A SEMINAR REPORT ON

TURBO CHARGER.

PREPARED BY:DHVANIT R JOSHI. STUDENT OF 6th MECHANICAL (MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT)

VALIA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY.

INTRODUCTION OF TURBOCHARGER: In a modern era one of the most biggest problem is to get more and more fuel from the earths crust and other is use the fuel, in the proper manner to get proper power and efficiency through it. Now a day mostly for this kind of problems people make some change in their vehicle engines to get more power and efficiency from the fuel. Today the mostly used engine types in world are----1. C.I. Engine (Compression ignition) 2. S.I. Engine (Spark ignition) In both of them C.I. Engine is called DIESEL ENGINE. And S.I. engine is called PETROL or GASOLINE ENGINE. Now in both of them the diesel engine, mechanist uses one type of super charger in the engine. The term SUPERCHARGER is just like which increase the inlet air density in the cylinder of the engine and that process is called SUPERCHARGING. These superchargers increase temperature and pressure of the intake air to reduce ignition delay and hence the rate of pressure rise resulting in a better, quieter and smother combustion. These type of superchargers are called TURBOCHARGERS which are mostly used in diesel engine.

FIGURE 1.

TURBOCHARDER.

The concept of turbocharging is first invented by Swiss Engineer ALFRED BUCHI, who had been working on steam turbines. Turbocharger was first used in aircraft engines in 1930. Then this term hit the AUTOMOBILE WORLD with a great ban in 1952.G.M. MOTORS first made used of turbochargers in automobiles.

PRINCIPLE AND BASICS: Aturbocharger is a dynamic compressor in which air or gas is compressed by the

mechanical action of impellers, vane rotors which are spun using the kinetic moment of air imparting velocity and pressure to the flowing medium. The mechanical concept of turbocharger revolves around three main parts. A turbine is driven by the exhaust gas from the pump most often in the IC engines to spin the second the main part-Impeller. Whose function is to force more air into the pump intake or air supply. The third main part is a center hub rotating assembly with bearing, lubrication, cooling and a shaft that directly connects the turbine and impeller. The shaft, bearing, impeller and turbine can rotate at speeds in the 10s or 100s or 1000s or RPM. One of the surest way to get more power output of an engine is to increase the amount of air and fuel that it can burn. One way to do this is to add cylinders or make the current cylinder bigger. Sometimes these changes may not be feasible but a turbo can be more compact way to add power.

FIG-2. LOCATION OF TURBOCHARGER IN CAR.

The typical boost provided by turbocharger is 6-8 pounds\(inch)2 since normal atmospheric pressure is 14.7 psi. At sea level.

HOW TURBOCHARGER WORKS ?

When people talk about the racecars or high performance sport cars the topic of turbocharger usually comes up. A turbo can significantly boost an engine HP without significantly increase its weight which is huge benefit that makes turbo so popular. Turbocharger compresses the air flowing into the engine and produces more power over a then the same engine without charging, these can significantly boost power to weight ratio for the engine. In order to achieve the boost the turbocharger uses the exhaust flow from the engine used in the turbine. The turbine in the turbocharger spins up to 1,50,000 RPM thats most than the car engine can go without charging. The turbocharger bolted to the exhaust manifold of the engine. The exhaust from the cylinders spins the turbine which work like a gas turbine engine.

FIG 3. HOW A TURBOCHARGER IS PLUMBED IN A CAR.

The turbine is connected by a shaft to the compressor, which located between the air filter and the intake manifold. The compressor pressurizes the sir going into the pistons the more exhaust gas it forces the more number of turbines to spin at the other end of the compressor pump to take air into the cylinder. These compressor type pump is centrifugal type compressor. It draws the air at the center of the blade and flanged it outwards as it spins. In order to handle 1,50,000 RPM the turbine shaft has to be supported very carefully with help of fluid bearing. These type of bearing supports the shaft on a thin layer of oil that is constantly pumped around the shaft to make it cool and get good quality of lubricating effect.

FIG 4.

INSIDE VIEW OF A TURBOCHARGER.

DESIGN DETAILS :-

The ideal gas law states that when all other variables are kept constant if pressure is increased in the system so will temperatures. Here one negative consequences of the turbocharging is to increase the temperature of air entering the engine due to compression. A turbo spins very fast most peak between 80,000 and 2,00,000 RPM. Depending on size, weight of rotating parts. Boost pressure developed and compressor design, such high rotation speeds would cause3 problem for standard ball bearing so most turbocharger use fluid bearing. The feature of fluid bearing is a flowing layer of the oil suspends and cools the moving part. The oil is usually taken from the engine oil circuit. Some turbocharger use incredibly precise ball bearings that offer less friction than a fluid

bearing but these are also suspended in fluid dumped cavities. Low friction means the turbo shaft can be made of lighter material to reduce the turbo lag or boost lag. To manage the upper deck air pressure the turbocharger exhaust gas flow is regulated with a waste gate that bypasses excess exhaust entering the turbo turbine and these regulated the speed of the turbine and output of the compressor.

