1 Ceramics: Introduction

Material Science I
Ceramic Materials
F. Filser & L.J. Gauckler
ETH-Zrich, Departement Materials
frank.filser@mat.ethz.ch
HS 2007
2 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Persons in Charge of this Lecture
Dr. F. Filser,
HCI G 529, phone 26435, frank.filser@mat.ethz.ch
Prof. Dr. L.J. Gauckler
HCI G 535, phone 25646, ludwig.gauckler@mat.ethz.ch
F. Krauss
HCI G 538, phone 3 68 34, franziska.krauss@mat.ethz.ch
Dipl.-Ing. J. Kbler
EMPA Dbendorf, phone 044 823 4223, jakob.kuebler@empa.ch
3 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Overview & preliminary schedule (HS 2007)
Nov 26, 07 I ntroductionon ceramicmaterials, technology,
applications
Dec03, 07 Crystal structuresof ceramicmaterials
Dec10, 07 Potential well of bondingandphysical properties&
Examplesof Structural ceramicmaterials
Dec17, 07 Examplesof structural ceramicmaterials
Dec21, 07 termfinish
4 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Overview & preliminary schedule (FS 2008)
Feb 18, 08 termstarts (5 x ceramic& 9 x polymer)
Feb 19, 08 Glass
Feb 26, 08 Toughness(J K)
Mar 04, 08 Strength& Weibull statistics(J K)
Mar 11, 08 Subcritical crack growth, SPT-Diagrams(J K)
Mar 18, 08 Proof-testing, creep, thermical properties(J K)
Apr 01, 08 polymer part (Prof. D. Schlter)
May 30, 08 termfinish
5 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Documentation
http://ceramics.ethz.ch
-> education
-> courses
-> Materialwissenschaft I und I I
Visit our homepage @
6 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Sources of I nformation - ETH Bib -NEBI S
http://www.ethbib.ethz.ch/
http://www.nebis.ch/
7 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Recommended Reading
Askeland & Phul: Science and Engineering of Materials,
2003
Barsoum MW: Fundamentals of Ceramics. IoP Publishing,
2003
diverse CEN ISO Standards (look at slides)
Y.-M. Chiang, D. Birnie, D. Kingery, Physical Ceramics,
Principles fr Ceramic Science and Engineering, Wiley,
1997.
G. Kostorz (ed), High-Tech Ceramics: Viewpoints and
Perspectives. Academic Press, 1989. (Chapter 5, 59-101).
8 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Recommended Reading
Munz, D., Fett, T.: Ceramics, Mechanical Properties, Failure
Behaviour, Materials Selection, Springer, 1999.
David Richerson, Modern Ceramic Engineering, Ed. 2,
Dekker, 1992.
Saito Shinroku, Fine Ceramics, Elsevier, 1988.
Verband der Keramischen Industrie e.V, Brevieral Technical
Ceramics, ISBN 3-924158-77-0, Fahner Verlag, 2004. (partly
on the internet available)
Ichinose Wataru, Introduction to Fine Ceramics, Wiley, 1987.
9 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Recommended Reading
Chapter I V: Examples of Structural Ceramic Materials
Bevieral Technical Ceramics
Silicon-Based Structural Ceramics (Ceramic Transactions),
Stephen C. Danforth (Editor), Brian W. Sheldon, American
Ceramic Society, 2003,
Silicon Nitride-1, Shigeyuki Somiya (Editor), M. Mitomo
(Editor), M. Yoshimura (Editor), Kluwer Academic
Publishers, 1990
Zirconia and Zirconia Ceramics. Second Edition, Stevens, R,
Magnesium Elektron Ltd., 1986, pp. 51, 1986
Stabilization of the tetragonal structure in zirconia
microcrystals, RC Garvie - The Journal of Physical
Chemistry, 1978
10 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Recommended Reading
Chapter I V: Examples of Structural Ceramics Materials
Phase relationships in the zirconia-yttria system, HGM Scott
- Journal of Materials Science, 1975 - Springer
Thommy Ekstrm and Mats Nygren, SiAION Ceramics J Am
Cer Soc Volume 75 Page 259 - February 1992
"Formation of beta -Si
3
N
4
solid solutions in the system Si, Al,
O, N by reaction sintering--sintering of an Si
3
N
4
, AlN, Al
2
O
3
mixture" Boskovic, L J; Gauckler, L J, La Ceramica
(Florence). Vol. 33, no. N-2, pp. 18-22. 1980.
Alumina: Processing, Properties, and Applications, Dorre, E;
Hubner, H, SpringerVerlag, 1984, pp. 329, 1984 9.
11 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Sources of I nformation J ournals (in general )
Journal of the American Ceramic Society
(J. Am. Ceram. Soc.)
Bulletin of the American Ceramic Society
(Bull. Am. Ceram. Soc.)
Journal of the European Ceramic Society
(J. Eur. Ceram. Soc.)
Journal of Materials Science (J. Mat. Sci.)
Journal of Materials Research (J. Mat. Res.)
12 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
I ntroduction on ceramic materials,
technology, applications
13 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Nitrides
Ferrites
Titanates
Oxide ceramics
Silicon Carbide
Steatites
Earthenware (Steingut**)
Fire-proof pottery
Porcelain
Stoneware (Steinzeug*)
Earthenware
-3000 -2000 -1000 0 1700
2000
Ceramic pots (7000 BC)
Potters
wheel
Greek Vases
Europaen
Porcelain
History of ceramic materials
**): porous, low firing temp (900 -1200C)
*): dense, high firing temp (>1200C)
14 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ceramicsin thePast
Giant beaker, Erle
4 000 BC
Closed Furnace
Stilt houses in Unteruhldingen, Bodensee
15 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Egyptian wall relief
Rechmuir
(1450 BC)
ceramic for
metallurgy
16 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Greek Vase, red on black decor
17 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Chinese Porcelain
14th century 18th century 19th century
Porcelain imports of the east indian company from china to europe:
1600 1800: > 3 000 000 pieces
anual dividends: up to 750% pa on the invested money
18 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
1600 - 1800 AD , in 1000 pieces
Europaenimports of chineseporcelain
19 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
European Porcelain
August der Starke
(1670 - 1733)
Ehrenfried Walter
von Tschirnhaus
(1652 - 1708)
20 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Europaen Porcelain
Feldspar Clay
Kaolin
Quartz
20
40 60 80
Dental ceramics
Hard porcelain
Steinzeug
techn. porcelain
Steingut
Porcelain, Prostethis, Porsche
21 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n


