Case: Sugar Consumption Budget dont change

Q. if price of sugar is increased by 25%. But a family wants to keep its expenditure same as earlier. Then they should decrease their consumption by how much percentage?

Suppose initial price of Sugar was Rs.100 per kg And this family needs 2 kg per month. (=quantity consumed) So what is their budget (or Expenditure?) Before price rise

Price Quantity

100 2 kg

Budget = Price x quantity 100 x 2=Rs.200 per month Now the price of sugar is increased by 25%. So if previously it was Rs.100 per kg, now it is Rs.100+25=Rs.125 per kg. Before Price Quantity 100 2 kg After 125

Budget = Price x quantity 100 x 2=Rs.200 per month If the family still wants to buy 2 kg sugar, theyll have to pay Rs.125 x 2 = Rs.250. But they dont want to increase their budget (Expenditure). Obviously they will have to cut down on their monthly consumption (Quantity of sugar.) To solve this problem, just take ratio of both prices 100/125 =(254)/(255) =4 / 5 It means 100/125=4/5

Now, reverse this ratio (4/5 =>5/4) and write it, in the table. Means, in 100s column, Ill write 5 and in 125s column, Ill write 4. Before Price Ratio reversed? Demand 100 5 2 kg After 125 4

Budget = Price x Demand 100 x 2=Rs.200 per month What is the percentage change in Ratio-Reversed? Well, before it was 5 and after it has decreased to 4. % decrease from 5 to 4 is =(5-4)/5 =1/5 =20% decrease. Thats our answer. If price is increased by 25% then we must decrease our consumption by 20% to keep the budget same. Lets check if our approach is correct. According to above technique, weve found that consumption /demand should decrease by 20%. So if earlier family consumed 2kg Now they should consume only 100% minus 20%=80% of original demand =80% of 2kg =0.8 x 2 =1.6 kg Update the table. Before Price Quantity 100 5 After 125 4

Budget = Price x quantity Price

2 kg 100 x 2=Rs.200 per month

1.6 125 x 1.6=Rs.200 per month

As you can see, if we decrease demand/consumption from 2 kg to 1.6 then budget remains same (Rs.200). It proves that weve not made any mistake.

Another way is to use readymade formula Formula Percentage decrease = 100m / (100+m), where m is the original percentage. Therefore Percentage decrease in sugar case =100 x 25 / (100+25) =100 x 25/125 =20% decrease.

You can use whichever technique you like. But once you master product consistency, lot of profit-loss, time-speeddistance questions can be solved in less than a minute. Anyways, lets try some more easy questions and then move to difficult ones.

Case: Salary comparison: How much more or less?

1. If Salary of Mr.Abdul is 25% more then Mr.Bhide, then Mr.Bhides salary is how much % less than Mr.Abduls? Assume Bhide earn Rs.100 per month Then Abdul has to earn Rs.100+25=125 Fill up the table. Bhide Abdul Salary Ratio (reversed) 100 125

Now get the ratio 100/125=4/5 Reverse it (from 4/5 to 5/4) and plug it in the table Bhide Abdul Salary 100 125 4

Ratio (reversed) 5

Thats it. What is the decrease? (5-4)/5 x 100 =1/5 x 100 =20% less Final answer: Mr.Bhides salary is 20% less than Abduls. Ofcourse you could directly calculate: (125-100)/125=20% but that wont help us quickly solve the complex cases situation like following.

Case: Increased consumption absolute value

Q. A family spends Rs.600 on sugar every month. The price of sugar is decreased by 20% and theyre able to buy 5kg sugar more. What was the original price of sugar (per kg)?

This is not at all complicated. Budget =Rs.600 (Constant) Assume that original price is Rs.100 (please note: this is not the answer, we are just assuming). New price is 20% less = 100 minus 20 = Rs.80 per kg Assume that originally they used to buy m kilos of sugar every month. Before After

Price Ratio-reversed Quantity Budget

Rs.100 Rs.80

M 600 600

So if price is decreased by 20% then consumption quantity should increase by what percentage? Just take ratio of price 100/80 =10/8 =5/4 Reverse It and fill up in the table Before Price After

Rs.100 Rs.80 5

Ratio-reversed 4 Quantity Budget m

So whats the increase in quantity ? Just look at the ratio reversed: 4 to 5. So increase is: (5-4)/4 x 100 =1/4 x 100 =25%

It means if sugar price decreases by 20% then we can buy 25% more sugar. So if earlier this family used to by m kilos of sugar, now they should be able to buy Total= (m + 25% of m) kilos of sugar.

