Grammar Handbook Basic Module

PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH INTRODUCTION MODULE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Teacher Alejandra Cabrera Casillas The course is divided into different
sections which are as follows: 1. Grammar (30%) 2. Vocabulary (30%) 3. Reading Comprehension Skills (40%) Grammar: Students will be able to identify the parts of speech. Students will be introduced to the following aspects of sentence structure: subjects and predicates, simple clauses, complex and compound sentences. Students will be introduced to the following punctuation marks: comma, apostrophe, semi-colon, colon, quotation marks, end marks and capitalization. Students will understand and practice the following aspects of grammar: pronoun case, tenses and verbal phrases.
1. Parts of speech and their functions within sentences Nouns and nominals (infinitives, gerunds, etc.) Articles Verbs Pronouns Adjectives Adverbs Prepositions Conjunctions Interjections 2. THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE Subject Verbs and verb phrases Direct and indirect object(s) Complements with verbs that express feeling, appearing, being and seeming Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs) Clauses Phrases Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases
2 A. Types of sentences and their syntax Sentence structure Simple Compound Complex Basic & variations on basic sentence patterns 3. Verb Usage Agreement Tense Sequence and consistency of tenses Regular Verbs Irregular Verbs Active or passive voice Modals
E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.
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Phrasal verbs
Introducing: To be FORM 1st person 2nd person 3rd person affirmative sentences (+) 3rd person 3rd person 1st person pl. 2nd person pl. 3rd person pl. SUBJECT I you he she it we you they SUBJECT BE VERB I you he she it we you they am are is is is are are are Contraction I'm you're he's she's it's we're you're they're EXAMPLE I'm here. You're busy. He's a friend. She's a doctor. It's cold today. We're hungry. You're beautiful. They're asleep. EXAMPLE I'm not thirsty. You aren't here. You're not a cat! He isn't there. He's not at home. She isn't a mother. She's not an actress. It isn't warm today. It's not too hot today. We aren't asleep. We're not sleepy. You aren't tired. You're not at work. They aren't here. They're not at work.
BE VERB Contraction am not are not is not is not is not are not are not are not I'm not you aren't you're not he isn't he's not she isn't she's not it isn't it's not we aren't we're not you aren't you're not they aren't they're not
negative sentences (-)
BE VERB & SUBJECT questions (?) Am I correct? Are you tired? Is he asleep? Is she here? Is it warm?
(+) Short Answer (-) Short Answer Yes, I am. Yes, you are. Yes, he is. Yes, she is. Yes, it is. No, I'm not. No, you aren't. No, you're not. No, he isn't. No, he's not. No, she isn't. No, she's not. No, it isn't. No, it's not.
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Are we students? Are you thirsty? Are they here?
Yes, we are. Yes, you are. Yes, they are.
No, we aren't. No, we're not. No, you aren't. No, you're not. No, they aren't. No, they're not.
There is and there are are important parts of the English language. Use "there is" with a singular nouns. (There is a pencil). Use "there is" with a non-countable nouns. (There is milk in the fridge.). Use "there are" with a plural nouns. (There are a pencil). There is/are There + to be (noun or pronoun) (prepositional phrase) There is a rug on the floor. There is a man at the door. There are two girls on the floor. There are many students at the school. There is only one cat in Canada. There is a letter in the box. The Eight Parts of Speech Noun: A word which is a person, place, thing or idea. Examples: Mount Everest, book, horse, Peter, strength, car, Empire State Building, China, house, child Pronoun: A word that is used to take the place of a noun. Examples: I, they, their, ourselves, itself, your, my, nobody, who, which, her, we Adjective: A word that is used to describe a noun or pronoun. Examples: proud, purple, French, few, this, huge, sad, second, none Verb: A word that indicates an action, being or state or being. Examples: play, run, think, study, smell, wait, be, drive, renounce, fill Adverb: A word that is used to describe a verb which tells how, where, or when something is done. Examples: carefully, often, very, intelligently, quite, too, rarely, never Conjunction: A word that is used to join words or groups of words. Examples: and, or, but, neither, because, while, since, although Preposition: A word used indicating the relationship of a noun or pronoun to another word. Examples: in, until, of, from, after, under, beyond, across, toward Interjection: A single word used to express strong emotion. Examples: Wow! Ah! Oh! No! ARTICLES First the good news: There are only three articles in English: a, an, and the. There are two types of articles indefinite 'a' and 'an' or definite 'the'. You also need to know when not to use an article. Indefinite articles - a and an (determiners) A and an are indefinite articles. They refer to something not specifically known to the person you are communicating with. A and an are used before nouns that introduce something or someone you have not mentioned before: "I saw an elephant this morning." For example: "I ate a banana for lunch." A and an are also used when talking about your profession:"I am an English teacher." For example: "I am a builder." You use a when the noun you are referring to begins with a consonant (b, c, d, f, g, h, j, k, l, m, n, p, q, r,
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s, t, v, w, x, y or z), for example, "a city", "a factory", and "a hotel". You use an when the noun you are referring to begins with a vowel (a, e, i, o, u) Pronunciation changes this rule. It's the sound that matters, not the spelling. If the next word begins with a consonant sound when we say it, for example, "university" then we use a. If the next word begins with a vowel sound when we say it, for example "hour" then we use an. We say "university" with a "y" sound at the beginning as though it were spelt "youniversity". So, "a university" IS correct. We say "hour" with a silent h as though it were spelt "our". So, "an hour" IS correct. EXERCISE A, An, The or Nothing Write a, an, the or nothing in the gaps. 1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. This is ___ easy question. Please speak ___ little louder. May I have your ___ phone number? I have never seen ___ UFO. May I ask you ___ question? David is ___ best student in our class. 7. 8. 9. What is ___ name of the next station? He has ___ my car today. I went to ___ sea during my summer vacation. 10. Is there ___ public telephone near here?
Famous People - A Quiz on Articles 1. Write a, an, the or nothing in the gaps. Albert Einstein was ___ famous scientist. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] Einstein was born in ___ Germany in 1879. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] Einstein won ___ Nobel Prize in Physics in 1921. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] Einstein left his country and lived in ___ States until he died in 1955. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] Einstein is known for his theory of ___ relativity. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] Roentgen was ___ German physicist who discovered x-rays, revolutionizing medical diagnosis. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing]
2.
7.
Roentgen won ___ 1901 Nobel Prize. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing]
3.
8.
4.
5.
6.
Mandela was born in ___ South Africa. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] 9. Mandela was ___ first President elected in ___ South Africa after ___ Apartheid was revoked. a. a / the / the b. the / X / X c. a / X / the d. the / the / the 10. Mandela was imprisoned for ___ nearly 30 years for his anti-apartheid activities. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] 11. Mother Teresa was ___ Roman Catholic nun. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing]
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12. Mother Teresa became famous for her hard work with ___ poor. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] 13. She was ___ founder of ___ order of nuns called the Missionaries of Charity. a. a / an b. a / X c. the / X [Nothing] d. the / an
14. Mother Teresa lived in ___ Calcutta, India. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing] 15. Mother Teresa received ___ her Nobel Peace Prize in 1979. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing]
PRONOUNS There are two types of personal pronouns (subject and object): Subject pronouns are the 'who' or 'what' the sentence is about: I, you, he, she, it, we, they are all subject pronouns Object pronouns are the receivers of the action or they come after prepositions Adjectives are always followed by nouns and they show possession( my book, his car, our interesting English lesson) SUBJECT PRONOUNS (who-what the sentence is about) I You He She It We You They ADJECTIVES (PRONOUNS)(modify the nouns showing possession) OBJECT PRONOUNS (who-what acted upon receiving the action;after prepositions) me you him her it us you them POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS SELF
my_______ your______ his_______ her_______ its_______ our______ your______ their______
mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs
myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves
WHO/WHAT/WHICH AS PRONOUNS Sometimes the questions words can work aspronouns. Relative clauses with who/which who: when we talk about people which: when we talk about things whose: instead of his/her or their We also use that for who/which.
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Choose the correct reflexive pronouns and fill in the squares. myself - yourself - himself - herself - itself - ourselves - yourselves - themselves 1) Robert made this T-shirt 2) Lisa did the homework 3) We helped to some cola at the party. ? . with the knife while he was doing the dishes. . . . .
4) Emma, did you take the photo all by 5) I wrote this poem 6) He cut 7) The lion can defend 8) My mother often talks to 9) Tim and Gerry, if you want more milk, help 10) Alice and Doris collected the stickers Fill in the squares am sitting on the sofa. 2) is going home. 5) 7) pool. 10) are speaking English. 8) Is they in the cinema?
are watching TV. 3) Are are playing football. 6) Kevin's sister? 9)
from England? 4) is a wonderful day today. are swimming in the
Which object form of the personal pronoun can substitute the underlined phrase in the sentence? 1) The teacher always gives the students homework. me them you 2) I am reading the book to my little sister. her us him 3) The boys are riding their bikes. it them her 4) My father is writing a letter to John. me her him
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5) I don't know the answer. she her it 6) Sally is going to Anne. her him me 7) Open the window, please. it them us 8) Can you tell the people the way to the airport, please? you them us 9) The books are for Peter. him her you 10) Can you help my sister and me, please? her me us Fill in the squares with the correct possessive determiners. (my, his, your, our, their, etc.) Example: I have got a sister. ___ name is Susan. Answer: I have got a sister. Her name is Susan. Hi Daniel, name is John. This is pet is a budgie. 450 boys and girls in friend Jason. He's 12. sister is nine.
name is Dickens. Jason and I go to the same school. There are school. Jason's form teacher is Mrs. Peterson. She has got a pet, too. lessons. He has two
pet is a tortoise. Our form teacher is Mr. Smith. I like dogs. The dogs love to play in pet? Yours,
garden. Now I have a question for you. What's
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John Choose one of the following relative pronouns who, which or whose from the dropdown menu. 1) I talked to the girl 2) Mr Richards, car had broken down in front of the shop. is a taxi driver, lives on the corner. is in East Anglia.
3) We often visit our aunt in Norwich 4) This is the girl 5) That's Peter, the boy comes from Spain.
has just arrived at the airport. was very interesting.
6) Thank you very much for your e-mail 7) The man, 8) The children, 9) The car,
father is a professor, forgot his umbrella. shouted in the street, are not from our school. driver is a young man, is from Ireland. your mother lent you?
10) What did you do with the money Choose the correct pronouns.
myself, yourself, himself, herself, itself, ourselves, yourselves, themselves or each other. Example: Michael and Henry have known __________ since 2000. Answer: Michael and Henry have known each other since 2000. 1) Sandra and Angela haven't met 2) My friends enjoyed 3) Tim repaired his car 4) We helped 5) People often give 6) I bought for a long time. very much at the concert. . with our report. presents at Christmas. a new camera. ?
7) Chris, did you do the Maths homework 8) They looked at and smiled.
9) Ron and Tom often write e-mails to 10) Ann only thinks of
because they're good friends. . She's an egoist.
Nouns A noun is a person, a place, or a thing. Jimmy read a book in the park. Jimmy is a noun because it is a person's name. Book is a noun because it is a thing. Park is a noun because it is a place.
Directions: Underline the nouns in the sentences below.
