Referencing

General referencing tips

REFERENCING INVOLVES ACKNOWLEDG ING the published sources you use in your essay. W hile most of us can understand why we have to reference, it's how we should reference and what we need to referen ce that drives us a little batty. And for added fun , th ere is so much contrad ictory information and advice out there; it's no wonder we all want to head to the pub as soon as we think about referencing! This sectio n d etails six maj or referencing systems:

1. 2. 3. 4.

Harvard American Psychological Association (APA) Modern Languages Association (MLA) Chicago author-date s. Footnotes (Chicago) 6. Endnotes (Vancouver)

The information presented here is distilled from large, comprehensive volumes, so consult the primary or authoritative source of the referencing system you use if you are unsure about how to present a reference in your essay. T he reference exa mples given in th is section are fictitious, so do n't try a nd look them up ... you'll be looking for a long time. Most importa ntly; you must use the style that is relevant fo r your discipline (check with yo ur tutor) and be consistent th ro ughout your essay. You can't use the Harvard system for half of your essay and footnotes for the rema inder. Be absolutely consistent and use one system exclusively. Don't forget, the point of referencing is to add credibility to your argument a nd to tell the reader where you got your informa tio n, allowing them to look up the o riginal source if they need to. O nce you understand how and what to reference in a n essay; you' ll find it is not as stressful as it first appears. It's just a matter of learning the r ules.

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How do I know which referencing system to use?

How to reference correctly

This is the most important question to ask, since each faculty, school and/ or discipline in a university will have one referencing system that you must use. This is not negotiable. It is important to check which system you should use every time you receive an essay topic, as you will almost certainly take subjects in different disciplines, and the referencing requirements may change. Additionally, your individual tutors may have a preference for the way you present references, and their methods could be a little different to the way things are presented in this planner. The golden rule is: do exactly what your tutor tells you. You will lose marks for incorrect or sloppy referencing and you will definitely lose marks if you don't reference your essay using the preferred referencing style. In academic writing, referencing shows the reader where you got your information in an organised, efficient manner. It adds clout and credibility to your argument. It shows the reader that you have taken literature, research or studies into account, considered them, analysed them and formed your own perspective or argument. If the reader wants to have a look at the original material, the referencing information allows easy access to it. You must reference directly after you use another author's concept or idea, even if you have rewritten it into your own words (otherwise known as paraphrasing). You also need to reference direct quotes, tables, graphs, statistics, and even pictures if you have used such material. Anything that comes from someone else's work must be acknowledged. If you don't reference someone else's work, you are plagiarising (claiming it as your own) and whether you do this intentionally or unintentionally there are serious academic penalties. At the end of your essay, you need to provide a comprehensive list of all the bibliographic information of the references you used. A bibliography includes sources you consulted, but did not use in the essay while a reference list only includes sources actually referenced in the body of your essay.

Why do I need to reference?

What do I need to reference?

What is a reference list or bibliography?

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Direct quotes "Bia bla"

How to reference correctly

Direct quotes must always be in quotation marks and the reference information must be provided directly after the quote. Direct quotes should only make up about 10% of your essay. Save them for when you really want to make a point. When used well, direct quotes can be a powerful addition to your argument, because they demonstrate exactly what another author supports or rejects. "Sic", is a Latin word meaning "thus". You can use this in your essay when directly quoting another author, if the quote has a spelling mistake or variation. This lets the reader know that the spelling was in the original source. When you use it, "sic" should be in square brackets, all lowercase letters and directly after the mistake or misspelling in the quote. Occasionally you may need to add some words to a direct quote to establish the context of the quote or alter the tense. You can do this by putting your additional information in square brackets. Square brackets are often used in journalistic writing where the journalist quotes from an interview, but needs to adjust the tense or add a word to explain the context, so that the quote fits into their piece of writing. Keep on the lookout the next time you read the newspaper. An ellipsis is three dots( .. .) that are used when you quote another author, but leave out some of the quote, because it is not relevant to your point. The three points indicate where there is part of the original quote missing. When you add an ellipsis, you should put it in square brackets if there is already an ellipsis in the sentence you are quoting, otherwise just insert the ellipsis where you require it. If it is at the end of the sentence, it becomes four points (three points for the ellipsis and one full stop). Paraphrasing is rewriting an author's concept or idea into your own words. Para is "to parrot", or copy the phrase in your own way. Paraphrasing means that you don't use quotation marks, but you must still reference the information. You also need to be careful not to change the point, message or context of the information. Paraphrasing is a useful and necessary skill to master in essay writing because it ensures that you process information and express it in your own voice. Paraphrasing also helps you to stop and think about what you are writing, rather than producing an essay that is a series of linked direct quotes.

