is similar for
formal and informal own-account workers, although the formal tend to report more employees
than the informal.
25
Graph 16: Employers and own-account workers by number of employees and formality
25000
21041
20000
17763
15000
10000
7345
5000
4976
2626
1696
695
132
365
93
0
Formal
Informal
0
14
59
1049
50+
Among employers and own account workers, 4,698 (74 unweighted) are recorded as having
zero monthly earnings. This finding is more believable for own account workers than for
employees as it includes subsistence and communal workers. However, as seen below, for
many of the self-employed workers it seems that the zero represents non-reporting of income
rather than zero income. As for employees, we keep these workers in a separate category and
do not include them when calculating earnings quartiles.
Graph 17 reveals that the lower quartile earnings brackets for employers and own account
workers are smaller than those for employees, while the top brackets are at higher levels than
for employees. This suggest greater earnings inequality within the employer and own account
grouping than among employees.
As with employees, there are marked differences in earnings between formal and informal selfemployed workers. Only 8% of formal self-employed workers earn between N$1 and N$799
per month, while this is the case for nearly two-thirds (66%) of informal self-employed
workers. Over half (56%) of formal employers and own account workers earn N$6,000 or
more, compared to only 6% of informal employers and own account workers. What is more
unexpected is that 20% of formal self-employed workers report zero earnings, as against 3% of
informal. This suggests that most of the zeroes represent non-reporting of income.
26
Graph 17: Employers and own-account workers by monthly earnings and formality
16000
14197
14000
12171
12000
10035
10000
9311
8000
6000
4000
3398
2711
2262
2000
1291
928
281
0
Formal
Informal
0
1249
250799
8005999
6000+
Graph 18 shows the usual pattern of higher male than female mean earnings among formal
self-employed workers, and also for urban when compared to rural. However, the pattern
reverses among informal self-employed workers where the mean reported earnings for females
are many times larger than for males. The same holds in respect of rural compared to urban. If
analysis focuses on median rather than mean earnings, the expected pattern of higher male than
female and higher urban than rural earnings is found among both formal and informal selfemployed workers. The very large discrepancies between the mean and median earnings are
evidence of the highly skewed earnings distribution within each of the sub-groups. This severe
skew would also explain the unexpected pattern in respect of the means by sex and location, as
a small number of observations with very high recorded earnings will bias the mean but not the
median.
27
Graph 18: Employers and own-account workers

Mean monthly earnings by sex, location and formality
50000
44348
45000
41227
40000
35817
35000
30000
25000
23593
20000
14000
15000
12000
12000
10508
10000
7000
5000
2314
703
300
1122
700
1875
300
600
600
0
Formalfemale Formalmale
Informal
female
Informalmale
Formalrural
Mean
Formalurban Informalrural Informalurban
Total
Median
Suggestions for improvement

The questionnaire for the 2008 LFS included a number of new questions that, drawing on
international resolutions and definitions, asked about aspects of the work situation that allow
the analyst to classify a worker as informal or formal rather than relying on indirect questions
of proxies. As seen above, the resultant data provide for a detailed representation of the
Namibian workforce in terms of formal and informal employment. Nevertheless, the
exploration of the 2008 LFS data above suggests that there are several areas in which the LFS
questionnaire and/or administration could be improved.
Firstly, the low levels of employment recorded in rural areas suggest that the question about
working for pay, profit or family gain might not be capturing some more marginal
employment and employment where there are little, if any, cash earnings. Other countries have
experimented with different ways of posing this key employment question, or added further
questions to prompt for more marginal employment. Namibia might want to consider doing the
same.
Secondly, the findings in respect of the different categories of employers and own-account
workers suggest that there might be some mis-classification. In this case it might be that
improved training of fieldworkers who administer the LFS questionnaire would address this
problem.
Thirdly, the large numbers of respondents reporting zero earnings needs further investigation,
especially given that the characteristics of many of these individuals suggest that it is highly
unlikely that they have no earnings. Questions on income are known to be sensitive. One
28
possible compromise might be to give respondents the option of reporting income in terms of
pre-specified brackets rather than in terms of an exact number. This might encourage both
those who do not know the exact amount, and those who are unwilling to provide sensitive
information. It would be a compromise in that data in this form is less amenable to detailed
analysis. But such data are better than data that are simply incorrect.
Finally, in order to be able to estimate total employment in the informal sector in addition to
informal employment, question E11 (Is your business/enterprise or the business/enterprise for
which you work ... ?) should be addressed to all employers, own-account workers and
contributing family workers, as well as to employees who answered private enterprise,
cooperative or dont know (codes 3, 5 or 9) in question E10 (Is your place of work ...?). In
addition, questions I1 (Is the business/enterprise registered as a company?), I3 (Does the
business keep accounts?) and I4 (What type of accounts are kept for the business?) should be
addressed to all respondents who answered unincorporated or dont know (codes 2 or 9) in
question E11, irrespective of their status in employment.
29
Appendix: Detailed tables

Table 1.A: Population by labour force characteristics
Totalpopulation
Workingagepopulation
Economicallyactive
Unemployed
Employed
Employedinagriculture
Formalemploymentagriculture
Informalemploymentagriculture
Employedinnonagriculture
Formalemploymentnonagriculture
Informalemploymentnonagriculture
Economicallyinactive
Under15years
1524years
2554years
55yearsormore
Total
Women
Men
Rural
1790047
1107701
678680
347237
331444
54106
18677
35429
277338
155994
121344
940884
605678
349345
203994
145351
11903
3461
8442
133447
71045
62402
849163 1161931
502023 676971
329336 351505
143243 228136
186093 123369
42203
48016
15216
15857
26987
32158
143890
75353
84949
34917
58941
40436
628116
430730
327175
119100
208075
6090
2820
3271
201985
121077
80908
1111367
682346
212594
72037
144389
591539
335207
110675
52317
93341
519827
347140
101919
19720
51049
300941
197386
61038
17840
24676
810426
484960
151556
54196
119713
Urban
30
Table A.2: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence and kind of economic activity (industry), status in employment and formal vs.
informal nature of main job
Allemployedpersons
Total
Female
Male
Industry
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Utilities
Construction
Trade
Transport
Finance
Services
International
Unspecified
Total
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Utilities
Construction
Trade
Transport
Finance
Services
Total
Agriculture
Mining
Manufacturing
Utilities
Total
53860
8813
20961
5384
23252
61291
15598
23589
116975
73
96
329891
11810
1672
8425
1062
2052
33178
3012
12863
70574
144649
42050
7141
12536
4322
Formal
18431
7009
13594
3754
7054
25660
10032
16117
71371
0
96
173119
3368
1328
5412
416
797
11262
2618
8348
40255
73804
15063
5681
8182
3338
Employers&ownaccountworkers
Informal
35429
1804
7367
1631
16198
35631
5565
7472
45604
73
0
156773
8442
344
3012
647
1255
21917
393
4515
30319
70844
26987
1460
4354
984
Total
14930
