Universiti Teknikal Malaysia, Melaka (UTeM)

Chapter 3:
Bipolar Junction Transistor (BJT)
FUNDAMENTALS OF ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING (BENE 1123)
PART 3
Important Basic Relationship of Transistor
B C
I I | =
C B E
I I I ~ + = ) 1 (|
V 7 . 0 =
BE
V
1. In general, I
B
is the 1
st
quantity to be determined.
2. Then, the rest of the equations can be applied to find
the remaining quantities of interest.
Biasing
Biasing: The DC voltages applied to a
transistor in order to turn it on so that it
can amplify the AC signal.
DC Analysis: What is biasing?
1. Take note that the AC power output is actually a result
of a transfer of energy from the applied DC source.
2. Therefore, biasing means establishing a fixed level of
current and voltage - which establishes an operating
point on the transistors "characteristic curve". The point
at which you bias the transistor depends on how you are
using it; As a switch, for amplification (ac or dc)...etc.


Operating Point
The DC input
establishes an
operating or quiescent
point called the Q-
point.
Biasing circuit can be
designed to set the
device operation on
any points within the
active region.
Q-point A no bias, device completely off

Q-point B if signal is applied to circuit, the device will
vary in current and voltage from the operating point,
allowing the device to react both the positive and negative
excursions of the input signal.

Q-point C allow some positive and negative variation,
but limited by the proximity VCE = 0V and IC = 0mA

Q-point D operating point near the maximum voltage
and power level. Output of positive direction is limited if
the maximum voltage is not to be exceeded.

Q-point B seems to be the best operating point in term of
linear gain and largest voltage and current swing
desired condition for small-signal amplifiers.
Operating Point
Circuit Analysis in Transistor Circuit
Network
1. DC Analysis:
The purpose of this DC analysis is to find the operating
point of the amplifier by supplying DC supply to the
transistor.
It involves with different types of biasing technique.

2. AC Analysis:
The purpose of this AC analysis is to find the frequency
response of the amplifier.
You will learn this in BENE 2153: Analogue Electronics

Biasing Techniques (in Amplifier)
There are six common biasing
circuits used in Bipolar Junction
Transistor (BJT) amplifiers:

1. Fixed bias

2. Collector-to-base bias

3. Emitter-Stabilized bias

4. Voltage divider bias

5. DC Bias with Voltage Feedback

6. Emitter bias

We will learn these biasing techniques
Biasing Technique: Fixed Bias
The common-emitter (CE) circuit with fixed-bias
During DC analysis, the transistor circuit network can be isolated from
the indicated AC input signal by replacing CAPACITOR with OPEN-
CIRCUIT equivalent.
How CAPACITOR = OPEN-CIRCUIT in DC Analysis?.
This is due to HIGH Impedance of capacitor at f = 0 Hz at DC

) (
) 0 ( 2
1
2
1 1
circuit open
C fC C
Z = = = =
t t =
Biasing Technique: Fixed Bias
Then, further DC analysis can be done by separating the transistor
circuit network into TWO DC analysis:
1. Based-Emitter Loop (look at Loop I)
2. Collector-Emitter Loop (look at Loop II)
Biasing Technique: Fixed Bias
Based-Emitter Loop (look at Loop I)
DC Analysis:

B
BE CC
B
BE B B CC
R
V V
I
V R I V

=
+ =
] [
B
BE CC
B C
R
V V
I I

= = | |
Biasing Technique: Fixed Bias
Collector-Emitter Loop (look at Loop II)
DC Analysis:

CE C C CC
V R I V + =
C C CC CE
R I V V =
Question1:
Answer:
a) I
B
= 70.6uA, I
C
= 10.59mA
b) V
CE
= 3.88 V
c) V
B
= 0.7 V, V
C
= 3.88 V
d) V
BC
= -3.18 V

Load Line in DC Analysis
As we know, a level ofis a corresponding with
the resulting Q-point (in transistor
characteristic)






Meaning that, without , we still can find current
and voltage in transistor circuit by looking at the
output characteristic of a transistor.
B C
I I | =
Load Line in DC Analysis
The notations are now changed as follow:
Operating point (Q-point)
on the I
C
versus V
CE

characteristics laid on the
load line. It is actually to
determine the value of
currents and voltages
when transistor is
operating in dc condition.
Load Line in DC Analysis
To draw load-line, we analyze KVL from loop II, where
the equation for fixed bias circuit is given as:

CE C C CC
V R I V + =
Load Line in DC Analysis
Based on the I
Cmax
and V
CEmax
, we can draw the load-line
in the output characteristic of transistor.

Load Line in DC Analysis
Movement of the Q-point with increasing level of I
B
.
Load Line in DC Analysis
Effect of an increasing level of R
C
on the load line and
the Q-point.
Load Line in DC Analysis
Effect of lower values of V
CC
on the load line and the
Q-point.
Given the load line below and the defined Q-point,
determine the required values of V
CC
, R
C
and R
B
for a fixed-
bias configuration.
Question 2:
VCE = VCC = 20V at IC = 0 mA

We know, IC = VCC/RC at VCE = 0
RC = VCC/IC = 20V/ 10 mA = 2 kO

We know, IB = ( VCC VBE ) / RB
RB = ( VCC VBE ) / IB
= ( 20V 0.7V ) / 25A = 772 kO