How much more sugar can they buy? 25% of m But the question itself says that family is able to buy 5 kg sugar more. It means 25% of m =5 kg (25/100) x m=5 M=5 x (100/25) M=20kg Another way is (% to fraction) 25% when converted to fraction =1/4 So 1/4th of m=5 kg

So m= 5 x 4=20 kg. In either way: it means originally family used to buy 20 kilos of sugar. And their budget was Rs.600. (given in the question) So what was the per kilo price of sugar? 20kg=Rs.600 So 1 kg=600/20=30Rs. per kilo Final answer= original price of sugar was Rs.30 per kg. Lets try a similar question, so our concept is crystal clear.

Case: Apples price decrease absolute value

This is also from SSC-CGL exam. Q. A man spends Rs.54 on apples every month. Price of Apple is decreased by 20% and this man can buy 10 apples more. What is the reduced price per dozen? If price is 20% decreased => consumption should increased by 25% (as seen in previous case) Suppose he used to buy m number of apples initially. Now he can by 25% more apples. But question itself says that he is buying 10 more apples. Therefore, 25% of m =10 1/4 of m=10 (because 25%=25/100=1/4) 1/4 of m =10 M=40 So what was the original price? Total 54 rupees spent on 40 apples =Rs.54/40 And weve to find answer in dozen so multiply with 12 Original price= Rs.(54/40) x 12 Donot simplify yet. Weve to find reduced price. Question says, price is reduced by 20%. So new price =100 Minus 20=80%of original price =0.8 x (54/40) x 12 =Rs.12.96 Final answer: the reduced price of apples is Rs.12.96 per dozen. Another approach

Originally he bought 40 apples. Now he can buy 25% more =100+25=125% of original apples =1.25 x 40 =50 apples. And his budget is Rs.54 means he buys 50 apples for 54 rupees, 50 apples = 54 rupees 12 apples = how much? How much = 54 x 12 / 50 =Rs.12.96 per dozen. Now lets apply this concept in Time-Speed-Distance question

Case: Time-Speed-Distance
Again from old SSC-CGL exam Q. Walking at 6/7th of his usual speed, a man is 25 minutes late for his destination. What is his usual time to cover this distance (in hours)? Speed x time = distance This is same as price x quantity = budget. Here distance remains the same, just like in sugar-cases, budget remains the same. We dont know his speed, so lets assume his usual speed = 1 kmph And his late speed = 6/7th of usual speed = 6/7 x 1= 6/7 kmph Usual case Late case Speed Ratio reversed Just take ratio Usual/late=1/(6/7)=7/6 Reverse it (7/6 to 6/7 )and put it back in the table. Usual case Late case 1 6/7

Speed

6/7 7

Ratio reversed 6 Time T

Ok so if speed is decreased to 6/7th then time is increased by what fraction (or percentage?) 6 to 7 =(7-6)/6 =1/6 increase in time. Suppose his usual time was T, then it should be increased by 1/6th of original time T But we know that he is late by 25 minutes. It means 1/6th of T=25 minutes 1/6 x T = 25 T=25 x 6=150 minutes But the question is asking time in hours. 150 minutes =60 minutes + 60 minutes + 30 minutes =1hour + 1 hour + 30 minutes =2 hours and 30 minutes Another way to convert minutes into hours 60 minutes = 1 hr 150 minutes = how many hours? Therefore: How many hours = 1 x 150 / 60 When you divide 150 by 60 you 2 as quotient and 30 as remainder. So Correct answer is 2 hours and 30 minutes. Important: In Minutes to hour conversion via division method, You should not cut zeros, else you get wrong answer. For example, 150/60= 15/6 but when you divide 15 by 6, you get remainder 3 = answer comes as 2 hours and 3 minutes = wrong answer.

Mock questions
1. Journalist Popatlals income is 37.5% less than Dr. Iyyers. Then Dr.Iyyers income is how much % more than Popatlals income? 2. If price of Desi-liquor is increased by 20% then Mohan should cut down consumption by what %, to keep his budget unchanged? 3. Petrol price is doubled. But we dont want to raise our expenditure. Then We should cut down our petrol consumption by what percentage?

