SPE 15018 Properties of Homogeneous Reservoirs, Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, and Hydraulically Fractured Reservoirs From Decline Curve

Analysis
by T.A. Blasingame and W.J. Lee, Texas A&M U.

SPE
rn~~ti

SPE Members

Copyright 1986, Society of Petroleum Engineers This paper was prepared for presentational the Permian Basin Oil& Gas Recovefy Conference of the Society of Petroleum Engineers held in Midktnd, TX, March 13-14, 1966. This paper was selacted for presentation by an SPE Program Committee following review of informationcontainsd in an abstracl submilled by the author(s),Contents of the paper, as presented, have not been reviewed by the Society of Petrolaum Engineers and are subject to correctionby the author(s).The material, as presented, doea not necessarily reflect any positionof the Society of Petroleum Enginear$, its officers, or members. Papers presented at SPE meetings are subject to publication raview by Editorial Committals of the Society of Patrofeum Engineers. Permission to copy is restrictedto an abstract of not more than 300 words. Illustrationsmay not be copied. The abstract shouldcontain conspicuousacknowledgmentofwhere and by whom the paper is presented. Write Publicafiona Manager, SPE, P,CS.Box 833836, Richardson, TX 75083-3836, Telex, 730989, SPEDAL.

ABSTRACT This paper propoeee analyaia techniques for flow at constant bottomhole preasure. Rate-time decline curves approximate this flow regime. Reservoir characteristicsfor homogeneous reservoirs, vertically-fractured reaervoirs, and naturally-fracturedreservoirs can be obtained using these techniques. These anslysis techniques are based on the exponential, posttransient, constant-pressureradial flow solutions for each case. We show that theory predicts a linear relation between log (rate) and time for these curves. Thus, a straight line on a semi-log rate vs. time plot may be the line predictedby the analytical solution for that reservoir. If ao, important formation characteristics cm be eatimated analytically. ReseNoir pore volume ~S determined directly while other reservoir characteriatics are calculated indirectly. These new techniques are a very powerful extension of transient well testing.
peat-transient,

Each of the methods employs the rate-timeplot used in decline curve analysis, and each was rigorously developed from the constant rate pseudosteady-state flow equation using superposition. These methods are also exact in a material balance senae. This means the amne results would be obtained from these methods aa would be obtained Pressure from more tedious average reservoir material balance calculation. Also, our methods use periodically measured or estimted flowrates instead of formal teat data, thus eliminatingthe need to shut-in the well. To use theaa methods, one must have meaaurements of flowraces. For homogeneous reaemoirs, the slope and intercept of the decltne curve plot are used to eatimete reservoir pore volume. However, estimates of skin factor and permeability are required to calculate the reservoir shape factor from either the slope or intercept of the For naturally-fractured decline curve plot. reservotra,there are too many unknowna to allow us to solve for pore volume, ao it must be asaumed. Reservoir shape is also aasumed to be circular. Also, the skin factor must be known to eatimete fracture and matrix properties. Therefore, both the homogeneous and naturally-fractured cases require that a short buildup test be performed prior to obtaining the production data eo that the akin factor and permeabilitycan be estimated. For vertically-fractured reservoirsthe pore volume can be calculated directly from the slope of the decline curve plot. The fracture half-length and reservoir fracture shape factor can be estimated from either the slope or intercept of the decline curve plot and an empirical correlation. Each method requires production at constant bottomhole pressure and post-tranaientflow conditiona. Each of the three methods ia rigorous for constant BHP production. The major limitation of these methods are that tha exponential solutions derived are applicableonly to single-phase(oil or gaa) flow and that measurements or estimatea of flowratea are required in the post-tranaient production period.

DESCRIPTION OF METHODS

PROPOSED DECLINE CURVE ANALYSIS

The need for accurate estimates of formation properties from decltne curves led ua to develop analysis techniques for post-transient production at constant bottomhole pressure (BHP). We have developed methods for homogeneous reaervoira, naturally-fractured reaervoire, and verticallyfractured reaervoira; these methods are derfved in the Appendfc.eaand illustrated with examples in this paper. All cases exhibit an exponential rate decline for post-transient flow conditions; however, the reservoir characteristicswhich can be determined vary from caae to caae. Knowledge of these reservoir characteristics, which include drainage area size and ahape, permeability, fracture half-length, natural fracture pore volume and storage, and the natural fracture dimensionless matrix/fracture permeability ratio givea insight into well spacing efficiency, the need for reservoir development,and well stimulationefficiency.

Referencesand illustration at end of paper.

97a

* Propertiesof HomogeneousReservoirs,Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, Ft-actured Reservoirs from Decline Curve Analvsis and Hvdraulicallv DEVELOPMENTOF ANALYSIS TECHNIQUES The exponential rate decline haa long been known to be an analytical solution ~~~r posttransient constant pressure production . However, only recently has ~:e c::; his w?n sidered for well testing pruposes. several possible approaches to the derivation of this solution, but the uae of the LaPlace transformation ia the simplest. In the Appendices, we develop the constsnt preaaure solutions using LaPlace transformation and the constant rate solutions for pseudosteady-state. This approach Wa:st$riginally suggested by van Everdingen and nd later used by Ehlig-Economides and Rmney>7 Each derivation is rigorous for a single well producing a single liquid of small and tong stant compressibility. Fraim and Wattenbarger ahowed that pseudopressure and pseudotime formulations will allos llquid equationa to be used for gas. HomogeneousReservoirs In Appendix A, we develop the peat-transient constant pressure solution for the homogeneous reservoir case. The solution is of the diffusivity equation describing the radial flow of a slightly compressibleliquid

SPE 1501F

If we rearrange Eqns. 4 and 5 and solve for the reservoir drainage area, A, we obtain ih -0.l@16 h B @hct(pi-pwf)

A=

. . (6)

Similsrly, the reservoir shape factor, C , can be calculatedusing either Eq. 4 or 5. Eq. @gives 2.246 A CA Exp(;:f0i4:: while Eq. 5 gives 2.246 A kh(pl-pwf) XP(70.6 qih BP ) rw2 . . (8) ipr:* . (7)

CA

. . . . . .