electrical and
magnetical


nuclear
technical

thermical

optical

chemical &
biological

mechanical
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y


elektr. insulation
piezoelectrical
ferroelectrical
semiconductor
magnetical


temperature
resist.
n- absorption
radiation resist.
corrosion resist.

heat
- conductor
- insulator
- storage

translucency
controllable
refraction index

Surface activity
Corrosionresist.
compatibility

strength (T)
hardness
wear resistency
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

substrates
sensors
condenser / capacitor
oscillators
igniting elements
high-temp. conductor
low-temp. PTC cond.
superconductors
batteries


fuel
shielding
storage contain.

heat exchanger
heat shields
insulation
heat storage

Na-vapor lamp
IR-window
Laser material
Light switch

Cat-Carriers
Filters
DeNOx-Cat.
Gas-Sensors
Elektrods
Implantats

Cutting bits
bearings
seals
Engine
components


High-performance / high-tech ceramics
22 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n


electrical &
magnetical


nuclear
technical

thermical

optical

chemical &
biological

mechanical
M
a
t
e
r
i
a
l


Al
2
O
3

AlN
BeO
BaTiO
3

SrTiO
3

PZT
SiC
ZnO-Bi
2
O
3

YBa
2
Cu
3
O
7

U
2
O
5

TiO
2

NiO
| - Al
2
O
3

ZrO
2

Li
3
N

UO
2

PuO
2

C
SiC
B
4
C
BN
Al
2
O
3

Glass

SiO
2

MgO
Si
3
N
4

Faser
SiC
Mg
2
SiO
4

3 Al
2
O
3
2SiO
2


Al
2
O
3

MgO
Mg Al
2
O
3

Y
2
O
3
/ ThO
2

PLZT

Cordierit
Al
2
O
3

ZrO
2

MgO
Mg
2
SiO
4

ZnO
Fe
2
O
3

SnO
2

MgCr
2
O
4
-TiO
2


Fe
2
ZnO
4

Fe
2
NiO
4

Titanate
TiB
2


SiC
ZrO
2

B
4
C
BN
Al
2
O
3

Si
3
N
4



High-performance / high-tech Ceramics
24 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n


electrical and
magnetical


nuclear
technical

thermical

optical

chemical &
biological

mechanical
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y


elektr. insulation
piezoelectrical
ferroelectrical
semiconductor
magnetical


temperature
resist.
n- absorption
radiation resist.
corrosion resist.