4. If the speed of a motorboat is decreased by one fourth, then journey completion time should increase by what percentage? 5. Price of rice is increased from Rs. 6 to 7.5 per kg. If we dont want to increase our Expenditure. We should decrease our rice-consumption by what percentage? 6. Mobile company increased the call charges by 50%. If I want to keep my budget unchanged, I should reduce talk-time by what percentage? 7. Dish TV has reduced the channel prices by 20% now Im able to subscribe to 5 more channels in the same budget of Rs.400. How many channels did I subscribe earlier? 8. Writing at 3/4th of my usual speed, I finished the question paper 20 minutes late. Had I written the answers at my regular speed, I could have finished the whole paper in how many hours? 9. Earlier UPSC used to ask 579 questions for 2900 marks. Now they want to decrease number of questions by 20% but want to keep total marks same as earlier. So, they should increase the marks per question by what percentage? 10. If a politicians bribe income is decreased by 10% then his anger increases by how much percentage? hahaha Answers 1. Iyyer Popat 2. Desi liquor 3. Petrol Double 4. Motorboat 5. Rice 6. Mobile talktime 60% Perhaps this is the reason why Popat is unable to find a bride while Iyyer walked away with Babita-ji. 16.67% decrease (1/6) 50% decrease in consumption.(hint double = 100 to 200 =100% increase) One fourth=25% decrease=> 33.33% increase in time. 25% increase in price =>20% reduction in consumption. 50% increase in call rates=>33.33% decrease in talktime to keep budget unchanged. Earlier I had subscribed to 20 channels. 20% decrease in price= 25% increase in number of channels. so 1/4 of original channels=5, hence original number of channels=5 x 4 =20.

7. Dish TV

8. Writing speed

3/4 th of writing speed= reverse ratio is 4:3; and increase in time is 1/3 (=33.33%). So if 1/3 rd of original time= 20 minutes late. Then original time = 20 x 3 =60 minutes = 1 hour. 11.11% increase in anger lolz

9. Anger 10. UPSC

Absolute values 579 and 2900 are irrelevant! No need to waste time in dividing them. 20% decrease=> increase marks per question by 25% percentage.

Food for thought

Try these two questions: (You can solve them via STD table method but try to solve them via this product consistency method. Youll get the answer much more quickly!) 1. Jethalal goes to shop at the speed 30 km/h, and he reaches six minutes early. Next day he goes at the speed of 24 km/h, and he reaches five minutes late. Find the distance between his home and shop. (Ans=22kms) 2. Tappu walks from home to school @5kmph and reaches 15 minutes early. After the school is over, he is very tired. So he walks back from school to home at a slow speed of just 3kmph and reaches 9 minutes late. Find distance between his home and school. (Ans=3 kms) Before proceeding further, make sure your concept regarding productconsistency method Is clear. If not, then go through my previous article click me

Case : Early Late

Jethalal goes to shop at the speed 30 km/h, and he reaches six minutes early. Next day he goes at the speed of 24 km/h, and he reaches five minutes late. Find the distance between his home and shop. This can be solved with any of the two approaches 1. Approach #1: Product consistency 2. Approach #2: STD table.

Approach #1: Product consistency

Let me rephrase the question: Price of sugar is increased from 24 per kg to 30 per kg and now Jethalal is buying 11/60 kilograms sugar less (in the same budget). What was his original consumption?

Does it ring any bell with previous sums of product Consistency? Yep, thats our approach. Prepare this table, plug in the speed values in ascending order Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h Ratio-reversed (Time) What is the time difference between these two cases? suppose on regular speed, Jethalal used to reach office @10 AM on slow speed, he is 5 minutes late=10.05AM on fast speed he is 6 minutes early=09.54 minutes so the time difference between slow speed and fast speed = 11 minutes. in the exam, just add the two minutes given to you (6+5)=11 and since speed is given in km/h, weve to convert 11 minutes into hours =11/60 hours. Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h Ratio-reversed (Time) Now apply the product consistency method: Take ratio of 24/30 =(6 x 4)/ (6 x 5) =4/5 Reverse it.=5/4. Update the table Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h 24 30 4 24 30 24 30

Ratio-reversed (Time) 5

So, when speed is increased, what is the decrease in time? 5 to 4

=(5-4)/5 x 100 =20% (or just keep it in fraction form of 1/5) Meaning new time is 20% less than time. suppose during slow speed, he took M time. Then in fast speed hell take M minus 20% of M time. That means difference between two situations is 20% of m but weve already inferred that time difference between two situations is 11/60 hours therefore 20% of m=11/60 or in other words 1/5 x m=11/60 M=115/60 M=11/12 hours. This is the time he takes during slow speed, to reach his destination Now just apply STD formula (slow) Speed x time = distance 24 x 11/12 = distance Hence distance = 22 kms. This technique looks odd but It is very fast once you practice. Thought process in the exam You dont even need to draw table. Just think in your head, speed is decreased from 24 to 30 so reverse ratio is 30/24=5/4 And hence decrease from 5 to 4 is (5-4)/5=1/5. It means 1/5th of (slow) time =(6+5)/60 Hence time = 11x 5/60 Hence distance = just multiple time with slow speed =11 x 5 x (24)/60 =22 km. Now lets try solving It, using the