#J)+
ar2

;g=

0.0002637ki)t

+ Ct *

. . (1)

The relationa ahow that an exponentialdecline for the homogeneous reservoir can be decomposed into reservoir characteristics. The reservoir drainage area, A, is calculated directly from the alope and interceptof the plot whiSe the reservoir shspe factor, C , is calculated from the exponential of either he slope or intercept. This means that any error in slope or intercept becomes exponentiatcdalso. Therefore,we would not expect the calculatedreservoir shape factor, CA, to be as accurate aa the calculateddrainage area, A. Vertically-Fractured Reservoirs In Appendix B, we develop the post-transient solution for constant BHP productionof a well with infinite-cf@~tivitY fracture. vertical an studied the effect of finite Several authors and infinite-conductivityvertical fractures on reservoir pressure behavtor, and they developed pseudo-radialflow solutions for these caaes. The constant-rate paeudosteacty-state solution is given 14 by Gringarten as ~-in 4A
Jcfxfz
q

Dh

~ in 2ntDA + 2

4A eyCA rw2

. . . . . (2)

Using the LaPlace transformation,we developed the following expression for pseudosteady-state constant pressure flow: 2 4A eyC r Aw 2 4 tDA 4A eyC r2 Aw

Dh = In

EXP( in

).....(3)

Dvf =

2rtDA +

. . (9)
* .

Note thst when we take the logarithm of the terms in Eq. 3, we obtain the equation of a strsight line. Figure 3a illustrates this linear relationship. This suggests that if we plot log q vs. t we can obtain reservoir characteristicsfrom the slope and intercept of the straight-ltne. In ffeld units the slope ia -0.001439 @~ctAln k 4A ey CA rw2 . . (4)

16 Earlougher developed an alternative form of Eq. 9; however, the GrLngartenequation is more general and less ambiguoua. Using Eq. 9 and the methods presented in Appendis A, we developed the following expression for peat-transientflow at constant BHP: 2 &A eyC X2 ff 4 m DA EXP( ).. in 4A eyC X2 ff

Dvf In

..(10)

and the ~..cercept is kh (Pi - Pwf) qih = 70.6 Bbln 4A eyCA rw2 5)

Note that if we ta obtain the equation 3b shows. This aur t we can obtsin rese. slope and intercept of LL units the slope is D = -0.001439 @P.ctAln(

vrithm of Eq. 10$ we .ght line, aa Figure if we plot log q va. ..iacteristics from the .traightline. In field

k 4A2) eyC6 xq

Vf

. . (11)

SPl? ---

1501i7
----

T.

A. Blasingame & W. J. Lee Naturally-Fractured Reservoirs In Appendix C, we develop the post-transient solution for cosntant BHP production from a naturally fractured reservoir. There are two solutions: the first describes fracture depletion and the second describes matrix depletion. The constant-rate, psuedosteady-state solution for fra ure depletion is given by Mavor and Cinco.e~; as 2t Dnf Dnff = r 2W eD

and the intercept is kh (pi - Pwf) q~vf = 4A 70.6 B Pln ( ~) eyCf Xf . (12)

If we rearrange Eqns. 11 and 12 and solve for the reservoir drainage area, A, we obtain qivf -0.1016 ~ Vf . (13)

A=

4hct?pi-

Pwf)

+lnr

eD

-~. 4

. . . , . . . (16)

Similarly, the reservoir-fracture shape factor, C , can be determined by using either Eq. 11 or 15. Using Eq. 11 gives 2.246 A ~xp( -0001439 k ) DVf @ Uct A . .
Xfz

Using Eq. 16 and the methods presented in Appendi% A we developed following expression for posttransient flow at constant BHP: 1 s Dnff = In r eD- ~ -2 Dnf y].

Cf

(14) EXP[ z (17) (In reD - :) eD

while using eq. 12 yields 2.246 A Cf = kh(Pi-Pwf) ) Xfz XP(70.6 qivf B!J . . (15)

18 gave the solution for matrix DaPrat et al. depletion during the constant-pressure, posttransient flow as (reD2 - l)A

Eqna. 14 and 15 require that the fracture half-length, Xf, be known, and, more than likely, it ia not. Therefore, we need a general relationship between the fracture ahape factor> Cf? and the fracture half-length,Xf. We developed a correlation for an infinite conductivity fracture in a % squ~~e reservoir using the data of Gr~rten> A more &. and the method of Esrlougher. general GrtngarteZqPtlon as these ecenty eveoped by but since results were given graphicallywe chose the earlier tabulatedresults. This correlation is shown for each variable in Figures 1 and 2. In order to uae the correlation we must rearr nge Eqna. 14 and 15 slightly and 9 solve for CfXf /A. Rearrangingeq. 14 yields 2 2,246 Cf f _ A EXP(-0.001439k DVf$ Pet A)

Dnfm =

EXp [~

Dnfl

c . (18)

Using Eq. 17 an the mathods presented in Appendix A, we developed the following epxression for conatant rate pseudoateady-atate flow,

PDnfm = re~2:;(1-u) + reJ2- 1)A 19)

. (14a)

Though Eq. 19 ia not used in this paper, we present it for those interested in constant rate production. Note that, when we take the logarithm of each term in Eqna. 17 and 18, we obtain the equations of straight lines. Figure 3C illustiate~ these lines. This auggeata that if we plot log q va. t we can obtain fracture and matrix characteriaticafrom the slopes and interceptsof the two straight llnea. In fiald units the slope of the fracture depletion stem is -0.0002290 kf D nff = ,
[(@vc)f + (@Jc)mlwre2(h reD -$

while rearrangingeq. 15 yields 2 Cfxf . A

(20)

2.246 kh(Pi-pwf) Xp( 70.6 qivf B B)

. (15a) . and the intercept of thefracture depletion stem ia kf h (Pi - Pwf) . . . . . . (21)

These relations ahow that an exponential decline curve for a vertically-fractured well can be decomposed into reservoir characteristics. The reservoir drainage area, A, is calculated directly from the slope and intercept of the plot while the fracture ahape factor, Cf, is calculated from the exponentialof either the slope or intercept. This meana that any error in slope or intercept ia also exponentLated. Therefore, we would not expect the calculated fracture shape factor, Cf, to be aa accurate as the calculateddrainage area, A. 281 -

inff =

. 141.2 Bp(ln reD-~)

In field units the slope of the matrix depletion stem is , (22) [($vc) f + ($Vc)ml~rw2 (1-w) f A

D nfm

0.0001145

Propertiesof Homogeneous Reservoirs,Naturally FracturedReservoirs, inallv Fractllred Reservoirs from Analvsis .~ Uvrlrn~tl . ----------------. . . ... Decline ----- ..- Curve --- - .. -----... ----------and the intercept of the matrix depletion stem is kf h (pi - pwf)(reD2 -l)A M% = 282.4 BP . . . . (23)

SPE ----15018 -.

