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Power Control and Diversity Performance Analysis in CDMA Systems

Baso Maruddani1, 2 and Adit Kurniawan2
2

Electrical Engineering Department, State University of Jakarta, Indonesia School of Electrical Engineering and Informatics, Bandung Institute of Technology, Indonesia

Abstract In wireless communications systems, fading can degrade a systems performance.

In this paper, the problem that will be observed is the increase of systems performance when the antenna diversity techniques combined with power control in CDMA communication system to overcome fading. This research simulates the performance of the system, which power control algorithm is xed step algorithm and combination of diversity is selective diversity combining. The simulation results show that combined power control and antenna diversity gives more performance improvement than using power control only. In the cases where the user of Doppler frequency is greater than 1/10 of the power control rate value, performance improvement also occurred, but the BER curves of Eb /I0 tend toward the direction of the channel fading characteristics. 1. INTRODUCTION

CDMA as a wireless communication technique has some unique features such as high spectrum eciency, soft hand-o, low transmit power, and multipath mitigation. A system design description for CDMA applied to digital cellular radio communications is described in [1], where a multiple pseudonoise (PN) receiver is employed to demodulate the received signals. The main problem in CDMA is multiple access interference because all users use the same frequency at the same time and the PN code is not orthogonal. The distance between base station and mobile station also aects the signal strength received by the base station. Users that were located closer to the base station will be more dominating than the user who is relatively further. This problem can be overcome by power control by the process so that the average received power at base station is same for each user. Power control to mitigate Rayleigh fading in CDMA system has been studied in [2]. And evaluation about CDMA performance using diversity technique is shown in [3]. The purpose of this research is to determine the performance improvement for system when use combined power control and diversity technique on the receiver using 2-branch and 3-branch antenna. In this research the problem that will be observed is the increase of systems performance when diversity techniques combined with power control to overcome the deep and shallow fading that experienced by signals. The idea is the received signal that experience fading is overcome by diversity technique then power control works to make fading shallower. The simulation in this research using xed step power control algorithm combined with selective diversity algorithm. This paper will evaluate the performance about combined power control and diversity technique with 2-branch antenna and with 3-branch antenna.
2. POWER CONTROL AND CHANNEL MODEL IN CDMA

Power control in CDMA can be classied into several categories. According to the algorithm used, power control can be divided into open-loop power control, and closed-loop power control.
2.1. Open Loop Power Control

Near-far eect is a problem that occurs because the distance of each mobile station to base station is not the same. Signals from each mobile station will experience dierent propagation attenuation, depends on the distance between the mobile station to base station. Open-loop power control is designed to ensure that the amount of power received from each user at the base station will be the same (on average). In open-loop algorithm, the mobile station can calculate the required transmit power by using the estimated downlink signal (not required feedback information). This is because the large scale propagation attenuation is reciprocal on the uplink and downlink channels. To overcome the problems of near-far eect is simply to say that the mobile station is located far from the base station should transmit a signal with greater power than mobile stations that are

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closer to the base station. Signals sent by the mobile station must have the power of [1]: Pt = Pr + Po + Pp with: Pt (dBm) = power to be emitted MS, Pr (dBm) = received power at the MS, Po (dB) = parameter oset power, Pp (dB) = power parameter adjustment
2.2. Closed Loop Power Control

(1)

Closed-loop power control aims to eliminate signal uctuation due to small scale propagation attenuation. Unlike the large scale propagation attenuation, small-scale propagation attenuation on the uplink and downlink do not have any correlation. Therefore, to control the uplink fading on the uplink channel, the base station must estimate the information and then give the feedback to the mobile stations, so the mobile stations can adjust the power emitted in accordance with feedback information. To obtain the uplink channel information, the base station can estimate the SIR. However, in CDMA system, power control based on SIR is preferable than power control based on received signal level because in CDMA is interference limited [1]. Power Control based on the SIR is more preferable because SIR value shows BER value. Especially in uplink channel, power control based on SIR has ability to respond the change of interference on base station for each user[4].