Identifying typo's In direct quotes using [sic]

Inserting additional information Into direct quotes using square brackets [ 1

Ellipsis ... in direct quotations

Paraphrasing

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When one author quotes another, and you want to use that quote in your essay, this is called an "indirect quote"

How to reference correctly

You can use a quote in your essay that you found quoted in a book by a different author. To do this, you need to provide the referencing information of the source you found the quote in. However, you do still need to acknowledge the author of the actual quote, by his/her name, followed by the words-"cited in" or "quoted in", and then the details of the source you found it in. In the reference or bibliography list at the end of your essay, you only need to include the reference details of the book you found the information in. "Et al." is a Latin abbreviation for et alii, which means, "and others".ln the body of your essay you can refer to a reference that has three or more authors (some referencing systems may require five or more authors) by the first author and then "et al." However, in your reference list at the end of your essay, you need to detail the complete reference, which includes all authors' names. "Ibidem" is a Latin word meaning "the same place". When you reference the same author twice in a row, instead of writing the author's name a second time, you can replace the name with "ibid". You can use "ibid" with consecutive references only. "Op. cit." is an abbreviation of the Latin word opus citatium, meaning "the work cited". You can use this instead of the author's name if you have already cited the work earlier in your essay. Whereas ibid (explained above) can only be used for consecutive references, op. cit. can be used when you refer to the same author several references later.

Et al. (three or more authors)

Ibid (the same place)

Op. cit. (the work cited)

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n.d. What if there is no date? n.p. What if there are no publication details? The first author

How to reference correctly

If there is no date in the publication information of the source you want to cite, you can put "n.d." (no date) where you would normally put the date. If there are no publication details, you can let the reader know this by putting "[no publication details given]" in square brackets where you would normally put the publication details. The order of authors' names on a reference is important, because the names are generally in order of the principal writer (the one who did the most work), down to the person who contributed the least. It is important to keep the authors' names in the order they are published.

pers. comm. Referencing personal communication

As a general rule, try to avoid referencing personal communication like emails, phone calls, interviews, or things you have heard in the media or on the street. Leave that to the journalists. You should aim to use only published works to support your argument, as this will add credibility to your work. Having said this, referencing personal communication is permitted under official referencing guidelines, so if you need to reference personal communications you can do so by stating: "pers. comm." and the exact date it occurred. You do not need to list the personal communication in your reference list at the end of your essay, because it is not widely available (i.e. published) for others to access. However, for the purposes of university essay writing, try not to reference personal communications. If you find something interesting in your in box, or hear it on the radio, do the research and find a published author who supports that particular point of view. Where information you want to reference is broken up or scattered over a number of pages, you can reference this by identifying the pages covered (e.g. 17-22).

Referencing information from detached pages

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How to reference correctly

There are computer programs (Endnote and Reference Manager are two of the most popular) that create databases for you to record your referencing information. These are fantastic, because you only need to write the details once, and can just transport any reference information into your essay when you need it. Alternatively, you can utilise the reference function in MS Word on your computer. Using this function in MS Word, you can enter reference information as you go, so at the end of your essay, your reference list can be created by the click of a mouse, saving you typing in all the information at the last minute. If there is no author for the information you want to reference, you can use the name of the group or organisation that produced the material. You identify the organisation in place of where the author's name normally appears. If you can't find information on the group who put the information together, you can use an abbreviated version of the title of the book, pamphlet, report or whatever it is you are referencing. Identify authors with the same name and publication date (or the same author who has two publications in the one year) by assigning each reference with a lower case letter ("a", "b", "c" etc) after the year of publication. Don't forget to also include the letter in your reference list or bibliography so the reader can match the in-text or footnote reference with the full bibliographic information in the reference list at the end of the paper. Multiple authors will sometimes share the same idea. If you want to cite more than one author for the same idea, simply list the authors in alphabetical order within the same in-text reference or footnote, separated by a semicolon.

Computer programs for referencing

What if there is no author?

What if two different authors have the same name and date of publication?

What if more than one reference supports the same idea?

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Referencing with the APA system

This system acknowledges the au thors and sources you got your informa tion from th roughout your essay. You need to identify where you got your in formation d irectly after using it in you r essay. Y ou must reference w hen using a direct q uo te a nd also when using another author's concept or idea, even when you write it in your own words. W hen you reference in the body of your essay, you must always include the author (s) and th e year of publication, b ut you only need to in clude the page number when you use a d irect quote. Use the following exa mples as templates for the APA style in the body of your essay.

Direct quotes

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers. "It's inevitable that at some stage you'll be struck down with diarrhoea, maybe just as a result of a change of food or water but more often because of a bug of some sort" (Crowther & Finlay, 1989, p. 24).

Your own words - paraphrasing an author

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers. The foreign diet coupled with the likelihood of catching a common stomach bug, means that most travellers have an experience of diarrhoea (Crowther &Finlay, 1989). Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers. Crowther and Finlay (1989) suggest most travellers will experience diarrhoea, most probably caused by catching a stomach bug. Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to backpackers. Crowther &Finlay (1989) believe that " ... at some stage you'll be struck down with diarrhoea, maybe just as a result of a change of food or water but more often because of a bug of some sort" (p. 24).