3. Table 2 summarizes the variables which can be calculated from the decline curve plot for esch of the constant pressure csees. &pLICATIONS TO DECLINE CURVES In this section we will present an example analysia of each of the three reservoir typea. The appropriateanalysia techniquewill be used and the calculated results will be compared to the formation properties used to construct the hypothetical decline curves snalyzed. HomogeneousReservoir Case Example 1:

If we solve Eq. (21) for the fracture permeability, kf, we obtain = f 141.2 h.i.nff (pi - Pwf) p (ln reD -~). . ..(24)

If we solve Eqns. 20 and 21 for the fracture storage, ($Vc)f,we obtain B inff * , -0.03234 ~ nff h (Pi - pwf) re (25)

($vc)f

where (Ovc)f = ~[($VC)f + (@Vc)m] . . . . . . . . (26)

In this example we simulated constant pressure production with a fully implicit, single-phase radial reservoir aimulstor. his imulatOr ?8 verified with the analytical solution of Musket for this case. System Properties: Geometry - Single Well Producing From the Center of a Bounded Circular Reservoir Dratnage area, A Drsinage radius, re Net pay thtckness,h Reservoir permeability,k Reservoir porosity,@ (fraction) Wellbore radiua, rw oil viscosity, !J Oil Formation volume factor, B ((? 400 psia) Total Compressibility, C. Initial reservoirpreasu~e, Pi Flowing bottomholepressure, lwf 40 acres 744.7 30.0 1.0 0.3 0.2 0.4 1.413-6 15X1O 4800 4000

If we solve Eqns. 21 and 23 for the dimensionless matrixlfracturepermeabilityratios , we obtain A2. infm inff eD2(1n eD - ~ ) . . .(27)

ft ft md

If wa solve Eqns. 20-23 for the total reservoir storage, [(@Vc)f + (@Jc)m,we obtain B [ (@Jc)f + (@c)ml = -0~03234 h (Pi - Pwf) re2 *

ft Cp RB{~SB

inff + 0 infm ~ [~ D nfm nff

.,,4

,..,

. . . (28)

psia paia

Finally, we can estimate the dimensionlessfracture storage, from the following definition: (@Jc)f u.). [(@Vc)f+ (@Vc)m] . . . . . (29)

Using least squarea on the straight-line portion in Figure 4, the following slope and interceptwere obtained: ih h = = 39.95 STB/D -3.045x10-5STB/D/hr

If we combine Eqna. 21 and 28, we obtain kf h (Pi- Pwf) w= 141.2 Bp(ln reD

$)[q~nff

D nff + infm Dnfm 1

The reservoir drainsge area, A, is estimated from Eq. 6, ih -0.1016 h B $h ct(Pi- Pwf) *

A= These relations show the decline curve for a naturally fractured reservoir can be decomposed into fracture and matrix characteristics. The drainage area shape ia assumed to be ctrcular and the drainage area size is estimated. All the derived proeprtiesare calculateddirectly so there should be no error due to exponentiationas there was for the homogeneous and vertically-fractured wells. Table 1 eummerizes the solutions for constant rate and constant BHP production. The constant pressure casea are presented graphicallyin Figure 9Q9 Gu.

= -0.1016

(39.9529) (-3.0451 X10-5) (1.413)

(O.3)(30) (15xL0-6) (800) = = 1.744X106ft2 40.04 acres

I
Solving for the shape factor, CA from the interceptand Eq. 8,
CA =

2.246 A kh (Pi - Pwf) ) rwz Xp 70.6 qih B u

2.246 (1.744x1O)6 xp(& (1.0)(30.0)(800) ~(o.2)2 (3g.g529) (l.413)(13.4)

Reservoir Permeability,k Reservoir Porosity,@ (fraction) Fracture Half-Length,Xf oil viscosity,p Oil FormationVolume Factor, B (@ 3000 pala) Total Compressibility, Ct Initial Reservoir Pressure, pi Flowing BottomholePreesure, pwf

0.05 md 0.16 186.7 ft 0.62 Cp 1.434 RB&TB 15.OX1O- psi-l 4000 psia 3000 paia

From a least-squaresfit on the straight line portion in Figure 6, we obtained the following slope and intercept for Cr = 500: qivf ivf = 13.36 STB/D = 3.695 x 10-6 STBID/hr large is I

28.3911

Alternatively,using the slope and Eq. 7,

A fracture With conductivity this essentiallyinfinitelyconductive.

EXP( 6) (-3.0451X10-5 )(0.3)(0.4)(15X10-6)(1.744X10 ) = 28.3904

2.246 (1.744x106)(l/0.2) -0.001439 (1.0)

The reservoir drainage area, A, is estimated fromEq. 13: A= qlvf B - 0.1016~ Vf @h ct (Pi- Pwf) (13.36) (1.434)

Averaging the estimated shape factors gives CA = 28.3908

= -0.1016

(-3.695x10-6)(0.16 )(65)(15x10-6)(1000) = 3.378 X 106 ft2 = 77.55 acres Variable A CA q ih 3 Dh _ Input This Work 40.04 acres 28.3908 0.1329 -0.8347 % Error 0.094 -10.21 -0.67 0.73

Comparisonof Results:

40.00 acrea 31.6206 0.1338 -0.8409

We will now solve for the C= X=2/A product. This will allow ~~2to use our co$rbla~ionand solve for Cf and Xf/A . The C X 1A product can be estimated from the interceptua f .ngEq. 15a. -1A ~= A 2.246 kh (pi-pwf) Xp 70.6 qivf BU} 2.246 (0.05) (65)(1000) (13.3634)(1.434)(().62))

TO explain the relatively large error in the estimate of the shape factor, C ~ we present the error for the intercePt, qD , ah the slope, D h. Note that the error for bo% ia quite acceptable. However, when qDih and DDh are ueed to calculate the ahape factor, CA some of the terms are exponentiated,this causee the large error in the CA estimate. Vertically-Fractured Reservoir Case Example 2: In this example we used s fully Implicit, single-phase numerical stmulator to model the decltne of a vertically fracturedwell. This is a difficult case to simulate accurately, ao some error can be attributed to the simulator. All cases are shown in Figure 5. System Properties: Geometry - Single Vertically FracturedWell in the Center of a Bounded Square Reservoir Drainage Area, A Distance to Well Drainage Boundary, Xe Net Pay Thickness,h 80 acres 933.4 ft 65.0 ft
Gw

= Xp (~

= 0.0466 Alternatively,using Eq. (14a) and the slope,

2.246 . -0.001439 (0.05) h) EXP( (-3.695x10-6) (0.16 )(0.62 )(15x10-6 )(3.378xI0 ) = 0.0466 Using Figure 1 to determine the fracture resenoir shape factor, Cf$ we obtatns using cubic spltne interpolation C-= *an 7.466--