681
3163
429
4449
19145
1477
5418
7039
0
0
56732
5368
172
1703
0
387
11462
166
3105
3933
26295
9562
509
1460
429
Formal
3948
396
927
297
1297
4344
961
1738
2866
0
0
16776
895
102
468
0
58
1501
115
507
1031
4676
3052
294
460
297
Informal
10982
285
2236
132
3152
14801
517
3680
4172
0
0
39956
4472
70
1235
0
329
9961
51
2598
2902
21618
6510
215
1000
132
Employees
Total
38052
8132
17480
4955
18328
41240
14056
17909
109281
73
96
269602
5915
1500
6722
1062
1665
21061
2846
9548
66338
116658
32137
6632
10758
3893
Formal
14484
6613
12666
3456
5757
21316
9072
14379
68504
0
96
156343
2473
1226
4945
416
738
9761
2504
7841
39225
69128
12011
5387
7722
3040
Informal
23568
1519
4813
1499
12571
19924
4984
3530
40777
73
0
113259
3442
274
1777
647
927
11300
343
1707
27113
47530
20126
1245
3036
852
Contributing
family
workers
879
0
318
0
475
906
64
261
655
0
0
3557
528
0
0
0
0
656
0
210
303
1696
352
0
318
0
31

Construction
21200
Trade
28112
Transport
12586
Finance
10726
Services
46400
International
73
Unspecified
96
Total
185243
Rural
Agriculture
47770
Mining
1629
Manufacturing
2827
Utilities
1449
Construction
6928
Trade
18326
Transport
1490
Finance
2822
Services
39575
International
73
Total
122890
Urban
Agriculture
6090
Mining
7184
Manufacturing
18133
Utilities
3936
Construction
16324
Trade
42965
Transport
14107
Finance
20767
Services
77399
Unspecified
96
Total
207001
32
6257
14399
7414
7769
31115
0
96
99314
15612
901
496
567
1404
5237
871
1046
24161
0
50296
2820
6108
13098
3186
5650
20423
9162
15071
47209
96
122822
14943
13714
5172
2957
15285
73
0
85928
32158
728
2331
881
5524
13088
620
1776
15414
73
72594
3271
1076
5036
749
10674
22542
4945
5696
30190
0
84178
4062
7684
1312
2314
3106
0
0
30437
13760
588
1671
131
2227
7848
0
1073
1831
0
29129
1170
92
1493
298
2222
11297
1477
4346
5208
0
27603
1239
2844
846
1231
1836
0
0
12099
3320
342
0
131
255
1050
0
171
758
0
6029
628
54
927
166
1042
3294
961
1567
2108
0
10747
2823
4840
466
1083
1270
0
0
18338
10440
246
1671
0
1972
6798
0
902
1073
0
23101
542
39
565
132
1180
8003
517
2779
3100
0
16856
16663
20179
11210
8361
42943
73
96
152945
33717
1041
1059
1318
4701
10290
1426
1655
37744
73
93024
4334
7092
16420
3637
13627
30950
12630
16254
71537
96
176578
5019
11555
6568
6538
29280
0
96
87215
12292
559
496
436
1149
4187
871
875
23403
0
44267
2192
6055
12170
3020
4608
17129
8201
13504
45101
96
112076
11645
8624
4642
1823
13663
73
0
65729
21425
482
563
881
3552
6103
556
780
14341
73
48757
2143
1037
4250
618
9019
13821
4429
2751
26435
0
64502
475
250
64
51
352
0
0
1861
293
0
97
0
0
188
64
95
0
0
737
586
0
220
0
475
718
0
167
655
0
2820
Table A.3: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence and occupation, status in employment and formal vs. informal nature of main
job
Total
Female
Male
Armedforces
Managers
Professionals
Assprofessional
Clerks
Services/Sales
Skilledagricult
Craft
Operators
Elementary
Total
Armedforces
Managers
Professionals
Assprofessional
Clerks
Services/Sales
Skilledagricult
Craft
Operators
Elementary
Total
Armedforces
Managers
Professionals
Assprofessional
Clerks
Occupation
Allemployedpersons
Total
2435
16861
28561
21506
22797
60907
28939
52376
18040
77467
329891
232
7473
16808
11464
15803
33884
6842
8828
1071
42244
144649
2203
9388
11753
10043
6994
Formal
2320
11013
25439
16328
17418
27572
6939
21694
11173
33222
173119
232
3501
15252
8094
12121
11242
655
3274
780
18654
73804
2088
7512
10186
8235
5298
Informal
115
5848
3123
5178
5379
33335
22001
30683
6867
44245
156773
0
3971
1556
3370
3683
22642
6187
5554
291
23590
70844
115
1877
1567
1808
1696
Total
0
6346
1937
1506
718
16676
12214
12657
1167
3510
56732
0
2899
339
880
484
11907
4382
3417
161
1826
26295
0
3447
1598
627
234
Formal
0
2825
1792
1008
588
3213
2491
3130
570
1160
16776
0
331
288
472
429
1672
325
557
17
585
4676
0
2494
1504
536
159
Informal
0
3521
146
499
130
13464
9724
9527
596
2351
39956
0
2568
51
408
54
10234
4058
2860
144
1241
21618
0
953
95
91
75
Employees
Total
2435
10239
26624
20000
21910
43679
16020
38601
16809
73285
269602
232
4298
16470
10584
15320
21526
1932
5316
910
40071
116658
2203
5942
10154
9416
6590
Formal
2320
8188
23647
15320
16830
24360
4448
18564
10603
32063
156343
232
3170
14965
7622
11691
9569
330
2717
763
18069
69128
2088
5018
8683
7699
5139
Informal
115
2051
2977
4679
5080
19319
11572
20037
6206
41223
113259
0
1127
1505
2962
3628
11957
1602
2599
147
22002
47530
115
924
1472
1717
1451
Contributing
family
workers
0
276
0
0
170
552
705
1119
64
672
3557
0
276
0
0
0
451
528
95
0
348
1696
0
0
0
0
170
33

Services/Sales
27024
Skilledagricult
22097
Craft
43548
Operators
16970
Elementary
35223
Total
185243
Rural
Armedforces
326
Managers
4218
Professionals
11843
Assprofessional
5746
Clerks
2917
Services/Sales
18169
Skilledagricult
24474
Craft
15654
Operators
3812
Elementary
35730
Total
122890
Urban
Armedforces
2109
Managers
12643
Professionals
16718
Assprofessional
15760
Clerks
19880
Services/Sales
42738
Skilledagricult
4465
Craft
36722
Operators
14228
Elementary
41737
Total
207001
34
16331
6284
18420
10394
14569
99314
326
1061
10703
3262
2068
6776
5767
3234
3014
14087
50296
1994
9952
14736
13066
15351
20797
1172
18460
8160
19136
122822
10693
15814
25129
6576
20655
85928
0
3157
1141
2484
850
11394
18707
12421
798
21643
72594
115
2691
1982
2694
4529
21941
3293
18262
6069
22602
84178
4770
7832
9239
1006
1685
30437
0
2573
351
358
85
5447
11414
6301
83
2516
29129
0
3773
1586
1148
632
11230
800
6356
1084
995
27603
1540
2166
2573
553
575
12099
0
365
351
66
85
1145
2255
809
0
952
6029
0
2459
1440
942
503
2068
236
2321
570
207
10747
3229
5666
6667
453
1110
18338
0
2208
0
292
0
4302
9160
5492
83
1563
23101
0
1313
146
206
130
9162
564
4035
513
787
16856
22153
14088
33285
15900
33214
152945
326
1592
11492
5388
2832
12588
12941
9047
3664
33155
93024
2109
8647
15132
14612
19078
31091
3079
29554
13145
40130
176578
14790
4118
15847
9840
13994
87215
326
696
10351
3197
1982
5631
3512
2424
3014
13134
44267
1994
7493
13296
12124
14848
18729
936
16140
7589
18928
112076
7362
9970
17438
6059
19221
65729
0
896
1141
2191
850
6957
9429
6623
650
20020
48757
115
1155
1836
2488
4230
12362
2144
13414
5556
21202
64502
101
177
1024
64
324
1861
0
53
0
0
0
135
119
307
64
59
737
0
223
0
0
170
417
586
812
0
612
2820
Table A.4: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence and number of persons engaged in workplace, status in employment and formal
vs. informal nature of main job
Allemployedpersons
Total
Female
Male
Numberof
personsengaged
inworkplace
1
23
45
610
1115
1620
21+
Total
1
23
45
610
1115
1620
21+
Total
1
23
45
610
1115
1620
21+
Total
Total
68336
41005
22917
33250
21351
15368
127664
329891
42433
15975
8129
12276
8431
6338
51066
144649
25903
25029
14788
20973
12920
9030
76599
185243
Formal
9261
12424
9968
19198
13386
9651
99231
173119
5072
4781
3056
7915
6083
4519
42379
73804
4189
7643
6913
11283
7302
5132
56852
99314
Informal
59076
28581
12949
14052
7965
5717
28433
156773
37361
11195
5073
4362
2348
1819
8687
70844
21714
17387
7875
9690
5617
3898
19746
85928
Total
31123
12429
5306
2457
1477
820
3120
56732
17783
4069
2097
555
533
344
914
26295
13341
8360
3209
1902
943
477
2206
30437
Formal
3705
4887
2500
2055
859
679
2090
16776
1329
1320
445
489
352
282
460
4676
2376
3567
2056
1566
507
397
1630
12099
Informal
27418
7542
2806
401
618
141
1030
39956
16453
2750
1652
66
182
62
454
21618
10965
4793
1153
335
436
79
576
18338
Contributing
family
workers
Employees
Total
36548
27950
17162
30012
19447
14465
124019
269602
24118
11559
5873
11224
7820
5911
50152
116658
12430
16391
11288
18787
11628
8553
73867
152945
Formal
5555
7537
7468
17143
12527
8972
97141
156343
3743
3461
2611
7425
5731
4237
41919
69128
1813
4075
4857
9717
6796
4735
55223
87215
Informal
30993
20413
9693
12869
6920
5493
26878
113259
20376
8097
3262
3799
2088
1674
8233
47530
10617
12316
6431
9070
4832
3819
18645
65729
665
626
449
781
427
83
525
3557
532
348
158
497
78
83
0
1696
133
278
291
284
349
0
525
1861
35
Rural
1
32105
23
23432
45
11132
610
16408
1115
10798
1620
5762
21+
23254
Total
122890
Urban
1
36232
23
17572
45
11785
610
16842
1115
10553
1620
9606
21+