Figure 1. Closed-loop power control model [1]. 2.3. Channel Model

Generally, the wireless channel can be modeled as a superposition of several paths with dierent amplitudes and time delays which can be expressed as:
L1

h(t) =
l=0

l (t l )ejl

(2)

where l is the magnitude of the lth path impulse response at time l , (t l ) is an impulse at t = l , and l is the phase shift of the l-th path. If the transmitted baseband signal of the user is expressed as: x(t) = 2P bs(t) (3) where 2P is the transmitted power, b is the transmitted symbol and s(t) is the binary waveform, then the received signal can be expressed as: r(t) = x(t) h(t) = h(t) =
L1 l=0

2P bl s(t l )ejl

(4)

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The received signal in (4) may experience uctuations due to constructive and destructive interference from L paths and also will suer from time spreading due to dierent arrival time instants of L paths. When all signal paths have approximately the same time delay, the eect of delay spread is not signicant and the channel can be said as a frequency nonselective or at fading, known as a Rayleigh fading channel.
3. DIVERSITY TECHNIQUE

Diversity is one technique to exploit the same information from several independent and uncorrelated signal paths than can be resolved and combined by the diversity receiver. If the received paths are correlated, no diversity gain can be attained. Generally, there are three diversity techniques; time diversity, frequency diversity and space diversity. In time diversity, a signal path came with the same information but arrived at a dierent time slot, then signals are combined. Arrival time dierence between signal paths with the other signals is uncorrelated, so the benets from the use of diversity can be obtained. In frequency diversity, frequency diversity gained obtained from a signal path that came to bring the same information but using dierent frequencies carrier, and then signal are combined. The separation of several dierent carrier frequencies must exceed the bandwidth of the channel. In space or antenna diversity, several signal paths bearing the same information that come from dierent antennas are combined. The separation between one antenna and another must exceed the coherence distance of the channel. In our simulation, we choose to use antenna diversity to evaluate the performance of CDMA system when it is combined with power control. We will consider reception diversity at the base station because we will use this technique in conjunction with power control on the uplink.

Figure 2. Simple model for antenna diversity.

Diversity combining in Fig. 2 can be selective diversity when the weight factor ws is selected to the strongest signal xs (t), equal gain diversity when the weight factor w1 , w2 , . . . are set to unity, or maximal ratio combining when the weight factor w is set proportional to the value of SIR. To investigate the eect of diversity techniques on power control, we repeat our power control simulation, but now we consider diversity channels at the base station. We simulate selective diversity combining (SDC) algorithm with 2-elements antenna array and 3-elements antenna array. With its simple algorithm, SDC is enough to alleviate the deep fade that experienced by signal. SDC select only the strongest signal in its branch. We considered using 2-branch and 3-branch antenna to see how signicant this method to improve the performance compared with no diversity. Our previous work just compares system with no diversity and system with 2-branch antenna diversity [5].
4. SIMULATION AND RESULT

In this simulation, the assumption is the problems of near-far eect and shadowing already overcome by open-loop power control so that the average received signal level by the mobile station is constant. Open-loop power control algorithm is overcome the uctuations caused by Rayleigh distributed at fading only. For closed loop power control, the process is based on SIR measurement on the base

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station. This research uses some parameter for simulation. The parameters that used can be seen on Table 1 and the simulation result for fading channel can be seen on Fig. 3. Figure 3(a) show the fading channel for Doppler frequency is 16.67 Hz and Fig. 3(b) shows the fading channel for Doppler frequency 116.67. Doppler frequency depends on users velocity. Simulation result for SIR can be seen on Fig. 4. For controlled SIR value that controlled by power control only can be seen on Fig. 4(a). The variation between the highest SIR value and the lowest SIR value is still wide. But when power control combined with diversity, the variation SIR is getting narrowed. Controlled SIR value for 2-branch antenna and 3-branch antenna diversity can be seen on Fig. 4(b) and Fig. 4(c) respectively. Simulation result for diversity block can be seen on Fig. 5. This gure shows that selective diversity combining algorithm works successfully to overcome fading, which this algorithm select the strongest signal in each branch for each time slot. Fig. 5(a) shows the diversity block for 2-branch antenna and Fig. 5(b) shows the diversity block for 3-branch antenna. Based on parameter simulation, we will investigate user which moves with velocity 10 km/h and 70 km/h. For user with velocity is 10 km/h, the simulation result can be seen in Fig. 6. Figure 6 shows that using 3-antenna diversity can improve performance better than using 2antenna diversity or not using diversity. Its because 3-antenna diversity is more ecient to eliminate deep fades. But the performance improves signicantly from 1-antenna (not using diversity) to 2-antenna diversity compared than from 2-antenna diversity to 3-antenna diversity. To achieve BER of 103 , the required Eb /I0 for 3-antenna diversity system is 5 dB higher than for AWGN channel. To achieve BER of 103 , the required Eb /I0 for 2-antenna diversity system is 5.5 dB higher than for AWGN channel. And to achieve BER of 103 , the required Eb /I0 for no diversity system
Table 1. Simulation parameter. Parameter Carrier frequency Number of user Vehicles speed Doppler frequencies Symbol rate for QPSK Chip rate Power control period Processing gain Number of symbol/time slot
Simulasi Kanal Fading Kec 10 km/jam
10
20