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1. Andrew is eating a peach. (2 nouns) 2. Chester flew a kite in the park. (3 nouns) 3. The clock was broken. (1 noun) 4. Mr. Jones corrected the test. (2 nouns) 5. Six dogs ran across the sidewalk. (2 nouns) 6. Michael is reading an exciting book about plants. (3 nouns) 7. Molly painted a pretty picture. (2 nouns) 8. Cindy played the guitar. (2 nouns) 9. Jake answered the question correctly. (2 nouns) 10. Adam dribbled the basketball. (2 nouns) 11. Kyle munched on cookies. (2 nouns) 12. Heather drove her car to work. (3 nouns) Directions: Tell whether each noun below is a person, a place, or a thing. 1. John ______________ 7. newspaper _______________ 2. cafeteria _______________ 8. Florida _______________ 3. flower _______________ 9. breakfast _______________ 4. bedroom _______________ 10. raindrop _______________ 5. woman _______________ 11. jar _______________ 6. firefighter _______________ 12. Dr. Cone _______________ Directions: Write a sentence about a turtle. Be sure the sentence has 8 or more words in it. Underline all of the nouns. __________________________________________________________ __________________________________________________________ PLURAL NOUNS The plural form of most nouns is created simply by adding the letter s. more than one snake = snakes more than one ski = skis more than one Barrymore = Barrymores Words that end in -ch, x, s or s-like sounds, however, will require an -es for the plural: more than one witch = witches more than one box = boxes more than one gas = gases more than one bus = buses more than one kiss = kisses more than one Jones = Joneses There are several nouns that have irregular plural forms. Plurals formed in this way are sometimes called mutated (or mutating) plurals. more than one child = children more than one woman = women more than one man = men more than one person = people more than one goose = geese more than one mouse = mice more than one barracks = barracks more than one deer = deer And, finally, there are nouns that maintain their Latin or Greek form in the plural. (See media and data and alumni, below.) more than one nucleus = nuclei more than one syllabus = syllabi more than one focus = foci more than one fungus = fungi more than one cactus = cacti (cactuses is acceptable) more than one thesis = theses more than one crisis = crises*
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more than one phenomenon = phenomena more than one index = indices (indexes is acceptable) more than one appendix = appendices (appendixes is acceptable) more than one criterion = criteria *Note the pronunciation of this word, crises: the second syllable sounds like ease. More than one base in the game of baseball is bases, but more than one basis for an argument, say, is also bases, and then we pronounce the word basease. A handful of nouns appear to be plural in form but take a singular verb: The news is bad. Gymnastics is fun to watch. Economics/mathematics/statistics is said to be difficult. ("Economics" can sometimes be a plural concept, as in "The economics of the situation demand that . . . .") Numerical expressions are usually singular, but can be plural if the individuals within a numerical group are acting individually: Fifty thousand dollars is a lot of money. One-half of the faculty is retiring this summer. One-half of the faculty have doctorates. Fifty percent of the students have voted already. And another handful of nouns might seem to be singular in nature but take a plural form and always use a plural verb: My pants are torn. (Nowadays you will sometimes see this word as a singular "pant" [meaning one pair of pants] especially in clothing ads, but most writers would regard that as an affectation.) Her scissors were stolen. The glasses have slipped down his nose again. When a noun names the title of something or is a word being used as a word, it is singular whether the word takes a singular form or not. Faces is the name of the new restaurant downtown. Okies, which most people regard as a disparaging word, was first used to describe the residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s. Chelmsley Brothers is the best moving company in town. Postcards is my favorite novel. The term Okies was used to describe the residents of Oklahoma during the 1930s. (In this sentence, the word Okies is actually an appositive for the singular subject, "term.") Special Cases With words that end in a consonant and a y, you'll need to change the y to an i and add es. more than one baby = babies more than one gallery = galleries (Notice the difference between this and galleys, where the final y is not preceded by a consonant.) more than one reality = realities This rule does not apply to proper nouns: more than one Kennedy = Kennedys Words that end in o create special problems. more than one potato = potatoes more than one hero = heroes . . . however . . . more than one memo = memos more than one cello = cellos . . . and for words where another vowel comes before the o . . . more than one stereo = stereos Plurals of words that end in -f or -fe usually change the f sound to a v sound and add s or -es. more than one knife = knives more than one leaf = leaves more than one hoof = hooves more than one life = lives
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more than one self = selves more than one elf = elves
There are, however, exceptions: more than one dwarf = dwarfs more than one roof = roofs When in doubt, as always, consult a dictionary. Some dictionaries, for instance, will list both wharfs and wharves as acceptable plural forms of wharf. The online version of Merriam-Webster's WWWebster Dictionary should help. Collective Nouns, Company Names, Family Names, Sports Teams There are, further, so called collective nouns, which are singular when we think of them as groups and plural when we think of the individuals acting within the whole (which happens sometimes, but not often). audience band class committee crowd dozen family flock group heap herd jury kind lot [the] number public staff team
Thus, if we're talking about eggs, we could say "A dozen is probably not enough." But if we're talking partying with our friends, we could say, "A dozen are coming over this afternoon." The jury delivers its verdict. [But] The jury came in and took their seats. We could say the Tokyo String Quartet is one of the best string ensembles in the world, but we could say the Beatles were some of the most famous singers in history. Generally, band names and musical groups take singular or plural verbs depending on the form of their names: "The Mamas and the Papas were one of the best groups of the 70s" and "Metallica is my favorite band." Note that "the number" is a singular collective noun. "The number of applicants is steadily increasing." "A number," on the other hand, is a plural form: "There are several students in the lobby. A number are here to see the president." Collective nouns are count nouns which means they, themselves, can be pluralized: a university has several athletic teams and classes. And the immigrant families kept watch over their herds and flocks. The word following the phrase one of the (as an object of the preposition of) will always be plural. One of the reasons we do this is that it rains a lot in spring. One of the students in this room is responsible. Notice, though, that the verb ("is") agrees with one, which is singular, and not with the object of the preposition, which is always plural. When a family name (a proper noun) is pluralized, we almost always simply add an "s." So we go to visit the Smiths, the Kennedys, the Grays, etc.When a family name ends in s, x, ch, sh, or z, however, we form the plural by added -es, as in the Marches, the Joneses, the Maddoxes, the Bushes, the Rodriguezes. Do not form a family name plural by using an apostrophe; that device is reserved for creating possessive forms. When a proper noun ends in an "s" with a hard "z" sound, we don't add any ending to form the plural: "The Chambers are coming to dinner" (not the Chamberses); "The Hodges used to live here" (not the Hodgeses). There are exceptions even to this: we say "The Joneses are coming over," and we'd probably write "The Stevenses are coming, too." A modest proposal: women whose last names end in "s" (pronounced "z") should marry and take the names of men whose last names do not end with that sound, and eventually this problem will disappear. The names of companies and other organizations are usually regarded as singular, regardless of their ending: "General Motors has announced its fall lineup of new vehicles." Try to avoid the inconsistency that is almost inevitable when you think of corporate entities as a group of individuals: "General Motors has announced their fall lineup of new vehicles." But note that some inconsistency is acceptable in all but the most formal writing: "Ford has announced its breakup with Firestone Tires. Their cars will no longer use tires built by Firestone." Some writers will use a plural verb when a plural construction such as "Associates" is part of the company's title or when the title consists of a series of names: "Upton, Vernon, and Gridley are moving to new law offices next week" or "Shadrach, Meshach, Abednego & Associates have won all their cases this year." Singular verbs and pronouns would be correct in those sentences, also.
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The names of sports teams, on the other hand, are treated as plurals, regardless of the form of that name. We would write that "The Yankees have signed a new third baseman" and "The Yankees are a great organization" (even if we're Red Sox fans) and that "For two years in a row, the Utah Jazz have attempted to draft a big man." When we refer to a team by the city in which it resides, however, we use the singular, as in "Dallas has attempted to secure the services of two assistant coaches that Green Bay hopes to keep." (This is decidedly not a British practice. In the UK, the city or country names by which British newspapers refer to soccer teams, for example, are used as plurals a practice that seems odd and inconsistent to American ears: "A minute's silence will precede the game at Le Stadium today, when Toulouse play Munster, and tomorrow at Lansdowne Road, when Leinster attempt to reach their first European final by beating Perpignan" [report in the online London Times].) SPECIAL PLURALS Sometimes you don't add -s or -es to a noun to make it plural. Read each sentence. Figure out the plural of the word in parenthesis and write it on the line. If you need help, look the word up in the dictionary. 1. Mrs. Jones has two ________________________. (child) 2. A flock of ________________________ just flew overhead. (goose) 3. Three ________________________ scurried through the kitchen. (mouse) 4. Mother cut the sandwich into two ________________________. (half) 5. The dental hygienist cleaned my ________________________. (tooth) 6. The ________________________ at the bus stop had umbrellas. (woman) 7. Grandpa sharpened the ________________________ in the kitchen. (knife) 8. Those ________________________ were making a lot of noise. (person) 9. Mama bought two ________________________ of bread. (loaf) 10. The ________________________ were fixing the hole in the street. (man) 11. I heard a pack of ________________________ in the forest. (wolf) 12. The farmer had a dozen ________________________. (sheep) ADJECTIVES An adjective modifies a noun or a pronoun by describing, identifying, or quantifying words. An adjective usually precedes the noun or the pronoun which it modifies. In the following examples, the highlighted words are adjectives: The truck-shaped balloon floated over the treetops. Mrs. Morrison papered her kitchen walls with hideous wall paper. The small boat foundered on the wine dark sea. The coal mines are dark and dank. Many stores have already begun to play irritating Christmas music. A battered music box sat on the mahogany sideboard. The back room was filled with large, yellow rain boots. An adjective can be modified by an adverb, or by a phrase or clause functioning as an adverb. In the sentence My husband knits intricately patterned mittens. for example, the adverb "intricately" modifies the adjective "patterned." Some nouns, many pronouns, and many participle phrases can also act as adjectives. In the sentence Eleanor listened to the muffled sounds of the radio hidden under her pillow. for example, both highlighted adjectives are past participles. Grammarians also consider articles ("the," "a," "an") to be adjectives. Possessive Adjectives A possessive adjective ("my," "your," "his," "her," "its," "our," "their") is similar or identical to a possessive pronoun; however, it is used as an adjective and modifies a noun or a noun phrase, as in the following sentences: I can't complete my assignment because I don't have the textbook. Demonstrative Adjectives The demonstrative adjectives "this," "these," "that," "those," and "what" are identical to the demonstrative pronouns, but are used as adjectives to modify nouns or noun phrases, as in the following sentences: When the librarian tripped over that cord, she dropped a pile of books.
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In this sentence, the demonstrative adjective "that" modifies the noun "cord" and the noun phrase "that cord" is the object of the preposition "over." This apartment needs to be fumigated. Here "this" modifies "apartment" and the noun phrase "this apartment" is the subject of the sentence. Even though my friend preferred those plates, I bought these. In the subordinate clause, "those" modifies "plates" and the noun phrase "those plates" is the object of the verb "preferred." In the independent clause, "these" is the direct object of the verb "bought." Note that the relationship between a demonstrative adjective and a demonstrative pronoun is similar to the relationship between a possessive adjective and a possessive pronoun, or to that between an interrogative adjective and an interrogative pronoun. Interrogative Adjectives An interrogative adjective ("which" or "what") is like an interrogative pronoun, except that it modifies a noun or noun phrase rather than standing on its own (see also demonstrative adjectives and possessive adjectives): Which plants should be watered twice a week? Like other adjectives, "which" can be used to modify a noun or a noun phrase. In this example, "which" modifies "plants" and the noun phrase "which paints" is the subject of the compound verb "should be watered": What book are you reading? In this sentence, "what" modifies "book" and the noun phrase "what book" is the direct object of the compound verb "are reading." Indefinite Adjectives An indefinite adjective is similar to an indefinite pronoun, except that it modifies a noun, pronoun, or noun phrase, as in the following sentences: Many people believe that corporations are under-taxed. The indefinite adjective "many" modifies the noun "people" and the noun phrase "many people" is the subject of the sentence. I will send you any mail that arrives after you have moved to Sudbury. The indefinite adjective "any" modifies the noun "mail" and the noun phrase "any mail" is the direct object of the compound verb "will send." They found a few goldfish floating belly up in the swan pound. In this example the indefinite adjective modifies the noun "goldfish" and the noun phrase is the direct object of the verb "found": The title of Kelly's favourite game is "All dogs go to heaven." Here the indefinite pronoun "all" modifies "dogs" and the full title is a subject complement.
