Sack 1 Samantha A. Sack (scroll down . . .) Annotated Bibliography D.

Jensen 14th December, 2012 Influenza of 1918

Primary Sydenstricker, Edgar. Preliminary Statistics of the Influenza Epidemic. Public Health Reports (1896-1970) , Vol. 33, No. 52 (Dec. 27, 1918), pp. 2305-2321 Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4574973 This is a public health report, issued during one of the worst reported times as far as the Influenza was concerned. This document shows the struggles the leaders, specifically of disease control, and how hopeless the majority of America was during the time. It also generated a feeling of scavenging for information with nothing to work with. I found this to be an excellent representation of the information at the time of the event. Epidemic Influenza among American Soldiers Abroad. Public Health Reports (1896-1970) , Vol. 33, No. 47 (Nov. 22, 1918), pp. 2035-2038 Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4574941 This primary document, written close to the peak of the influenza, focused primarily on the soldier aspect. Since this influenza hit the hardest of young men in their prime ages, unlike many other diseases which only attacks the very young, feeble, and old. It showed the nonnormality of the epidemic and why it was so shocking to America Influenza: Relative to a Possible Recurrence of the Epidemic during the Fall or Winter. Public Health Reports (1896-1970) , Vol. 34, No. 38 (Sep. 19, 1919), pp. 2105-2110 Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4575314 This, again, is another document displaying the then-current struggle and unsureness of the medical element during the time. It gives the answers to questions that everyday persons would have asked during the time to try and stay healthy; as many people went through uncommon strategies to avoid the influenza (like the use of facemask or wearing bags of camphor around their neck). As a public record, it was an official document each person used to try and accomplish survival. Van Buren G. H., Crum F. S., and Kopf E. W. Statistics of the Influenza Epidemic. Publications of the American Statistical Association , Vol. 16, No. 127 (Sep., 1919), pp. 490-492 Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2964822 The resolution of being utmost importance in this document, it calls for actions of qualified statisticians to apply every technical resource of modern statistical science in the study and interpretation of the published influenza data. This shows how involved the America was forced to get into the epidemic and how a lot of the focus was put into the influenza even with the Great War occurring in and around that same time. The Germs of Influenza and Yellow Fever Science , New Series, Vol. 49, No. 1268 (Apr. 18, 1919), pp. 372-374 Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/1644247 This was written after the majority of the Influenza had calmed down, as the epidemic lasted at and around 18 months beginning in the spring of 1918. It gave an overview of the epidemic from a closeup perspective from obvious survivors of the pandemic. The resolution showed the uneasiness to claim

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an end of the epidemic because of the unknown and the lack of the medical advances to stop another pandemic from occurring. Shellhorn, Claude G. Excerpts from Memoirs of Claude G. Shellhorn.(Unpublished). http://www.kancoll.org/articles/funston.htm This showed the happenings at Camp Funston in Kansas, where the Influenza is believed to have been started at. Although the excerpts given are short, they give details to more personal experiences from the point of view of those going through it. Secondary Bristow, Nancy K. American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic . Oxford University Press, 2012 Instead of focusing on the details of the epidemic, Bristow used American Pandemic: The Lost Worlds of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic to study the experiences. Her novel has an excellent array of primary sources within the novel and her conclusion Reckoning the Costs of Amnesia states the effect of the Influenza, and after that, the effects of letting the Influenza slip in historys memory. Crosby, Alfred W. Americas Forgotten Pandemic: The Influenza of 1918. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003 Within Crosbys Americas Forgotten Pandemic, there is a full preview of exact details following the full epidemic; from the beginning to the end, up until even todays time. Specifically Part V. Afterward, 15. An Inquiry into the Peculiarities or Human Memories, it gives an excellent example as to why this pandemic, which killed more persons than the Great War (WWI) did, is not as popular in textbooks as would be assumed by the amplitude of the pandemic. Thus, it states in that chapter, more-or-less, the reason as to why the Influenza of 1918 was a turning point in American history by its enormity in deaths and toll on the war, but why its not as commonly studied. Hollenbeck, James E. The 1918-1919 Influenza Pandemic: A Pale Horse Rides Home from War. Bios Vol. 73, No. 1. 2002 (pp. 19-27) This is a selection that gives a briefer overview of the epidemic; going over the main points of the disease and the spread thereof. Most interested in the conclusions drawn from this paper, the idea of something like this still frightens Americans today. Regardless, it also shows the mute, but long term, effect of such a great epidemic and how it altered the medical/scientific stature of America since. Melzer, Richard. Review of Influenza 1918, by Robert Kenner. The Journal of American History , Vol. 85, No. 3, pp. 1179-1180, Dec. 1998. Article Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/2567379 This selection is a helpful review; summarizing the documentary Influenza 1918 by PBS. It showed the emotional aspect of the Influenza of 1918 in the review. The PBS program, and thus its review, put the Influenza into perspective more as a personal blow to America as individuals died in the rather than just listing 600,000 as a number. Byerly, Carol R. Fever Of War: The Influenza Epidemic In The U.s. Army During World War I. New York: NYU Press, 2005