, Propertiesof HomogeneousReservoirs,Natuzally Fractured Reservoirs, and HydraulicallyFracturedResel )irsfrom Decline Curve Analysis 1/2 , we obtain Using Figure 2 to determine XfiA using cubic spllne interpolation Xf/A112 = 0.0790 D We made similar calculations for the finite conductivity fractures and constructed the following table: . br 50 100 500 5 Variable Input . 1 10 A, acres 80.00 78.51 77.56 77.35 ?7.53 77.54 77.55 7.398 7.545 7.491 7.477 7.468 7.467 7.466 :f,A1/2 0.100 0.055 0.073 0.077 0.078 0.079 0.079 f
Example n fm

SPE 15018

Matrix Depletion: qinfm = 77.68 STB/D = -1.289 X 104 STB/Dfhr

The fracture permeability, kf, is eatimsted from Eq. 24: BD (In reD - $) inff h (Pi - Pf)

kf = 141.2

r must be used instead of reD becauae of che eD non-zero skin factor. (850.7)(1.0)(1.0) [ln(100) -:1 kf = 141.2 (480) (6500)

3:

Naturally Fractured Reservoir 18 presented an example based on DaPrat, et al. computer simulation. Insufficientdata were given in the paper to allow us to estiamte slope during matrix decline. However, since the total storage, [(dVc)f+ ($VC) 1, canbe estimated from the DaPrat type curve matc~ discussed in the paper, the matrix decline slope during matrix decline was calculated from these data. System Properties: Geometry - Single Well Centered in a NaturallyFractured,Bounded Circular Reservoir: ReservoirDratnage Radius, re Net Pay Thickness,h Wellbore Radius, rw Skin Factor, S EffectiveWel&bore Radiua, r =re = Effe!tive~imensionleaaDrainage F;adius, reD = re(rw oil viscosity, p Oil FormationVolume Factor, B Preaaure Drop, Ap = pi-pwf Data Derived From Type Curve: Fracture Permeability,kf 0,15 red-9 -1 Total Storage, [(4JJc)+ (@Vc)ml* 2.805x1O psi DimensionlessMatrixl$racture PermeabilityRatio,k 5.0X10-6 DimensionlessFracture Storage,IJ.I 0.01 ~~l,f~su~ec~~ee~e ~e; . 5s the correct value. ~hat reported bY rw, Daprat, w rather than this
1500 ft 480 ft 0.25 ft -4.094 15.0 ft

= 0.1484 md TliI fracture storage, (Ovc)f, ia estimated fromEq. 25: inff B

($VC) f = -0.03234

nff h (Pi-pwf)re2 (850.7) (1.0) (65(30) (1500)2 (-O. 1360) (480)

= -0.03234

= 2.883 X 10-11 pSi-~ The dimensionlessmatrix/fracturepermeability ratio, A, is estimated from Eq. 27: infm 2 (ln reD -~) inff eD SubstitutingreD for reD, =2 (77.68) (850.7)(100)2[ln(100)-~1 = 4.737 x 10 -6

A=2

100.0 1.0 Cp

1.0 RB/STB 15.0 ft

The total reservoir stoage, [($Vc)f= ($VC)ml> can be estimated from Eq. 28:

[ (WC; ~ + (@VC)m] = -0.03234

B 9

From the best leaat squares strsight lines (shown in Figure 7), we obtained the following slopes and intercepts: Fracture Depletton: inff = 850.7 STB/D

inff + infm] [~ D nff nfm However, a.ince we used the total storage, [((WC) + (+vc)f] . To calculate the matrix decline slo!e, , this calculation serves only to verify our ~q$#metic. [($VC)m+ ($Vc)f]= -0.03234 (1.0) (480) (6500) (1500)2 *

D = -0.1360 STB/D/hr nff

PE 15(318

T. A.

BlasinEame

& W.

J.

Lee

[((:5;;::)
-.

+.

(77.68) -~ 1 (-1.289x1O )

Matrix Depletion = 126.7 STB/D infrn D = -3.701X 10 5 STB/D/hr nfln . dimensionless The fracture perineability, kf, is estimated from Eq. 24: inff U (ln reD -$ f = 1412 h (pi- Pwf) Where reD must be used in place of reD becauae of the non-zero akin factor. ~4102 (578.8)(1.58)(0.24) [ln(54.56)-$ (40)(3800)

= 2.805 X 10-9 pSi-l estimate the Finally, we frscture storage, u, from Eq. 29: ($VC) f = [($vc)f+ (Ovc)ml

= (2.883x 10-11) (2.805 X 10-9)

= 0.0103

f =

Comparisonof Results: DaPrat, et. al. 015 -11 2.805xlfJ6 5.OX1O 0.01 Error, Z -1.07 2.77 -5.26 3.00

= 0.6625 md This Work 01484-11 2.883x10e6 4.737X1O 0.0103 The fracture storage, (Ovc)f, is estimated from Eq. 25: inff B (Ovc)f = -0.03234 nff h (Pi-pwf) (578.8)

Varisble kd ($+c;f,psi1 k u

re2

Naturally Fractured Reservoir - Field Case Example 4: Che# presented the following data for a naturally fractured well in the Austin Chalk formation. He performed his analysis without taking the skin factor, S, into account. For our analysis, we assume a skin factor, S, of -4.Og which is a reasonable estimate for a naturally fractsxsd reservoir.
System

= -0.03234

(1.58)

(-1.368x10-4)(40)(3800) (744.7) 2 -6 -1 = 2.564 X 10 pai The dimensionlessmstrixffracturepermeability from Eq. 27: ratio, A,
iS estimated

=2

infm 2 (In reD - $) inff eD

Properties: SubstitutingreD for reD,

Geometry - Single Well In the Center of a Naturally Fractured Bounded Circular Reservoir Reservoir Drainage Area, A 40 acres Reservoir Drainage Radius, r 744.7 ft e 40.0 ft Net Pay Thickness,h Wellbore Radius, rw 0.25 ft -4.0 Skin Factor, S -s EffectiveWellbore Radius, rw=rwe 13.65 ft Effective DimensionlessDrainage 54.56 Rsdius, reDt = re/rw~ Reservoir Temperature,Tr 225F Initial Solution Gas-Oil Ratio, R~i 1050 SCF/STB Oil Gravity,Yo 40 API Oil Viacoaity,P 0.24 Cp 011 FormationVolume Factor, B 1.58 RB/STB pressure Drop, Ap = pi - pwf 3800 pai Using lease squares on the two straight lines in Figure 8, the following slopes were obtatned: Fracture Depletion qinff D nff = 578.8 STB/D = -1.368 X 104 STB/D/hr

. 2

(126.7) (578.80) (54.56)2 [ln(54.56)-~]