Approach #2 (STD Table)

Case 1 Case 2 Speed Time 24 ? 30 ? D

Distance D

Weve ssumed that in both cases, he has to cover same distance D kms. Apply STD formula in column 1 (case 1) Speed x time = distance Therefore time = distance / speed = D/24 Similarly for case2, we get time=D/30 Update table Case 1 Case 2 Speed Time 24 D/24 30 D/30 D

Distance D

From the question, we can infer that time difference between two cases is (6+5=11 minutes =11/60 hours) Therefore D/24-D/30=11/60 Simplify this equation and you get D=22 kms. Please note: in the fractions, D/24 is >greater than> D/30 Thats why I did D/24-D/30=11/60 Lets try second question with both methods

Case #2: Tappus school

Tappu walks from home to school @5kmph and reaches 15 minutes early. After the school is over, he walks back from school to home @3kmph and reaches 9 minutes late. Find distance between his home and school.

Approach #1: Product consistency

The question is talking about two times: 15 minutes early and 9 minutes late. Therefore total time difference between two situation =15+9=24 minutes=24/60 hrs. Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h 3 5

Ratio-reversed (Time) 5

What is the percentage decrease in time? (5-3)/5 =2/5 (=40% decrease) Thats it. If time taken during slow speed =m Then 2/5th of m=24/60 hours (the time difference between two cases) Hence M=1 hour (=time taken during slow speed) Now speed x time = distance 3 (slow speed) x1= distance Therefore distance between Tappus school and home is 3 kms.

Approach #2 (STD Table)

Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h 3 Time Distance ?? D 5 ?? D

Apply STD formula in each column you get Speed x time =distance Time = distance / speed Time = D/3 in first case and D/5 in second case update table Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h 3 Time Distance D/3 D 5 D/5 D

The time difference between two situations is (15+9)=24 minutes=24/60 hours Therefore D/3 D/5=24/60

Solve this equation and you get D=3 kms Meaning distance between Tappus school and home is 3 kms Now lets try a bit complicated case

Case: Pinkus college (total time given)

Pinku goes to college @ speed of 3 kmph and returns back @2kmph. He spends total 5 hours in walking. What is the distance between his home and college? Slow speed , fast speed = 2 and 3 km respectively. Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h 2 3 2

Ratio-reversed (Time) 3

What is the decrease % in time? (3-2)/3= 1/3 (=33.33%) It means if Pinku take M hours during slow speed. Hed take M minus 33.33% of M hours during fast speed. Therefore, total time (taken to goto college and come back) =m + m -33.33% of m =2m-m/3 (because 33.33%=1/3) =(6m-m)/3 =5m/3 And we know that total time is 5 hours therefore 5m/3=5 hours hence m=3 hours. (time taken during slow speed) Apply STD Speed x time = distance 2 (slow speed) x 3 (time)=distance Hence distance=6 km Thought process in the exam Speed increased from 2 to 3, therefore reverse ratio is 3/2 and %decrease in time is 1/3. Pinkus Total time is given 5 hours, therefore M + m -(1/5)m=5 hours. Solve it and multiple with slow speed, youll get the distance.

Mock Questions

1. Gogi walks from home to school @2.5kmph and he is 6 minutes late. Next day he increases speed by 1 kmph and reaches 6 minutes early. Find distance between home and school? 2. Sonu walks @6kmph and late to college by 5 minutes. If she walks @5kmph, she is late by 30 minutes. Find total distance. (please note: since shes late in both cases the time difference is 30-5=25 minutes. rest approach is same)

Answer and explanation

1. Gogi school Question is talking about two speeds : 2.5 and (2.5+1.0)=3.5 kmphs Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h 2.5 3.5 5

Ratio-reversed (Time) 7

Whats the decrease in time % From 7 to 5, =(7-5)/7 =2/7 Suppose during slow speed case, Gogi takes m hours to reach school. In fast case, hell do it in less time =m 2/7 of m. but from question, we already know that time difference between two cases =6+6=12 minutes=12/60 hrs it means 2/7 of m=12/60 hours therefore m=7/10 hours :This is the time taken during slow speed. Multiply it with slow speed and youll get the distance. Distance = 7/10 x 2.5 = 7/4 kms. 2. Sonu college Slow speed Fast speed Speed km/h 5 6

Ratio-reversed (Time) 6

So % decrease in time =(6-5)/6 =1/6 Therefore 1/6 of slow time (m)= 25/60 hrs. M=25 x 6/60 hrs Multiply it with slow speed (5) and you get distance Distance =speed x time =5 x 25 x 6/60 =25/2 =12.5 km distance between home and college.