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Specifically looking at the section turning away from failure on page 151 -152, the author gives us details of the impact. Although it the impact proved to be a turning point in American history, it was long forgotten and helplessly overlooked because leaders at the time did not want to admit failure and largely kept the influenza from reports and such. This gives us more of a solid reason as to why the epidemic was not remembered as harshly as other points in history. Barry, John M. The Great Influenza: The Epic Story of the Deadliest Plague Y Times - ETC, 2005 http://www.generalsemantics.org/wp-content/uploads/2011/04/etc-62-1-sample-issue.pdf#page=105 Jones Marian Moser, PhD. The American Red Cross and Local Response to the 1918 Influenza Public Health Reports ( 2010) Supl. 3 Vol. 12 The role of the American Red Cross in the U.S. response to the 19181919 inuenza pandemic holds important lessons for current-day pandemic response. The very first opening line states most of what the article entails; the long-term effect that the influenza had on America and its response to medicines and epidemics alike. It can be argued that scientific advancements in medicine in a nation is of utmost importance, and so this article shows how the Influenza of 1918 helped America grow as a country through the trajedy of what was actually occurring. Primary and Secondary Summers JA. Pandemic influenza outbreak on troop shipdiary of a soldier in 1918. Emerg Infect Dis [Internet]. 2012 Nov. http://dx.doi.org/10.3201/eid1811.AD1811 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3559139/ [accessed February 13, 2013] This is both a diary of a soldier onboard a ship experiencing the influenza (giving a personal view of the situation, as many would have seen during this time) as well as a reflexion by PhD Jennifer Summers regarding the diary. The two piece together aspects of the outbreak that were not kept in official record. This gives us the opportunity to visualize the personal effects on persons during the time; specifically for a soldier during World War I and this.

(EXCELLENT sources . . .) Process Paper

Although mostly unrelatable, I began searching for topics that would have interested me. In American history, there are several turning points that altered happenings at later dates, but it became apparent that the topics thinned out when keeping in mind long term effect of the nation for a large number of people/leaders in America. Thus, I picked the Influenza of 1918 because it was a largely forgotten part in our history, but something that should have been unforgettable; especially to survivors. After choosing the topic, I began with watching a few documentaries produced by PBS about the Influenza. From there, I was able to consider the different perspectives I should be looking for; from citizens to soldiers to doctors. For those primary documents, I began to scour online journal entries and public health records to compare numbers from other epidemics as a starting block. Many of the reports branched out from novels; like Americas Forgotten Pandemic: the Influenza of 1918, which was listed as a source for many of the secondary sources I liked. It especially coincided with my perked interest in why such a vital part in our history was so forgotten and concealed. I especially used the JSTOR section on the NWU site to search for sources. It lead to articles with strict details and orderly data, which was good for getting numbers down and comparing those to previous pandemics. Overall though, being able to see the influenza in the documentaries found were among the most helpful.