NEGATIVE FEELINGS afraid angry annoyed anxious arrogant ashamed awful bad bewildered bored condemned confused creepy cruel
dangerous defeated defiant depressed disgusted disturbed doubtful eerie embarrassed envious evil fierce foolish frightened
grieving frantic guilty helpless hungry hurt ill jealous lonely mad naughty nervous obnoxious outrageous panicky repulsive
safe scared shy sleepy sore strange tense terrible tired troubled unusual upset uptight weary wicked
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POSITIVE FEELINGS agreeable alert amused brave bright charming cheerful comfortable cooperative courageous delightful determined eager elated Neutral Feelings alright calm different Appearance adorable alert average beautiful blonde bloody blushing bright clean clear cloudy colourful concerned crowded curious cute dark dirty drab distinct dull elegant fancy filthy glamorous gleaming graceful grotesque homely light misty motionless muddy plain poised quaint scary shiny smoggy sparkling spotless stormy strange ugly unsightly unusual fair fine OK Condition alive brainy broken busy careful cautious clever crazy damaged dead difficult easy fake false famous forward fragile guilty helpful helpless important impossible infamous innocent inquisitive mad modern open outgoing outstanding poor powerful puzzled real rich right robust sane scary shy sleepy stupid super tame thick tired wild wrong pleasant puzzled enchanting encouraging energetic enthusiastic excited exuberant faithful fantastic friendly frowning funny gentle glorious good happy healthy helpful hilarious innocent jolly kind lively lovely lucky obedient perfect proud relaxed relieved silly smiling splendid successful thoughtful victorious vivacious well witty wonderful
Adjectives Fill in the missing words into the gaps. Positive sweet plain important heavy different boring crazy flat silly exciting Underline the adverbs 1. John sat silently waiting for the bus. 2. I 'm free tomorrow. Shall we meet at seven? 3. Jane is a very slow driver. She drives her car slowly. 4. We sometimes get so confused. 5. I was especially pleased to hear that. 6. I like to watch television often. 7. Jane called the police immediately. 8. Adverbs are generally grouped into five categories namely Place, Manner, Time, Frequency and Degree. 9. We will meet here after the party. 10. Tom drives slowly but safely. 11. I tasted the cake carefully . 12. He played excellently. He is clearly an excellent player. 13. Peter sang his song very quietly. 14. I know that he can type more rapidly. VERBS Verbs are words that express actions. There are two classifications of verbs in English. Comparative Superlative
First is Regular and Irregular. Regular Verbs List There are thousands of regular verbs in English. This is a list of 600 of the more common regular verbs. Note that there are some spelling variations in American English (for example, "practise" becomes "practice" in American English). accept allow applaud add amuse appreciate admire analyse approve admit announce argue advise annoy arrange afford answer arrest agree apologise arrive alert appear ask back beg boil bake behave bolt balance belong bomb ban bleach book bang bless bore bare blind borrow bat blink bounce bathe blot bow battle blush box beam boast brake calculate choke compare call chop compete camp claim complain care clap complete carry clean concentrate carve clear concern cause clip confess challenge close confuse change coach connect charge coil consider chase collect consist cheat colour contain check comb continue cheer command copy chew communicate correct dam deliver disapprove damage depend disarm dance describe discover dare desert dislike decay deserve divide deceive destroy double decide detect doubt decorate develop drag delay disagree drain delight disappear dream earn end excite educate enjoy excuse
attach attack attempt attend attract avoid
brake branch breathe bruise brush bubble bump burn bury buzz cough count cover crack crash crawl cross crush cry cure curl curve cycle
dress drip drop drown drum dry dust
explain explode
embarrass employ empty encourage face fade fail fancy fasten fax fear fence gather gaze glow glue hammer hand handle hang happen harass identify ignore imagine impress improve include jail jam kick kill label land last laugh launch man manage march mark marry match mate nail name obey object observe pack
enter entertain escape examine fetch file fill film fire fit fix flap grab grate grease greet harm hate haunt head heal heap increase influence inform inject injure instruct jog join kiss kneel learn level license lick lie matter measure meddle melt memorise mend mess up need nest obtain occur offend permit
exercise exist expand expect flash float flood flow flower fold follow fool grin grip groan guarantee heat help hook hop hope hover intend interest interfere interrupt introduce invent joke judge knit knock lighten like list listen live milk mine miss mix moan moor mourn nod note offer open order pop
extend
force form found frame frighten fry
guard guess guide hug hum hunt hurry
invite irritate itch
juggle jump knot load lock long look love move muddle mug multiply murder
notice number overflow owe own prevent
paddle paint park part pass paste pat pause peck pedal peel peep perform question race radiate rain raise reach realise receive recognise record reduce reflect sack sail satisfy save saw scare scatter scold scorch scrape scratch scream screw scribble scrub seal search separate serve settle shade share shave shelter talk tame
phone pick pinch pine place plan plant play please plug point poke polish queue refuse regret reign reject rejoice relax release rely remain remember remind shiver shock shop shrug sigh sign signal sin sip ski skip slap slip slow smash smell smile smoke snatch sneeze sniff snore snow soak thaw tick
possess post pour practise pray preach precede prefer prepare present preserve press pretend remove repair repeat replace reply report reproduce request rescue retire return soothe sound spare spark sparkle spell spill spoil spot spray sprout squash squeak squeal squeeze stain stamp stare start stay steer step stir stitch trace trade
prick print produce program promise protect provide pull pump punch puncture punish push rhyme rinse risk rob rock roll rot rub ruin rule rush stop store strap strengthen stretch strip stroke stuff subtract succeed suck suffer suggest suit supply support suppose surprise surround suspect suspend switch
trot trouble
tap taste tease telephone tempt terrify test thank undress unfasten vanish wail wait walk wander want warm warn wash x-ray yawn zip
tickle tie time tip tire touch tour tow unite unlock visit waste watch water wave weigh welcome whine whip yell
train transport trap travel treat tremble trick trip unpack untidy whirl whisper whistle wink wipe wish wobble wonder
trust try tug tumble turn twist type use
work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle
zoom
IRREGULAR VERBS Present Be (ser) Past was, were (era,eran) Past Participle Been (sido)
become became become (convertirse en) (se convirti en) (convertirse en) begin (comenzar) Blow (soplar) break (romper) bring (llevar) build (construir) burst (explosi) buy (comprar) catch (cojer) choose (elejir) come began (comenz) blew (soplaron) broke (rompi) brought (trajo) built (construido) Burst (explosin) bought (compraron) Caught (capturado) chose (eligi) Came Begun (Comenzado) blown (soplado) broken (roto) brought (trajo) built (construido) burst (explisin) bought (compraron) caught (capturado) chosen (preferido) come
(venir) cut (cortar) deal (negociar) do (hacer) drink () drive () eat () fall () feed () feel () fight () find () fly () forbid forget () forgive () freeze () get () give () go () grow () have () hear () hide () hold () hurt () keep () know () lay () lead () leave () let () lie () lose () make () meet () pay () quit () read ()
(vino) cut (cortar) dealt (tratado) did (hizo) drank () drove () ate () fell () fed () felt () fought () found () flew () forbade forgot () forgave () froze () got () gave () went () grew () had () heard () hid () held () hurt () kept () knew () laid () led () left () let () lay () lost () made () met () paid () quit () read ()
(venir) cut (cortar) dealt (tratado) done (hecho) drunk () driven () eaten () fallen () fed () felt () fought () found () flown () forbidden forgotten () forgiven () frozen () gotten () given () gone () grown () had () heard () hidden () held () hurt () kept () known () laid () led () left () let () lain () lost () made () met () paid () quit () read ()
ride () ring () rise () run () say () see () seek () sell () send () shake () shine () sing () sit () sleep () speak () spend () spring () stand () steal () swim () swing () take () teach () tear () tell think () throw () understand () wake () wear () win () write ()
rode () rang () rose () ran () said () saw () sought () sold () sent () shook () shone () sang () sat () slept () spoke () spent () sprang () stood () stole () swam () swung () took () taught () tore () told thought () threw () understood wore () won () wrote ()
ridden () rung () risen () run () said () seen () sought () sold () sent () shaken () shone () sung () sat () slept () spoken () spent () sprung () stood () stolen () swum () swung () taken () taught () torn () told thought () thrown () understood worn () won () written ()
woke (waked) () woken (waked) ()
LIE versus LAY Present lie, lying (to tell a falsehood) lie, lying (to recline) lay, laying (to put, place) Past I lied to my mother. I lay on the bed because I was tired. I laid the baby in her cradle. Past Participle I have lied under oath. He has lain in the grass. We have laid the dishes on the table.
After laying down his weapon, the soldier lay down to sleep. Will you lay out my clothes while I lie down to rest?
SIT versus SET Present sit (to be seated or come to resting position) set (to put or place) Past I sat in my favorite chair. I set my glass on the table. Past Participle You have sat there for three hours. She has set her books on my desk again.
Let's set the table before we sit down to rest. RISE versus RAISE Present rise (steady or customary upward movement) raise (to cause to rise) FILL IN THE SQUARES The boy raised the flag just before the sun rose. Put in the missing forms of the verbs. Example: _____ - spoke - _______ Answer: speak - spoke - spoken 1) 2) 3) run 4) 5) see 6) 7) have 8) - lost - went - stood - come - done 9) 10) think 11) tell 12) 13) 14) find 15) - sat - left - said - read Past The balloon rose into the air. Past Participle He has risen to a position of power.
They raised their hands because they I have raised the curtain many knew the answer. times.
Write the forms of the following irregular verbs into the correct column: saw, sink, flown, draw, stolen, gone, rung, tear, forgot, taken Infinitive Simple Past Past Participle
Find the regular verb in each line and write it into the gap. Example: say, lose, dance, sing - _____ Answer: say, lose, dance, sing - dance 1) read, feel, play, see 2) listen, do, go, make 3) know, help, say, think 4) like, write, forget, eat 5) take, bring, cut, clean 6) watch, be, have, meet 7) put, buy, cook, teach 8) catch, find, answer, lose 9) want, tell, win, sit 10) sell, build, drink, open -
Fill in the missing phrases into the correct gaps. Mind the spelling. Do not forget to fill in the personal pronoun. Do NOT use contracted forms. Simple Present Simple Past Present Perfect it has closed he has suffered she washed they swapped he has worried we have saved you phoned it stopped they have tried you stayed
Check
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Check Across: 1) Past Participle of RIDE 2) Simple Past of SAY 3) Past Participle of SINK 5) Simple Past of MEAN 7) Simple Past of FIGHT 9) Past Participle of BET 10) Simple Past of SPEND 12) Infinitive of LOST 13) Infinitive of COST 14) Infinitive of TORN 17) Past Participle of SEND 18) Simple Past of HANG 21) Simple Past of THINK 22) Infinitive of WORE 23) Past Participle of FORGET Down: 1) Past Participle of RISE 2) Simple Past of SLEEP 4) Past Participle of KNOW 6) Infinitive of CAUGHT 8) Simple Past of HOLD 9) Simple Past of BECOME 10) Simple Past of SHINE 11) Past Participle of TEACH 15) Simple Past of BUY 16) Simple Past of FEEL 17) Past Participle of SHOW 19) Simple Past of GET 20) Simple Past of LIE Collocations have do make have a bath do business make a difference have a drink do nothing make a mess have a good time do someone a favour make a mistake have a haircut do the cooking make a noise have a holiday do the housework make an effort have a problem do the shopping make furniture have a relationship do the washing up make money have a rest do your best make progress
