Importance of Computer Ethics and Software Piracy

Ethics deal with moral issues of right and wrong and what behaviors are good or detrimental to a society, person, or entity. When dealing with computers, ethics are applied to telecommunications and data storage. Computer ethics may also be called "information technology ethics."
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Computer ethic laws aim to regulate online privacy as well as address problems with piracy, plagiarism, identity theft, cyberbullying, and cyberstalking. They can provide authors legal recourse if their works get pirated.

Copyright Infringement
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Copyright infringement is a long-standing issue, especially with file-sharing utilities such as Kazaa and BearShare. Uploading or downloading files without paying may be a copyright violation.

Software Piracy
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Software piracy is copying, distributing, and using software or games without paying for them. In the case of freeware, copying may be allowed, but claiming it as your own work is software piracy.

Plagiarism
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Plagiarism is another Internet ethics issue that involves a person claiming someone else's writing as their own. Brief quotes from another author's work is acceptable as long as that author and their works are cited.

Intellectual Property
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Intellectual property includes, but is not limited to, images, patents, procedures, videos, audio, and drawings. Computer ethic laws prohibit them from being duplicated and/or sold.

Violations
Penalties for violating computer ethics laws can range from paying hefty fines to extensive prison time. For students, expulsion from college, forfeiting grades, and loss of academic credibility can result.

Importance of Software Licensing

The Importance of Software License In the ever-evolving world of Microsoft volume licensing, it has become increasingly more important to understand licensing programs. In the past customers became familiar with purchasing version, competitive, or product upgrades when a decision was made to upgrade to a more current version. These options have been replaced by
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software assurance. Some misconceptions exist regarding software maintenance. There are those who believe that these programs are both harder to administer and more expensive than past upgrade options. Fortunately, this is not the case. Software maintenance provides many great benefits. Up-to-date computing, ease of administration, and cost, are among these advantages. It is not only necessary, but crucial to enroll software licenses in these maintenance programs. Software maintenance is a simple idea. When you purchase a software license, you also have the ability to buy software assurance with it. Software assurance guarantees the customer the most current version of the product for up to two years. If a new version of a product is released during this span, your license is automatically upgraded, keeping your business on the cutting edge of technology. Once the enrollment term has expired, you simply re-purchase software assurance within 90 days, and you have another two years of current versions. Those who choose not to purchase maintenance will have to purchase licenses at full cost when they choose to upgrade. Companies can be held liable under both civil and criminal law if caught installing or purchasing unauthorized software copies - even if the company's executives didn't know an employee had done so. A broad range of activities constitute software piracy, and you may not even be aware of the fact that you're breaking the law.

Importance of Copyrights
As patent, copyright, and other intellectual property rights have assumed greater economic importance, the manner in which those rights are used has come under increased scrutiny. Recently filed antitrust litigation against Microsoft Corporation, for example, focuses on the terms under which Microsoft has licensed its Windows(r) operating system to computer manufacturers (generally referenced as OEMs, for Original Equipment Manufacturers). In particular, parties to the litigation complain about the license agreements' requirement that the first screen to appear when customers initially turn on ("boot up") a computer display certain features common across all Windows-based platforms. The "first screen provision" has been portrayed as evidence that Microsoft seeks to undermine competitors in the computer software market.

Use of Robots in Automobile industries

When we think of robots we think of the androids in Hollywood movies and on television. But in reality most robots don't look like C3PO or the Terminator. Most of the robots created today are just a series of mechanical arms or wheels with tools and sensors built in. They don't fit the usual stereotype image of robots that most people have. In the United States, 90 percent of the robots in existence are for use in the manufacturing field assembling and building products for consumers around the world. Of all of those robots more than half of them are being used in the automobile industry.
Over the past thirty-five years or so, robots have completely changed the automobile industry in many ways. Sadly, the use of these robots has also led to many people losing their jobs through cost effectiveness. But the robots have improved the industries with a job efficiency that just couldn't be duplicated by humans. Robots have made assembly lines and factories safer by handling jobs that are too dangerous or too difficult for humans to perform without risk. Cost effectiveness, job efficiency, and safety are the three main reasons that robots have become a big part of the automotive industry.

