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P P
J1 J1
N N
J2 J2
P P
J3 J3
N N
(a) (b)
No current can flow through the SCR in both circuit (a) & (b).
WHY?
Working of SCR
When Gate is Open
• J2 R.biased & J1, J3 F. biased.
• No current thro RL
• V increased till breaks down
& SCR ON-stroke. J1
J2
J3
Push
button V
V
OFF in :
• -ve half cycle & +ve half
cycle, only if proper IGT
is provided.
• Vin = Vmsin θ , when is
applied, V1< Vm.
Phase Controlled Half Wave Rectification
OFF in +ve half cycle :
vin − v SCR vin
iL = ≈
RL RL
vm
v av = (1 + cos φ )
2π
vm
I av = (1 + cos φ )
2πRL
SCR Full Wave Rectifier
vm
I av = (1 +cos φ)
πR L
Silicon Controlled Rectification
• Three phase power supply on ship has a fixed voltage and frequency- This is
generally 440V at 60 Hz
• But for high power demands it is likely to be 6.6 kV and 60 Hz.
•
• Speed control for a propulsion motor requires variable voltage for a d.c. drive and
variable frequency + voltage for an a.c. drive.
• Therefore, it is necessary t have bus system with controlled rectification (a.c.-
>d.c.) and/or controlled inversion (d. c. -> a. c. )' to match the propulsion motor
type.
• A basic rectifier uses semiconductor diodes which can only conduct current in the
direction of anode (A) to cathode (K) - It automatic when A is more positive than
K.
• The diode turns-off automatically when its current falls to zero.
•
• In a single-phase a.c. circuit, a single diode will conduct only on every other half-
cycle and this is called half-wave rectification.
• Other single-phase circuits using a biased arrangement with two diodes and a
centre-tapped transformer will create full-wave rectification
• Also four diodes in a bridge formation will also produce a full-wave d.c. voltage
output.
Single-phase controlled rectification.
Silicon Controlled Rectification
• An equivalent three phase bridge requires six diodes for full-
wave operation.
•
• A diode, having only two terminals, cannot control the size of
the d.c. output from the rectifier.
• The thyristor will only conduct when the anode is positive with
respect to the cathode where a brief trigger voltage pulse is applied
between gate and cathode (gate must be more positive than cathode).
• Gate voltage pulses are provided by separate electronic circuit and the
pulse timing decides the switch-on point for the main (load) current.
The load current is therefore rectified to d.c. (by diode action) and
controlled by delayed switching.
• In this circuit an inductor coil (choke) smooth the d.c. load current
even though the d.c. voltage is severely chopped by the thyristor
switching action.
•
• An alternative to the choke coil is to use a capacitor across the
rectifier output which smooths the d.c. voltage.
Controlled Rectifiers
AC Voltage Controller
Inverters
Three-phase controlled rectifier bridge circuit.
• Full wave controlled rectification from a three-phase a.c. supply is
achieved in a bridge Circuit with six thyristors.
• For a 440V A.C. line voltage, the peak voltage is 0.707 x 440V. The
equivalent maximum d.c. average voltage output is taken to be about 600
V as it has a six-pulse ripple effect due to the three-phase input waveform.