have lunch do your hair make room have sympathy do your homework make trouble take break catch take a break break a habit catch a ball take a chance break a leg catch a bus take a look break a promise catch a chill take a rest break a record catch a cold take a seat break a window catch a thief take a taxi break someone's heart catch fire take an exam break the ice catch sight of take notes break the law catch someone's attention take someone's place break the news to someone catch someone's eye take someone's temperature break the rules catch the flu pay save keep pay a fine save electricity keep a diary pay attention save energy keep a promise pay by credit card save money keep a secret pay cash save one's strength keep an appointment pay interest save someone a seat keep calm pay someone a compliment save someone's life keep control pay someone a visit save something to a disk keep in touch pay the bill save space keep quiet pay the price save time keep someone's place pay your respects save yourself the trouble keep the change come go get come close go abroad get a job come complete with go astray get a shock come direct go bad get angry come early go bald get divorced come first go bankrupt get drunk come into view go blind get frightened come last go crazy get home come late go dark get lost come on time go deaf get married come prepared go fishing get nowhere come right back go mad get permission come second go missing get pregnant come to a compromise go on foot get ready come to a decision go online get started come to an agreement go out of business get the impression come to an end go overseas get the message come to a standstill go quiet get the sack come to terms with go sailing get upset come to a total of go to war get wet come under attack go yellow get worried PHRASAL VERBS Definition: A phrasal verb consists of a verb and a preposition or adverb that modifies or changes the meaning; 'give up' is a phrasal verb that means 'stop doing' something, which is very different from 'give'. The word or words that modify a verb in this manner can also go under the name particle. Phrasal verbs can be divided into groups:
Intransitive verbs These don't take an object They had an argument, but they've made up now. Inseparable verbs The object must come after the particle. They are looking after their grandchildren. Separable verbs With some separable verbs, the object must come between the verb and the particle: The quality of their work sets them apart from their rivals. With some separable verbs, the object can before or after the particle, though when a pronoun is used it comes before the particle: Turn the TV off. Turn off the TV. Turn it off. PREPOSITIONS Prepositions must be learned as prepositional phrases. Preposition Use - in / at / on - prepositions of place IN Use 'at' with places: Use 'in' with spaces: at the bus-stop in a room / in a at the door building at the cinema in a garden / in a at the end of the park street Use 'in' with bodies of water: Use 'at' with places on a page: in the water at the top of the in the sea page in a river at the bottom of Use 'in' with lines: the page in a row / in a Use 'at' in groups of people: line at the back of the in a queue class at the front of the class AT ON Use 'on' with small islands: Use 'on' with surfaces: I stayed on Maui. on the ceiling / Use 'on' with directions: on the wall / on the left on the floor on the right on the table straight on IMPORTANT NOTES In / at / on the corner We say 'in the corner of a room', but 'at the corner (or 'on the corner') of a street' In / at / on the front We say 'in the front / in the back' of a car We say 'at the front / at the back' of buildings / groups of people We say 'on the front / on the back' of a piece of paper IN Use 'in' with static (non-movement) verbs and cities, countries, states, etc.: stay in the USA work in New York
AT Use 'at' with static (non-movement) verbs and places: at the cinema at work at home TO Use 'to' with verbs of movement such as go, come, drive, etc.: go to work drive to California IMPORTANT NOTES The use of ' ' (nothing) With verbs of movement and the noun 'home' - He went home. - they drove home. With the verb 'visit' - She visited France last summer. TIME IN Use 'in' months and years and periods of time: in January in 1978 in the twenties Use 'in' a period of time in the future: in a few weeks in a couple of days AT Use 'at' with precise time: at six o'clock at 10.30 at two p.m. ON Use 'on' with days of the week: on Monday on Fridays Use 'on' with specific calendar days: on Christmas day on October 22nd IMPORTANT NOTES in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night' Noun Prepositions FOR Use 'for' preceded by the following nouns: a check for (amount of money) Example: She gave me a check for $50. a demand for something Example: Unfortunately, there wasn't enough demand for our product. a need for something Example: There is a real need for discipline in this class. a reason for something Example: I have a reason for doing that! IN Use 'in' preceded by the following nouns: a rise in something
Example: There has been a rise in prices recently. an increase in something Example: We have seen many increases in production levels. a fall in something Example: There has been a fall in prices recently. a decrease in something Example: We have seen many decreases in production levels.
OF Use 'of' preceded by the following nouns: a cause of something Example: She is the cause of all his problems. a photograph OR a picture of something or someone Example: He took a photograph of the mountains. TO Use 'to' preceded by the following nouns: damage to something Example: I did a lot of damage to my car the other day. an invitation to a celebration of some type Example: We were invited to their wedding. reaction to something Example: Her reaction to his behavior was quite funny. a solution to a problem Example: He provided the solution to our financial situation. an attitude to something (or TOWARDS something) Example: Your attitude to your problems doesn't help them get resolved. WITH Use 'with' preceded by the following nouns: a relationship with someone or something Example: My relationship with Mary is wonderful. a connection with someone or something Example: His connections with the CIA are very limited. a contact with someone or something Example: Have you had any contact with Sarah? BETWEEN Use 'between' preceded by the following nouns: a connection between TWO things Example: There is no connection between the two crimes. a relationship between TWO things Example: The relationship between the two friends was very strong. a contact between TWO things Example: There is little contact between the two parents. a difference between TWO things Example: There is no difference between those two colors. Use 'by' with the following nouns: to pay by check (credit card) Example: I paid the bill by check.
to do something by accident Example: I broke the vase by mistake. to do something by mistake Example: I'm afraid I brought the wrong book by mistake. to do something by chance Example: I saw Jack at the supermarket by chance. a play, song, book, etc. by someone Example: The opera 'Otello' is by Giuseppe Verdi.
FOR Use 'for' with the following nouns: (to go / come) for a walk Example: Let's go for a walk. (to go / come) for a swim Example: We went for a swim as soon as we arrived. (to go / come) for a drink Example: Would you like to come over for a drink? (to go / come) for a visit Example: I'd love to come for a visit sometime. (to have something) for breakfast / lunch / dinner / supper (US English) Example: I had bacon and eggs for breakfast. IN Use 'in' with the following nouns: to be OR to fall in love with someone Example: I fell in love with my wife at first sight. in my opinion Example: In my opinion, we need to invest in some development. a need for something ON Use 'on' with the following nouns: (to be) on fire Example: Help! The house is on fire! (to be) on the telephone / phone Example: I think Tom is on the phone at the moment. on television Example: There is a good film on television tonight. on the radio Example: Mahler's fifth was on the radio last night. (to be / go) on a diet Example: I really need to go on a diet. (to be / go) on strike Example: The sanitary engineers have gone on strike again. (to be / go) on holiday (UK English) / vacation (American English) Example: I really need to go on vacation soon. (to be / go) business Example: He went away this weekend on business. (to be / go) on a trip Example: We were on a trip this past weekend. (to be / go) a tour Example: Have you ever been on a tour of the French countryside?
(to be / go) on an excursion Example: We went on an excursion to Versailles when we were in Paris.
CONJUNCTIONS Among the coordinating conjunctions, the most common, of course, are and, but, and or. It might be helpful to explore the uses of these three little words. The examples below by no means exhaust the possible meanings of these conjunctions. AND a. To suggest that one idea is chronologically sequential to another: "Tashonda sent in her applications and waited by the phone for a response." b. To suggest that one idea is the result of another: "Willie heard the weather report and promptly boarded up his house." c. To suggest that one idea is in contrast to another (frequently replaced by but in this usage): "Juanita is brilliant and Shalimar has a pleasant personality. d. To suggest an element of surprise (sometimes replaced by yet in this usage): "Hartford is a rich city and suffers from many symptoms of urban blight." e. To suggest that one clause is dependent upon another, conditionally (usually the first clause is an imperative): "Use your credit cards frequently and you'll soon find yourself deep in debt." f. To suggest a kind of "comment" on the first clause: "Charlie became addicted to gambling and that surprised no one who knew him." BUT a. To suggest a contrast that is unexpected in light of the first clause: "Joey lost a fortune in the stock market, but he still seems able to live quite comfortably." To suggest in an affirmative sense what the first part of the sentence implied in a negative way (sometimes replaced by on the contrary): "The club never invested foolishly, but used the services of a sage investment counselor." To connect two ideas with the meaning of "with the exception of" (and then the second word takes over as subject): "Everybody but Goldenbreath is trying out for the team." To suggest that only one possibility can be realized, excluding one or the other: "You can study hard for this exam or you can fail." To suggest the inclusive combination of alternatives: "We can broil chicken on the grill tonight, or we can just eat leftovers. To suggest a refinement of the first clause: "Smith College is the premier all-women's college in the country, or so it seems to most Smith College alumnae." To suggest a restatement or "correction" of the first part of the sentence: "There are no rattlesnakes in this canyon, or so our guide tells us."
b.
c.
OR a. b. c.
d.
To suggest a negative condition: "The New Hampshire state motto is the rather grim "Live free or die." f. To suggest a negative alternative without the use of an imperative (see use of and above): "They must approve his political style or they wouldn't keep electing him mayor." A University Grammar of English by Randolph Quirk and Sidney Greenbaum. Longman Group: Essex, England. 1993. The Others . . . The conjunction NOR is not extinct, but it is not used nearly as often as the other conjunctions, so it might feel a bit odd when nor does come up in conversation or writing. Its most common use is as the little brother in the correlative pair, neither-nor (see below): He is neither sane nor brilliant. That is neither what I said nor what I meant. >It can be used with other negative expressions: That is not what I meant to say, nor should you interpret my statement as an admission of guilt. It is possible to use nor without a preceding negative element, but it is unusual and, to an extent, rather stuffy: George's handshake is as good as any written contract, nor has he ever proven untrustworthy. The word YET functions sometimes as an adverb and has several meanings: in addition ("yet another cause of trouble" or "a simple yet noble woman"), even ("yet more expensive"), still ("he is yet a novice"), eventually ("they may yet win"), and so soon as now ("he's not here yet"). It also functions as a coordinating conjunction meaning something like "nevertheless" or "but." The word yet seems to carry an element of distinctiveness that but can seldom register. John plays basketball well, yet his favorite sport is badminton. The visitors complained loudly about the heat, yet they continued to play golf every day. In sentences such as the second one, above, the pronoun subject of the second clause ("they," in this case) is often left out. When that happens, the comma preceding the conjunction might also disappear: "The visitors complained loudly yet continued to play golf every day." Yet is sometimes combined with other conjunctions, but or and. It would not be unusual to see and yet in sentences like the ones above. This usage is acceptable. The word FOR is most often used as a preposition, of course, but it does serve, on rare occasions, as a coordinating conjunction. Some people regard the conjunction for as rather highfalutin and literary, and it does tend to add a bit of weightiness to the text. Beginning a sentence with the conjunction "for" is probably not a good idea, except when you're singing "For he's a jolly good fellow. "For" has serious sequential implications and in its use the order of thoughts is more important than it is, say, with because or since. Its function is to introduce the reason for the preceding clause: John thought he had a good chance to get the job, for his father was on the company's board of trustees. Most of the visitors were happy just sitting around in the shade, for it had been a long, dusty journey on the train.
e.
Be careful of the conjunction SO. Sometimes it can connect two independent clauses along with a comma, but sometimes it can't. For instance, in this sentence, Soto is not the only Olympic athlete in his family, so are his brother, sister, and his Uncle Chet. where the word so means "as well" or "in addition," most careful writers would use a semicolon between the two independent clauses. In the following sentence, where so is acting like a minor-league "therefore," the conjunction and the comma are adequate to the task: Soto has always been nervous in large gatherings, so it is no surprise that he avoids crowds of his adoring fans. Sometimes, at the beginning of a sentence, so will act as a kind of summing up device or transition, and when it does, it is often set off from the rest of the sentence with a comma: So, the sheriff peremptorily removed the child from the custody of his parents. A SENTENCE
1. A sentence is a group of words that makes sense

