Trane 3 Green Refrigerant

Green Refrigerant
Topics:
What is refrigerant? What impacts do refrigerants really have on the environment? What is the best overall environmental solution? The Montreal Protocol update Increasing threats to the HFCs What refrigerant do I pick?
What is refrigerant?
Refrigerant the vital working fluid in refrigeration, air-conditioning, and heat pumping systems. absorbs heat from one area, such as an air-conditioned space, and rejects it into another, such as outdoors, usually through evaporation and condensation process, respectively. Common refrigerant in HVAC industry are fluorocarbons substance
from ASHRAE Fundamentals Chapter 16
Composition of Fluorocarbons
Cl Cl Phase C out Class 1 F F C hloro F luoro C arbons
Cl
Phase C out Class 2 F F H ydro C hloro F luoro C arbons
H H Phase C Down F F H ydro F luoro C arbons
Refrigerant history
Basic refrigerant cycle
F E pressure expansion device A
condenser
C compressor
evaporator
enthalpy
Refrigerant history
Which year is the invention of Refrigeration Cycle? (The FIRST Vapor Compression Cycle in the World) A. 1698 B. 1834 C. 1892
In 1698, Englishman Mr. Thomas Savery invented the First practical STEAM ENGINE. In 1892, German Mr. Karl Diesel invented the First DIESEL ENGINE Answer is (B). First practical refrigerating machine was built by Jacob Perkins in 1834
Refrigerant history
Historical perspective
1830 to 1930s 1931 to 1990s 1990 to 2010s 2010s to 1st generation Whatever it works 2nd generation Safety & Durability 3rd generation Ozone protection 4nd generation Global warming
Source: Calm-The_Next_Generation_of_Refrigerants_(paper_ICR07-B2-534_Beijing)-IIR-2007.pdf http://www.jamesmcalm.com/
What impact do refrigerant have on environment?
What impacts do refrigerants have on the environment?
Direct Environmental Impact
Kyoto Protocol
(1997)
Montreal Protocol
(1986)
Source: IPCC/WMO Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System
What impacts do refrigerants have on the environment?
Indirect Environmental Impact
Up to 95% of a typical chillers global warming potential is CO2 created by energy consumption
What is the best overall environmental solution?
ASHRAE Recommendation
American Society of Heating, Refrigerating, and Airconditioning Engineers, Inc. (ASHRAE) supports overall environmentally balanced solutions to atmospheric concerns. Actions taken to secure low or zero ozone-depleting solutions at the expense of energy efficiency would not represent a balanced approach.
Position Statement and Paper on Ozone Depleting Substance Approved by ASHRAE Board of Directors
Industry Refrigerant Commitment

Dedicated to applying science to find best balance
Zero/Low Ozone depletion Low Global warming High Energy efficiency Short Atmospheric life Minimizing refrigerant emission
Focus on gaining confidence in global availability on all of todays refrigerants

Customers looking for assurances History helps clarify future: post-phase-out experience
Environment & Social Responsibility

Years ago the industry only focused on ozone depletion
Trane declared ozone depletion, global warming, and energy efficiency as all being equally important
As stated in 1991 Trane Article for HPAC Magazine.
Offering the right refrigerant in the right product at the right time Tranes policy today is the same as it was in the 1980s
Industry Message Delivered in 1991

Balance Environmental Outlook Required, Not a Singular Issue
Chemical Composition Choices
Affect Environmental Impact R123: H Cl C F C F

FLAMMABLE
Hydrogen
P W G S SU R E V P OD
tts s n n a a r r e ge ffr riig e e r rr ffo or n iio on g g e e r r
Cl F R134a: H C F F C F F
TOXIC
a all m i m t i pt O Op
Inc P rea D O s in ing gG s a e WP r Inc LONG ATMOSPHERIC LIFE

MO McLinden and DA Didion 1987
Chlorine
Fluorine
Todays Pursuit: The Perfect Refrigerant
OZONE DEPLETION
GLOBAL WARMING
ODP versus. GWP

CFC-11 12 113 114 115 HCFC-22 123 124 141b 142b HFC-32 125 134a 143a 152a 227ea 236fa 245fa
1.0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11)
0.0
2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 GWP (relative to CO2)

JMC 2001
J. M. Calm and G. C. Hourahan, Refrigerant Data Summary, Engineered Systems, 18(11):74-88, November 2001 (based on 1998 WMO and 2001 IPCC assessments)
ODP versus. GWP