104410
Total
207001
36
3663
5338
3779
9170
7435
3920
16990
50296
5597
7085
6189
10027
5950
5732
82241
122822
28441
18094
7353
7237
3362
1843
6264
72594
30634
10487
5596
6815
4603
3874
22169
84178
16140
7662
2685
678
598
655
711
29129
14983
4768
2621
1778
878
166
2409
27603
1262
2214
615
467
306
575
590
6029
2443
2673
1886
1588
553
104
1500
10747
14878
5448
2071
211
293
79
121
23101
12540
2095
735
190
325
62
909
16856
15638
15528
8393
15615
10199
5108
22543
93024
20910
12422
8768
14397
9248
9357
101476
176578
2401
3125
3165
8703
7130
3344
16400
44267
3154
4412
4304
8439
5397
5628
80741
112076
13237
12404
5229
6911
3070
1763
6143
48757
17756
8010
4465
5958
3851
3729
20735
64502
327
243
53
115
0
0
0
737
338
383
396
667
427
83
525
2820
Table A.5: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence and type of workplace, status in employment and formal vs. informal nature of
main job
Total
Female
Male
Athome(nospecialspace)
Businessspaceinside
Factory,office,shop
Farmorplot
Client'shome/place
Constructionsites
Markets,tradefairs
Streetstall
Nofixedlocation
Other
Notrecorded
Total
Athome(nospecialb
Businessspaceinside
Factory,office,shop
Farmorindividualsu
Client'shome/place
Constructionsites
Markets,tradefairs
Streetstall
Nofixedlocation(mo
Other
Total
Athome(nospecialb
Businessspaceinside
Factory,office,shop
Typeofworkplace
Allemployedpersons
Total
38896
9903
180812
46370
21692
11172
4031
2835
8695
5222
264
329891
22131
5183
84837
10953
10932
1292
2470
1546
1691
3615
144649
16765
4720
95975
Formal
5978
4257
131044
16392
5350
4266
1002
622
2370
1663
177
173119
2960
1772
61428
2914
2693
604
258
113
17
1044
73804
3018
2485
69615
Informal
32918
5646
49768
29978
16342
6906
3030
2213
6325
3559
87
156773
19171
3411
23408
8038
8239
688
2212
1433
1674
2572
70844
13747
2235
26360
Total
17803
3057
12386
12239
4178
658
1724
1842
2515
329
0
56732
9256
1324
6088
4565
1058
280
1416
1073
1150
84
26295
8547
1733
6298
Formal
3177
1423
6430
3434
1012
439
56
152
428
225
0
16776
808
420
2075
832
237
184
56
0
17
47
4676
2369
1004
4355
Informal
14626
1634
5957
8805
3167
219
1668
1691
2087
104
0
39956
8448
905
4013
3733
820
97
1360
1073
1133
37
21618
6178
729
1943
Employees
Total
Formal
20217
6764
167439
33252
17414
10344
2212
993
6014
4689
264
269602
12346
3859
78253
5860
9824
1011
959
473
541
3531
116658
7871
2906
89186
2801
2834
124614
12958
4338
3827
945
470
1941
1438
177
156343
2152
1353
59353
2082
2455
420
202
113
0
997
69128
649
1481
65261
Informal
17416
3931
42825
20294
13076
6518
1267
523
4073
3250
87
113259
10194
2506
18899
3778
7369
591
757
360
541
2534
47530
7222
1425
23926
Contributing
family
workers
876
82
987
879
100
170
95
0
166
204
0
3557
529
0
495
528
50
0
95
0
0
0
1696
347
82
491
37
Rural
Urban
Farmorindividualsu
Client'shome/place
Constructionsites
Markets,tradefairs
Streetstall
Nofixedlocation(mo
Other
Notrecorded
Total
Athome(nospecialb
Businessspaceinside
Factory,office,shop
Farmorindividualsu
Clients'home/place
Constructionsites
Markets,tradefairs
Streetstall
Nofixedlocation(mo
Other
Total
Athome(nospecialb
Businessspaceinside
Factory,office,shop
Farmorindividualsu
Client'shome/place
Constructionsites
Markets,tradefairs
Streetstall
Nofixedlocation(mo
Other
Notrecorded
Total
35417
10761
9880
1561
1289
7004
1606
264
185243
18265
1873
47852
42235
5862
3271
908
569
1326
729
122890
20631
8030
132960
4135
15830
7901
3123
2266
7369
4493
264
207001
13477
2657
3662
744
508
2352
619
177
99314
1913
655
29953
15016
877
1223
53
135
36
436
50296
4064
3602
101091
1376
4473
3043
949
487
2334
1227
177
122822
21940
8103
6218
818
780
4651
987
87
85928
16352
1218
17899
27219
4986
2048
855
434
1290
293
72594
16566
4428
31870
2759
11357
4858
2174
1779
5035
3265
87
84178
7674
3120
378
308
769
1365
245
0
30437
8823
587
5353
11458
1384
310
493
144
513
66
29129
8980
2470
7034
780
2794
348
1232
1698
2002
264
0
27603
2602
774
256
0
152
411
178
0
12099
924
184
1351
3139
194
134
0
0
36
66
6029
2253
1239
5078
294
817
306
56
152
392
159
0
10747
5072
2346
122
308
617
954
67
0
18338
7898
403
4001
8319
1189
176
493
144
477
0
23101
6727
1231
1955
486
1977
43
1175
1547
1610
104
0
16856
27392
7590
9333
1253
520
5473
1157
264
152945
9198
1286
42364
30484
4479
2961
415
425
749
663
93024
11019
5478
125075
2769
12936
7383
1797
567
5265
4025
264
176578
10876
1883
3406
744
357
1941
441
177
87215
989
471
28602
11877
682
1089
53
135
0
370
44267
1812
2363
96012
1081
3656
2738
893
335
1941
1068
177
112076
16516
5707
5927
510
163
3531
716
87
65729
8209
816
13762
18607
3796
1872
363
290
749
293
48757
9207
3115
29063
1688
9280
4645
904
232
3324
2957
87
64502

38
352
50
170
0
0
166
204
0
1861
245
0
135
293
0
0
0
0
64
0
737
631
82
852
586
100
170
95
0
101
204
0
2820
Table A.6: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence and full-time vs. part-time work, status in employment and formal vs. informal
nature of main job
Allemployedpersons
Full/parttime
Total
Formal
Informal
work
Total
Fulltime
268894
161285
107608
Parttime
60836
11672
49165
Notrecorded
161
161
0
Total
329891
173119
156773
Female Fulltime
117022
69386
47635
Parttime
27552
4343
23209
Notrecorded
75
75
0
Total
144649
73804
70844
Male
Fulltime
151872
91899
59973
Parttime
33284
7329
25956
Notrecorded
87
87
0
Total
185243
99314
85928
Rural
Fulltime
96510
46481
50030
Parttime
26380
3815
22565
Total
122890
50296
72594
Urban
Fulltime
172383
114805
57578
Parttime
34457
7857
26600
Notrecorded
161
161
0
Total
207001
122822
84178
Total
40374
16358
0
56732
17133
9162
0
26295
23241
7196
0
30437
20542
8588
29129
19832
7770
0
27603
Formal
14391
2385
0
16776
3973
704
0
4676
10418
1681
0
12099
5523
506
6029
8868
1879
0
10747
Informal
25983
13973
0
39956
13161
8458
0
21618
12823
5515
0
18338
15019
8082
23101
10964
5891
0
16856
Employees
Total
225986
43455
161
269602
98385
18198
75
116658
127601
25257
87
152945
75561
17463
93024
150425
25992
161
176578
Formal
146895
9287
161
156343
65414
3639
75
69128
81481
5648
87
87215
40958
3309
44267
105936
5978
161
112076
Informal
79091
34168
0
113259
32971
14559
0
47530
46120
19609
0
65729
34603
14154
48757
44488
20014
0
64502
Contributing
family
workers
2534
1024
0
3557
1504
193
0
1696
1030
831
0
1861
408
329
737
2126
694
0
2820
39
Table A.7: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence and number of usual hours of work per week, status in employment and formal
vs. informal nature of main job
Usualhours
Total
Total
Female
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
NR,DK,etc.
Total
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
NR,DK,etc.
Total
5177
9228
18491
29168
158461
44187
22645
15911
14701
5420
4883
1617
329891
2599
6480
11761
16911
65654
15816
8583
5691
5156
2324
160
1065
144649
40
Allemployedpersons
Formal
628
1183
4382
10493
109798
21099
10022
4607
6715
1501
1839
853
173119
249
774
2866
6587
46655
8370
3604
1418
1391
562
53
383
73804
Informal
4549
8045
14110
18675
48663
23087
12624
11304
7986
3920
3044
765
156773
2350
5706
8895
10324
18998
7446
4979
4273
3765
1762
2396
683
70844
Total
1568
2829
5206
7239
16450
6989
6057
4316
3581
1327
522
648
56732
593
1840
3396
4514
6415
2759
2873
1576
1344
468
88
377
26295
Formal
329
159
910
334
7479
1987
2062
1391
1137
408
360
219
16776
142
0
453
167
1798
706
658
342
239
83
0
0
4676
Informal
1239
2669
4296
6905
8972
5002
3995
2924
2444
919
162
429
39956
450
1840
2943
4347
4617
2053
2215
1234
1104
385
88
377
21618
Employees
Total
3550
6309
13102
21814
140579
36764
16419
11414
10515
4093
4073
969
269602
2007
4595
8365
12397
58623
12903
5710
3997
3208
1857
910
688
116658
Formal
299
1023
3471
10159
102319
19112
7960
3215
5578
1093
1479
633
156343
107
774
2413
6419
44858
7664
2946
1076
1152
479
53
383
69128
Informal
3251
5286
9631
11656
38260
17651
8459
8198
4937
3001
2595
335
113259
1900
3821
5952
5977
13766
5239
2764
2922
2056
1378
858
306
47530
Contributing
family
workers
59
90
183
115
1432
434
170
182
604
0
288
0
3557
0
45
0
0
616
154
0
118
604
0
1450
0
1696
Male
Rural
Urban
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
NR,DK,etc.
Total
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
NR,DK,etc.
