Fifteen prominent chemical engineers first met in New York more than 60 years ago to plan a continuing literature

for their rapidly growing profession. From industry came such pioneer practitioners as Leo H. Baekeland, Arthur D. Little, Charles L. Reese, John V. N. Dorr, M. C. Whitaker, and R. S. McBride. From the universities came such eminent educators as William H. Walker, Alfred H. White, D. D. Jackson, J. H. James, Warren K. Lewis, and Harry A. Curtis. H. C. Parmelee, then editor of Chemical and Metallu~cal Engineering, served as chairman and was joined subsequently by S. D. Kirkpatrick as consulting editor. After several meetings, this committee submitted its report to the McGraw-Hill Book Company in September 1925. In the report were detailed specifications for a correlated series of more than a dozen texts and reference books which have since become the McGraw-Hill Series in Chemical Engineering and which became the cornerstone of the chemical engineering curriculum. From this beginning there has evolved a series of texts surpassing by far the scope and longevity envisioned by the founding Editorial Board. The McGraw-Hill Series in Chemical Engineering stands as a unique historical record of the development of chemical engineering education and practice. In the series one finds the milestones of the subjects evolution: industrial chemistry, stoichiometry, unit operations and processes, thermodynamics, kinetics, and transfer operations. Chemical engineering is a dynamic profession, and its literature continues to evolve. McGraw-Hill, with its editor, B. J. Clark and consulting editors, remains committed to a publishing policy that will serve, and indeed lead, the needs of the chemical engineering profession during the years to come.

The Series
Bailey and Ollis: Biochemical Engineering Fundamentals Bennett and Myers: Momentum, Heat, and Mass Transfer Beveridge and Schechter: Optimization: Theory and Practice Brudkey and Hershey: Transport Phenomena: A Unified Approach Carberry: Chemical and Catalytic Reaction Engineering Constantinides: Applied Numerical Methodr with Personal Computers Coughanowr and Koppel: Process Systems Analysis and Control . Douglas: Conceptual Design of Chemical Processes Edgar and Himmelblau: Optimization of Chemical Processes Gates, Katzer, and Schuit: Chemistry of Catalytic Processes Holland: Fundamentals of Multicomponent Distillation Holland and Liapis: Computer Methods for Solving Dynamic Separation Problems Katz and Lee: Natural Gas Engineering: Production and Storage King: Separation Processes Lee: Fundamentals of Microelectronics Processing * Luybeo: Process Modeling, Simulation, and Control for Chemical Engineers McCabe, Smith, J. C., and Harriott: Unit Operations of Chemical Engineering Mickley, Sherwood, and Reed: Applied Mathematics in Chemical Engineering Nelson: Petroleum Refinery Engineering Perry and Green (Editors): Chemical Engineers Handbook Peters: Elementary Chemical Engineering Peters and Timmerhaus: Plant Design and Economics for Chemical Engineers Reid, Prausoitz, and Rolling: The Properties of Gases and Liquids Sherwood, Pigford, and Wilke: Mass Transfer Smith, B. D.: Design of Efluilibrium Stage Processes Smith, J. M.: Chemical Engineering Kinetics Smith, J. M., and Van Ness: Introduction to Chemical Engineering Thermodynamics Treybal: Mass Transfer Operations Valle-Riestra: Project Evolution in the Chemical Process Industries Wei, Russell, and Swartzlander: The Structure of the Chemical Processing Industries

Weotz: Hazardous Waste Management S + CH,-CH, + Cl, -. CH2CICH,CI + S Ddhn Ethykne chlorioc Ethykne dichlorii DolLn
(C. F. Bruun and Co.)

Ike complete plant-the complete economic process. Here is the design en@neers goal.

PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS

Fourth Edition
Max S. Peters Klaus D. Timmerhaus
Professors of Chemical Engineering University of Colorado

:I, !. J:. , $ McGraw-Hill, Inc.

New York St. Louis San ijranciko Auckland Bogotfi Caracas Hamburg Lisbon London Madrid Mexico Milan Montreal New Delhi Paris San Juan SHo Paula Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto PLANT DESIGN AND ECONOMICS FOR CHEMICAL ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL EDITION 1991 Exclusive rights by McGraw-Hill Book Co. - Singapore for manufacture and export. This book cannot be reexported from the countty to which it is consigned by McGraw-Hill. 234567890CMOPMP95432 Copyright 0 1991, 1980, 1968, 1958 by McGraw-Hill, Inc. All rights reserved. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. This book was set in Times Roman by Science Typographers. Inc. The editors were B.J. Clark and$hn M. Morriss; the production supervisor was Richard Ausburn. The cover was designed by Carla Bauer Project supervision was done by Science Typographers, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Peters, Max Stone, (date) Plantdesign and economics for chemical engineers/Max S. Peters. Klaus D. Timmerhaus.4th ed. P. cm.-(McGraw-Hill chemical engineering series) Includes bibliographical references. ISBN 0-07-0496137 1. Chemical plants--Design and construction. I. Timmerhaus, Klaus D. II. Title. III. Series. TP155.5P4 1991 6602Mc20 89-77497 When ordering this title me ISBN 0-97-100871-3
Printed in Singapore

ABOUTTHEAUTHORS
MAX S. PETERS is currently Professor Emeritus of Chemical Engineering and Dean Emeritus of Engineering at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He received his B.S. and M.S. degrees in chemical engineering from the Pennsylvania State University, worked for the Hercules Power Company and the Treyz Chemical Company, and returned to Penn State for his Ph.D. Subsequently, he joined the faculty of the University of Illinois, and later came to the University of Colorado as Dean of the College of Engineering and Applied Science and Professor of Chemical Engineering. He relinquished the position of Dean in

1978 and became Emeritus in 1987. Dr. Peters has served as President of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, as a member of the Board of Directors for the Commission on Engineering Education, as Chairman of the Presidents Committee on the National Medal of Science, and as Chairman of the Colorado Environmental Commission. A Fellow of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers. Dr. Peters is the recipient of the George Westinghouse Award of the American Society for Engineering Education, the Lamme Award of the ASEE, the Award of Merit of the American Association of Cost Engineers, the Founders Award of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, and the W. K. Lewis Award of the AIChE. He is a member of the National Academy of Engineering. KLAUS D. TIMMERHAUS is currently Professor of .Chemical Engineering and Presidential Teaching Scholar at the University of Colorado at Boulder. He received his B.S., M.S., and Ph.D. degrees in Chemical Engineering from the University of Illinois. After serving as a process design engineer for the California Research Corporation, Dr. Timmerhaus joined the faculty of the University of Colorado, College of Engineering, Department of Chemical Engineering. He was subsequently appointed Associate Dean of the College of Engineering and Director of the Engineering Research Center. This was followed by a term as Chairman of the Chemical Engineering Department. The
vii
... VII1 ABOUT THE AUTHORS

authors extensive research publications have been primarily concerned with cryogenics, energy, and heat and mass transfer, and he has edited 25 volumes of Advances in Cryogenic Engineering and co-edited