Montreal Protocol (1987)
1.0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11)
0.0

JMC 2001
ODP versus. GWP

Kyoto Protocol (1997)
1.0
0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11)
0.0

JMC 2001
ODP versus. GWP

CFC-11 12 113 114 115 HCFC-22 123 124 141b 142b HFC-32 125 134a 143a 152a 227ea 236fa 245fa 404a 407c 410a 1.0 0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11) 0.0
Trane
YMC

JMC 2001
ODP and GWP (Direct & Indirect Impacts)
Best Solution: Complete Look at Environmental Impacts
Comparing Todays Alternatives

Ozone Depletion Potential (ODP)
1 0.9
Water Cooled Chiller Efficiency (COP)

6.8 6.6 6.4
ODP (R-11=1.0)
0.8 0.7
>5%
0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.1 0 CFC11 CFC12 HCFC22 HCFC123 HFC134a HFC410A HFC407C HFC245fa
COP
0.6
6.2 6 5.8 5.6 5.4 CFC11 CFC12 HCFC22 HCFC123 HFC134a HFC410A HFC407C HFC245fa
Global Warming Potential (GWP)

12000 10000 100
Atmospheric Half-Life (Years)
GWP (CO2= 1.0)
80 8000
Years
60 40
6000 4000 2000 0 CFC11 CFC12 HCFC- HCFC22 123 HFC134a HFC410A HFC407C HFC245fa
20 0 CFC11 CFC12 HCFC22 HCFC123 HFC134a HFC410A HFC407C HFC245fa
4 yrs
Design and Pressure Dictate Emissions
Industry Must Commit to the First Charge being the Last Charge
Summary of Refrigerant properties

CFC 11 Ozone depletion potential Global warming potential CFC 12 HCFC 141b HCFC 22 HCFC 123 HFC 134A HFC 410A HFC 407C HFC 245FA
Info source UNEP, Montreal Protocol IPCC, Kyoto Protocol
0.82
0.11
0.05
0.02
0.000015 0.00002
0.00002
4680
10720
1713
1780
76
1320
2000
1700
1020
Best efficiency (COP) Atmospheric half life
6.58
6.29
NA
6.18
7.33
6.28
5.91
6.09
6.42
ARI 550
45
100
9.3
12
1.3
14
29
29
7.6
UNEP / IPCC
Leak rate
NA
NA
NA
2%
0.50%
2%
2%
2%
2%
LEED
Best impact
HCFC123 has favorable overall impact on the environment
Options For HVAC Refrigerants

Fluorocarbons Natural Refrigerant Propane Butane CO2 Ammonia Concerns
ODP
Ozone Depleters
(Montreal Protocol)
Non- Ozone Depleters

(Kyoto Protocol)
Class 1
High ODP (CFCs)
Class 2
Low ODP (HCFCs)
High GWP
GWP GWP GWP
Low GWP
R-11 ODP GWP R-12 ODP GWP R-113 ODP GWP R-500 ODP GWP
R-22 ODP GWP R-134a R-123 ODP R-410a R-407c
R-32 R-152
Ozone Depletion Potential Global Warming Potential Flammability Toxicity Efficiency Cost
GWP
Todays Chemicals: No Perfect Refrigerant
The Montreal Protocol Update
ODP Weighted U.S. HCFC Use and

Montreal Protocol HCFC Consumption Cap 15
Million Kilograms CFC CFC-11 Equivalent
HCFC Production Cap US EPA Est. of HCFC use Actual HCFC usage Actual R-123 usage
65% - 2004
10
35% - 2010
5
Expected new HCFC demand1
25%
10% - 2015
2007 MP Change
0.5% - 2020
0
1985 1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 2025 2030
1http://epa.gov/ozone/title6/phaseout/ServicingNeedsRevisedDraftReport_June.2008.pdf
Timeline of Refrigerant Usage

Developed Countries
Production of most CFC equipment ends
CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)

Developing Countries
Developed Countries
Production of new HCFC equipment ends

Developed Countries
Developed Countries Developed Countries
Production of R-22 equipment ends

Developed Countries
Production of R-123 equipment ends

Developed Countries
No new R-123 for service No new HCFC Production

CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)
No new R-22 for service
1990
2000
2010
2020
2030
2040
2050
Today Today
The The beginning beginning of of no no use use of of R-134a in R-134a in MAC MAC in Europe in Europe
Kyoto Protocol Signed