Total
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
2578
2748
6730
12258
92808
28371
14062
10220
9545
3096
2275
552
185243
2465
3672
9527
14414
49349
16949
8192
8269
5712
1825
1887
629
122890
2713
5556
8964
14754
109112
27237
379
409
1516
3906
63143
12730
6418
3189
5324
939
893
470
99314
182
399
1742
3611
30678
6962
2056
1536
1893
213
826
197
50296
447
784
2640
6882
79120
14137
2199
2339
5215
8351
29665
15641
7645
7031
4221
2157
1382
82
85928
2283
3273
7786
10803
18671
9987
6136
6732
3819
1612
1061
432
72594
2266
4772
6324
7873
29993
13100
975
988
1810
2725
10035
4230
3184
2739
2238
860
381
271
30437
787
1886
3583
4892
7427
3364
2330
1776
1856
539
164
524
29129
780
942
1623
2347
9024
3625
186
159
458
167
5681
1281
1404
1049
898
325
272
219
12099
94
39
418
197
2703
827
685
366
392
0
111
197
6029
235
121
493
137
4776
1160
789
829
1352
2559
4354
2949
1781
1690
1340
534
109
52
18338
693
1848
3165
4695
4724
2537
1646
1411
1465
539
53
326
23101
546
822
1130
2210
4248
2465
1543
1715
4738
9418
81956
23861
10708
7416
7307
2236
1765
280
152945
1618
1786
5847
9407
41693
13466
5862
6428
3803
1286
1723
106
93024
1932
4524
7255
12407
98886
23297
193
250
1058
3740
57462
11449
5014
2140
4426
614
621
251
87215
88
360
1324
3414
27975
6135
1372
1171
1501
213
715
0
44267
212
663
2147
6745
74344
12977
1351
1465
3680
5678
24494
12413
5694
5277
2881
1623
1144
30
65729
1530
1426
4523
5993
13718
7331
4490
5257
2302
1073
1008
106
48757
1721
3861
5108
5662
24542
10320
59
45
183
115
817
280
170
64
0
0
129
0
1861
59
0
97
115
229
119
0
64
53
0
0
0
737
0
90
85
0
1203
315
41

6069
14453
7965
7079
7642
3070
8089
8989
4822
9099
3596
1288
100+
288
257
NR,DK,etc.
988
655
Total
207001
122822
42
6488
4572
4167
2308
2599
333
84178
3727
2539
1725
788
397
125
27603
1377
1026
745
408
148
22
10747
2350
1513
980
380
249
103
16856
10557
4986
6713
2807
873
863
176578
6588
2045
4077
880
109
633
112076
3969
2941
2636
1927
764
230
64502
170
118
551
0
1586
0
2820
Table A.8: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence and number of actual hours worked in the reference week, status in
employment and formal vs. informal nature of main job
Total
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
NR
DK
Total
14876
18448
23997
39313
132304
38543
20973
14502
11895
4630
4207
1663
4541
329891
5340
3299
7408
21383
91654
18502
9419
5027
5106
1585
1404
1004
1988
173119
9536
15148
16589
17930
40650
20041
11554
9475
6790
3045
2803
659
2553
156773
4966
7757
5371
4827
12811
6000
5153
3757
2931
861
466
648
1184
56732
811
212
1210
902
6494
1849
1718
1367
1072
299
305
219
318
16776
4155
7545
4161
3925
6317
4151
3435
2390
1859
562
162
429
866
39956
9851
10600
18490
33878
118369
32347
15618
10571
8328
3769
3507
1015
3259
269602
4529
3087
6198
20481
85160
16653
7701
3660
4034
1286
1099
785
1670
156343
5322
7513
12292
13396
33209
15694
7917
6912
4294
2483
2408
230
1590
113259
59
90
136
609
1123
196
202
173
636
0
234
0
97
3557
Female
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
7182
10368
14711
21712
53140
13522
7525
5095
4154
2015
2138
2626
1603
4456
12169
37846
6942
2922
1515
882
457
717
4557
8765
10255
9543
15294
6580
4603
3579
3272
1558
1421
2183
4188
3363
3206
4800
2561
2322
1123
1134
468
141
142
10
529
377
1571
788
361
222
285
83
88
2040
4178
2834
2829
3229
1773
1960
901
849
385
53
5000
6135
11348
18506
47672
10867
5171
3858
2384
1547
1892
2483
1594
3927
11792
36275
6154
2560
1294
597
374
629
2516
4541
7421
6714
11397
4712
2610
2565
1787
1174
1263
0
45
0
0
668
95
33
114
636
0
105
Actualhours
Allemployedpersons
Total
Formal
Informal
Total
Formal
Informal
Employees
Total
Formal
Informal
Contributing
family
workers
43
NR
DK
Total
960
2127
144649
383
1288
73804
577
839
70844
377
430
26295
0
221
4676
377
210
21618
583
1696
116658
383
1067
69128
200
629
47530
0
0
1696
Male
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
NR
DK
Total
7694
8080
9286
17601
79164
25020
13448
9407
7741
2615
2069
704
2414
185243
2715
1696
2952
9214
53808
11560
6497
3511
4224
1129
687
622
700
99314
4980
6383
6334
8387
25356
13460
6951
5896
3517
1486
1382
82
1714
85928
2783
3569
2008
1620
8011
3439
2831
2635
1797
393
325
271
754
30437
669
202
681
525
4923
1061
1356
1145
787
217
216
219
97
12099
2114
3367
1327
1096
3089
2377
1475
1490
1010
177
109
52
657
18338
4851
4465
7142
15372
70698
21480
10447
6713
5944
2222
1615
432
1563
152945
2046
1494
2271
8689
48885
10499
5141
2366
3437
912
471
403
603
87215
2806
2971
4871
6682
21812
10982
5306
4347
2508
1310
1144
30
960
65729
59
45
136
609
455
101
170
59
0
0
129
0
97
1861
Rural
09
1019
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
100+
NR
DK
Total
8069
9679
11570
15026
40279
13150
8088
7250
4540
1247
1477
636
1880
122890
2195
1409
2851
6745
25790
4812
2058
1785
1136
163
603
310
439
50296
5874
8270
8719
8282
14489
8337
6030
5465
3404
1084
874
326
1441
72594
3156
5816
3436
2257
5017
2878
1992
1250
1702
302
164
524
636
29129
293
127
438
373
2264
905
599
330
392
0
111
197
0
6029
2863
5690
2999
1884
2754
1972
1393
920
1310
302
53
326
636
23101
4854
3863
8133
12590
34980
10272
6096
5881
2838
945
1313
113
1147
93024
1902
1282
2413
6371
23527
3907
1458
1455
744
163
491
113
439
44267
2952
2580
5720
6219
11453
6365
4638
4426
2094
782
822
0
708
48757
59
0
0
179
282
0
0
119
0
0
0
0
97
737
44
Urban
09
6807
1019
8769
2029
12427
3039
24287
4049
92025
5059
25393
6069
12885
7079
7252
8089
7356
9099
3383
100+
2730
NR
1027
DK
2661
Total
207001
3145
1890
4557
14638
65864
13690
7361
3242
3970
1422
801
694
1549
122822
3662
6878
7870
9649
26161
11703
5524
4011
3386
1961
1929
333
1112
84178
1810
1941
1934
2569
7794
3122
3161
2507
1229
559
302
125
548
27603
519
85
772
528
4230
944
1119
1037
680
299
193
22
318
10747
1291
1856
1162
2041
3564
2178
2042
1470
549
260
109
103
230
16856
4997
6738
10357
21287
83390
22075
9522
4691
5490
2823
2194
902
2113
176578
2627
1805
3785
14110
61634
12746
6242
2204
3289
1122
608
672
1231
112076
2371
4933
6571
7178
21756
9329
3279
2486
2201
1701
1586
230
882
64502
0
90
136
430
841
196
202
54
636
0
234
0
0
2820
45
Table A.9: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence, multiple jobholding and status in employment and formal vs. informal nature
of main job
Allemployedpersons
Multiplejobs
Total
Formal
Total
No
320455
168276
Yes
9436
4842
Total
329891
173119
Female No
139989
71993
Yes
4659
1811
Total
144649
73804
Male
No
180466
96283
Yes
4777
3031
Total
185243
99314
Rural
No
119973
48624
Yes
2917
1672
Total
122890
50296
Urban
No
200481
119652
Yes
6519
3170
Total
207001
122822
46
Informal
152179
4594
156773
67996
2848
70844
84182
1746
85928
71349
1245
72594
80829
3349
84178
Total
53827
2904
56732
25279
1015
26295
28548
1889
30437
27794
1335
29129
26033
1570
27603
Formal
15085
1690
16776
4318
359
4676
10768
1332
12099
5371
658
6029
9715
1032
10747
Informal
38742
1214
39956
20962
657
21618
17781
557
18338
22424
677
23101
16319
537
16856
Employees
Total
263070
6532
269602
113014
3644
116658
150057
2888
152945
91442
1582
93024
171628
4950
176578
Formal
153191
3152
156343
67675
1452
69128
85516
1700
87215
43253
1014
44267
109938
2138
112076
Informal
109879
3380
113259
45338
2192
47530
64541
1188
65729
48189
568
48757
61690
2812
64502
Contributing
family
workers
3557
0
3557
1696
0
1696
1861
0
1861
737
0
737
2820
0
2820
Table A.10.1: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence, desire, availability and search for additional hours of work, and status in
Allemployedpersons
Wanting,available
&seekingadditonal
Total
hoursofwork
Total
No
322694
Yes
7197
Total
329891
Female No
141228
Yes
3421
Total
144649
Male
No
181467
Yes
3776
Total
185243
Rural
No
120749
Yes
2141
Total
122890
Urban
No
201945
Yes
5056
Total
207001
Employers&ownaccount
workers
Employees
Contributing
family
workers
Formal
171653
1466
173119
73231
573
73804
98421
893
99314
50170
126
50296
121482
1340
122822
Informal
151042
5731
156773
67996
2848
70844
83045
2883
85928
70579
2015
72594
80463
3716
84178
Total