Two complex cases of Time and Work

1. Case#1 : Time equations: set of two people working 2. Case# 2: Time Ratios are given

Case#1 : Time equations: set of two people working

A & B can do a piece of work in 12 days , B and C in 15 , C & A in 20 days. How long would each take separately to do the same work ?
In the STD table, when people come and go, we can do addition and subtraction in the SPEED boxes only and now in the Time boxes. Now fill up the table.
A+B B+C C+A SPEED TIME DISTANCE 12 15 20

TAKE THE LCM (12,15,20) =60. Based on that we can find individual speeds using STD formula.

A+B B+C C+A SPEED TIME 5 12 4 15 60 3 20 60

DISTANCE 60

Assume that these three entities work together

A+B B+C C+A (A+B)+(B+C)+(C+A) SPEED TIME 5 12 4 15 60 3 20 60 5+4+3=12 ?? 60

DISTANCE 60

Speed of A+B+C together can be derived using (A+B)+(B+C)+(C+A) = 2(A+B+C)=5+4+3=12 Hence speed of A+B+C together =12/2=6 Now STD formula Speed x time = distance 6 x time = 60 Time = 10 Meaning if A+B+C work together, they can finish work in 10 days. [although Time of A+B+C, is not asked in the question, but Ive given it only for explanation] Now back to the question, weve to find individual time. So far our table looks like thisA+B B+C C+A A+B+C SPEED TIME 5 12 4 15 60 3 20 60 6 10 60

DISTANCE 60

Now you can solve it three unknown equation. Because this is speed, we can do addition, subtraction and solve it as three unknown equations Speed of A+B+C=6 Speed of A+B=5 Hence speed of C= 6 (A+B)= 6-5=1
A+B B+C C+A A+B+C (A+B+C)-(A+B)=C SPEED TIME 5 12 4 15 60 3 20 60 6 10 60 6-5=1 ?? 60

DISTANCE 60

Speed of C is 1 and he has to cover 60 kilometers alone, STD formula, 1 x Time = 60 Hence itll take him 60 days.
A+B B+C C+A A+B+C (A+B+C)-(A+B)=C SPEED TIME 5 12 4 15 60 3 20 60 6 10 60 6-5=1 60 60

DISTANCE 60

Do similar procedure for B and A.

A+B B+C C+A A+B+C C SPEED TIME 5 12 4 15 60 3 20 60 6 10 60 B A

6-5=1 6-3=3 6-4=2 60 60 20 60 30 60

DISTANCE 60

Final answer, time taken by A,B,C if they work individually= 30,20,60 Run a cross verification to see the answer is correct. Plug the answer values.
A Speed 2 Time Dist B 3 C 1 A+B B+C C+A 5 4 15 60 3 20 60

30 20 60 12 60 60 60 60

Yes it satisfies the statements given in the Question.

Case# 2: Time Ratios are given

A takes twice as much time as B and thrice as much as C to finish a piece of work. They together finish the work in one day. Find the time taken by each of them to finish the work. A takes twice as much time as B, meaning if B takes 1 day, A takes 2 days So the ratio of time is A:B=2:1 Similarly A:C=3:1 We can write the same thing as B:A=1:2 A:C=3:1 If we want the three terms ratio, we want mid term (A) to be same in both equation. In the first eq. A is 2 and in second eq. A is 3. LCM (2,3)=6 Multiply something in both equations so that we get 6 in both equation. Meaning, Multiply first eq with (2) and second equation with (3) B:A=3:6 A:C=6:2 Now we can make a three terms ratio B:A:C=3:6:2 Keep in mind, this is ratio and not absolute number So we fill Time boxes as As time = 6x

Bs time = 3x Cs Time = 2x Run the STD table, fill the data A Speed Time 1 B 2 C 3 A+B+C 6

6x 3x 2x 1 day

Distance 6x 6x 6x 6x LCM of (6x,3x,2x)= 6x From the STD fomula, we can get the individual speeds of A,B,C,= 1,2,3 Together their speed A+B+C=1+2+3=6 For the last column Speed x time = distance 6 multiplied with 1 =6x Hence x= 1 Put the value of x=1 in the table and you get individual time A will take 6 days individually, B will take 3 days and C will take 2 days. Cross verification (plug the answers we got) A B C A+B+C Speed Time 1 2 3 6 3 2 6 1 day 6

Distance 6 6 6

From the table, A takes twice as much time as B and thrice as much as C to finish a piece of work Yes it satisfies the statement given in the question itself.