Cost Effectiveness - The use of robots in the manufacturing area of the automobile industry has saved millions of dollars over the years. By replacing employees with robots, the automobile industry was able to double and triple their production times. In some ways it came down to simple money saving issues like robots not needing lunch breaks or bathroom breaks. Robots never call in sick or take vacations. Robots also don't require health insurance or request raises. A robot can work twenty-four hours a day without a break, and continuously perform the same mundane tasks over and over again virtually non-stop. Even with the expenses of maintenance and occasional breakdowns, robots just make more sense economically for the automobile industry. Job Efficiency - By replacing human workers with robotic workers, the automotive industry was able to assure that certain jobs would be performed specifically to their expectations. Robots are not limited like humans when it comes to performing many assembly jobs like painting, finishing, welding, riveting, and installation. Robots also don't have restrictions with moving heavy objects or issues of fatigue. Barring any computer errors, robots will almost always get the job done quicker and more efficiently than a human possibly could. Robots are able to be programmed to perform precise intricate duties at much faster speeds than any human could be expected to. Safety - One of the benefits of robots in the automobile industry is the elimination of humans needing to perform jobs that are dangerous or pose health risks. Because the robots are so efficient, there is no issue with human errors causing accidents or injuries to themselves and others around them. Robots are able to withstand exposure to extreme heat, chemicals in the air, and general physical contact with parts and structures. There are a lot of jobs that pose high risk to a human in the automotive industry that simply make more sense to have a robot perform. The use of robotics in crash-test dummies is also a job that a human would never be able to perform safely. Robots have simply made the work place a safer place by taking over these jobs. While it is a shame that many jobs that humans could perform are being taken by robots, it does make sense in a business environment to use robots to improve cost effectiveness, job efficiency, and safety. As technology continues to improve, so do the possibilities of more robots being used in the automobile industry.
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Describe the use of artificial intelligence in defense industry and weather forecast.
What is Artificial Intelligence? Intelligence is the ability to think, to imagine, to create, memorize, understand, recognize patterns, make choices, adapt to change and learn from experience. Artificial intelligence is a human endeavor to create a non-organic machine-based entity, that has all the above abilities of natural organic intelligence. It is the ultimate challenge for an intelligence, to create an equal, another intelligent being. It is the ultimate form of art, where the artist's creation, not only inherits the impressions of his thoughts, but also his ability to think! How will one recognize artificial intelligence? According to Alan Turing, if you question a human and an artificially intelligent being and if by their answers, you can't recognize which is the artificial one, then you have succeeded in creating an artificial intelligence. Initial hopes of computer scientists of creating an artificial intelligence, were dashed hopelessly as they realized how much they had underrated the human mind's capabilities. How do you teach a machine to imagine? They realized that they must understand what makes natural intelligence, the human mind, possible. Only then could they get any near to their goal. Applications of AI Artificial Intelligence in the form of expert systems and neural networks have applications in every field of human endeavor. They combine precision and computational power with pure logic, to solve problems and reduce error in operation. Already, robot expert systems are taking over many jobs in industries that are dangerous for or beyond human ability. Some of the applications divided by domains are as follows: Heavy Industries and Space: Robotics and cybernetics have taken a leap combined with artificially intelligent expert systems. An entire manufacturing process is now totally automated, controlled and maintained by a computer system in car manufacture, machine tool production, computer chip production and almost every high-tech process. They carry out dangerous tasks like handling hazardous radioactive materials. Robotic pilots carry out complex maneuvering techniques of unmanned spacecrafts sent in space. Japan is the leading country in the world in terms of robotics research and use. Finance: Banks use intelligent software applications to screen and analyze financial data. Software programs that can predict trends in the stock market have been created which have been known to beat humans in predictive power. Computer Science: Researchers in quest of artificial intelligence have created spin offs like dynamic programming, object oriented programming, symbolic programming, intelligent storage management 4

systems and many more such tools. The primary goal of creating AI still remains a distant dream but people are getting an idea of the ultimate path which could lead to it. Aviation: Air lines use expert systems in planes to monitor atmospheric conditions and system status. The plane can be put on auto pilot once a course is set for the destination. Weather Forecast: Neural networks are used for predicting weather conditions. Previous data is fed to a neural network which learns the pattern and uses that knowledge to predict weather patterns. Swarm Intelligence: This is an approach to, as well as application of AI, similar to a neural network. Here, programmers study how intelligence emerges in natural systems like swarms of bees even though on an individual level, a bee just follows simple rules. They study relationships in nature like the preypredator relationships that give an insight into how intelligence emerges in a swarm or collection from simple rules at an individual level. They develop intelligent systems by creating agent programs that mimic the behavior of these natural systems!

Automata Automata in computer science

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In computer science: automaton = abstract computing device, or machine Turing machines (1937) and abacus machines (1960s): have all capabilities of todays computers. Used to study the boundary between computable and uncomputable. Finite automata (also called finite state machines, emerged during the 1940s and 1950s): useful e.g. text search, protocol verification, compilers, descriptions of certain formal grammars (N. Chomsky, 1950s).

Finite automata
We shall study finite automata first, because they can be seen as a first step towards Turing machines and abacus machines.
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Uses of finite automata

Used in software for verifying all kinds of systems with a finite number of states, such as communication protocols Used in software for scanning text, to find certain patterns Used in Lexical analyzers of compilers (to

turn program text into tokens, e.g. identifiers, keywords, brackets, punctuation) Part of Turing machines and abacus machines

Example: comm. protocol

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Customer, Store, and Bank will be finite automata