54856
1876
56732
25397
897
26295
29459
979
30437
28582
548
29129
26275
1328
27603
Formal
16609
166
16776
4676
0
4676
11933
166
12099
5903
126
6029
10706
41
10747
Informal
38247
1710
39956
20721
897
21618
17526
812
18338
22679
422
23101
15568
1288
16856
Total
Formal
Informal
264331
5271
269602
114134
2523
116658
150197
2748
152945
91431
1593
93024
172900
3678
176578
155043
1300
156343
68555
573
69128
86488
727
87215
44267
0
44267
110776
1300
112076
109288
3971
113259
45579
1951
47530
63709
2021
65729
47163
1593
48757
62124
2378
64502
3507
50
3557
1696
0
1696
1811
50
1861
737
0
737
2770
50
2820
47
Table A.10.2: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence, desire and availability for additional hours of work, and status in
Allemployedpersons
Wanting&available
formorehoursof
Total
work
Total
No
317658
Yes
12233
Total
329891
Female No
139093
Yes
5555
Total
144649
Male
No
178565
Yes
6678
Total
185243
Rural
No
118768
Yes
4122
Total
122890
Urban No
198890
Yes
8111
Total
207001
Employers&ownaccount
workers
Contributing
family
workers
Employees
48
Formal
170221
2898
173119
72654
1150
73804
97567
1748
99315
49810
486
50296
120411
2411
122823
Informal
147437
9336
156773
66439
4405
70844
80998
4931
85928
68958
3636
72594
78479
5699
84178
Total
53769
2963
56732
24854
1441
26295
28915
1522
30437
27965
1164
29129
25804
1799
27603
Formal
16481
295
16776
4624
53
4676
11857
242
12099
5850
178
6029
10631
116
10747
Informal
37288
2668
39956
20230
1388
21618
17058
1280
18338
22115
986
23101
15173
1683
16856
Total
260499
9104
269602
112543
4114
116658
147955
4989
152945
90066
2958
93024
170433
6145
176579
Formal
153740
2603
156343
68030
1098
69128
85710
1506
87215
43960
308
44267
109780
2295
112076
Informal
106759
6500
113259
44513
3017
47530
62246
3483
65729
46106
2651
48757
60653
3850
64503
3390
167
3557
1696
0
1696
1694
167
1861
737
0
737
2653
167
2820
Table 11.A: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence, age group and status in employment and formal vs. informal nature of main
job
Total
Female
Male
Agegroup
(years)
1519
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
Total
1519
2029
3039
4049
5059
6069
7079
8089
9099
Total
1519
2029
3039
4049
5059
Allemployedpersons
Total
8661
98567
105296
71064
36255
7262
1800
228
759
329891
2865
43484
46760
33104
15107
2069
865
395
144649
5796
55083
58536
37959
21148
Formal
2276
42825
55125
44786
23706
3266
562
0
572
173119
885
18510
23200
20681
9633
606
28
261
0
73804
1392
24315
31925
24106
14073
Informal
6384
55742
50171
26278
12549
3996
1239
228
187
156773
1980
24974
23560
12424
5474
1462
836
135
0
70844
4405
30768
26611
13854
7074
Total
Formal
Informal
632
236
396
11409
2021
9388
16801
3871
12930
12423
4546
7877
9844
3940
5904
4107
1807
2299
1298
270
1028
0
0
0
219
84
135
56732
16776
39956
142
142
0
5811
456
5355
7749
1008
6741
6318
1268
5050
4164
1626
2538
1322
148
1174
654
28
626
135
0
135
0
26295
4676
21618
490
94
396
5599
1566
4033
9052
2863
6189
6105
3278
2827
5680
2314
3366
Employees
Total
Formal
Informal
7907
2040
5867
85787
40803
44984
87155
51255
35900
58034
40240
17794
26292
19766
6526
3155
1459
1696
502
292
210
228
0
228
541
488
53
269602
156343
113259
2722
742
1980
36941
18054
18887
38325
22193
16132
26592
19413
7180
10859
8007
2853
747
459
288
210
0
210
261
261
0
0
116658
69128
47530
5185
1298
3888
48846
22749
26097
48830
29062
19768
31442
20828
10614
15433
11760
3673
Contributing
family
workers
121
1370
1340
607
119
0
0
0
0
3557
0
732
687
194
83
0
0
0
1696
121
638
653
413
35
49

6069
5193
7079
935
8089
228
9099
364
Total
185243
Rural
1519
4448
2029
36074
3039
35123
4049
26843
5059
14727
6069
4332
7079
1211
8089
80
9099
53
Total
122890
Urban
1519
4213
2029
62493
3039
70173
4049
44221
5059
21528
6069
2930
7079
590
8089
148
9099
706
Total
207001
50
2660
533
0
311
99314
1033
10390
15240
14203
7662
1483
285
0
0
50296
1243
32435
39885
30583
16045
1783
277
0
572
122822
2533
402
228
53
85928
3415
25684
19883
12640
7066
2848
926
80
53
72594
2970
30057
30288
13638
5483
1147
313
148
135
84178
2785
644
0
84
30437
313
5592
6617
6245
6401
2936
1025
0
0
29129
319
5817
10184
6178
3442
1170
273
0
219
27603
1660
241
0
84
12099
94
577
872
1287
1997
1001
201
0
0
6029
142
1444
2999
3259
1943
807
68
0
84
10747
1125
402
0
0
18338
219
5015
5745
4957
4405
1936
823
0
0
23101
176
4372
7185
2920
1499
364
205
0
135
16856
2408
292
228
280
152945
4135
29961
28387
20501
8326
1395
186
80
53
93024
3772
55826
58768
37533
17966
1760
316
148
488
176578
1000
292
0
227
87215
939
9812
14368
12916
5665
483
83
0
0
44267
1101
30991
36886
27324
14101
976
208
0
488
112076
1408
0
228
53
65729
3196
20148
14018
7585
2661
913
103
80
53
48757
2672
24835
21882
10209
3865
784
108
148
0
64502
0
0
0
0
1861
0
521
119
97
0
0
0
0
0
737
121
850
1221
509
119
0
0
0
0
2820
Table 12.A: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence, highest level of education completed and status in employment and formal vs.
informal nature of main job
Allemployedpersons
Total
Female
Male
Highest
educationallevel
Primary
JunSecondary
SenSecondary
Postschool
University
Postgraduate
TeacherTraining
Other*
Total
Primary
JunSecondary
SenSecondary
Postschool
University
Postgraduate
TeacherTraining
Other*
Total
Primary
JunSecondary
SenSecondary
Postschool
University
Postgraduate
TeacherTraining
Total
73082
105052
74157
12155
11676
9425
10716
33627
329891
24651
51422
34711
6253
5464
4581
7007
10560
144649
48432
53631
39446
5902
6213
4844
3709
Formal
25536
44814
50025
10412
11121
7971
10170
13070
173119
7287
20077
21747
5744
5185
3742
6670
3352
73804
18249
24737
28279
4667
5936
4229
3500
Informal
47546
60238
24132
1744
555
1454
546
20557
156773
17363
31345
12965
509
279
838
337
7208
70844
30183
28894
11167
1235
277
616
209
Total
17264
16963
10440
1598
2031
1092
670
6675
56732
8001
9162
4396
465
536
259
268
3207
26295
9263
7801
6043
1132
1494
832
403
Formal
2043
2709
6059
1191
2031
1024
582
1137
16776
473
751
1774
358
536
191
268
325
4676
1570
1959
4285
833
1494
832
314
Informal
15220
14253
4381
407
0
68
88
5538
39956
7528
8411
2622
107
0
68
0
2882
21618
7692
5843
1758
300
0
0
88
Employees
Total
54605
86960
63255
10558
9646
8333
10045
26200
269602
16294
41658
30030
5788
4927
4321
6740
6899
116658
38310
45302
33225
4770
4718
4012
3306
Formal
23493
42105
43967
9220
9090
6947
9588
11934
156343
6814
19326
19973
5386
4648
3551
6402
3027
69128
16679
22778
23994
3834
4442
3396
3186
Informal
31112
44855
19289
1337
555
1386
458
14267
113259
9480
22331
10057
402
279
770
337
3873
47530
21632
22524
9232
935
277
616
120
Contributing
family
workers
1214
1129
462
0
0
0
0
752
3557
355
602
285
0
0
0
0
454
1696
859
527
177
0
0
0
0
51
Rural
Urban
Other*
Total
Primary
JunSecondary
SenSecondary
Postschool
University
Postgraduate
TeacherTraining
Other*
Total
Primary
JunSecondary
SenSecondary
Postschool
University
Postgraduate
TeacherTraining
Other*
Total
23067
185243
37366
35979
14797
4236
2623
1217
6107
20566
122890
35716
69073
59360
7920
9054
8207
4609
13062
207001
9718
99314
9962
11195
8922
3448
2511
1134
5851
7273
50296
15574
33619
41104
6964
8609
6837
4319
5798
122822
13348
85928
27404
24784
5875
788
111
83
256
13293
72594
20142
35454
18257
956
444
1371
290
7264
84178
3468
30437
10712
9131
3070
670
820
131
497
4099
29129
6552
7832
7369
928
1210
961
174
2576
27603
811
12099
678
858
1769
495
820
131
445
834
6029
1366
1852
4290
696
1210
893
137
303
10747
2657
18338
10034
8273
1301
175
0
0
52
3265
23101
5186
5981
3079
231
0
68
37
2273
16856
19301
152945
26376
26789
11727
3566
1802
1087
5610
16067
93024
28229
60171
51528
6992
7843
7246
4435
10133
176578
8907
87215
9284
10337
7153
2953
1691
1003
5406
6439
44267
14208
31767
36814
6267
7399
5944
4182
5495
112076
10394
65729
17092
16452
4574
613
111
83
204
9628
48757
14020
28404
14715
725
444
1302
254
4639
64502
297
1861
278
59
0
0
0
0
0
400
737
936
1070
462
0
0
0
0
352
2820
* Never attended school, or highest educational level unknown, not specified, etc.