heat
- conductor
- insulator
- storage

translucency
controllable
refraction index

Surface activity
Corrosionresist.
compatibility

strength (T)
hardness
wear resistency
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

substrates
sensors
condenser / capacitor
oscillators
igniting elements
high-temp. conductor
low-temp. PTC
cond.
superconductors
batteries


fuel
shielding
storage contain.

heat exchanger
heat shields
insulation
heat storage

Na-vapor lamp
IR-window
Laser material
Light switch

Cat-Carriers
Filters
DeNOx-Cat.
Gas-Sensors
Elektrods
Implantats

Cutting bits
bearings
seals
Engine
components


High-performance / high-tech ceramics
25 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Engineering Ceramics Today:
electronics
26 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I


Property

Requirement at

Condition

Heat conductivity ()

< 100 W/mK

RoomTemperature
(RT)

Thermal Expansion Coeff. (o)

3 - 4 x 10
-6
/K

RT 200C

Electrical Resistance ()

> 10
14
Ocm

RT

Rel. permittivity (c
r
)

< 4

1Mhz

Dielectric loss (o)

< 10
-3


1Mhz

Bend strength (o)

> 500 MN/m
2


3 P bend strength


Requirements for substrate materials
27 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
+ +
- -
+ + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - -
+ + +
+
+ + +
+
- - - - - - - -
+ + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - -
+ + + + + + + +
+ + + + + + + +
- - - - - - - -
- - - - - - - -
- big distance
- small area
- no dielectric
- small distance
- large area
- no dielectric
- small distance
- large area
- with dielectric
low
storage capacity
higher
storage capacity
80000 x higher
storage capacity
Electrical Condenser: Principle
28 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
fixed capacitor trimming capacitor feedthrough
capacitor
Condenser: principle types
29 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Condenser/Capacitor device: buildup
soldering tag
nickel layer
contact
electrode
ceramic dielectric
30 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Capacitor: Production technology
31 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
F
F
mechanical
electrical
electrical
mechanical
Piezo ceramics as electro-mechanical transformer
32 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
mechanical
electrical
elektrical
mechanical
Piezo ceramics as electro-mechanical transformer
33 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Positioning by piezo-ceramics
http://www.physikinstrumente.de/products/index.php
PZT =PbZrTiO
3
A B O
3
Piezomotor
34 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Piezo-ceramics: Applications
35 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Piezo-ceramics: Applications
http://www.physikinstrumente.com
Charactistics
Scans and Positions Objectives with Sub-nm
Resolution
High Linearity and Stability
Travel to 460 m,
Fast Response & Settling Time
Frictionless Precision Guiding System for
Better Focus Stability
Potentional applications
Scanning interferometry
Surface structure analysis
Disk drive testing
Autofocus systems
Confocal microscopy
Biotechnology
Semiconductor test equipment
36 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Piezo-ceramics: Applications
http://www.physikinstrumente.com
Potential Applications:
Nanoimprinting
Nanomanufacturing
Metrology
Nanopositioning
Semiconductor test equipment
Precision mask and wafer alignment
Scanning interferometry
Surface structure analysis
Characteristics:
for scanning and positioning in all six
degrees of freedom
800 x 800 x 200 m linear range
up to 10 mrad rotational range
parallel-kinematics/metrology
multi-axis precision
37 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I

OXIDE APPLICATION

Metallic


ReO
3
, RuO, Li
2
TiO
3


electrode, circuits / conductors
Piezo-ceramic Pb (Zr,Ti)O
3
sensor, actuator
Pyro-ceramic (Pb,La)(Zr,Ti)O
3
sensor

PTC low temp.
conductors

BaTiO
3
+ doping

heat element, switch,
temperature compensator

NTC high temp.
conductors

Fe
2
O
3
, NiO, FeCr
2
O
4
, La, Sr,
CoO
3



temperature sensors

IOC Ionic
conductors

ZrO
2
(Y
2
O
3
), Al
2
O
3

battery, oxygen sensor,
ph-meter, solid oxide fuel cell

HTC Super
conductors

YBa
2
Cu
3
O
4


sensor etc.