on its own.
2. A sentence has a subject and a predicate. 3. The predicate can be formed by several words
and phrases. Choose a subject from the box to complete each sentence. A big spider My closet A gray dolphin The houseplant A buzzing bee The eye doctor My mother The space alien My notebook 1. ______________________ has lots of clothes in it. 2. ______________________ looked for nectar in the flower. 3. ______________________ checked my vision. 4. ______________________ needs soil, water, and sunlight. 5. ______________________ landed the UFO. 6. ______________________ jumped in the sea. 7. ______________________ was upset because I broke her favorite vase. 8. ______________________ is filled with stories that I wrote. 9. ______________________ spun a web in the doorway. Choose a predicate from the box to complete each sentence. planted flowers. 1. The gardener barked all night long. ________________________ blew in the wind. ______________. fixed the sink. 2. The pilot ate crickets. ________________________ slept in her crib. ______________. drove me to school. 3. The little puppy cut the boy's hair. ________________________ flew the airplane ______________. 4. The barber ________________________ ______________.
5. James' baby sister ________________________ ______________.
6. The flag ________________________ ______________. 7. The lizard ________________________ ______________. 8. The plumber ________________________ ______________. 9. The bus driver ________________________ ______________.
There are 5 Basic Sentence Patterns (affirmative) o Subject + Verb SUBJECT VERB I run. Pete runs. They run. o Subject + Verb + Object SUBJECT VERB OBJECT We eat pizza. Susan studies English. I buy clothes. o SUBJECT I He Susan They Will and Susan o SUBJECT I Mother VERB bought is became got jog WHAT a book tired. an engineer. a fabulous painting. Subject + Verb + Complement COMPLEMENT WHERE in the library
WHEN yesterday.
in the park.
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object VERB read gave INDIRECT OBJECT her us DIRECT OBJECT the news. our allowance.
o Subject + Verb + Object + Complement