52
Table 13.A: Employed persons by sex, urban-rural residence, nationality and status in employment and formal vs. informal nature of main
job
Allemployedpersons
Total
Female
Male
Employees
Nationality
Total
Formal
Informal
Total
Formal
Informal
Total
Formal
Informal
Namibia
319525
168081
151444
53952
15035
38917
262097
153045
109052
Angola
3170
650
2519
574
79
495
2596
571
2025
RSA
1650
1456
194
378
349
29
1272
1108
165
Zambia
1075
360
715
364
165
199
710
194
516
Zimbabwe
1631
1006
625
450
175
275
1100
831
268
OtherSADC
134
0
134
0
0
0
134
0
134
OtherAfrican
326
95
231
0
0
0
326
95
231
European
1142
991
151
657
657
0
485
334
151
American
840
159
680
92
92
0
747
67
680
Asica/Oceanic
259
222
37
222
222
0
37
0
37
Other
140
98
42
42
0
42
98
98
0
Total
329891
173119
156773
56732
16776
39956
269602
156343
113259
Namibia
140982
72107
68875
25347
4185
21162
113939
67922
46017
Angola
1170
274
895
333
79
253
837
195
642
RSA
603
465
138
115
86
29
489
380
109
Zambia
280
155
125
80
0
80
200
155
45
Zimbabwe
359
247
113
94
0
94
266
247
19
OtherSADC
95
95
0
0
0
0
95
95
0
OtherAfrican
334
258
76
258
258
0
76
0
76
European
689
67
622
0
0
0
689
67
622
American
68
68
0
68
68
0
0
0
0
Other
68
68
0
0
0
0
68
68
0
Total
144649
73804
70844
26295
4676
21618
116658
69128
47530
Namibia
178543
95974
82569
28605
10850
17755
148159
85124
63035
Angola
2000
376
1624
241
0
241
1759
376
1383
Contributing
family
workers
3476
0
0
0
82
0
0
0
0
0
0
3557
1696
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1696
1779
0
53

RSA
1047
Zambia
795
Zimbabwe
1272
OtherSADC
134
OtherAfrican
231
European
809
American
151
Asia/Oceanic
191
Other
72
Total
185243
Rural
Namibia
119903
Angola
1938
RSA
91
Zambia
627
European
66
American
266
Total
122890
Urban
Namiba
199622
Angola
1231
RSA
1560
Zambia
448
Zimbabwe
1631
OtherSADC
134
OtherAfrican
326
European
1077
American
574
Asia/Oceanic
259
Other
140
Total
207001
54
991
205
760
0
0
733
92
154
30
99314
50059
0
91
80
66
0
50296
118021
650
1366
279
1006
0
95
925
159
222
98
122822
56
590
512
134
231
76
58
37
42
85928
69844
1938
0
547
0
266
72594
81600
581
194
169
625
134
231
151
415
37
42
84178
263
284
356
0
0
399
92
154
42
30437
28657
227
58
121
66
0
29129
25295
346
319
244
450
0
0
592
92
222
42
27603
263
165
175
0
0
399
92
154
0
12099
5905
0
58
0
66
0
6029
9131
79
290
165
175
0
0
592
92
222
0
10747
0
119
181
0
0
0
0
0
42
18338
22753
227
0
121
0
0
23101
16164
267
29
79
275
0
0
0
0
0
42
16856
784
511
834
134
231
409
58
37
30
152945
90509
1711
32
506
0
266
93024
171588
885
1240
204
1100
134
326
485
482
37
98
176578
728
40
585
0
0
334
0
0
30
87215
44155
0
32
80
0
0
44267
108890
571
1075
114
831
0
95
334
67
0
98
112076
56
471
249
134
231
76
58
37
0
65729
46354
1711
0
426
0
266
48757
62698
314
165
90
268
134
231
151
415
37
0
64502
0
0
82
0
0
0
0
0
0
1861
737
0
0
0
0
0
737
2738
0
0
0
82
0
0
0
0
0
0
2820
Table 14.A: Employees (main job) by type of work place, formal vs. informal nature of employment and conditions of employment: contract
form (written contract/verbal agreement), duration of contract/agreement, paid annual leave, paid sick leave, income tax
Total
Female
Male
Rural
Urban
Contractform
Writtencontract
Verbalagreement
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Writtencontract
Verbalagreement
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Writtencontract
Verbalagreement
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Writtencontract
Verbalagreement
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Writtencontract
Verbalagreement
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Allemployees
Government
Privateenterprise
Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal Informal
161863 130605
31258
73191
66796
6395
83127
60721
22406
105500
23693
81808
7573
3640
3932
66027
16349
49679
949
884
65
146
146
675
610
65
737
670
67
124
124
407
407
269049 155851
113198
81034
70707
10327
150236
78086
72150
70621
58889
11732
35980
33226
2754
30860
23091
7769
45177
9370
35807
2584
1520
1063
19063
4878
14185
346
346
43
43
176
176
372
329
43
37
37
153
153
116516
68935
47582
38643
34826
3817
50251
28297
21954
91241
71716
19526
37211
33570
3641
52267
37630
14637
60323
14322
46001
4989
2120
2869
46965
11471
35494
603
538
65
104
104
500
434
65
365
341
24
87
87
254
254
152533
86917
65616
42391
35881
6510
99985
49789
50196
42644
32963
9682
24717
22417
2300
15969
9687
6282
49306
10416
38890
3794
1103
2690
34219
8179
26039
511
445
65
104
104
407
342
65
210
210
210
210
92671
44034
48636
28615
23624
4991
50805
18419
32387
119219
97642
21576
48474
44379
4095
67158
51034
16124
56195
13277
42918
3779
2537
1242
31808
8169
23639
439
439
43
43
268
268
527
460
67
124
124
196
196
176378 111817
64561
52420
47083
5337
99431
59668
39763
Total
5544
31900
128
206
37778
3781
23531
128
182
27622
1763
8369
24
10157
1958
11293
13251
3586
20608
128
206
24528
Household
Formal
Informal
3088
2456
3704
28197
128
139
67
7058
30720
2572
1209
2972
20559
128
139
43
5811
21810
515
1248
731
7638
24
1247
8910
859
1099
1133
10160
1992
11259
2229
1358
2571
18037
128
139
67
5066
19461
55
Total
Female
Male
Rural
56
Allemployees
Government
Privateenterprise
Household
Durationof
Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal Informal Total
Formal
Informal
contract/agreement
Limitedduration
33486
12050
21435
7778
3395
4382
22321
8218
14103
3387
437
2950
Permanentnature
159147 126396
32751
67215
64542
2673
80439
57108
23331
11493
4746
6747
Unspecified
73645
15144
58501
5711
2439
3272
45677
11211
34467
22256
1494
20762
duration
Notrecorded
1005
931
74
221
221
690
616
74
95
95
Notapplicable
1766
1329
436
110
110
1109
934
175
547
285
262
Total
269049 155852
113198
81035
70707
10327
150237
78086
72150
37778
7058
30720
Limitedduration
Permanentnature
Unspecified
duration
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Limitedduration
Permanentnature
Unspecified
duration
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Limitedduration
Permanentnature
Unspecified
duration
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
11641
71494
32373
7572
14066
25724
3004
33330
2183
1365
32164
1170
366
424
219
68935
47582
90
37
38643
21845
87654
41271
7982
68969
8495
13863
18685
32776
640
1123
152533
11779
46994
32862
566
906
86917
3124
34014
5945
443
593
92671
387
564
44034
366
643
116516
4069
57427
6649
1639
1166
1013
6538
29043
14213
2436
21377
4055
4102
7667
10157
2098
9121
15978
267
3887
1423
90
37
34826
3817
181
276
50252
181
248
28
28297
21954
95
330
27621
95
139
191
5811
21810
4774
33885
3529
2030
32378
1269
2743
1507
2260
15783
51396
31465
5781
35731
7155
10002
15665
24309
74
217
65616
8655
12980
26917
131
73
42391
3301
22186
2952
131
73
35881
1397
21005
1045
6510
1903
1182
1906
508
833
99985
7900
21419
20773
434
686
49789
1668
11543
4579
74
146
217
50196
10157
6232
578
9876
3389
16195
9137
146
1247
58
1466
321
56
28
48636
104
73
28615
104
73
23624
4991
340
373
50806
284
345
18419
56
28
146
32387
13251
146
1992
11259
1289
2372
6278
1831
5234
14555
170
859
71
1118
1513
6207
71
8910
520
1923
8816
Urban
Limitedduration
Permanentnature
Unspecified
duration
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
21706
112154
40783
8926
92382
9200
12780
19771
31584
4477
45029
2760
1998
43538
1394
562
1173
176379
544
765
111817
18
408
64561
117
37
52420
117
37
47083
2479
1491
1366
14421
59021
24904
6549
45565
6632
7871
13456
18272
2809
8104
13120
379
3280
1174
2430
4824
11946
5337
350
735
99431
332
589
59668
18
146
39763
95
401
24528
95
139
262
5066
19461
57
Total
Female
Male
Rural
Urban
58
Paidannualleave
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Allemployees
Government
Privateenterprise
Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal Total
151420 128182
23237
66950
63740
3211
76343
60299
16044
8127
111343
23987
87357
13021
5904
7117
70064
15806
54258
28258
895
815
80
146
146
575
495
80
174
359
314
45
37
37
193
193
129
5032
2554
2479
880
880
3061
1293
1768
1091
269049 155851
113198
81034
70707
10327
150236
78086
72150
37778
67161
57511
9650
32978
31747
1231
27714
22158
5555
6470
46690
9993
36697
5149
2562
2587
21339
5684
15656
20201
299
277
21
43
43
82
61
21
174
166
121
45
37
37
129
2201
1033
1168
437
437
1116
395
722
648
116516