Continued use of recycled R-22 Continued use of recycled CFCs
Continued use of recycled refrigerants for developing countries
Continued use of recycled R-123
Montreal Protocol Signed

MAC: Mobil Air Conditioning Note: Included in the use of recycled refrigerants is also the use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant produced before Note: Included in the use of recycled refrigerants also use of stockpiled supplies of the refrigerant before the phase out date. In addition, there is no restrictionis on thethe importation of recycled and recovered supplies produced of refrigerants. the phase out date. In addition, there is no restriction on the importation of recycled and recovered supplies of refrigerants.
Increasing threats to HFCs?
Increasing Global Threats to the HFCs

HFCs with comparatively higher GWPs (R-134a, R-410A, R-407C) are banned in Europe for mobile air conditioning beginning in new car models in 2011, and all car models in 2017 European countries such as Denmark, Austria, and Switzerland have already banned the use of HFCs. Refrigerant manufacturers are aggressively working to develop a new generation of lower GWP refrigerants (HFOs) to replace current generation of HFCs (R-134a, R-410A, R-407C) USA efforts with cap and trade legislation, such as the Waxman-Markey bill would reduce the production of HFCs to 85% below 2005 levels by the year 2033 UNEP (United Nations Environment Program) and the Kyoto Protocol aim to reduce production of HFCs over the coming years
wn o D e s ha HFC Amendment to the Montreal Protocol P C HF

Introduced by Micronesia and Mauritius Transfers responsibility for control of HFCs from the UNFCCC to the Montreal Protocol Establishes baseline of average of 2004, 2005 and 2006 consumption of HFCs
15% reduction in 2015 30% reduction in 2018 45% reduction in 2021 60% reduction in 2024 75% reduction in 2027 90% reduction in 2030

Submitted on September 15, 2009
wn o D e s ha P C HF
Proposal by U.S., Canada, and Mexico to transfer HFCs control to Montreal Protocol Open Ended Working Group (OEWG 31) Baseline of average of 2004, 2005, & 2006 consumption and production of HCFCs & HFCs Phase down of production/consumption of HFCs in Developed Countries: 10% by 2013 20% by 2017 30% by 2020 50% by 2025 70% by 2029 85% by 2033

Hong Kong, alongside 20 other Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) economies, has set a target to achieve a reduction in carbon footprint of at least 25% by 2030 (with 2005 as the base year). Key Suggestions: Supply Side: Nuclear Energy Demand Side: End-use Energy Efficiency (The Fastest, Cheapest & Most Effective Method!)

In Hong Kong, the Buildings Energy Efficiency Ordinance (Cap. 610) had been enacted in November 2010 Two subsidiary regulations under the Ordinance, namely Buildings Energy Efficiency (Fees) Regulation (Cap. 610A) and Buildings Energy Efficiency (Registered Energy Assessors) Regulation (Cap. 610B) had also been enacted in March 2011 The Ordinance will come into full operation on 21 September 2012. The core parts (Parts 2 to 6) of the Ordinance are now within the grace period.

Guidelines To Account For And Report On Greenhouse Gas Emissions And Removals For Buildings In Hong Kong
For compliance of ISO 14064-1 HFC and PFC are commonly used in refrigeration and air conditioning sectors, are GHGs with global warming potentials (GWP) much higher than that of carbon dioxide. Therefore, uncontrolled release of these gases into atmosphere may have significant potential impact on climate change.
Which refrigerant do I pick?
Which Refrigerant Do I Pick???

First, you must answer
What are the real factors over the life of a chiller?

Cost of Electricity 94.5% First Cost of Chiller 5.18% Cost of Initial Refrigerant 0.25% Cost of Lifetime Refrigerant Supply 0.04%
Balanced Approach with a Focus on Efficiency

Green Building Rating for Refrigerants
V2.1 (Nov2002) V2.2 (Nov2005)
Considers only ODP Considers ODP, GWP, leak rate, refrigerant intensity
HFC134a: 1 pt HCFC123: 0 pt HFC134a: 1 pt HCFC123: 1 pt
V1.0 (Dec. 2009) V1.1 (April 2010)
Considers only ODP Considers ODP, GWP, leak rate, refrigerant intensity
HFC134a: 1 pt HCFC123: 0 pt HFC134a: 1 pt HCFC123: 1 pt
Same Assessment Grade for R123 & R134a