Applications of oxide ceramic materials
38 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Communication Technology
Piezo - Microphons
Optical Fibres
39 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Sensors & sensors integration
40 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Nanoscale & Microscale
0.1 1.0 10 100 1,000 10,000
nm
C-nanotube
atom molecule
quantum dot
transistor
field emitter
ceramic
powder
41 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Filling of Capilaries
Capi llary flow of suspension
Cutting edges, plac-
ing PDMS on glass
substrate and infil-
trating capillaries with
suspension
Si wafer with phot o-
resist structures
Pouring with PDMS
Removing of PDMS,
sintering.
5 m
42 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Multiwalled Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes
20 nm
50 nm
F. Krumeich, H.-J . Muhr, M. Niederberger, F. Bieri, B. Schnyder, and R. Nesper,
J. Am. Chem. Soc., 121 [36] 83248331 (1999)
43 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
15 m
1.5 m
Aligned Vanadium Oxide Nanotubes
45 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Sensor
smart mikrosensor-array
with doted CeO
2
[Co] [Cu]
hydrocarbons
CO
x
NO
x
...
CeO
2
Co/Fe/NiO
nano-structures on
CeO
2
ss
1-2 nm
detection of:
storage media
46 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
SnO
2
-4-Point Contact
10m
47 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
H
2
Sensor Response
48 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fuel Cell Principle
Luft
Cathode
Electrolyte
Anode
H
2
+ CO
H
2
O + CO
2
49 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fuel Cell
50 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fuel Cell: Sulzer HEXI S
HEXIS = Heat EXchanger Integrated Stack
water
Speicher
heating
c
e
l
l

s
t
a
c
k
s
t
o
r
a
g
e
air
natural gas
51 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fault current
Limited
current
Normal
current
Protection of distributions and
transmission systems against
overcurrents and -voltages.
Prototype
HTc- Superconductor: Current Limiter Device
52 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Bi-2212 Superconductor on Ag substrate
54 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n


electrical and
magnetical


nuclear
technical

thermical

optical

chemical &
biological

mechanical
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y


elektr. insulation
piezoelectrical
ferroelectrical
semiconductor
magnetical


temperature
resist.
n- absorption
radiation resist.
corrosion resist.

heat
- conductor
- insulator
- storage

translucency
controllable
refraction index

Surface activity
Corrosionresist.
compatibility

strength (T)
hardness
wear
resistency
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

substrates
sensors
condenser / capacitor
oscillators
igniting elements
high-temp. conductor
low-temp. PTC cond.
superconductors
batteries


fuel
shielding
storage contain.

heat exchanger
heat shields
insulation
heat storage

Na-vapor lamp
IR-window
Laser material
Light switch

Cat-Carriers
Filters
DeNOx-Cat.
Gas-Sensors
Elektrods
Implantats

Cutting bits
bearings
seals
Engine
components


High-performance / high-tech ceramics
55 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Porous Structure: Foamed Ceramic
56 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hightech Ceramics - Chemical Application:
catalysts
clean loaded
& filters
57 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hightech Ceramics: medical application
58 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hip J oint I mplants
Polymer Abrasion
20 000x
http://www.swri.org/3pubs/ttoday/fall/implant.htm
59 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hip J oints I mplants
M-P: Metal-PE
M-M: Metal-Metal
operating time
f
r
i
c
t
i
o
n

c
o
e
f
f
i
c
i
e
n
t

0
0.1
0.2
C-C
M-P
M-M
natural joint
Bioceramics
Materials-Properties-Applications
A. Ravioglioli, A. Krajewski (ed.)
chapman & Hall, London, 1992
w
e
a
r

i
n

a
r
b
i
t
r
a
y

u
n
i
t
s
0
1
2
C-C
M-P
M-M
operating time
K-K: Ceramic-Ceramic
60 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hftgelenk-I mplantate
acetabulum: polyethylen
(socket) or ceramic material
ball: metall or ceramic mat.
(head)
shaft: metall (coated)
bone cement: polymethylmethacrylate
(PMMA)
61 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hip J oint I mplant
metal / polymer ceramic / polymer
ceramic / ceramic
Bioceramic
62 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Knee I mplants
http://www.totaljoint.com/kneerplc.html
63 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
ToothCrownsandBridges
metal framework and ceramic veneer
64 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
ToothCrownsandBridges
ceramicframeworkandceramicveneer
Load Bearing Capacity of Bridges
z
y
x
B B B B
p
elastic
elastic
A A
66 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Dental ceramics
0 200 400 600 800 1000
0
2
4
6
8
10
T
o
u
g
h
n
e
s
s