= 4.526 X 10-5 The total reservoir storage, (I$VC)m], is calculated from Eq. 28: [($VC)f+ ($Vc)m] =-0.03234 B 2* h (pi-pwf)re [(ovc)f +

inff + infm [y y] nff nfm = -0.03234 (1.58) (40)(3800)(744,7)2 [(578.8) + (126.7) -5 1 (-3.7 OLX1O ) *

<-1.368x10-4)

-6 -1 = 4.639 X 10 psi Finally, we eatimst.e the fracture stora~e.w. from Eq. 29. dimensionless

Propertiesof HomogeneousReservoirs,Naturally Fractured Reservoirs. and HydraulicallyFractured Resel )irsfrom Decline Curve Analysis (WC) f

SPE 15018

[(ljwc)f + ($vc)ml

magnified greatly due to the exponentiation required. (4) We present methods to eatimete reservoir characteristics for naturally-fractured reservoirs with known drainage srea and circular reservoir geometry. The analysis combines the fracture and matrix depletion equations to solve for fracture permeability, fracture storage (Ovc)f, dimensionless f metrix/fracture permeability ratio, A , total reservoir storage, [(@VC)f + (@Vc)m], and the dimenaionlesafracture storage,w. NOMENCLATURE A . . ~~~ST~~e~i~9/a~l~y~ c Cf . . . -1 Compressibility, pai (kPa-l) Reservoir fracture factor, dimensionless Reservoir shape dimensionleaa Porgl spa~~ psi (kPa ) shape Regervoir drainage area, acres (m ) factor,

= (2.564 X 10-6) (4.639 X 10-6) = 0.5527 Summsry of Results: Variable kpvc)f, psi-L [(ovc)f+ (Ovc)ml,Psi-l w Value 0.6625 md . 2.564 X 10:; 4.526 X 10-6 4.639 X 10 0,5527

B In s1l cases, the results generated compared well with the input values. The results for the actual field case appear to be reasonable. RECOMMENDEDTESTING AND ANALYSIS PROCEDURE We suggest the following testing and analyaia procedure: (1) lfeasureor estimate both bottomhole pressures and flow rates as functions of times. (2) Plot logq vs. t. (3) Calculate the slope, D, and intercept, q , of the beat straight-lineon the graph. A least squares fit wtll give the best results. characteristics from (4) Estimate reservoir appropriateequationa presented in Table 2.
Cr

CA

factor

Cf

compreaaibility

Cg
c o

. .

Gas -1 compreasibflity, (kPa ) compressibility, oil (kPa-l) wk ~, f

pai-1 psi

l%is method ia applicable only to constant preaaure post-transientflow conditions;therefore, if the reservoir is not at the post-tranaient state, the estimated reservoir characteristic will be incorrect. These methods are applicable only to systems of small and constant compressibilityand singlephaae flow. If water influx, solution gss evolutton, or multi-phase flow is evident, thaae methods should not be used. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSIONS (1) We have developed methods of analyzing posttransient constant pressure flow for homogeneous vertically-fractured reservoirs, reservoirs, and naturally-fractured reaervoira. These methods are rigorous and have been proved by comparison to simulated data. (2) Reservoir drsinage area, A, can be estimated for both homogeneous and vertically-fractured reaervoirausing our new methods. (3) The reservoir shape factor, CA; ,an$n t:: reservoir fracture shape factor, estimated using our methods for h~mogeneous and vertica.11.y-fractured reaarvoira, respectively. However, error-in data ia

dimenaionleasfracture conductivity

Ct
. . . . .

so + Cwsw + Cf, Cs+co ~g -1 tota~l compressibility, psi (kPa ) -1 Wate~l compressibility, psi (kPa ) Slope of log ~ vs. t graph, STB/D/hr (std m lD/hrl Net pay thickness,ft (m) Effective bility, md formation permea-

c w D

h k

Ap

Pi - Pwf = Pressure drop, psi (kPa-l) kh (pi-pwf) dimanaionlesa 141.2 q B P Preaaure LaPlace transformof pD Initial formation paia (kPa) pressure,

ij Pi

bn

Icnlo

T.

A.

Rla=inoame

&

W. .1.T.-I= = = = = Oil gravity, API Oil viscosity, cp (Pa * a) Porosity, fraction compressibility, Fra~~ure (kPa-l) psi -1 Matr~.i compreasibllity, psi (kPa ) res-~rvoir-l compressiTotal (kPa ) bility, pSi

Pwf

Flowing bottomhole pressure, pSiS (kPa) Liquid3 flow (std m /D) rate, STB/D

Y0. u

@
(We) f

= = =

qBU , dimensionless kh (pi-pwf) rate LaPlace trsnsform of qD Intercept of log3q vs. graph, STB/D (std m /D) t

(4JVC)
m

[(@VC)f+(OVC)m)l = A W Subscripts h Vf nff = = =

r e r eD r eD r w rw

Drainage radius of the well, ft (m) refrw, dirnensionleaa drainage radius relrw, effective dimensionless drainage radius Wellbore radius, ft (m) -s effective rwe , radiua, ft (m) wellbore

= .

Dimensionless matrix/fracture permeabilityratio = Dimensionlessfracture storage

Homogeneous reservoir Vertically fracturedreservoir Naturally fractured reservoir, fracture depletion Naturally fractured reservoir, matrix depletion

=
s

s
s s g so Sw t

= = = = = = =

LaPlace tranaformvariable Skin factor, dimensionless Gas saturation,fraction Oil Saturation,fraction Water saturation.fraction Flowing time, hr 0.0002637 kt @ B ct r: ~imensionless time

nfm

REFERENCES 1. Russell, D. G., and Prats, M.: Performance of Layered Reaervoira with Crossflow Single-Compressible Fluid Case, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (March 1962) 53-67. 2, Russell, D. G., and Prats, M.: Th~ Practical Aspects of Interlayer crossflow, J. Pete Tech. (June 1962) 5819-594. 3. prats, M., Hazebroek, p., and Strickler, W. R.: The Effect of Vertical Fractures cm , Reservoir Behavior - Compreaaible-Fluid-Case Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (June 1962) 87-94.

= DA

0.0002637 kt , dimenaionleaa 4uctA time based on drainage area 0.0002637kt

Dnf

4. Matthews, C. S. and Russell, D. G.: PreaSura Butldup and Flow Tests in Wells, Monograph Series, Society of Petroleum Engineeta,Dallas (1967) 1. 5. Cox, D. O.: Reservoir Limit Testing Using Production Data, Log AnalYat (March - April 1978) 13-17. Ehlig-Econom%des, C. A., and Ramey, H. J., Jr.: lITranaientRate Decline AnalYsia or Wells Produced at Constant Pressure, ~ Pet. Eng. J. (Feb. 1981) 98-104. Ehlig-Economides, C. A., and Ramey, H. J., Jr.: pressure Buildup for Wells Produced ~t a Constant Pressure, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (Feb. 1981) 105-114.