SUBJECT He We They VERB left elected named OBJECT the door him her WHAT open. president Jane. COMPLEMENT WHERE of the U.S.A. WHEN
5 Basic Sentence Patterns (negative) o Subject + Verb AUXILIARY +NOT+VERB cant run. isnt running. havent run.
SUBJECT I Pete They
SUBJECT
o Subject + Verb + Object AUXILIARY +NOT+VERB OBJECT
We Susan I
dont eat doesnt study wont buy o
pizza. English. clothes.
Subject + Verb + Complement COMPLEMENT WHAT WHERE a book in the library tired. an engineer. a fabulous painting. in the park.
SUBJECT I He Susan They Will and Susan o SUBJECT I Mother
AUXILIARY +NOT+VERB bought is became got jog
WHEN yesterday.
Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object AUXILIARY +NOT+VERB chouldnt read couldnt give INDIRECT OBJECT her us DIRECT OBJECT the news. our allowance.
SUBJECT He We They
o Subject + Verb + Object + Complement AUXILIARY OBJECT COMPLEMENT +NOT+VERB WHAT WHERE didnt leave the door open. shouldnt have elected him president of the U.S.A. named her Jane.
WHEN
INTERROGATIVE SENTENCES PATTERNS There are 2 kinds of questions in English: Yes/No Answer questions and Complete Answers questions. Yes/No Questions. AUXILIARY VERB Do Has SUBJECT you he MAIN VERB have got COMPLEMENT money? a cell phone? ANSWER Yes, I do. Yes, he has. No, I dont. No, he hasnt.
QUESTION AUXILIARY VERB SUBJECT MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT? EXPRESSIONWORD Where can I find a caf? ANSWER: There is one on Montejo Avenue. What kind of music do you like? ANSWER: I like rock and classical music. NOTE: The Who can have a special pattern: WHO AUXILIARY MAIN VERB COMPLEMENT? Who can answer the phone? Who XXXXXXXXXXX wants a banana? Simple Subjects The complete subject of a sentence tells who or what the sentence is about. example: The huge, green, slimy alien from Mars waved to us.
The simple subject also tells who or what the sentence is about, but it doesn't have all of the descriptive words. The simple subject is usually just a single noun. Its important to be able to distinguish the simple subject in order to translate a sentence correctly. example: The huge, green, slimy alien from Mars waved to us. EXERCISE 1 Underline the complete subject of each sentence below. Then, circle the simple subject. 1. The brown and green turtle hides in its shell. 2. The angry chef slammed the pots and pans. 3. Every child in town wants that toy. 4. The little, spotted dog wagged his tail because he was happy to see us. 5. Edward's youngest brother plays the guitar very well. 6. The soldier guarded the fort. 7. My next-door neighbor makes the best stew in the world. 8. Kim's favorite breakfast cereal was on sale this week. EXERCISE 2 Unscramble the sentences below. Write the unscrambled sentences on the lines. Draw a circle around the simple subject in each sentence. 1. mother My sing loves to songs. ___________________________________________________________ 2. wagon's broken. The wheel is red ___________________________________________________________ 3. his bicycle. rode a with green man A jacket ___________________________________________________________ 4. lost. is gray The stapler ___________________________________________________________ 5. playful litter of A wiggled puppies the floor. kitchen around ___________________________________________________________ Simple Predicates The complete predicate of a sentence tells what the subject does or is. It includes the verb and all other details that help describe what is going on. example: My mother cleaned the living room. The simple predicate is the main verb in the predicate that tells what the subject does. example: My mother cleaned the living room. Read each sentence. Draw a line under the complete predicate. Circle the simple predicate. 1. Jordan slept on the sofa. 7. The brown cow grazed in the meadow. 2. A tiny mosquito landed on my arm. 8. Mark sneezed loudly. 3. The gray spider spun a beautiful web. 9. We played darts in the garage. 4. The window in my bedroom blew open. 10. Marcia baked a chocolate cake in the oven. 5. My friends and I played lacrosse in the field 11. The candles on the birthday cake burned behind the school. brightly. 6. Sara picked up a stick from the ground. 12. Isabella opened up her umbrella. CLAUSES Independent Clause (IC) An independent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb and expresses a complete thought. An independent clause is a sentence. Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz. (IC)
Dependent Clause (DC) A dependent clause is a group of words that contains a subject and verb but does not express a complete thought. A dependent clause cannot be a sentence. Often a dependent clause is marked by a dependent marker word. Example: When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz . . . (DC) (What happened when he studied? The thought is incomplete.) Dependent Marker Word (DM) A dependent marker word is a word added to the beginning of an independent clause that makes it into a dependent clause. Example: When Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, it was very noisy. (DM) Some common dependent markers are: after, although, as, as if, because, before, even if, even though, if, in order to, since, though, unless, until, whatever, when, whenever, whether, and while. Connecting dependent and independent clauses There are two types of words that can be used as connectors at the beginning of an independent clause: coordinating conjunctions and independent marker words. 1. Coordinating Conjunction (CC) The seven coordinating conjunctions used as connecting words at the beginning of an independent clause are and, but, for, or, nor, so, and yet. When the second independent clause in a sentence begins with a coordinating conjunction, a comma is needed before the coordinating conjunction: Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz, but it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (CC) 2. Independent Marker Word (IM) An independent marker word is a connecting word used at the beginning of an independent clause. These words can always begin a sentence that can stand alone. When the second independent clause in a sentence has an independent marker word, a semicolon is needed before the independent marker word. Example: Jim studied in the Sweet Shop for his chemistry quiz; however, it was hard to concentrate because of the noise. (IM) Some common independent markers are: also, consequently, furthermore, however, moreover, nevertheless, and therefore. COMPOUND SENTENCE A compound sentence contains two independent clauses joined by a coordinator. The coordinators are as follows: for, and, nor, but, or, yet, so. Except for very short sentences, coordinators are always preceded by a comma. In the following compound sentences, the first sentence is highlighted. My brother studied Education, and my sister studied Architecture. My friend was playing soccer, but I went to the cinema. The above two sentences are compound sentences. Each sentence contains two independent clauses, and they are joined by a coordinator with a comma preceding it. Note how the conscious use of coordinators can change the relationship between the clauses COMPLEX SENTENCE A complex sentence has an independent clause joined by one or more dependent clauses. A complex sentence always has a subordinator such as because, since, after, although, or when or a relative pronoun such as that, who, or which. In the following complex sentences, one clause is highlighted. A.He had to hand in his homework before he could check it. B. He commited many mistakes thats why he failed his subject. C. While I went shopping, my daughter was at work.
When a complex sentence begins with a subordinator such as sentences A and D, a comma is required at the end of the dependent clause. When the independent clause begins the sentence with subordinators in the middle as in sentences A and B, no comma is required. If a comma is placed before the subordinators in these cases it is wrong. PHRASES Phrases are group of words that are used in sentences to help you communicate accurately. They cant be used without a sentence and the most important are the prepositional phrases. Into the house Over the fence Around the corner Prepositions and phrases have been introduced in the preposition section of this handbook. Tenses in English In English, there are three basic tenses: present, past, and future. Each has a perfect form, indicating completed action; each has a progressive form, indicating ongoing action; and each has a perfect progressive form, indicating ongoing action that will be completed at some definite time. Here is a list of examples of these tenses and their definitions: Simple Forms Present Past Future take/s took will/shall take Progressive Forms am/is/are taking was/were taking will be taking Perfect Forms have/has taken had taken will have taken Perfect Progressive Forms have/has been taking had been taking will have been taking
Simple Forms Present Tense Present tense expresses an unchanging, repeated, or reoccurring action or situation that exists only now. It can also represent a widespread truth. Example The mountains are tall and white. Every year, the school council elects new members. Pb is the chemical symbol for lead. Meaning Unchanging action Recurring action Widespread truth
Past Tense Past tense expresses an action or situation that was started and finished in the past. Most past tense verbs end in -ed. The irregular verbs have special past tense forms which must be memorized. Example W.W.II ended in 1945. Ernest Hemmingway wrote "The Old Man and the Sea." Irregular form Form Regular -ed past
Future Tense Future tense expresses an action or situation that will occur in the future. This tense is formed by using will/shall with the simple form of the verb. The speaker of the House will finish her term in May of 1998.
The future tense can also be expressed by using am, is, or are with going to. The surgeon is going to perform the first bypass in Minnesota. We can also use the present tense form with an adverb or adverbial phrase to show future time. The president speaks tomorrow. (Tomorrow is a future time adverb.) Progressive Forms Present Progressive Tense Present progressive tense describes an ongoing action that is happening at the same time the statement is written. This tense is formed by using am/is/are with the verb form ending in -ing. The sociologist is examining the effects that racial discrimination has on society. Past Progressive Tense Past progressive tense describes a past action which was happening when another action occurred. This tense is formed by using was/were with the verb form ending in -ing. The explorer was explaining the lastest discovery in Egypt when protests began on the streets. Future Progressive Tense Future progressive tense describes an ongoing or continuous action that will take place in the future. This tense is formed by using will be or shall be with the verb form ending in -ing. Dr. Jones will be presenting ongoing research on sexist language next week. Perfect Forms Present Perfect Tense Present perfect tense describes an action that happened at an indefinite time in the past or that began in the past and continues in the present.This tense is formed by using has/have with the past participle of the verb. Most past participles end in -ed. Irregular verbs have special past participles that must be memorized. Example Meaning The researchers have traveled to many countries in order At an indefinite to collect more significant data. time Women have voted in presidential elections since 1921. Continues in the present
Past Perfect Tense Past perfect tense describes an action that took place in the past before another past action. This tense is formed by using had with the past participle of the verb. By the time the troops arrived, the war had ended. Future Perfect Tense Future perfect tense describes an action that will occur in the future before some other action. This tense is formed by using will have with the past participle of the verb. By the time the troops arrive, the combat group will have spent several weeks waiting. Perfect Progressive Forms Present Perfect Progressive Present perfect progressive tense describes an action that began in the past, continues in the present, and may continue into the future. This tense is formed by using has/have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). The CEO has been considering a transfer to the state of Texas where profits would be larger. Past Perfect Progressive Past perfect progressive tense describes a past, ongoing action that was completed before some other past action. This tense is formed by using had been and the present perfect of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). Before the budget cuts, the students had been participating in many extracurricular activities. Future Perfect Progressive Future perfect progressive tense describes a future, ongoing action that will occur before some specified future time. This tense is formed by using will have been and the present participle of the verb (the verb form ending in -ing). By the year 2020, linguists will have been studying and defining the Indo-European language family for more than 200 years. ADVERBS
Adverbs -- Common List in American English An ADVERB modifies a verb. It helps to tell "how," "when" or "where" the action took place. An adverb can also modify another adverb. Such as "She ran very quickly to the store."
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10. 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24.
accidentally afterwards almost always angrily annually anxiously awkwardly badly blindly boastfully boldly bravely briefly brightly busily calmly carefully carelessly cautiously cheerfully clearly correctly courageously
25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 42. 43. 44. 45. 46. 47. 48.
crossly cruelly daily defiantly deliberately doubtfully easily elegantly enormously enthusiastically equally even eventually exactly faithfully far fast fatally fiercely fondly foolishly fortunately frantically gently
49. 50. 51. 52. 53. 54. 55. 56. 57. 58. 59. 60. 61. 62. 63. 64. 65. 66. 67. 68. 69. 70. 71. 72.
gladly gracefully greedily happily hastily honestly hourly hungrily innocently inquisitively irritably joyously justly kindly lazily less loosely loudly madly merrily monthly more mortally mysteriously
73. 74. 75. 76. 77. 78. 79. 80. 81. 82. 83. 84. 85.
nearly neatly nervously never noisily not obediently obnoxiously often only painfully perfectly politely
97. reluctantly 98. repeatedly 99. rightfully 100.roughly 101.rudely 102.sadly 103.safely 104.seldom 105.selfishly 106.seriously 107.shakily 108.sharply 109.shrilly
121.sternly 122.successfully 123.suddenly 124.suspiciously 125.swiftly 126.tenderly 127.tensely 128.thoughtfully 129.tightly 130.tomorrow 131.too 132.truthfully 133.unexpectedly
86. 87. 88. 89. 90. 91. 92. 93. 94. 95. 96.
poorly powerfully promptly punctually quickly quietly rapidly rarely really recklessly regularly
110.shyly 111.silently 112.sleepily 113.slowly 114.smoothly 115.softly 116.solemnly 117.sometimes 118.soon 119.speedily 120.stealthily
134.very 135.victoriously 136.violently 137.vivaciously 138.warmly 139.weakly 140.wearily 141.well 142.wildly 143.yearly 144.yesterday
Grammar practice - Identify Adverbs in sentences Identify each adverb in sentences by clicking on it. After completing this exercise click [Next Adverbs Quiz] button to get next set of sentences. Remember that an adverb is a part of speech that describes or modifies a verb, an adjective, another adverb, clause, or sentence.
Find 7 Adverbs and underline them
1. The Adverb is one of the most important parts of English