Your own words with the author's name used in the sentence Direct quote using the author's name In the sentence

Quoting large passages Indent quote rather than using quotation marks

Travelling through Morocco poses many health risks to all backpackers. Crowther and Finlay 1989 suggest: It's inevitable that at some stage you'll be struck down with diarrhoea, maybe just as a result of a change of food or water but more often because of a bug of some sort. Don't go pumping yourself full of antibiotics at the first sign of trouble. This is not a good way to treat your stomach and you can often do more harm than good by destroying all the useful intestinal flora in your gut as well as the nasties that are giving you problems (p. 24). Travellers need to understand the variety of foreign health conditions they may be subjected to and how to treat them appropriately.

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Creating a reference list with the APA system

Referencing a ... Format used to present reference information in the reference list using the APA system
Author(s) I year of publication I title I edition I city of publication I publisher. Smith, C. (1996). Indonesian wildlife. Washington, DC: Smithsonian Institution Press.

Book

Chapter in an edited book

Author(s) of chapter I year of publication I title of chapter I "In" I editor's first initial then surname followed by "(Ed.)" I title of book I page number(s) I city of publication I publisher. Davies, J. (2000). Staying up late: In depth interviews with insomniacs. In B. Hall (Ed.), The full moon and its psychosocial impacts (pp.17 -32). Sydney: University of Sydney Press.

Journal

Author(s) I year of journal issue I title of article I title of journal I volume number I (issue number) I page number(s) of article. Davies, J.G. &Davies, S.G. (1991 ). Promoting local talent. Business Review Journal, 117 (2), 24-29.

Electronic journal article

Author I year, month, day of publication I title of article I title of journal I volume I issue number or article number I "retrieved"/ date accessed I "from"! web address (URL). Hall, B.L. (1997, June 7). Where has all the English literature gone? Australian English Language Online, 4, Article 7. Retrieved June 17, 2001, from http://elo.com.au/ review/4. v7/litgone.html

Published papers in conference proceedings

Author(s) I year published I title of article I "In"/ Editor(s) I "(Ed.)" I title of conference I city of publication I publisher. O'Brien, R.R. (2005). Future directions of anthropology. In P. Sarah (Ed.), Third Annual Conference on Anthropology and the Twenty First Century (pp. 55-71 ). Sydney: University of Sydney Press.

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Referencing a ...

Format used to present reference information in the reference list using the APA system
Author(s) I year of publication I title of document I "Retrieved" I date accessed I "from" I name of host or organisation of site I web site (URL). O'Brien, B. (1997). Cycling and discipline. Retrieved January 20, 2004, from Physical and Mental Cycling Group web site: http://www.intellectualcycling.com. au/research/cycdisp.html

World wide web document

Newspaper article

Author of article I year, month, day published I title of article I name of newspaper I page number(s). Hall, B. (2000, March 17). Food court or food caught: Our changing relationship with food. The Sydney Morning Herald Weekend Edition, p.17.

Thesis or dissertation

Author I year I title of thesis I "Unpublished doctoral dissertation" I name of institution /location of institution. O'Brien, Z. (2001). The medicalisation of allied health in the hospital setting. Unpublished doctoral dissertation, The University of Maine, Maine.

CD-ROM

Author of article I year of publication I title of article I "[CD-ROM]" I edition I city of publication I name of publisher or producer. Walker, V. (1992). A beginners guide to gardening in time with music [CD-ROM], London, UK: ABC Gardens Inc.

Audiovisual

Name of producer /"(Producer)" I year produced I title I [type of audiovisual] I ("Available from" I production or distributors name and address) Marcus, T. S. (Producer). (1982). A short film on short film [Motion picture]. (Available from SBJ Promotions, 1567 Ross Boulevard, Griffith, NSW).

Personal communication

Personal communication such as interviews, email, and phone calls are not included in the reference list, because the reader is unable to access the source (this is known as non-recoverable data). However, in the body of your essay you should reference the information as follows: (D. Ryan, personal communication, July 17, 2005)

Creating a reference list with the APA system

Some guidelines for the reference list
1. 2. 3. 4. Your reference list should be on a separate sheet of paper at the end of your essay. It should have the title "Reference list" at the top of the page. List sources in alphabetical order with the author's surname first. All references without an author sh ould be included in alphabetical order in the reference list,

based on the title of the source. 5. Initials of first and middle names should be used. Do not use an author's given name. 6. Multiple references by the same author must be listed in chronological order. Begin with the oldest publication. 7. Referen ces with on ly one author should precede references with multiple authors that begi n with the same name. 8. You must list all references used in your essay. You should not include sources you may have read, but did not cite in your essay. 9. Only the first word of the title and subtitle should be capitalised. 10. The names of journals should be capitalised. 11. Book titles and names of journals should be italicised. 12. The year of publication should be presented in brackets. 13. Be consistent with punctuation. Most tutors will be less critical of your referencing if you have been tidy and consistent with your citations throughout your essay.

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