= =

[(@vc)f + (@Vc)ml U

rw2

Tr v

Reservoir temperature,R Rati6 of total volume medium to bulk volume Fracture width, ft (m) Distance to reservoirboundary vertically-fracturedwell, ft (m) Fracture half-length, ft (m) Interporos~~y -2flow (m ) factor, ft shape 7. of 6.

w Xe

= =

f a

= =

.Y

0.577216; Eulers.constant

8. van Everdingen~ A. F. and Hurst, W.: The Application of the LaPlace Tranaformetion to Flow Problems in Reaervoira, Trans.~ AIME (1949) 186,.305-?24.

) 9.

Propertiesof HomogeneousReservoirs,Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, and HydraulicallyFractured Reser Iirsfrom Decline Curve Analyaia Fraim, M. L., and Wattenbarger, R. A.: Gaa Reservoir Decline Curve Analysis Using Type Curves With Real Gaa Pseudo-Pressure and Pseudo-Tine, paper 14238 presented at 1985 SPE Technical Conferenceand Exhibition,Sept. 22-25. A H. J., Jr., and Cobb, W. M.: General Buildup Theory for a Well in a Closed Drainage Area, J. Pet. Tech. (Dec. 1971) 1493-1505.
Ramey,

SPE 15018

the same approach for vertically fractured and naturally fractured reservoirs.

We start with the constant rate 151ution or paeudosteady-atate from Ramey and Cobb . =21rt

10.

Dh

DA

++n
ey

4A
CArw2 . . . .

. . (A-1)

Taking the LaPlace tranaformof Eq. A-1 gives

11.

Gringarten, A. C., Ramey, H. J., Jr., and Uneteady-State Pressure Raghavan, R.: DistributionsCreated by a Well With a Single Infinite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (Aug. 1974) 347-360.

FDh ~+%~n 2n

4A eyCA rwz

. . . . . . . . (A-2)

12. Locke, C. D., and Sawyer, W. K.: Constant Pressure Injection Test in a Fractured Reservoir - History Matching Using Numerical Simulation snd Type Curve Analysis, paper 5594 presented at the 1975 SPE Annual Technical Meeting and Exhibition, Houston, Sept. 28 - Oct. 1, 1975. Sameniego-V. , F., and 13. Cinco-Ley, H., Preaaure Transient Dominguez-A., N.: Behavior for a Well With a Finite-Conductivity Vertical Fracture, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (Aug. 1978) 253-264. 14. Gringarten, A. C.: Reservoir Limits Testing for Fractured Wells, paper 7452 presented at the 1978 SPE Annual Technical Conference and Exhfbltion,Houston, Oct. 1-3. and Samaniego-V., F.: 15. Cinco-Ley, H., Transient Pressure Analysis for Fractured Wells, J. Pet. Tech. (Sept. 1981) 1749-1766. 16. Earlougher,R. C., Jr.: Advances In Well Test Analysis, Monograph Series, Society of Petroleum Engineera,Dallas (1977) 5. 17. Mavor, M. J., and Cinco-Ley, H.: Transient Pressure Behavior of Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, paper 7977 presented at the 1979 SPE CaliforniaRegional Meeting, April 18-20. 18. DaPrat, G., Cinco-Ley, H., and Ramey, H. J., Jr.: Decline Curve Analyais Using Type Curves for Two-Porosity Systems, Sot. Pet. Eng. J. (June 1981) 354-362. Flow of Homogeneous Fluids 19. Muskst, M. : Through Porous Medfa, McGraw-Hill Book Co., Inc., New York (1937). Reservoir Engineer Y.: A H. 20. Chen, Characterizationof the Austin Chalk Trend, M.S. Thesis, Texaa A&M University (1985). APPENDIX A - DERIVATION OF THE POST-TMNSIENT SOLUTION FOR CONSTANT PRESSURE PRODUCTION IN A BOUNDED HOMOGENEOUSRESERVOIR 6,7 derived an Ehltg-Economidea and Ramey equation for a well in a homogeneous bounded reservoir producing at constant pressure._ We reproduce their derivationhere becsuse we will use
d

Where s is the LaPlace transform variable. Next, Ehllg-Economides and Ramey used the following relation for the constant rate and constant pressure caaes in LaPlace space: ~ =~. Dh Dh 2 . . . . . ,. . . . . . . . . (A-3)

Eq. A-2 waa also proposed by van Everdingen and Hurst. Combining Eqns. A-2 and A-3 and solving for !Dh yields

Rearranging, f(s) = qDh = 2 4A*( in eYc r2 Aw 1 In eY . 4n 4A ) +s)

2 CA W . . . . . . (A-5)

Now we will determine the inverse LaPlace transform of Eq. A-5. Since Eq. A-5 is of the following form, f(s) ~c*6

-t-a)

A-6)

It has an inverse LaPlace transorm of the form F(s) =Ce-ax. Thus, 2 qDh = In ey C~rw2 -4 T tDA EXP ( 4A ).. . (A-8) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-7)

1 ey CA rV72

If we take the natural logarithm of each term in Eq. A-8 we obtain the following slope and intercept: -4 n 4A eyCr2 Aw . . (A-9)

Dh = In

,!7 u

lKnl R
...

T. A. Blasin~ame

& W.

J.

Lee

11 2 4A 4ntDA 4A eyC X2 ff ~

Dih = In

2 4A ey CA rw2

. (A-1O) Dvf = In

EXP ( in

. (B-2)

eyC

X2 ff

In field units, Dh = 8733 D Dh where log (q2/ql) h= (t2-tl) . (A-12)

4!-JCtA

. . (A-n)

Taking the natural logarithm of each term in Eq, B-2, we obtain the following slope and intercept: -4 IT 4A 2 eY Cf f 2 4A eY 2 Cf f

Dvf = In

B-3)

Divf = In Dih qih B ~ = 141.2 ~h (pi

-Pwf)

. (B-4)

(A-13)
hle now

express Eqna. B-3 and B-4 in field units:

Dvf4JIJCt A

Solving Eqns. A-9 obtain Dh =-2~qDih.

and A-10 simultaneously, we Dvf = 8733 k . (B-5)

. . . . . . . . . . . . . (A-14)

From Eqna. A-n, A-13, and A-14, we obtain B ih -0.10160 Dh ohct(pi-pwf) and A-9, we obtain . . (A-15)

where log (q2/ql)

A=

Dvf=t2-tl

(B-6)

From Eqns. A-n

Divf 2.246 A CA = 0001439 k ) rw2 EXP ( Dh @!JctA . . (A-16)

qivf B P = 141.2kh ~pi-

. (B-7)

Pwf)