2.
3. 4. 5. 6.
7.
Grammar. An adverb typically describes a verb, adjective, or adverb. An adverb can be placed anywhere in a sentence. Adverbs are generally grouped into five categories namely Place, Manner, Time, Frequency and Degree. Adding the suffix -ly to an adjective commonly turns it into an adverb. Using adverbs makes your sentences more precise and interesting. Fill in the words in brackets as adjective or adverb like in the example.
Fill in the gaps with an adverb or an adjective. Example: Peter works ______ (slow). Answer: Peter works slowly. 1) He quickly reads a book. (quick) 6) It's a terrible day today. (terrible) 2) Mandy is a pretty girl. (pretty) 7) She sings the song goodly. (good) 3) The class is terribly loud today. (terrible) 8) He is a careful driver. (careful) 4) Max is a good singer. (good) 9) He drives the car carefully. (careful) 5) You can easyly open this tin. (easy) 10) The dog barks loudly. (loud) Fill in the words in brackets as adjective or adverb like in the example. Example: Peter works ______ (slow). Answer: Peter works slowly. 1) The bus driver was seriusly injured. (serious)
2) Kevin is extremely clever. (extreme) 3) This hamburger tastes awful. (awful) 4) Be careful with this glass of milk. It's hot. (careful) 5) Robin looks sad. What's the matter with him? (sad) 6) Jack is terribly upset about losing his keys. (terrible) 7) This steak smells good. (good) 8) Our basketball team played badly last Friday. (bad) 9) Don't speak so fast. I can't understand you. (fast) 10) Maria slowly opened her present. (slow) Prepositions While conjunctions and conjunctive adverbs typically show the relationship between two clauses, prepositions typically show connections between ideas within clauses. UNDERLINE THE PREPOSITION AND CIRCLE THE PREPOSITIONAL PHRASE 1. The internet company finally made a profit after two years of losses 2. The sailing class took the boats out despite the lack of wind. 3. Some prepositions are multi-word prepositions (for example, in spite of): 4. Marcia had to take a leave of absence because of illness. 5. In contrast to most people on my dormitory floor, I like to go to bed early. 6. In all of the examples above, the preposition is followed by a noun phrase, which is called the "object" of the preposition. In the last two examples above, the objects of the prepositions are illness and most people on my dormitory floor. While the object of a preposition is generally a noun phrase, prepositions can also be followed by a "gerund" instead of a noun phrase. A gerund is a VERB + ing form that behaves in many ways like a noun phrase. In the following example, the object of the (multi-word) prepositions are the gerunds swimming and cycling. In spite of studying all night, I still did badly on the midterm. A triathlon involves swimming and cycling in addition to running. It is important to recognize that sometimes the structure CONJUNCTION + CLAUSE can be abbreviated to PREPOSITION + GERUND. Compare the following sentence pairs: It's not easy to communicate in sign language while you're driving. It's not easy to communicate in sign language while driving. He had a heart attack because he worked too hard. He had a heart attack because of working too hard.
In the first pair of sentences, while in the first sentence is a conjunction that introduces the clause while you're driving; while in the second sentence is a preposition following by the gerund driving. In the second pair of sentences, because in the first sentence is a conjunction that introduces the clause because he worked so hard; because of in the second sentence is a preposition following PREPOSITIONS
IN-TO-ON-AT (FOR PLACE) IN Use 'in' with spaces: in a room / in a building in a garden / in a park Use 'in' with bodies of water: in the water in the sea in a river Use 'in' with lines: in a row / in a line in a queue AT Use 'at' with places: at the bus-stop at the door at the cinema at the end of the street
ON Use 'on' with surfaces: on the ceiling / on the wall / on the floor on the table Use 'on' with small islands: I stayed on Maui. Use 'on' with directions: on the left on the right straight on TO Use 'to' with movement from one place to another: I went to school. Did you go to work? Let's go to the shopping mall. DO NOT Use 'to' with 'home'
IN-AT-ON (FOR TIME) IN Use 'in' months and years and periods of time: in January in 1978 in the twenties Use 'in' a period of time in the future: in a few weeks in a couple of days AT Use 'at' with precise time: at six o'clock at 10.30 Put in the correct preposition. Example: He concentrates __ physics. Answer: He concentrates on physics. 1) My friend is good
at two p.m. ON Use 'on' with days of the week: on Monday on Fridays Use 'on' with specific calendar days: on Christmas day on October 22nd IMPORTANT NOTES in the morning / afternoon / evening - at night We say in the morning, afternoon or evening BUT we say 'at night'
playing volleyball. 2) She complains
bullying.
3) They are afraid
losing the match. 4) She doesn't feel computer.
working on the
country? going out at 9) The girls insisted Kerry. 6) Laura dreams living on a small island. 10) Edward thinks 7) Andrew apologized being late. afternoon. 5) We are looking forward the weekend. 8) Do you agree staying in a foreign
going out with climbing trees this
Match the phrases on the right with the verbs on the left. hang listen talk go arrive look sleep lie wait hide
Write the correct prepositions into the gaps. Example: Look! The people are getting ___ the train. Answer: Look! The people are getting on the train. 1) She was born 2) They are waiting 2004. 6) She is allergic insect stings.
the bus. 7) I'm looking my keys. Have you found them? 3) Don't forget to bring some flowers you. 8) The song was written Madonna. 4) I haven't smoked 5) You can look up the word dictionary. ages. 9) He likes to travel Spain in summer.
10) The police car chased the robbers the streets.
Fill in the gaps I'm Peter and I live because to Rome. Germany. summer I like to travel Italy, Munich a
the weather and the people there. Last summer I took a plane the airport we went to our hotel bus. We stopped
small restaurant for a quick meal. The driver parked the bus find the bus and the driver, so we waited driver was walking we were very angry went dancing the small park the restaurant
the restaurant. Nobody could one hour. The
the restaurant which we did not know. So campfires and
him. But my holidays were great. We sat the early mornings.
PARTS OF THE SENTENCE SUBJECT ARTICLE The Some Those ADJECTIVE beautiful restless interesting NOUN lady kids articles
VERB AUXILIARY VERB have can ADVERB never always MAIN VERB talked move eats
COMPLEMENT WHAT pizza engineering her hair WHERE at home at university WHEN everyday in the mornings
THE MAIN ELEMENTS OF THE SENTENCE Subject Verbs and verb phrases Modifiers (Adjectives and Adverbs) Clauses Phrases Prepositions and Prepositional Phrases Every complete sentence contains two parts: a subject and a predicate. The subject is what (or whom) the sentence is about, while the predicate tells something about the subject.
SUBJECT Judy and her dog SUBJECT ARTICLE The VERB
VERB run
COMPLEMENT WHAT WHERE on the beach.
WHEN
ADJECTIVES Handsome, strong
NOUN men
AUXILIARY Hasnt COMPLEMENT WHAT a toy to his daughter
ADVERB often
MAIN VERB gone
WHERE in the restaurant
WHEN yesterday
PREPOSITIONAL PHRASES PREPOSITION towards ARTICLE the ADJECTIVES roaring NOUN sea
Indicate whether each sentence is simple, compound, or complex. 1. Sara began planning her summer vacation in December. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex 2. Because I left the play early, I missed the surprise ending. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex 3. Tanya was invited to a party, so she wants to buy a new outfit. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex After Alison finished playing the video game, she shut down the computer. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex Because of rain, the baseball game was postponed. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex For Halloween, each of the children had dressed up as a different Disney character; however, not one of them had dressed up as Mickey Mouse. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex Some of the books in the library will be given to charity. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex After the hurricane, many of the offices needed new carpeting. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex The meaning of this poem is difficult to understand. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
3. ? Complex 10. Joe and his brother went fishing last weekend and caught lots of fish. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex 11. Duane doesn't think he passed the test, although he studied several hours last night. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex 12. The team had won the championship last year and was determined to win it again. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex 13. Since we bought our new wide-screen television, the prices have dropped dramatically. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex 14. My father and mother ate too much at our family reunion. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex 15. Fiona became interesting in long-distance running several years ago; in fact, she ran in the New York Marathon last year. 1. ? Simple 2. ? Compound 3. ? Complex Exercises in Recognizing and Correcting Sentence Fragments Exercise 1 Each numbered set of words below is set up as a complete sentence (i.e., it begins with a capital letter and ends with a full stop or question mark. Indicate which ones are indeed complete sentences (that is, all right in the present form) and which ones are incomplete (that is, are sentence fragments). See if you can identify what essential part is missing in each sentence fragment (subject, verb, predicate). 1. I read the book yesterday evening after dinner. 2. While reading the book yesterday evening after dinner. 3. There is the car which ran into me on the street. 4. Which ran into me on the street. 5. For example, that man over there. 6. The woman who talked to you in the corridor is my English professor. 7. Who talked to me in the corridor. 8. Who talked to you in the corridor? 9. Considering all the factors in this case, I think that he is guilty. 10. Considering all the factors in this case. 11. That he is guilty. 12. Which was a stupid thing to do. 13. Consuming illegal drugs can be very risky. Especially hard drugs like heroin or crack cocaine. Exercise 2 In each of the following groups of sentences identify the sentence fragments (note that they may not all have sentence fragments). Correct the fragment.
1. We all agreed that the accused person was guilty. Considering all the evidence. Which is the verdict the jury reached. 2. Which is the better of the two cars? For example, these two over here. 3. In the World Cup I bet money on the European countries who fought against the Germans in World War II. That is, on England, France, Holland, Scotland, and Croatia. Which turned out to be a smart plan. 4. Hamlet constantly postpones killing Claudius. As far as I can see, not having any clear excuse but always thinking about something which will enable him to avoid taking a good opportunity. 5. There are many references in this poem to the fertility of nature. For example, phrases like "fruitfulness," "harvest ready," and "ripe." 6. The experiment which I carried out last Tuesday, in which we asked fifteen people to come into the laboratory and have their reflexes measured, was a great success. 7. She said many interesting things about her adventures. That on different expeditions she had climbed Mt McKinley, paddled down the Amazon River, and gone across Africa in a balloon. 8. I don't understand the basic details of the argument. The initial assumptions and the definition of human nature being totally ambiguous. 9. Where did you camp last night? We found a place on an island in the middle of the lake. Where there was a prepared camping spot. 10. I walked into my new English class yesterday night. It was full of eager students. Who sat there waiting for me to start talking. 11. My brother always likes to take chances. Especially with extreme sports. Exercise 3 Identify (by underlining) the sentence fragments in the following passage. Then rewrite the passage correcting the sentence fragments. Do not change the basic sense or attend to anything other than the fragments. I like to visit the college gymnasium regularly for exercise. There is a weight room there with lots of equipment. For example, Stairmaster machines, weights, a rowing machine, and exercise mats. I do some warm-up routines and then start on the Stairmaster. Which is a fine way to get a good cardiovascular workout. The full routine taking about forty minutes, without a break. The supervisor there gave me some good advice about the stretching exercises. That I should hold the positions longer. Otherwise the effects do not really work well. I took her advice. Doing various yoga routines for ninety seconds each, which seems like a long time, but being worth it in the long run. Because otherwise I don't warm up properly. And I've set myself a long-term program for 30minute sessions on the Stairmaster. Two weeks on Level 4, another two on Level 5, three weeks on Level 6, and then a month on Level 7. And then maybe holding steady on Level 8. The only thing I don't like is the music. Which often features rap lyrics full of swearwords.. I don't like to complain, but it really annoys me. Considering all the other kinds of music they could play. Which would be a lot more enjoyable. Where do some people get their musical taste? Final Advice If sentence fragment is an error which crops up frequently in your own style, then the most effective immediate remedy is to simplify your style drastically. Write short, clear sentences on the subject-verb-object pattern. Confine yourself to saying things as simply as possible, in sentences with relatively few words. The result may sound too simple and repetitive, but if you are still unsure how to avoid a sentence
fragment, then you will have to resort to something like that in order to keep the sentences correct. Here is a sample of such a simplified style. Illegal drugs are an important social problem. Every year consumption increases. The police keep fighting the drug war. But they do not seem to succeed. Prices of drugs on the street continue to decline. Attacks on those who produce drugs have no effect. Many people are arrested. The courts send many of these to jail. But the problem continues. Maybe we should re-think what we are doing. Maybe we are just wasting our money. Notice that all the sentences have fewer than ten words. Such a style is choppy and simple, but it is clear. And it avoids creating sentence fragments. Put the words in order to make correct sentences. 1. her apple a mother baby . the gave red 2. . apple baby eat to tried the the 3. too . his small mouth was 4. . didn't teeth he and have any 5. apple brother took his the . 6. trunks in woodpecker the . tree holes makes 7. hits with sharp its trunk it the tree . beak Comma Splices and Fused Sentences Exercise 1 http://chompchomp.com/exercises.htm
Directions: Determine whether the items below are comma splices or fused sentences. 1. Julie is a real hypochondriac when her stomach hurts, she is certain that she has a bleeding ulcer, and if she has a backache, she believes that she has cancer of the spine. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 2. My cat Buster loves to nap on warm appliances when he sleeps on top of the television, his tail swipes the screen like a windshield wiper. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 3. During English class, Anthony kept flirting with RaShaunda because his behavior was keeping Shenicka from understanding the lecture, Shenicka whacked him over the head with her heavy dictionary. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 4. In preparation for the quiz, La'Mia studied comma splices and fused sentences until she thought her brain would burst, finally, she put away her notes, convinced that she would remember the rules even on her death bed. A. comma splice B. fused sentence
5. At the back of the classroom, Nina sat with her arms crossed, glaring at her teacher, Mr. Beane, her body language indicated that English was her least favorite subject. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 6. When Matt shaved his head, his mother worried that he had joined a cult the real reason for the bald head, however, was that Matt could get more attention and sympathy from girls who thought he was sick with a dread disease. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 7. Mike loves to play computer games, especially Tomb Raider, he imagines that all of the villains are his problems, and he gets great satisfaction blasting them to bits. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 8. Cindy's mumbling often gets her in trouble just the other day, in fact, her stylist misunderstood Cindy's instructions and dyed her hair blue after Cindy asked him to trim the ends. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 9. Clyde knew that he should be saving money for next semester's tuition he spent every paycheck, however, on gold jewelry and expensive dinners for his greedy girlfriend Gloria. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 10. At the campus coffee cart, Gini makes the best drinks her sweet cream latte, a blend of vanilla ice cream and espresso, will put on the pounds, but its cool, smooth taste is worth a trip to the gym. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 11. Josie, Don's Cairn terrier, will bark at anything that moves, squirrels, wind blown leaves, passing cars, and her own shadow will start her yapping. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 12. Because his glasses were so thick, Quincy refused to get contacts, he worried that equally thick contact lenses would make him look like a bug-eyed space alien. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 13. Madison believed that the best job in the universe would be to work as a crew member on the star ship Enterprise since this job existed only on television, Madison settled for clerking at a neighborhood comic book store that sold Star Trek memorabilia. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 14. Michelle is terrified of spiders, so when she found one in the bathroom, she panicked, refusing to shower for three days to use the restroom, she drove to her neighborhood gas station. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 15. When Jim threw his back out while helping his wife Nancy move the sofa, he feared the treatment the doctor would recommend, a week's worth of bed rest during the nicest week in April would certainly wreck Jim's golf plans. A. comma splice
B. fused sentence 16. Sima was so sleepy after her marathon studying session for calculus that she ordered a triple espresso before going to class once the caffeine kicked in, Sima knew that she wouldn't doze off on Dr. Ribley. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 17. Rachel painstakingly ironed her linen shirt all the while, she was thinking how pointless this chore was since linen begins to wrinkle the moment after the last button is fastened. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 18. Jeremiah likes to put peanut butter on his pancakes instead of syrup, the smell is appealing, but I wouldn't want to eat anything so sticky that early in the morning. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 19. Clarence couldn't believe that the hardware store was selling garden rakes for only $1.99 each when he brought home twenty of them, his wife Marie just shook her head and squeezed them into a garage stuffed full of her husband's other "good buys." A. comma splice B. fused sentence 20. Orange juice, toast, and cereal might be a healthy breakfast, but Ricardo always hits the snooze button on his alarm too many times all he can grab is a stale pastry and soda. A. comma splice B. fused sentence 1997 - 2011 by Robin L. Simmons All Rights 3. Verb Usage VOCABULARY Rank 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 be to of and a in that have I Word the 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 Rank it for not on with he as you do at Word 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Rank Word this but his by from they we say her she 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 Rank or an will my one all would there their what Word 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 Rank so up out if about who get which go me Word
Rank 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60
Word when make can like time no just him know take 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70
Rank
Word people into year your good some could them see other 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80
Rank
Word than then now look only come its over think also 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90
Rank
Word back after use two how our work first well way 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99
Rank
Wor even new want any these give day most us
because
100
Most Common Nouns in English in Alphabetical Order with Example Sentences
age The age of my daughter is three. air The air is quite clear today. anger His anger knows no limits. animal I'm not sure of the name of that animal over there in that cage. answer He provided an excellent answer to my question. apple I love a good red apple after dinner. area This area is intended for recreation arm He put his arm out for inspection. art It would be difficult to live without art. atom One of the smallest elements is the atom. baby She put her baby into its crib. back I turned my back on that outrageous man. ball He hit the ball out of the park. band The band played until three in the morning. bank The bank closes at three in the afternoon. bar Let's go to the bar and get a beer. base He works at the base on the otherside of town. bat If you look up there you can see a bat flying between the trees. bear The bear is a dangerous but playful animal. beauty The countryside is splendid in its beauty. bell He rang the bell to signal the end of class. bird Do you know the name of that bird on that branch? bit Could you hand me that bit for this drill? block He picked up the block of wood and began to work on it. blood Look at the blood on the floor! What's happened? blow He received a mighty blow from his opponent in the boxing match.
board boat body bone book bottom box boy branch bread break brother call camp capital captain car
Use that board over there to cover up the window. He bought a new boat for his birthday. He left the body at the side of the road. I found a prehistoric bone in the desert. You should read this book! You will find the coin at the bottom of the lake. I put the extra clothes into that box. Do you see that boy over there? There is a bird on that branch. Could you get some bread when you go to the supermarket? I'll take a five minute break and then get back to work. My brother lives in Seattle. Give me a call when you arrive. I set up camp at the edge of the wood. The capital of Washington state is Olympia. The captain told his crew to raise the sail. He drove his car very fast.
card Let me give you my business card. care She received excellent care at the hospital. case You will find the bottle of wine in that case over there. cat My cat is four years old. cause I'm sure his lack of understanding was the cause of his failure. cell The cell is one of nature's wonders. cent If I had every cent I have wasted I would be a very rich man indeed. century Last century was at times horrific and at times marvelous. chair Let me get a chair and sit down. chance If you just give him a chance you will see how capable he really is. change I need a change in my life! character Her character can be very frustrating at times. chick He picked up the little chick that had just been born. chief Just a moment, I need to speak to the chief. child He gave the child a dime. children We have five children! chord The pianist played the marvelous chord. circle Draw a circle on a piece of paper and write your ideas in it. city Life in a city can be both wonderful and frustrating. class He came to class late. climb The climb to the top of the peak was challenging. clock We need a new clock for the livingroom. cloud The cloud appeared on the horizon and I knew it would rain soon. coast Let's go to the coast for the weekend. coat It's cold outside! Make sure to put your coat on. cold The cold in this room is unbearable. colony The British established the colony in 1876.
color column company condition consonant continent copy corn cost cotton country course cover cow crop cross crowd cry current cut dad dance danger day dead deal death decimal degree design dictionary division doctor dog dollar door double draw dream dress drink drive drop duck ear
That is it's true color! I read his latest column in the New York Times. He's worked for that company for over five years. Has his condition improved? That is a consonant that you don't have in your language. She lives on a different continent. Can you give me a copy of that report? This corn is so sweet! Where did you get it? You can buy a used car at a low cost. Cotton is used to make many different types of clothes. He lives in a country where free speech is not allowed. I'm taking a computer course at the local college. The cover of this week's issue is really shocking. He has a cow that he milks every day. This year's crop was excellent. He hang a cross over his desk. That crowd went wild at his last statement. Her cry could be heard above the crowd. The current is really strong in that river. How did you get that cut? I visited my dad last week. Would you like to go to the dance with me this Saturday? There is great danger in those woods. What a great day! Many people belive the dead come back to haunt. I made a deal with Smith's. His death disturbed her greatly. The decimal was 5/6. He will soon receive his degree. Her design won the best project of the year award. Look that up in the dictionary if you don't understand. I work in the sales division. You'd better see a doctor about that cough. My daughter would love to have a dog. He paid top dollar for that car. Let me open the door for you. He was Clint Eastwood's double. I lost the draw and so I have to go last. She same him clearly in her dream last night. She wore that pretty blue dress to the party. Would you like a drink? - Maybe a gin and tonic? The drive up to the canyon was beautiful. The drop was almost 500 meters straight down! Do you see that cute duck swimming over there? Lend me an ear and I will tell you an interesting story.
earth He moved about two tons of earth this weekend. ease The ease with which he plays tennis shows how often he plays. east The east will always be different from the west. edge Be careful! Don't get too close to the edge! effect We still don't know the long term effect his actions will have. egg Would you like your egg boiled or fried? eight There are eight in the room. element One important element is hard study. end We are nearing the end of the journey. enemy His enemy Jed attacked him. energy She has so much energy! Just think of all the different things she does
SUFFIXES AND PREFIXES Common Prefixes Prefix preundisremisimbidesuffix -er -able -ous -ness -ful -ly or -y -ment Meaning before not not again not not two not Example They will show a sneak preview of the movie. The plot was unbelievable! I disagree with you on that point. She will rewrite that part of the story. I must have misunderstood her. That is impossible. She rides a bicycle to school. The airlines are deregulated. Common Suffixes Meaning Example doer able to full of state of being full of like state of Mrs. Solomon is an outstanding teacher. The plot was unbelievable! Exploring space can be dangerous. She will filled with happiness. The train ride was wonderful. She talked gently. That part of government passes laws.
SUFFIXES THAT FORM NOUNS AGE, AL, ANCE, ENCE, EE, ER, MENT, NESS SUFFIXES THAT FORM ADJECTIVES ABLE, AL, ARY, ISH, OUS, ING, ED SUFFIXES THAT FORM ADVERBS LY, WARDS, WISE SUFFIXES THAT FORM VERBS EN, IFY, IZE, ISE