68935
47582
38643
34826
3817
50251
28297
21954
27621
84259
70672
13587
33973
31993
1980
48629
38141
10488
1657
64654
13994
50660
7872
3342
4530
48725
10123
38603
8057
596
538
58
104
104
493
434
58
193
193
193
193
2831
1521
1311
443
443
1945
899
1046
443
152533
86917
65616
42391
35881
6510
99985
49789
50196
10157
42557
34737
7820
21762
20531
1231
19056
13217
5839
1739
47484
8048
39436
6471
2711
3760
30158
4558
25600
10855
468
409
58
104
104
286
227
58
79
150
150
150
150
2012
690
1322
278
278
1156
266
890
578
92671
44034
48636
28615
23624
4991
50805
18419
32387
13251
108863
93446
15417
45189
43209
1980
57286
47082
10205
6388
63859
15939
47921
6549
3193
3357
39907
11248
28659
17404
427
406
21
43
43
290
268
21
95
209
164
45
37
37
43
43
129
3020
1863
1157
602
602
1905
1027
878
513
176378 111817
64561
52420
47083
5337
99431
59668
39763
24528
Household
Formal
Informal
4144
3983
2277
25982
174
84
45
380
711
7058
30720
3606
2864
1747
18454
174
84
45
201
447
5811
21810
538
1118
530
7527
179
264
1247
8910
989
750
778
10076
79
146
432
1992
11259
3155
3232
1499
15905
95
84
45
234
279
5066
19461
Total
Female
Male
Rural
Urban
Paidsickleave
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Allemployees
Government
Privateenterprise
Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal Informal
170164 136700
33464
72717
67364
5353
86578
65117
21461
93411
16413
76998
7706
2900
4806
59707
11296
48411
1194
915
279
146
146
874
595
279
386
314
73
37
37
266
193
73
3893
1509
2384
429
260
169
2812
886
1926
269049 155852
113198
81034
70707
10327
150237
78086
72150
75499
61320
14179
35351
33527
1824
31618
24110
7508
38657
6391
32265
2984
1119
1865
17401
3732
13669
442
334
109
43
43
226
117
109
193
121
73
37
37
73
73
1725
769
956
229
101
129
934
338
597
116516
68935
47582
38643
34826
3817
50252
28297
21954
94666
75380
19285
37367
33837
3530
54960
41006
13953
54755
10022
44733
4722
1781
2941
42306
7564
34743
752
581
171
104
104
648
478
171
193
193
193
193
2168
740
1428
199
159
40
1878
548
1329
152533
86917
65616
42391
35881
6510
99985
49789
50196
48705
36564
12141
24387
22040
2347
21938
13572
8366
42193
6594
35599
3932
1417
2515
27586
4216
23370
531
466
65
104
104
349
284
65
150
150
150
150
1092
260
831
192
63
129
783
197
586
92671
44034
48636
28615
23624
4991
50805
18419
32387
121459 100137
21323
48330
45324
3006
64640
51545
13095
51218
9819
41399
3774
1483
2291
32121
7080
25041
663
449
214
43
43
526
312
214
236
164
73
37
37
116
43
73
2801
1249
1553
236
197
40
2029
689
1340
176378 111817
64561
52420
47083
5337
99431
59668
39763
Total
10869
25999
174
84
653
37778
8530
18272
174
84
562
27622
2339
7727
91
10157
2380
10675
79
117
13251
8489
15324
95
84
536
24528
Household
Formal
Informal
4220
6649
2217
23781
174
84
363
289
7058
30720
3683
4847
1540
16732
174
84
331
231
5811
21810
537
1802
677
7049
33
58
1247
8910
952
1428
961
9714
79
117
1992
11259
3268
5222
1257
14067
95
84
363
173
5066
19461
59
Total
Female
Male
Rural
Urban
Allemployees
Government
Privateenterprise
Household
Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal
117738
104094
13645
64987
62070
2917
51457
41101
10356
1294
923
371
145367
47293
98074
15288
8204
7084
95068
34114
60955
35010
4975
30035
1020
868
153
199
199
648
495
153
174
174
456
372
83
120
37
83
252
252
84
84
4468
3225
1243
441
197
243
2811
2125
687
1216
903
314
269049
155852
113198
81034
70707
10327
150237
78086
72150
37778
7058
30720
51027
46404
4623
30826
29851
975
19298
15861
3437
903
692
211
62863
20681
42182
7406
4808
2598
29994
11696
18298
25463
4177
21286
277
277
43
43
61
61
174
174
204
121
83
120
37
83
84
84
2146
1452
693
248
88
161
899
680
219
999
685
314
116516
68935
47582
38643
34826
3817
50252
28297
21954
27621
5811
21810
66712
57690
9021
34161
32219
1942
32159
25240
6919
392
231
160
82504
26612
55892
7882
3396
4486
65074
22418
42657
9548
798
8749
743
591
153
156
156
587
434
153
252
252
252
252
2322
1772
550
192
110
82
1913
1445
468
217
217
152533
86917
65616
42391
35881
6510
99985
49789
50196
10157
1247
8910
24399
22358
2041
20488
19576
912
3671
2635
1036
240
146
94
65835
20008
45827
7556
3721
3835
45640
14813
30827
12639
1474
11165
527
462
65
156
156
292
227
65
79
79
292
208
83
83
83
208
208
1618
999
620
331
170
161
994
536
459
293
293
92671
44034
48636
28615
23624
4991
50806
18419
32387
13251
1992
11259
93339
81736
11603
44499
42494
2005
47787
38466
9320
1054
777
277
79532
27285
52247
7732
4483
3249
49429
19301
30128
22372
3501
18870
493
406
87
43
43
356
268
87
95
95
164
164
37
37
43
43
84
84
2850
2226
624
110
27
82
1817
1589
228
924
610
314
176379
111817
64561
52420
47083
5337
99431
59668
39763
24528
5066
19461
* 14 cases with type of work place not recorded, not known or not applicable were omitted from the analysis.
60
Incometaxdeduction
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Yes
No
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
DK
Total
Table 15.A: Employees (main job) by type of work place, formal vs. informal nature of employment and duration of employment*
Total
Female
Male
Durationof
employment
Lessthan1year
1to2years
3to5years
6to10years
11ormoreyears
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Lessthan1year
1to2years
3to5years
6to10years
11ormoreyears
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Lessthan1year
1to2years
3to5years
6to10years
11ormoreyears
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Allemployees
Government
Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
75952
21650
54302
9585
5462
48189
23691
24498
8889
6691
48551
32411
16140
14564
12845
44861
34967
9894
19113
18052
48945
41315
7630
28502
27276
1335
1119
217
157
157
1217
699
517
225
225
269049 155851
113198
81034
70707
30441
8569
21873
4182
2526
20493
10399
10095
4128
3512
21855
14554
7301
7131
6606
19297
14697
4600
8695
8033
23546
20079
3467
14427
14071
511
402
108
43
43
372
235
137
37
37
116516
68935
47582
38643
34826
45511
13081
32429
5403
2936
27695
13292
14403
4760
3179
26696
17858
8838
7433
6239
25563
20270
5293
10418
10019
25398
21236
4163
14075
13205
825
716
108
114
114
844
464
380
188
188
152533
86917
65616
42391
35881
Privateenterprise
Household
Informal Total
Formal
Informal
4123
51400
15059
36341
14967
1129
13838
2198
30982
15769
15214
8318
1231
7087
1719
28631
18396
10235
5356
1170
4186
1061
20738
15064
5674
5010
1851
3159
1226
16926
12687
4240
3517
1352
2165
887
721
167
291
241
50
672
391
281
320
84
236
10327
150237
78086
72150
37778
7058
30720
1656
15671
5127
10544
10588
915
9672
617
10444
5816
4628
5921
1071
4850
525
10638
7017
3622
4086
932
3154
662
6839
5185
1654
3764
1480
2284
357
6142
4774
1368
2977
1235
1742
373
265
108
95
95
0
144
115
29
192
84
108
3817
50252
28297
21954
27622
5811
21810
2467
35729
9932
25797
4379
214
4166
1581
20538
9953
10585
2397
160
2237
1194
17993
11380
6613
1270
239
1032
399
13899
9880
4019
1246
371
875
869
10784
7913
2871
540
118
422
514
456
58
196
146
50
528
276
252
128
128
6510
99985
49789
50196
10157
1247
8910
61
Rural
Urban
Lessthan1year
1to2years
3to5years
6to10years
11ormoreyears
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
Lessthan1year
1to2years
3to5years
6to10years
11ormoreyears
Notrecorded
Notapplicable
Total
29279
17200
13554
15296
16484
594
264
92671
46674
30989
34997
29565
32461
741
952
176378
5645
5796
7993
10391
13467
477
264
44034
16005
17894
24418
24576
27847
642
435
111817
23634
11404
5561
4904
3017
117
0
48636
30669
13094
10579
4989
4613
100
517
64561
3704
1889
2839
1579
4566
3788
7026
6271
10376
9993
104
104
0
28615
23624
5881
3572
6050
5112
9998
9057
12087
11781
18126
17283
53
53
225
225
52420
47083
1815
1260
778
755
383
4991
2308
937
941
306
844
5337
20061
10803
7519
6557
5258
344
264
50806
31339
20180
21112
14181
11668
543
408
99431
3272
16789
3913
6890
3993
3526
3507
3050
3242
2016
227
117
264
18419
32387
11788
19552
11856
8324
14403
6709
11557
2624
9444
2224
493
50
126
281
59668
39763
5513
3558
1469
1713
851
146
0
13250
9454
4759
3887
3297
2666
145
320
24528
484
304
212
613
232
146
0
1992
645
926
958
1237
1121
95
84
5066
5030
3254
1257
1099
619
0
0
11259
8809
3833
2929
2060
1546
50
236
19461
* 14 cases with type of work place not recorded, not known or not applicable were omitted from the analysis.