Time n Work :Daily Wages and Share in Payment

1. Case 1:Daily Wage 2. Case 2: Share in money

Case 1:Daily Wage

A can do a piece of work in 10 days; B in 15 days. They work for 5 days. The rest of the work was finished by C in 2 days. If they get Rs.1500 for the whole work. Find the daily wages of B and C.
They got Rs.1500 for the whole work, meaning the work is worth Rs.1500 so take it as our distance Repharse: A can do road-construction of 1500 kms in 10 days!.. and so on
A Speed Time 10 15 B

distance 1500 1500

Apply STD formula and find out speed value of each column
A Speed Time 150 10 B 100 15

distance 1500 1500

Given: they (A and B) worked forfive days

A Speed Time 150 10 B 100 15 A+B 150+100=250 5

distance 1500 1500 250 x 5=1250

Combined speed of A+B=250 so in two days they constructed road of 1250 kms. Remaining work = 1500 minus 1250 = 250kms This was done by C alone, in two days.
A Speed Time 150 10 B 100 15 A+B C 250 5 2

distance 1500 1500 1250 250

Run STD fomula on Cs column and find his speed

A Speed Time 150 10 B 100 15 A+B C 250 5 125 2

distance 1500 1500 1250 250

Daily Wage of B and C

Their daily wage depends on how much work can they do per day. Which is actually their speed. E.g. B can construct 100 km roads per day. So daily wage of B=Rs.100 And daily wage of C=Rs.125 Total daily wage of B and C=100+125=225

Case 2: Share in money

A alone can do a piece of work in 6 days and B alone in 8 days. A and B undertook to do it for Rs.3200. With the help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. How much is to be paid to C?
Total road construction is 3200 kms this time.
A Speed Time 6 8 B

distance 3200 3200

Run STD formula to find speeds

A Speed Time B

3200/6 400 6 8 3200

distance 3200

Given: With the help of C, they completed the work in 3 days. We dont know the speed of C, assume it is c but construct his column and fill remaining data.
A Speed Time B C c A+B+C (3200/6)+400+c

3200/6 400 6 8 3200

?? 3 3200

distance 3200

Run STD formula on third column [ (3200/6)+400+c ] x 3 = 3200 Solve this equation you get c=400/3 Meaning speed of c=400/3 He works for 3 days. Speed x time = distance (400/3) x 3 =distance 400= distance Meaning C covered 400kms Which means he was paid Rs.400

nW: A is thrice as good as workman as B

Question from Comments

A is thrice as good as workman as B and therefore is able to finish a job in 60 days less than B. Working together, they can do it in how many days?
A is thrice as good means if speed of B is b, then Speed of A = 3b Given: A is able to finish job in 60 days less than B Means if B can do work in t days, then A can do it in t-60 days Fill up the table
A Speed Time distance 3b B b

(t-60) t

The distance covered in each column is same, therefore (Speed x time)As column = (speed x time )Bs column 3b x (t-60)=b x t 3(t-60)=t t=90 Update the table with this value of t

A Speed Time distance 3b

B b

90-60=30 90

In Bs column apply STD formula so you get b x 90 =90b that is our total distance. When A+B work together, theyve to cover the same distance (90b)
A Speed Time distance 3b B b A+B 3b+b=4b ??

90-60=30 90

b x 90=90b 90b

Apply STD in last column 4b x time =90b Time =22.5 daysTnW: How long did the Work last? Question from a reader:

X and Y can do a piece of work in 20 days and 12 days respectively. X started the work alone and then after 4 days Y joined him till the completion of the work. How long did the work last?

X Speed Time distance

20 12

LCM (20,12)=60 Total distance = 60 Update

X Speed Time

20 12

distance 60 60

Apply STD formula in each column and you get speed of X and Y
X Y

Speed Time

20 12

distance 60 60

Given: X started the work alone and then after 4 days Y joined him till the completion of the work Means X worked for four days alone.

X Speed Time 3

Y 5

X started 3

20 12 4

distance 60 60 34=12

In 4 days, he covered 12 kms. So remaining work = 60 minus 12 =48. Which was completed by X+Y
X Speed Time 3 Y 5 X started X+Y 3 3+5=8 ?? 48

20 12 4

distance 60 60 34=12

Run std on last column

Speed x time = dist 8 x time = 48 Time =48/ 8 =6 days Final table looks like this