Symbol fc K v fd Rs Rc Tp M B

Value 1.8 GHz 10 user 10, 40, and 70 km/h 17, 67, and 117 Hz 60 ksps 3,84 Mcps 0,667 ms 64 40
Simulasi Kanal Fading Kec 70 km/jam

5
10

Level sinyal yang diterima (dB)

Level sinyal yang diterima (dB)

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-35 0 200 400 600 800 1000 1200

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Waktu (ms)

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Figure 3. Fading channel simulation.

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SIR (dB)

3 1 -1 -3 -5 -7 -9 -11 -13 -15 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

SIR (dB)
Uncontrolled SIR Controlled SIR (target 15 dB) Waktu (ms)

5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 -7 -9 -11 -13 -15 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Uncontrolled SIR Controlled SIR (target 15 dB) Waktu (ms)

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21 19 17 15 13 11 9 7

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SIR (dB)

5 3 1 -1 -3 -5 -7 -9 -11 -13 -15 0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000

Uncontrolled SIR Controlled SIR (target 15 dB) Waktu (ms)

(c)
Figure 4. Controlled SIR simulation.
Sinyal Keluaran SDC 2 Antena
10
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Sinyal Keluaran SDC 3 Antena

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Level daya (dB)

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Level daya (dB)

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-25 Sinyal Path 1 -30 Sinyal Path 2 Level sinyal keluaran SDC 2 antena -35 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

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Sinyal Path 3 Level sinyal keluaran SDC 3 antena

-14 0 50 100 150 200 250 300

Waktu (ms)

Waktu (ms)

(a)
Figure 5. Diversity block output.

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Figure 6. BER Performance with fDTp = 0.011.

Figure 7. BER Performance with fDTp = 0.078.

is 10.2 dB higher than for AWGN channel. User with velocity 10 km/h, the experienced fading is slow fading. It makes the power control and antenna diversity is enough to handle the fading and improve the performance. For user with velocity is 70 km/h, the simulation result can be seen in Fig. 7. User with velocity 70 km/h experienced fast fading. In fast fading, diversity technique can eliminates deep fades but power control cannot works perfectly because power control rate is too slow relative to the fading rate. From gure, power control seems unable to improve the fading channel performance. However, improvement can be seen when it combined with diversity technique.
5. CONCLUSION

Under ideal conditions, power control can turn the fading channel into an AWGN channel performance. Power control can improve the BER performance of slow fading channel. In fast fading channel, power control failed to combat multipath fading. Diversity technique, on the other hand, also can improve the performance. From our simulation, in slow fading condition, using diversity can improves the performance signicantly and using 3-antenna diversity at receiver gives performance better than 2-antenna diversity.
REFERENCES

1. Kurniawan, A., Predictive Power Control in CDMA Systems, Institute for Telecommunications Research, University of South Australia, 2003. 2. Salmasi, A. and K. Gilhousen, On the system design aspects of code division multiple access (CDMA) applied to digital cellular and personal communications networks, Proc. 41th IEEE VTC Conf., 5762, 1991. 3. Kurniawan, A., Power control to combat rayleigh fading in wireless mobile communications systems, Proceedings of APT Workshop on MCMT 2002, Jakarta, October 2002. 4. Naghian, S., M. Rintamaki, and R. Baghaie, Dynamic step size power control in UMTS, Proc. of the 13th. IEEE International Symposium on Personal, Indoor and Mobile Radio Communications, Vol. 4, 16061610, 2002. 5. Kurniawan, A. and B. Maruddani, Performance evaluation of the combined power control and antenna diversity in CDMA systems, Proceeding ICEEI 2007, Bandung, Indonesia, June 2007.