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The Influenza of 1918, or the Spanish Influenza, was a turning point in American history because the tragic loss in lives was a wake-up call to American leaders and it changed the way we reacted something uncontrollable like epidemics. Although the Influenza brought on a such a tragic loss, it is less likely to be found in an American history book than some other turning points. That is largely due to American leaders disregarding the influenza and keeping it out of reports. For example, American military leader John J. Pershing had reports back of a wide range of problems arising in the midst of World War I, but rarely mentioned the pandemic even though it took the lives of many of his soldiers. I believe strongly that it was an embarrassment leaders wanted to push under the rug. There are several people who lifted up the coverings of the pandemic because such a vast majority of citizens were haunted with the epidemic (even president Woodrow Wilson came down with the flu in 1919). It had not worked like other influenzas; it didnt target the weak, young children and brittle elderly. It hit America in the backbone; men aged 21 were dying from this disease. It mercied no one. Because of this, we were able to grow and learn as a nation. For example, the American Red Cross reflected and bettered their systems even to this day because of the epidemic. Although we never want to relive the deaths seen in the Spanish Influenza, because of such, we will better be able to react. So yes, the Influenza of 1918 took countless number of lives; old, young, and in between, it has the potential to save just as many. Word Count: 538

Hey Samantha! You are very close to starting your website . . . complete the items below in satisfactory fashion, and when thats done, Ill let you know whats next! Primary Reason why the 1918 Outbreak is a turning point in U.S. History - As a nation, it forced us to change our national crisis systems for the better. Secondary Reason why the 1918 Outbreak is a turning point in U.S. History -It had affected virtually everyone in the country; either personally or through relatives/friends. Tertiary Reason why the 1918 Outbreak is a turning point in U.S. History - Medically, strong advancements were made during this influenza that could make this a considerable turning point for the scientific aspect of American History. I like your tertiary reason; if you could link at least one (more would be great) significant advancement that resulted from 1918 . . . . awesome stuff for your website!

For my own personal use

A PBS Documentary about the Influenza of 1918 that really demonstrates the long term effect of the Influenza on our society today. http://video.pbs.org/video/1378322117/ List of names famously associated with influenza: Crosby, Alfred (1989) Koen J.S., (1919) Patterson K.D. (1991) Taubenberger J. Reid, (1999) The novels (three short stories found in one book) by Katherine Anne Porter give a more personal perspective to what the epidemic would be like to the Americans experiencing it rather than the long term effects on the country as a whole. Noyes, William R. 'The Influenza of 1918-19; a Misplaced Chapter in U.S. Social and institutional History. (NOT ABLE TO FIND AGAIN!!!:( ) [PDF] Influenza in 1918: An Epidemic in Images - Public Health Reports www.publichealthreports.org/issueopen.cfm?articleID=2435

Sack 5 Hey Samantha! Well-cited sources, w/ solid summaries - excellent! It will be very interesting to see your conclusion(s) from this turning point in our history. My main advice for you in this topic is to, after Xmas Break, keep looking for good sources that add different perspectives to what caused the outbreak, as well as perspectives during and after the outbreak. You are off to a wonderful start on what most people would say is a difficult subject to research. Have a great Xmas Break!