X Speed Time 3

Y 5

X started X+Y finished 3 3+5=8 6 48

20 12 4

distance 60 60 34=12

Question: How long did the work last? X started and X+Y finished. Look at the time cells of their respective columns. (i.e. last column and second last column) Total time= 4 + 6=10 days. Final Answer: work lasted for 10 days.
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Written test for MNC job CAT,MAT,GRE,GATE ,railways exams,lic,all national level exams formula or trick ?
we are not going to solve the problems in formula,hate formulas,try to solve in logical methods,which are not related to any formula.So we are giving you suggestion that,apply tricks,which improves your logical thinking and attitude Where i have to learn these tricks to solve quantitative aptitude problems? These methods/tricks will not available in any books or any other websites,no any website providing the short cut tricks to solve the problems in less time.In this site you can learn aptitude short cut methods IBPS EXAM SPECIAL

Learn short cut methods in aptitude to get your dream job,so for every day,apply new methods to solve the problems by using our short cut methods.Start from here,the lessons for aptitude tricks from all topics.Today we are explaining you,short cut methods in percentage topic ,which related to aptitude. LESSON 1 -SHORT CUT METHODS/TRICKS IN PERCENTAGES CONCEPT: Important Points to Note: 1. 1. 2. 3. 4. When any value increases by 10%, it becomes 1.1 times of itself. (since 100+10 = 110% = 1.1) 20%, it becomes 1.2 times of itself. 36%, it becomes 1.36 times of itself. 4%, it becomes 1.04 times of itself. 2. When any value decreases by 1. 2. 3. 4. 10%, it becomes 0.9 times of itself. (Since 100-10 = 90% = 0.9) 20%, it becomes 0.8 times of itself 36%, it becomes 0.64 times of itself 4%, it becomes 0.96 times of itself.

Thus we can see the effects on the values due to various percentage increases.

Thus we can see the effects on a value due to various percentage decreases. Note: 1. When a value is multiplied by a decimal more than 1 it will be increased and when multiplied by less than 1 it will be decreased. 2. The percentage increase or decrease depends on the decimal multiplied. Eg: 0.7 => 30% decrease, 0.67 => 33% decrease, 0. 956 => 4.4% decrease and so on. Eg: When the actual value is x, find the value when it is 30% decreased. Soln: 30% decrease => 0.7 x. Eg: A value after an increase of 20% became 600. What is the value? Soln: 1.2x = 600 (since 20% increase) x = 500. Eg: If 600 is decrease by 20%, what is the new value? Soln: new value = 0.8 X 600 = 480. (Since 20% decrease) Thus depending on the decimal we can decide the % change and vice versa. Eg: When a value is increased by 20%, by what percent should it be reduced to get the actual value? Soln: (It is equivalent to 1.2 reduced to 1 and we can use % decrease formula) % decrease = (1.2 1)/1.2 X 100 = 16.66%. 3. When a value is subjected multiple changes, the overall effect of all the changes can be obtained by multiplying all the individual factors of the changes. Eg: The population of a town increased by 10%, 20% and then decreased by 30%. The new population is what % of the original? Soln: The overall effect = 1.1 X 1.2 X 0.7 (Since 10%, 20% increase and 30% decrease) = 0.924 = 92.4%. Eg: Two successive discounts of 10% and 20% are equal to a single discount of ___ Soln: Discount is same as decrease of price. So, decrease = 0.9 X 0.8 = 0.72 => 28% decrease (Since only 72% is remaining).

practice problems: 1. If 20% of 40% of a = 25% of a% of b, then what is b? b. 16/25 b. 200 b. 166.66 b. 64200 c. 8/25 c. 300 c. 156 c. 60000 d. None d. None d. None d. None a. 8/5 a. 100 a. 125 a. 76000

2. By what % is 200 more than 50? 3. A value changes from 30 to 80. What is the percentage change? 4. The population of a city is increased by 30% and thus became 78000. What is the original population? 5. In a theatre, the number of seats is increased by 20% and the price per ticket is increased by 10% but the public response decreased by 30%. What is the net effect on the economy of the theatre? a.10% rise b. 7% fall c. 7% rise d. None 6. A saves 20% of his income. His income is increased by 20% and so he increased his expenditure by 30%. What is the percentage change in his savings? a. 20% fall b. 4% fall c. 20% rise d. 4% rise 7. The price of petrol is increased by 25%. By what percent the consumption be reduced to make the expenditure remain the same? a. 25% a. 20% b. 33.33% b. 44% c. 20% c. 36% d. None d. None 8. The side of a square is increased by 20%. The percentage change in its area is ___ 9. If the length of a rectangle is increased by 33.33%, by what percentage should the breadth be reduced to make the area same? a. 20% b. 33.33% c. 25% d. None 10. In an election between two candidates, A and B, A secured 56% of the votes and won by 48000 votes. Find the total number of votes polled if 20% of the votes were declared invalid. a. 500000 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. b. 400000 c. 600000 d. None clear explanation for above problems: 1/5 X 2/5 X a = X a X b => b = 8/25 % difference = (200-50)/50 X 100 = 300 % % increase = (80-30)/30 X 100 = 166.66 % 1.3 x = 78000 => x = 60000. Net effect = 1.2 X 1.1 X 0.7 Let I be the income. Savings = 0.2I => 20%