Hong Kong Building Energy Code (BEC) Chiller COP Requirements
Water-Cooled Chiller Performance
COP
7.10
6.90
6.70
6.50
BEC (COP) Above 1000kW R134a COP R123 COP
6.30
6.10
5.90
5.70
Cooling Capacity (kW)

5.50 1758 2109.6 2461.2 2812.8 3164.4 3516 3867.6 4219.2
Same Assessment Grade for R123 & R134a
What does this mean?
1. There are no perfect refrigerants 2. A balanced approach to environmental impact is important 3. R-22, R-123, R-134a, R-410a and 407c are all responsible HVAC refrigerant choicesToday 4. Cost of refrigerants will increase significantly
Summary
There are global pressures on the use of all fluorocarbons The balanced approach to refrigerant selection is the best way to protect the environment
Ozone depletion Global warming Energy efficiency Short atmospheric life Low pressure (low tendency for leakage)
For both environmental and economic benefit, focus on the highest possible energy efficiency and the lowest possible refrigerant emissions
Right Refrigerant for the Right Application
Important Technical Resources

Trane: http://www.trane.com/COMMERCIAL/EnergyIaqEnvironment/ US EPA: http://www.epa.gov/Ozone/ US Green Buildings Council: http://www.usgbc.org/ Energy Star: http://www.energystar.gov/ James M. Calm: http://www.jamesmcalm.com/ PAFT (Programme for Alternative Fluorocarbon Toxicity Testing): http://www.afeas.org/paft/ Refrigerant Pricing: http://www.r22.org/ EMSD HK: HK BEAM:
http://emsd.gov.hk http://www.beamsociety.org.hk
Chlorine-Bromine Loading
equivalent chlorine (ppb v/v)
5 anthropogenic methyl bromide 4 methyl chloroform 3 carbon tetrachloride hydrochlorofluorocarbons
Today
halons
chlorofluorocarbons
1
natural methyl bromide methyl chloride

1980 2020 2060 2100
0 1940
Back
CONFIDENTIAL AND PROPRIETARY INFORMATION OF TRANE
D. J. Wuebbles and J. M. Calm, An Environmental Rationale for Retention of Endangered Chemicals, Science, 278(5340):1090-1091, 7 November 1997. JMC 1997
year
Greenhouse Gas Growth Projections

6 5 4 3 Carbon Dioxide 2 1
United Nations Environmental Program UNEP / EPA (1994) Scenario for HFCs IPCC (IS92a) Scenario for all other gases
Back
xide Nitrous O
0 CFCs & HCFCs 1990 2010

Year
Methane HFCs 2030 2050
Shift Shift to to GWP GWP and and CO CO2 2

Greenhouse Gas Growth Projections

Observed Climate Change in Hong Kong
Annual mean temperature recorded at the Hong Kong Observatory Headquarters (1885-2010). Data are not available from 1940 to 1946
Source form HKO HKSAR
Back
Shift Shift to to GWP GWP and and CO CO2 2

Montreal Protocol:
HCFC Production and Consumption Reduction Dates
Copenhagen - 1992 Developed Countries, except EU 27 1996 2004 2010 2015 2020 2020 | 2030 2016 Freeze Quantities 35% reduction 65% reduction 90% reduction 99.5% reduction Remaining 0.5% is for service only Total Phase out Freeze Quantities at 2015 levels 1996 2004 2010 2015 2020 2020 | 2030 2013 Montreal - September 2007 Freeze Quantities 35% reduction 75% reduction 90% reduction 99.5% reduction Remaining 0.5% is for service only Total Phase out Freeze Quantities Baseline set at average of 2009/2010 production levels 10% reduction 35% reduction 67.5% reduction 97.5% reduction Remaining 2.5% is for service only Total Phase out
No interim step down
2040 European Union
Total Phase out
2015 2020 2025 2030 2030 | 2040
In the EU new HCFC products can no longer be delivered. Export of HCFC products allowed till December 2009. Jan. 2010: Ban on refilling existing products with virgin HCFC. Jan. 2015: Ban on refilling existing products with recycled HCFC.
Note: Most recent Montreal Protocol meeting took place in Montreal, September 2007
Back
Final Final Phase Phase out out dates dates of of HCFCs HCFCs have have NOT NOT changed changed
Montreal Protocol Changes in HCFC Consumption Cap for Developing Countries e.g. PRC
Sep 07 MP Change
Million Kilograms CFC-11 Equivalent
90% - 2015
2009-2010 Baseline established (Was 2015) 2013 Freeze point (Was 2016)
65% - 2020
32.5% - 2015
Phase out of HCFC use in new equipment (was 2040)
2.5% - Service Tail 2030 2035 2040
2005
Back
2010
2015
2020
2025
What Does the UNEP Scientific Community Say?