Solving Eqns. B-3 and B-4 simultaneously,we obtain, Dvf = -Zllq Divf . . (B-8)

From Eqns. A-13 and A-10, we obtain reservoir shape factor, CA, 2.246 A CA = kh (Pi - pwf) EXP (70.~ qih B ~ . ) rw2 . . . . (A-1;)

From Eqns. B-5, B-7, and B-8, we obtain qivf B A = -0.10160~ Vf ~h%(~i-pwf) substitute rw = From Eqna. B-5 and B-6, we obtain, 2.246 A Cf = EXP ~-0.001439k D~f @ Uct A) f2 . (B-LO) . (B-9)

For-Snon-zero skin factor, we for rw. rwe

APPENDIX B - DERIVATION OF THE POST-TRANSIENT SOLUTION FOR CONSTANT PRESSURE PRODUCTION OF A VERTICALLY FRACTURED WELL IN A BOUNDED RESERVOIR INFINITE CONDUCTIVITYFRACTURE CASE In this appendix, we will develop a poattransient solution for constsnt pressure production from a vertically fractured well. This section uaea the same LaPlace transformation technique illustratedin Appendix A. We start with the constant ~r~te aolu~ion for this case presentedby Gringarten , ~ in 4A eycfxf2 . . (B-1)

From Eqns. B-7 and B-4, we obtain 2.246 A kh (pi - Pwf) EXp (7006 BB)x/ qivf . . . . . (B-n)

Cf =

Dvf 2ntDA+2

Transformingto a constant pressure solution,

Eqna. B-10 and B-II are suitable for estimating the reservoir-fracture shape factor, C , when the fracture half-length, Xf, is known. 10 make this possible~ we developed an empirical correlation of C X /A va. C pnd Xf. We solved Eqns.2B-10 and $3-1$ for C { 1A and calculated Cf Xf /A from Eq. fi-1using f sofutions published by Grtngarten,et al. Due to many possible geometr-ies, we present this correlationonly for a square reservoir. rm~

. Propertiesof Homogeneous Reservoirs,Naturally Fractured Reservoirs, Curve Analvaia and HydraulicallyFractured Reser lra from Decline However, usfng the general rect~~gular reservoir relations presented by Gringarten , other similar correlationscan be coitstructed. ., RearrangingEq. B-10, 2 f cfT= 2.246 ~xp ~ -0.001439 k Df @ UCtA))

SPE

15018

17 Mavor and Cinco-Ley give the constant rate pseudosteady-statesolution for fracture depletion flow in a bounded circular reservoiraa Dnf Dnff ~~+lnreD-~ LeD

(C-l)

. . . . . (B-12) Converting to a constant preaaure solution, 1 s EXP [ Jnff = In r ret eD-Z . . . . (B-13) Dnf =]

RearrangingEq. B-n, 2 f cfT

(ln 2 .eD- $) . . . . . . . .(C-2)

2.246 . kh (pi -sPwf) ) EXp (70.6 qtvf B P

I
. . . . (B-14)

18 give the constant pressure DaPrat, et al. DaeudoateadY-a~at~ aolution for matrix depletion ~low in a b;unded circular reservoir as (reD2 - l)A
Dnfm = 2

Solving Eq. B-1 for CAXf2/A, . .2 2.246 f f . A EXP [2 (pDvf - 21rtDA)]

A Exp [~ Dnf] . (C-3)

Converting to a constant rate solution, 2 L P Dnfm = (r 2 - ~)(l-w) Dnf + (reD2 -l)A eD where (+vc)f (IJ.~(qvc)f* ~ovc)ml , ,(c-4)

For a square reservoir, . A=4XeL. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (B-15) Therefore, f ~=; f e 11 data for an Using the Grtngarten, et al. infinite conductivity vertical fracture, w% genarated the following table. The Gringarten&* data could alao have been used to generate the correlation but this data fa presented only graphically. x /A12 f (B-16)

. . . .

(C-5)

and k2 A = a~r f . w . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . (c-6)

Taking the natural logarithm of each term in Eqna. C-2 and C-3 gives QS (ln reD - ~)
-9

Table B-1 -EmpiricalCorrelationfor Cf and

Xflxe
Xff

A1/2

Cf 3.1524 5.4396 6.3500 7.0356 7.3980 7.4988 7.5528 7.5808

CcXf2jA 0.7881 0.6044 0.3969 0.1954 0.07398 0.03826 0.01888 0.00842

Dinff =

. . . . . . . . . . (c-7)

1/1 1/1.5 lj2 1/3 1/5 1/7 1/10 1/15 1/2 113 1/4 1/6 1/10 1/14 l/201/30

D Dnff =
r eD

(ln

reD-~)

(reD2 - 1) A Dinf m ) 2 . . . . . . . . . . . (c-9)

This correlation ia shown graphically in Figures 1 and 2:S For non-zero akin factor, replace Xf byXf =Xfe . APPENDIX C - DERIVATION OF THE POST-TRANSIENT SOLUTION FOR CONSTANT PRESSURE PRODUCTION IN A NATURALLY-FRACTURBD BOUNDED RESERVOIR In this appendix, we will develop a posttransient solution for constant preaaure production of a well in a naturally-fractured reservoir. This section uses the same LaPlace transformation techniqueas Appendix A!

Dnfm =

Ti+ir (c-lo)

Solving for Eqn. C-7 and c-8 simultaneously yielda

2 Dinff

U=

re~DDnff

*(C-ll)

Solving Eqns. C-9 and C-10 givea

JE

1501X

T. A. BlasinQame
2qDinfm . ,COCO. .. (12)2)

& W. J. Lee

13

W!=l-.

(reDz -

+ I [(wf

($vc)ml i.nfml
nfrn

1) Dnfm

If we assume reD2 z reD2 - 1 and solve Eqns. C-n snd C-12 simultaneously, we obtain r 2 = - ~2 Dinff + 2 Dinfm, . D D eD I)nfm Dnff . . . . . (C-13)

= -0.03234 ~ (Pi - pwf) re 2 % . ...

inff

. . (C-21)

Finally, we can solve for the dimenatonlesa fracture storage, u, using Eqns. c,-5, c-19, and c-2I: kf h (Pi - Pwf) u= 141.2 Bp(lnreD + infm nffl - ~) qnff Dnfm . . . ..s. . . (c-22)

Eq. C-13 is the material balsnce equation for the naturally frsctured system. Though it ignores transientand transitionproduction,Eq. C-13 gives us a relationship to estimate or verify pore volume. We will now use Eqns. C-7 through C-13 to estimate specific reservoir properties. This requires the following definitionsof dimensionless variablea for a naturally fracturedraservoir:
qD = 141.2kfh

from Eq. C-5 Alternately, we can determine if the total reservoir storage, [($Vc)f + ($VC)m] and the fracture storage, (@Vc) , are both known. f