62
Table 16.A: Employees (main job) by type of work place, formal vs. informal nature of employment and duration of employment*
Total
Female
Male
Rural
Monthlybasic
wage/salary(N$)
0orunknown
1599
6001299
13003499
3500+
Total
0orunknown
1599
6001299
13003499
3500+
Total
0orunknown
1599
6001299
13003499
3500+
Total
0orunknown
1599
6001299
13003499
3500+
Total
Allemployees
Government
Privateenterprise
Household
Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal Total
Formal
Informal
4064
2949
1115
1485
1420
65
2112
1351
761
467
179
288
58788
10708
48079
3723
1597
2126
32974
6936
26038
22091
2175
19916
70901
33083
37817
9386
5543
3843
50682
24392
26291
10832
3149
7683
67160
47991
19169
25625
22963
2662
38302
23810
14492
3233
1218
2015
67827
61109
6718
40805
39173
1631
26127
21598
4530
895
338
557
268739 155841
112898
81024
70696
10327
150198
78086
72111
37518
7058
30460
1936
1198
738
468
403
65
1056
616
440
411
179
233
29820
5240
24580
1112
378
734
13142
3031
10110
15567
1831
13736
28679
13498
15180
3865
2647
1219
15960
8308
7652
8854
2544
6310
24934
20023
4912
12855
11521
1334
9738
7435
2303
2341
1066
1275
30955
28965
1990
20332
19867
466
10356
8907
1449
267
191
76
116324
68924
47400
38633
34815
3817
50252
28297
21954
27440
5811
21629
2128
1752
377
1017
1017
1056
735
321
56
0
56
28968
5468
23499
2611
1220
1392
19832
3905
15927
6524
344
6180
42222
19585
22637
5521
2897
2625
34723
16084
18639
1978
605
1373
42226
27968
14257
12769
11441
1328
28565
16375
12189
892
152
740
36872
32144
4728
20473
19307
1166
15771
12691
3081
628
146
481
152415
86917
65498
42391
35881
6510
99946
49789
50157
10078
1247
8831
955
480
475
104
104
651
377
274
201
0
201
37206
7059
30147
2703
954
1749
24049
4982
19067
10454
1123
9331
26625
13012
13612
4060
2218
1843
20979
10218
10760
1586
576
1009
13515
10276
3240
9181
8013
1168
3878
2116
1762
456
146
310
14224
13206
1018
12567
12335
231
1248
725
523
410
146
263
92526
44034
48492
28615
23624
4991
50806
18419
32387
13106
1992
11114
63
Urban
0orunknown
1599
6001299
13003499
3500+
Total
3109
21581
44276
53644
53602
176212
2469
3649
20071
37715
47903
111806
640
17932
24205
15929
5700
64406
1381
1020
5326
16444
28238
52409
1316
643
3325
14949
26838
47072
65
377
2001
1494
1400
5337
1461
8924
29704
34424
24879
99392
974
1954
14173
21694
20873
59668
487
6971
15531
12730
4006
39724
266
11637
9246
2777
485
24411
179
1052
2572
1072
191
5066
87
10585
6674
1705
294
19345
* 14 cases with type of work place not recorded, not known or not applicable were omitted from the analysis
64
Table 17.A: Employers and own-account workers (main job) by formal vs. informal nature of employment and number of employees
Allemployers&own
accountworkers
Subsistence/communalfarmers
Otheremployers&ownaccount
workers
Total
Total
Total
Formal
Informal
Total
No.of
employees
0
14
59
1049
50+
Total
26016
25109
2391
2991
227
56734
4976
7345
1696
2626
132
16776
21041
17763
695
365
95
39958
3476
6686
691
512
0
11365
578
1958
406
512
3455
2898
4727
285
Female
0
14
59
1049
50+
Total
13644
11270
708
668
4
26295
1788
1979
383
526
0
4676
11856
9291
326
142
4
21618
1033
2892
263
114
0
4302
134
496
93
114
837
899
2396
170
Male
0
14
59
1049
50+
Total
12372
13839
1683
2323
221
30437
3187
5366
1313
2100
132
12099
9185
8473
369
223
89
18338
2444
3793
428
398
0
7063
445
1462
314
398
2619
1999
2331
115
Rural
0
14
59
1049
50+
Total
12577
14830
796
861
66
29129
1685
3142
354
781
66
6029
10892
11687
442
79
0
23101
3185
6197
615
512
0
10510
358
1824
331
512
3026
2827
4373
285
Formal
Informal
7910
3465
4445
7484
Formal
Informal
22540
18423
1700
2479
227
45369
4397
5387
1290
2114
132
13320
18143
13036
410
365
95
32049
12612
8378
446
554
4
21993
1654
1483
290
412
0
3840
10957
6895
156
142
4
18153
9929
10045
1254
1925
221
23374
2743
3904
1000
1702
132
9480
7186
6142
255
223
89
13894
9392
8633
181
348
66
18619
1327
1318
23
269
66
3003
8065
7315
158
79
0
15616
65
Urban
0
13439
3290
14
10279
4203
59
1595
1342
1049
2130
1845
50+
159
67
Total
27603 10747
66
10149
6076
253
285
93
16856
291
489
76
0
0
855
220
134
76
430
71
354
425
13148
9790
1519
2130
159
26748
3070
4069
1266
1845
67
10317
10078
5722
253
285
93
16431
Table 18.A: Employers and own-account workers (main job) by formal vs. informal nature of employment and monthly income of the business
Total
Female
Male
Rural
Businessincome(N$)
0
1249
250799
8005999
6000+
Unspecified
Total
0
1249
250799
8005999
6000+
Unspecified
Total
0
1249
250799
8005999
6000+
Unspecified
Total
0
1249
250799
8005999
6000+
Unspecified
Total
Allemployers&own
accountworkers
Total Formal Informal
4689
3398
1291
12452
281
12171
15125
928
14197
12746
2711
10035
11574
9311
2262
147
147
0
56732
16776
39956
1736
1060
676
8361
210
8151
9257
437
8820
4194
670
3524
2699
2251
448
48
48
0
26295
4676
21618
2953
2337
616
4091
71
4020
5868
491
5377
8552
2041
6511
8875
7060
1814
99
99
0
30437
12099
18338
2288
1409
879
8090
34
8056
9331
274
9057
5261
1034
4226
4109
3227
883
51
51
0
29129
6029
23101
Subsistence/communalfarmers
Total
582
1663
3746
2548
2825
0
11365
134
938
2061
551
617
0
4302
449
725
1685
1997
2208
0
7063
358
1628
3711
2239
2574
0
10510
Formal
537
Informal
45
1663
3746
2187
268
361
2557
3455
134
938
2061
437
28
114
589
7910
837
403
3465
45
725
1685
1750
240
247
1968
2619
358
1628
3711
1878
268
361
2306
4445
3026
7484
Otheremployer&ownaccount
workers
Total
Formal
Informal
4107
2860
1246
10789
281
10508
11378
928
10450
10197
2349
7848
8749
6754
1994
147
147
0
45367
13320
32047
1602
926
676
7423
210
7213
7195
437
6758
3643
556
3087
2082
1662
420
48
48
0
21993
3840
18153
2505
1934
570
3366
71
3295
4183
491
3692
6554
1793
4761
6667
5092
1575
99
99
0
23374
9480
13894
1929
1050
879
6462
34
6428
5620
274
5346
3021
673
2348
1535
921
615
51
51
0
18619
3003
15616
67
Urban
0
2401
1249
4362
250799
5794
8005999
7485
6000+
7465
Unspecified
96
Total
27603
68
1989
247
654
1676
6085
96
10747
412
4115
5140
5809
1380
0
16856
224
35
35
309
251
0
855
179
251
430
45
35
35
309
425
2177
4327
5758
7176
7213
96
26748
1810
247
654
1676
5834
96
10317
367
4080
5105
5499
1380
0
16431

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