FIG: 5. TURBO COMPRESSOR BLADES.

The waste gate is opened and closed by the compressed air from the turbo and can be raised by using a solenoid to regulate the pressure fed to the waste gate membrane. The solenoid can be controlled by the automatic performance control, the engine electronic control unit or an market boost control computer. Another method of raising the boost pressure is to use the check and bleed valve to keep the pressure at the membrane lower than the pressure within the system. Some turbocharger utilizes a set of vanes in the exhaust housing to maintain a constant gas velocity across the turbine and the same kind of control as used in the power plant control turbine. The lubrication system of the turbo can be either a closed or be feed from the engines oil supply. The lubrication system may double as the cooling system,

or separate coolant may be pumped through the center housing from an outside source. A lubrication and water-cooling system using oil and engine coolant are commonplace in the automotive applications. The turbine and impeller are each contained within their own folded conical housing on opposite sides of the center hub rotating assembly. These housing collect band direct the gas flow. The size and shape can dictate some performance characteristics of the overall turbocharger.

APPLICATIONS OF TURBOCHARGER :The applications of the turbocharger are as under: 1. The turbocharger is very commonly used in diesel engines, in conventional type automobiles and trucks or locomotives and for marine use. 2. Today turbochargers are also used in the gasoline engines in high performance automobiles particularly for the smaller cars ex. Saab 99 and also in all Saab models presently used. 3. Turbochargers are also used in jet engines base flying model aircrafts.

4. Now days turbochargers are also used in two stroke engines. These eliminated the need of crankcase scavenging. 5. Now a days turbo alternator is a one form of turbocharger that generated electricity instead of boosting engines airflow. 6. Some space rockets use the turbocharging phenomenon to get the more power from the fuel and get more lift to get out from the earths atmosphere. 7. Today some fighter aircrafts use the turbochargers in their jet engines to get more speed to beat the enemy aircrafts in the dock fights. 8. Formula 1 cars use the turbocharger equipments in their engines to get 1000-1500 HP more power for speed in average of normal use engines. 9. Formula boat racing in Italy uses the turbochargers in the speed boats to get more power.

ADVANTAGES OF TURBOCHARGER :The following are the advantages of the commonly used turbocharger. 1. When the pressure ratio of the compressor and the turbine are high the recovery of the exhaust energy is very efficient and fuel consumption better than the other engines. 2. Exhaust piping is very simple for multi cylinder engines and single, highly efficient turbines can be used. 3. The space required is less due to the short and small diameter pipes.

4. Comparatively better scavenging is obtained at low loads due to reduced pressure in exhaust pipes 5. Except in case of highly supercharged engines having a one or two cylinder per turbine inlet the recovery of the exhaust load down energy is quite efficient. 6. Rapid acceleration of a turbocharger of a higher speed can be obtained when the engine is suddenly loaded because a very large amount of extra blow down. Energy can be fed to the turbine with the no delay of pressure pulses. 7. Due to the using of the fluid bearings low friction ids developed we can use the lighter weight turbo shaft so the whole engine assembly also having a less weight. 8. Neutrally aspirated diesels have a lower power to weight ratio to the gasoline engines, turbocharging will improve the power to weight ratio, so we can get more efficiency from that fuels.

LIMITATIONS OF TURBOCHARGING :Following are the limitations of turbocharging. 1. Use of turbocharging requires special exhaust manifolds. 2. Fuel injection has to be modified to inject more fuel per unit time. This requires either larger pumping element &\OR large nozzles with the same basic fuel injection equipments.this means overloading of the cams and other components. 3. A naturally aspirated engine can digest solid particles in the inlet air without undue stress but turbocharged engines pass only the most minu8te material

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particles without damage it can deal with carbon and other combustion products through after a new 1000 of ours running blade erosion is common. 4. The efficiency of the turbine blades is very sensitive to gas velocity so that it is very difficult to obtain good efficiency over a wide range of operation. 5. The recovery of energy is poor when the pressure ration of the turbine is high. High throttling losses occur across the valves due to very low pressure in these exhaust pipes between each exhaust period.

Difference of Turbo Engine & Normal Engine

Turbo Engine
1. Utilization of fuel is better in the Turbo Engine. 2. Good use of exhausted heat as a power Generation. 3. The pollution rate is less in this engine. 4. Proper combustion of fuel due to the Fresh air. 11 5. Higher efficiency.

Normal Engine
1. Utilization of fuel is less good than the turbo Engine. 2. Using of exhausted heat is not here. 3. The pollution rate is more here. 4. Fuel combustion is not good as turbo Engine. 5. Less efficiency.

Difference of Petrol & Diesel Engine

Diesel engine
1. No need of intercooler. 2. Less expensive material using. 3. High compression ratio. 4. Uses in large & heavy duty vehicles.

Petrol engine
1. The need of intercooler is must. 2. More expensive material using. 35 3. Less compression ratio. 4. Uses in small cars.

Conclusion:-

From the above given compression we can conclude that the Turbo charger is good for diesel engine & also it is the future of automobile engineering.

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