[
M
P
a
m
1
/
2
]
Bend Strength [MPa]
Glass-infiltrated
A
2
O
3
Glass Ceramic
Porcelain
High-Tech
Keramik
In-Ceram
In-Ceram
In-Ceram
mit 30%
ZrO
2
(Vita-Celay)
Alumina
Dicor MGC
IPS
Empress
Omega
MK II
Zirconia
Empress2
67 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Clinical Evaluation
(Courtesy of University of Zurich)
68 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Clinical Evaluation
(Courtesy of University of Zurich)
70 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
F
u
n
c
t
i
o
n


electrical and
magnetical


nuclear
technical

thermical

optical

chemical &
biological

Mech-
anical
P
r
o
p
e
r
t
y


elektr. insulation
piezoelectrical
ferroelectrical
semiconductor
magnetical


temperature
resist.
n- absorption
radiation resist.
corrosion resist.

heat
- conductor
- insulator
- storage

translucency
controllable
refraction index

Surface activity
Corrosionresist.
compatibility

strength (T)
hardness
wear
resistency
A
p
p
l
i
c
a
t
i
o
n

substrates
sensors
condenser / capacitor
oscillators
igniting elements
high-temp. conductor
low-temp. PTC cond.
superconductors
batteries


fuel
shielding
storage contain.

heat exchanger
heat shields
insulation
heat storage

Na-vapor lamp
IR-window
Laser material
Light switch

Cat-Carriers
Filters
DeNOx-Cat.
Gas-Sensors
Elektrods
Implantats

cutting bits
bearings
seals
Engine
components


High-performance / high-tech ceramics
71 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Strength of Ceramic Components
ZrO
2
S
t
r
e
n
g
t
h

(
G
P
a
)
Year
1980 1850 1960 1950 1970 1900 1990 2000
0
1
2
3
earthenware/
porcelain
hardmetal
superalloy
Si
3
N
4
fiber
composite
SiC
glass ceramic
Al
2
O
3
refractory
High Speed
Steel
73 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Hightech Ceramics:
Structural Applications
77 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fibre Composite Materials
Failure in monolithischem and fibre-reinforced SiC
Crack length (mm)
10 000
7 500
5 000
2 500
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6
sintered SiC
failure
F
F
a
i
l
u
r
e

E
n
e
r
g
y

(
J
/
m
2
) Fibre-
reinfored
SiC
78 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Fabrication of SiC fibres frompolymers
Si C N Si Si
n
C N N Si Si
n
Si C N Si Si
n
B
B Si
C N
B
Si
C
N
Monomeric
Units
Single
Source
Precursors
Compounds
with Desired
Elements
Polyborocarbosilazanes
Polycarbosilazane
s
after J.Bill, F.Aldinger, Z.Metallk., 87, 1996,
827
79 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
SiC fibers: high strength at high temperatures
Rupture strength behavior for various high-performance SiC fibers at 1400 C in air.
SA, Tyranno SA fiber from UBE I ndustries (polycrystaline SiC fiber with small amount of Aluminium);
Hi-Nic. S, Hi-Nicalon Type S fiber from Nippon Carbon.
80 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ceramic Materials
high melting temperature
high hardness
high strength
electrical, magnetical properties
ferroelektrical properties
optical properties
catalytical properties
biological properties
81 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ceramic materials: their future
communication technology
electronic application
medical application
energy technology
machining technology
82 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
83 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Ersatz
84 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Classification of Ceramic Materials
85 Ceramics: Introduction
Material Science I
Working principle of
Me-Oxide Semiconductor - Sensors
Model of inter-grain potential
barrier (in the absence of gases)
Model of inter-grain potential barrier
(in the presence of gases)