The latest assessment report from the Refrigeration, A/C and Heat Pumps Technical Options Committee (RTOC), contains a great quote. The assessment is part of the United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) review pursuant to Article 6 of the Montreal Protocol.
8.4.2.7 Environmental Evaluation for Retention of HCFC-123 as a Refrigerant for Centrifugal Chillers
Refrigerant HCFC-123 has a favorable overall impact on the environment that is attributable to five factors:
(1) a low ODP (2) a very low GWP (3) a very short atmospheric lifetime (4) the extremely low emissions of current designs for R-123 chillers (5) the highest efficiency of all current options Based on integrated assessments, considering the tradeoffs between negligible impacts on stratospheric ozone and important benefits in addressing global warming, these studies recommend consideration of a phase-out exemption for HCFC-123.
Back
Science Science determined determined Save Save it it

European Union
F-Gases Regulation & Directive
F-Gases regulation covers air conditioning and industrial refrigeration

systems. Focus is on containment and recovery of HFCs

Prevent and minimize leakage Mandatory inspections and/or leakage detection systems Maintenance of records Recovery Training and Certification No new vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2011 Prohibit sale of vehicles containing F-gases, with a GWP greater than 150, in 2017 Entry into force, at Member State level, 12 months after Publication in the EU Official Journal Member States, except for Austria and Denmark, not allowed to enact stricter measures F-Gases measures are part of EU international commitments (Kyoto phase 1 & 2)
F-Gases directive on car air conditioning

Publication of regulation & directive in July/August 2006

EU Commission will assess F-gases progress in 2010
European HFC Restrictions

Cap & Trade Movements
Denmark

General HFC ban in 2006 HFC ban on HVAC equipment in 2007, except if the factory refrigerant charge is <10kg for cooling applications or <50 kg for heat pump applications HFC ban on HVAC equipment, appliances and cars in 2008, except if factory charge is <20kg of refrigerant Domestic refrigeration HFC Ban - 2003 Air conditioners HFC Ban - 2005 Mobile air conditioning HFC Ban 2008 GHG emissions reduction target of 60-80% by 2050 Cap & trade program fall of 2008 Regulation on HFCs Six gases including HFCs All sectors Five gases (separate regulation for HFCs) 25% reduction by 2020 and 60% reduction by 2050 from 2000 level
Austria
Switzerland

Japan

New Zealand Cap & Trade (Legislation in process)

Australia Cap & Trade (Mid-2011)

Back
USGBC LEED EA #4
Select Select the the Lowest Lowest Carbon Carbon Footprint Footprint Refrigerant Refrigerant
USGBC LEED EA #4
Back
No No Leaks Leaks Means Means No No Direct Direct Environmental Environmental Impact Impact
Observed Global Tropospheric Concentration Trends

R-12 = 538 R-11 = 256 R-22 = 157
R-134a = 26
R-123 = 0.03
Back
Source: 2006 IPCC/TEAP Special Report on Safeguarding the Ozone Layer and the Global Climate System
R123 chiller Job Reference

Project Name (1) HONG KONG Hennessy Centre Redevelopment Mandarin Oriental Hotel Central HKU Centennial Campus HK Jockey Club Racing Courses (Shatin & Happy Valley) NKIL 6215 KOWLOON BAY FESTIVAL WALK Charter House CITYPLAZA 1 & 4 CHILLER ADDITIONAL FACTORY BUILDING AT DAI CHEONG STREET, TAI PO HOPEWELL CENTRE RENOVATION HYSAN MOHG HKU/HK Govt HKJC CVHF910 CVHG770 CVHF770 CVHF910 CVHE420 5 4 5 10 4,750 2,600 4,500 9,000 2011 2011 2011 2010 Client Model Qty Capacity (Tons) Year
NAN FUNG Festival Walk HK LAND SWIRE PROPERTIES ORIENTAL PRESS GROUP HOPEWELL
CVHG780 CVHG1100 CVHF770 CVHG670 CVHG1060 CVHG780 CVHE830 CVHE930
4 3 3 3 4 4
3,200 3,900 2,250 1,300 4,000 3,400
2010 2009 2011 2008 2004 1996
THE EXCELSIOR, HONG KONG THE HONG KONG UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
THE EXCELSIOR, HONG KONG HKUST/ HK Govt
CVHE590 CHHF570 CVHE1067 CVHE760 CVHG480
2 4 8 3
1,300 2,400 4,000 1,500
1994 2010 1991 2011
R123 chiller Job Reference