6 Annotated Bibs (w/ at least 3 Primary) = Advanced Step 3: Start looking for primary and secondary sources on your topic - Check out the NWU Library (e.g. JSTOR), Google Scholar, Google Books, and when you use Google, which is okay, look to see if your topic has a "Digital History" through a university (that would be great if that's the case!) Step 4: Create an Annotated Bibliography on your Google Doc DuBois, W.E.B. "The Negro Mind Reaches Out (excerpts)" The New Negro, An Interpretation. New York: Albert and Charles Boni, 1925, p. 385. http://www.yale.edu/glc/archive/1114.htm This selection is an "excerpt from excerpts" from W.E.B. DuBois assessing race relations twenty-five years after the turn-of-the-century. In this specific selection, DuBois is commenting on the attitude (and origins) of white laborers towards AfricanAmerican laborers; DuBois asserts that a "curious, most childish propaganda" is the source of the belief that whites are the "chosen people", and their duty is to protect civilization. Hughes, Langston. Excerpts from Scottsboro Limited, Four Poems and a Play in Verse. With illustrations by Prentiss Taylor. New York: Golden Stair Press, 1932. http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/scottsboro/filmmore/ps_hughes.html We decided to use "excerpts from excerpts" from Langston Hughes' famous poems about the Scottsboro case, published in 1932 (the first trial was in 1931, the last trial was in 1937). By the time Langston Hughes wrote his poems on Scottsboro, the 2nd (and most famous) trial was underway. One of the most famous defense attorneys, Samuel Liebowitz, was defending the Scottsboro Boys in this trial. Despite (or perhaps. in spite of) Samuel Liebowitz's efforts, the Scottsboro defendants were found guilty again of raping a white woman on a freight train. Linder, Douglas O. Famous Trials: The Scottsboro Boys Trials. The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, 2011. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/FTrials/scottsboro/scottsb.htm We used some of the links on this site in support of the secondary document for the students outlining the main points of the Scottsboro Boys Trials, that started in 1931.

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We needed the students to have some prior knowledge of the trial so they would have a foundation in order to complete their poem based on The Song of the Trees which was patterned after the excerpts of Langston Hughes poem on the trials. Linder, Douglas O. Famous Trials: The Sweet Trials. The University of Missouri-Kansas City School of Law, 2011. http://law2.umkc.edu/faculty/projects/ftrials/sweet/sweet.html We used some of the links on this site in support of the secondary document for the students outlining the main points of the SweetTrials of 1925 and 1926. We needed the students to have some prior knowledge of the trial so they would have a foundation in order to complete discussion questions based on the trials of Dr. Ossian Sweet in Detroit, Michigan. Murray, Donald G. Letter written to University of Maryland President Raymond A. Pearson in March, 1935. University of Maryland Law School. http://tinyurl.com/6fg8x5a This portion of Murray's letter to Raymond A. Pearson was located in a newspaper article that was archived in the University of Maryland Law School. The newspaper article described the sequence of letters exchanged between Pearson and Raymond, culminating with the Maryland Supreme Court case Murray v. Pearson (1936). On November 5th, 1935, the Maryland State Supreme Court ruled against segregation in the University of Maryland Law School. Featured in this link from the University of Maryland Law School is a photograph of Murray's lawyers from the NAACP, one of whom was Thurgood Marshall in his first major trial for the NAACP. Separate is Not Equal. Smithsonian National Museum of American History: Kenneth E. Behring Center. http://americanhistory.si.edu/brown/resources/timeline.html Among the useful items on this resource website is a concise ruling of the Maryland Supreme Court decision Pearson v. Murray in 1936. Soto, Hernando de. The Mystery of Capital: Why Capitalism Triumphs in the West and Fails Everywhere Else. New York: Basic Books, 2000. Hernando de Soto is one of the worlds most famous and respected economists. Based on his findings, de Soto argues that by far the largest reason for why 5+ billion people live in poverty is a lack of property rights. In effect, due to the lack of meaningful property rights, these 5+ billion are actually extralegal. He argues that secondary reasons for poverty include a lack of a quality education, and corrupt governments. There are other useful links on this part of my website as well https://sites.google.com/a/dist145schools.org/dan-jensen-waverly-h-s/aphist/honors-academy-researchproject

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turning point decisive change takes place. event that directly, indirectly, caused change (social or cultural, affecting a societys way of thinking or way of acting.) political, (leading to new legislation or to a new government taking charge). economic, (affecting how goods are produced, bought and sold, or how much or how little a society has to spend on such items). time period in which it occurred, where it happened, the people involved and what else was going on in that area at that time. how people at the time thought about what was happening. It is important to examine the historical context of your topic so that you see your topic more clearly, understanding the big picture. always have at least two sides, or opposing perspectives. looking at a topic from all angles to see the whole story. Discovering the historical background

What act, idea or event caused

a change in how people thought or what they did?