= 0.924 => 7.6% decrease. Expenditure = 0.8I

New income = 1.2I (since 20% rise) New expenditure = (0.8I) X 1.3 (Since 30% rise) = 1.04I So, new savings = 1.2I 1.04I = 0.16I => 16% (So income decreased form 20% to 16%) % decrease = (20-16)/20 X 100 = 20%. 7. It is equivalent to 1.25 decreased to 1.

% decrease = (1.25-1)/1.25 X 100 = 20% 8. % change in area = 1.2 X 1.2 (since area = side X side) = 1.44 => 44%. 9. 10. It is equivalent to 1.25 decreased to 1. So 20% decrease. Valid Votes:

A got 56% => B got 44% Difference = 12% = 48000 So, 100% = 400000. These are valid votes. But valid votes are only 80% of total votes. So, 80% of total votes = 400000 => total votes = 500000

Digital Root or Digital Sum of a number is just the sum of all the digits of the number. For example, Digital Sum of 12 = 1+2 = 3 Digital Sum of 5466 = 5+4+6+6 = 21 = 2+1 = 3 So, the digital sum of 5466 = 3 So, notice that even though sum of the digit of 5466 is 21, 21 is not the digital sum. The sum is again added until we are left with a single digit. So, can you determine the Digital Sum of :

134566 23566 34563 895785

Consider the number 19. The digital sum of 19 is 1+9 = 10 = 1 Consider the number 129. The digital sum of 129 is 1+2+9 = 12 = 3 Consider the number 1239. The digital sum of 1239 is 1+2+3+9 = 15 = 6

So, if a number has 9, this will not have any impact on the digital sum. So, you can safely ignore the digit 9 in the number. So, can you guess the digital sum of 599992. Ignoring all the 9s, we are left with 5 and 2. So the digital sum is 5+2=7

Consider another example 7486352. Here, we donot have any 9s in the number. So, in order to obtain the digital sum, we will just add all the digits. Digital Sum of 7486352 = 7+4+8+6+3+5+2 = 35 = 3+5 = 8

However, there is a shortcut for this, instead of adding all the digits, cancel out the digits which add up to 9 as shown :

6 & 3 add upto 9, so we can cancel that. Similarly 5 & 4 adds upto 9 and 7 & 2 adds upto 9. We can cancel all the digits, we are left with the digit 8. So, the digital sum is 8. So, the question arises,

Why do we need Digital Sum of the number ?

It turns out, when the numbers are added, subtracted, multiplied or divided; their digital sums will also be respectively or added, subtracted, multiplied or divided. So, we can use their digital sums to check the accuracy of the answer.

Lets consider an example :

Now consider the digital sum of each of the number: The digital sum of 1234 is 1 The digital sum of 345 is 3 The digital sum of 6543 is 9(or 0) The digital sum of 345 is 3 So, the total digital sum is 1+3+9+3 = 7 The digital sum of 8467 is 8+4+6+7 is 7 Since the digital sums are equal, we can conclude that the addition is correct.

Lets say you come across a question something like this in the examination : 18265+2736+41328=? 1. 2. 3. 4. 61329 62139 63329 62329

So, instead of adding all the numbers, the shortcut is to obtain the digital sum of each of the numbers. Let me explain : The digital sum of 18265 is 4 The digital sum of 2736 is 9( or 0) The digital sum of 41328 is 9(or 0)

So, the total digital sum is 4+9+9 = 4 Lets look at the choices: The digital sum of 61329 is 3 The digital sum of 62139 is 3 The digital sum of 63329 is 5 The digital sum of 62329 is 4 So, using Digital sum, we can conclude that only option (4) can be the answer even though we have not actually calculated the sum.

Important It is important to note that, Digital sum sometimes lead to conflicting results. We know from previous example, the Digital sum of 62329 is 4. So, the digital sum of 62392 is also 4. In this case, even though the numbers are different, the Digital sum remains the same as the numbers have changed their places.

So, the Moral of the story is, even digital root technique will help you in eliminating few options from the question, it cannot conclusively point out the right answer.

Digital Sum technique can also be used in case of subtraction, multiplication or division just like we used in addition. Please contact me if some point in the tutorial is not clear. I would be glad to help.