Project Name (1) HONG KONG 11 Argyle Street JW Marriott Hotel (Central) Hillton Tower Chiller Replacement Equinix Kerry Warehouse Phase 1 Nam Fung Swire Property Times Square Properties EQuinix CVHG480 CVHG1100 CVHE450 CVHE045 2 4 1 3 800 2,400 300 945 2009 2009 2010 2011 Client Model Qty Capacity (Tons) Year
Worldwide House Chiller Replacement HK Exchange Data Centre Peninsula Centre (2) MACAU VENETIAN PACKAGES 5 & 6 (3) SINGAPORE
MTRC HK Exchange Peninsula Centre
CVHG670 CVHF1070/450 CVHG670/650
1 8 3
610 5,800 2,000
2011 2011/12 2011/12
VENETIAN
CDHG2150
22
44,000
2007
ONE RAFFLE LINK RAFFLE CITY
HONG KONG LAND CAPITAL LAND
CVHG1067 CDHG2150
5 7
3,350 12,000
2003 2000

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from ASHRAE Fundamentals Chapter 16

Cl Cl Phase C out Class 1 F F C hloro F luoro C arbons

Phase C out Class 2 F F H ydro C hloro F luoro C arbons

H H Phase C Down F F H ydro F luoro C arbons

F E pressure expansion device A

Source: Calm-The_Next_Generation_of_Refrigerants_(paper_ICR07-B2-534_Beijing)-IIR-2007.pdf http://www.jamesmcalm.com/

What impact do refrigerant have on environment?

What impacts do refrigerants have on the environment?

Direct Environmental Impact

What impacts do refrigerants have on the environment?

Indirect Environmental Impact

What is the best overall environmental solution?

Industry Refrigerant Commitment

Focus on gaining confidence in global availability on all of todays refrigerants

Environment & Social Responsibility

Industry Message Delivered in 1991

Chemical Composition Choices

Affect Environmental Impact R123: H Cl C F C F

Inc P rea D O s in ing gG s a e WP r Inc LONG ATMOSPHERIC LIFE

Todays Pursuit: The Perfect Refrigerant

ODP versus. GWP

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11)

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 GWP (relative to CO2)

ODP versus. GWP

Montreal Protocol (1987)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11)

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 GWP (relative to CO2)

ODP versus. GWP

Kyoto Protocol (1997)

0.8 0.6 0.4 0.2 ODP (relative to R-11)

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 GWP (relative to CO2)

ODP versus. GWP

2000 4000 6000 8000 10000 GWP (relative to CO2)

ODP and GWP (Direct & Indirect Impacts)

Best Solution: Complete Look at Environmental Impacts

Comparing Todays Alternatives

Water Cooled Chiller Efficiency (COP)

Global Warming Potential (GWP)

Atmospheric Half-Life (Years)

GWP (CO2= 1.0)

20 0 CFC11 CFC12 HCFC22 HCFC123 HFC134a HFC410A HFC407C HFC245fa

Design and Pressure Dictate Emissions

Summary of Refrigerant properties

Info source UNEP, Montreal Protocol IPCC, Kyoto Protocol

Best efficiency (COP) Atmospheric half life

HCFC123 has favorable overall impact on the environment

Options For HVAC Refrigerants

Non- Ozone Depleters

R-22 ODP GWP R-134a R-123 ODP R-410a R-407c

Todays Chemicals: No Perfect Refrigerant

The Montreal Protocol Update

ODP Weighted U.S. HCFC Use and

Million Kilograms CFC CFC-11 Equivalent

Timeline of Refrigerant Usage

Production of most CFC equipment ends

CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)

Production of new HCFC equipment ends

Developed Countries Developed Countries

Production of R-22 equipment ends

Production of R-123 equipment ends

No new R-123 for service No new HCFC Production

CFC production ends (R-11, R-12)