Grammar Handbook Basic Module

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PROFESSIONAL ENGLISH INTRODUCTION MODULE ENGINEERING HANDBOOK Teacher Alejandra Cabrera Casillas The course is divided into different

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

negative sentences (-)

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

Are we students? Are you thirsty? Are they here?

Yes, we are. Yes, you are. Yes, they are.

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

Roentgen won ___ 1901 Nobel Prize. a. a b. an c. the d. X [Nothing]

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

my_______ your______ his_______ her_______ its_______ our______ your______ their______

mine yours his hers its ours yours theirs

myself yourself himself herself itself ourselves yourselves themselves

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

are watching TV. 3) Are are playing football. 6) Kevin's sister? 9)

from England? 4) is a wonderful day today. are swimming in the

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

garden. Now I have a question for you. What's

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

has just arrived at the airport. was very interesting.

because they're good friends. . She's an egoist.

Directions: Underline the nouns in the sentences below.

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

E.I. ALEJANDRA CABRERA CASILLAS C.P.E.

attach attack attempt attend attract avoid

dress drip drop drown drum dry dust

force form found frame frighten fry

guard guess guide hug hum hunt hurry

invite irritate itch

notice number overflow owe own prevent

trust try tug tumble turn twist type use

work worry wrap wreck wrestle wriggle

woke (waked) () woken (waked) ()

1. A sentence is a group of words that makes sense

5. James' baby sister ________________________ ______________.

o Subject + Verb + Object + Complement

SUBJECT I Pete They

o Subject + Verb + Object AUXILIARY +NOT+VERB OBJECT

dont eat doesnt study wont buy o

pizza. English. clothes.

SUBJECT I He Susan They Will and Susan o SUBJECT I Mother

AUXILIARY +NOT+VERB bought is became got jog

Find 7 Adverbs and underline them

1. The Adverb is one of the most important parts of English

playing volleyball. 2) She complains

3) They are afraid

losing the match. 4) She doesn't feel computer.

going out with climbing trees this

10) The police car chased the robbers the streets.

the restaurant. Nobody could one hour. The

the restaurant which we did not know. So campfires and

him. But my holidays were great. We sat the early mornings.

SUBJECT Judy and her dog SUBJECT ARTICLE The VERB

COMPLEMENT WHAT WHERE on the beach.

ADJECTIVES Handsome, strong

AUXILIARY Hasnt COMPLEMENT WHAT a toy to his daughter

MAIN VERB gone

WHERE in the restaurant

Wor even new want any these give day most us

Most Common Nouns in English in Alphabetical Order with Example Sentences

my___ your his_ her_ its_ our your their__

5. James' baby sister __________ .