(We) f
& BP
Pwf)

. (C-14)

[($vc)f

($ve)ml

s C-23)

kf t Dnf = 0.0002637
[(f$vc)f +

For ~Snon-zero akin factor, we replace rw by . (C-15)

rw = we

($JJc)ml Prw2

[(@Vc)f + (OVC)ml u rw2

Dnf =

8733 Dnf f log (q2/ql)

. (C-16)

l-)=

nf

(t2 -tl)

. (C-17)

We can solve for the fracture permeability, by combining Eqns. C-7 and C-14: BIJ (ln reD -$
Pwf )

inff kf = 141.2h ~pi-

. . . . (C-18)

We can solve for the fracture storage (@Vc)f, by combiningEqns. C-5, c-8, C-16, and C-18: inff (IjNc)f = -0.03234
nff

B
h (pi - pwf) re2

.(C-19)

dimensionless We can for the solve mstrixlfracturepermeabilityratio, A, by combining Eqns. c-9, c-14, and c-18.

A*.

infm inff eD2 In eD -$

. (C-20)

In addition to the fracture storage, ($Vc)f, we can alao solve for the total reservoir storage, [(We) f + (@C)m], using Eqns. C-13, C-14, and c-16:

-..

Table 1 Summry ofConstrmt Rate PseudosteadY-Stirte Solutions AndConstmc Pressure Post-Transient ?.olutims
Constant Pressure solution
q~h=
in

Case Homogeneous

Constant Rate Case

Dh 2n 4A ++13 2 tDA ~Y CA W

2
4A

EXP (

b!

tDA

eYCArw 2

in* ~Y CAW
4 n DA Irr ~ ey Cf Xf2 ~

Vertically (Inflnire

Fractured Conductivity

Fracture)

Dvf 2

tDA

++ln

4A ~Y Cf Xf 2 Dvf = In ~Y

2 4A 2 Cf Xf

EXP (

Naturally (Fracture

Fractured Depletion)

Dnff

3 . 2 Dnf + ,n ~ eD-~ r .2 ~ eJ

Dnf f

1 . (In reD -$

EXP (

Dnf 2 ~) (ln re~ - +!)

~or%lf>o,
u-

adt

<W(1 Iknf -

-6J)/il.J

Naturally Fractured (Matrtix Depletion)

r eD 2 Dnf 2 + qDnfm= (~ Dnfm= ~1 -W)(r 2 - 1) (reD2- 1).1 eD

-1 )AEXP(- (l -Awl tDnf)

or

tonf

> 100

Cable 2 Suuurary of Analysis Methods for Production at Constant BHP

Homogeneous Reservoir A - 0.1016 ih ~ h

Naturally

Fractured

Re8eIW0ir

(Bounded Circular

Reservoir)

$bct(;i

- Pwf )

412

inff In (reD -$ h (pi - pwf)

BP

CA -

2.246 A kh (Pi - Pwf) Xp 70.6 qih B P ) rw2

($VC)f

--0.03234

%ff nff

s h (pi - Pwf) re2

,4=2 CA = 2.246 A inf f cD EXP (-0~1439 k u CC A) : h Use r ~ = rwe -s

inf m 2 (In reD - ;)

[(@VC)f + (Wc)m] for a non-zero skin factor. (We) f

= -0.1332~4

inff [~

infml +~

B h (Pi - Pwf) re2

Vertically

Fractured qivf Vf 7.*

Reservoir

(Infinite

Conductivity

Fracture)

w- [ (WC) f + (Wclm;
Use rw = rwe -s for a non-zero skin factor.

A=o.lo16~.

B @ h Ct (Pi - Pwf)

~f Xf = A

2.246 kb (Pi - Pwf) EXP (-) q~vf s ~

**
Cf Xf = A 2.246 Exe (;oJo1439 k f@ LJCt A) -s

Ose Xf

- Xfe

for

a non-zero

sklo

factor. CF and XF/A12.

*USe correlation

in Figures

1 and 2 to estimate

,,.

WE

1501/3

1-

.$

~~-3

I ,

j&-2

1 1 #I t

;~-l

I , ,, 1

,CJ

1$-3

i~-2

1 ! 1 1

;~-l

r I 1 1II 7

cF.xF*M2/R
Fig. LRe8ewolr.frac!ure shape factor correlation for a vetflcally ducllvlly fracture],

CFNXF9*M7 Flg, 2-FmcturOhall.lenathlzquare root01areacorre[atkm fora verflcnlly tlnlte conductlvnyfracture).

fractured Y@ (square rewwolr, [n.

fracturedwall(squarereservoir, lnl$nlte con-

\ qivf
log q

oVf

\ J t
a) HonngeneousReservoir Case

I t
b) Vertical ly. Fractured Reservoir case

qjnff
D

nff

1O(JQ

-4. q i nfni
\

nf m

t
c) ftatwal Iy-fractured
Case Fig. Reservo$r

3-TyPlcal lc# q s. t Qr.sPhs 10,~st.wtslwlt flow,

;
1 +,

0
HE. 4-Simulated

5b00

1dOOO T [ME,

140053 HOL(?5

2d000

I I

24000

d.0
Fig, 6-Slrnulated

, d.2 .4

d, 6

d.Ef

7.0

T [ME! %RS
resawok. constant pressure drawdown for a vwtlcdly fractured reservoh (.m10u8 fractute Conductlvlltbs).

constant pressurodmwdownfora homcgenaous

i a2_
qjff =

850.7

STBID

b *
q

= -0.1360 ~ m L L1 =
q q

SIBIOlhr

a
s ;
=

.
13.36 STB/D mvf = .3.695 x 10-6
STBIDlhr

IL
%vf

E -,
1

j \

-1 i

AD

1 d,2

.4

1 d. 6 d. 8

I ;. 0

13!,,,,
0
Fig. 7-Slmutale$

\O

kO

$0

kO

!10

TIME,
Fig. 6-Simulated constcmt prewiro dmwdown for a vertically fractured re8ewolr (c, = 500).

HOIJRS

Constant Pceasure drawdown for a naturally fractur&J rasewoir.

4,,

578.8

STBIO

&
G g -1 G

L-

infm = 126.7 STB/O

-1.368

x 10-4

STBIO/hr

1
-i I

onf m

-3.701

10-5

$TB/O/h

in

I
I 0
r , , ,
1 1 I t 1

5i30B

1 E1000

I 1dOOO

t 254000

TIME , HOURS
Fig. E-Con$18n1 Prewue drawdown for a naturally fractured Auaon Chalk wall.