Sunteți pe pagina 1din 20



         !"$#% '&%  # ()  ) %  #*    
*++,- &(.    0/1  #.243   )4 56  ) 7889
(;:   <>=?  <A@%BC<DEFG(  CH
%7889
)I *++,- &(

JLKNMLKPORQTSVU

KPWYX

dRgLWh`iXc^ QTW

Z[W\J

djQTk

Z[S]SVO_^ `aZbXc^ QTW

`TQTU

SVO_Kml

QTd

XcgnkpoqgnO_KmWYX

W\KPe

dROjQ]e

ZfO_O
r

sutwvxtzy|{}'~;xtwtj}.x]tw}.G;GCx}'pjttz}.G{
+.CA0u+CwP+'C'+C''+ '
1>RCwmC '+A0+>'1 0Cw++'C'N''CV$PA*
4P PC''10+mR.
*>C;xCC*'u1+C'


.CCCCuC'1+C


P{-C
1 4x

C''0'' + +u +' %+'  >u'''

PC4*G$- C0$G%|m-0$C  %


*$C0C?u
 C . 






 

 
  

  

! 

"

$# #
 % %
 & ' )( *
+ -x-, C?*G;-.# -/#.04-00 G
C .  $#G#% 
c
R-G 
?0z
 
1#.G2 .?G.3
-C*$%+1#.%4(+ C.;$C0G>5+j%-6
% 7-G?C8
C> $.
;1C 2. -*)+( C;- G%u%C8AG/z92C*$%:;#. C*G$-<# -
 P %? 
? # C. + -TC?uCm= -;*?  C  ?4> w

 CC?
-'> CA@<BDi
C $G+ GR+G EG# N-? GC$-?C%j1a
# 1G#   %? 0+G#
C0jFp
>HG%IJ. 0.KG# 8.# u/# CN4-uC?C C.*$- 
 1.# VC0$ Cp-1GN

uFC
 .$'G1# CV-
 -- -> . CG C;- z4-1.# |?  C  K4> <:;.# 0G
.
# -fPC? 8C
.zb02? 0+C
 -/LNM"? 0C$- 8C
C?C1jC6 *$-
$C$.
j %{}.Ct

C.+ % -up- ?C$-?C . % -


C0m> - -- - >.  4-* C$-
- C $ C*G;- |C0 -%N-V-C >C ?0 z
C%$ $
+G
C1C>jC?
 .1C$0 G
C0? ? +u[- ? - + +*G

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


q srEtu0v
p

!tq

ms

y|s

|u1C+'0 u' 0'0''4A C .4'Cwu'*R0'1''+


+ G''A>%C+C+ 4+
AGC . +w +u'%V A
G''A
'?+ G'CG|uG'+'.''4C +C'G+C>> +j1''4C+
0N0' z+
R ' '1+ 1 .'u+1iV0'_G1+'' 4|0P+1C'

x

{

x

zy
&|

H}

x

'1' 'C''+CA ' ''+'C0Cu+1+w+ ''+C.'G 


C
C+u' 00.C ++zC u'1 '+C1+ 0''  0
'+CA C.+0'''C4C'''+C' 0'0u+z'+C''C+ 0

? +P0 +R'+u' 00RC'' 101C>1+C'> u+'1. +


pC 0+1.PC' Cp4CC' 'p +jc+1  0TC1N'4C
C
+.'CN''''4+ 'R'+ 'G0_0' C '4C>' +
'C 1'C
G''A
C'' C+u'C+C'u_0'C1+_C'

){

{

x

'?+ _0C ?1

.0'C1Cz 'C''1C

LNM

Hy

~}

+ 1 .+C 04G'C Nz

0C+u.C1+0
C''1C' AC .C C ''+u'%C+Rjw
 C1 CR'CqCa+u'14 '+1 ' '+|C+>C+'0i14CCz'+C1

C'_0 ''+G' '+1C 'C' C '4C' 1u '+CA


C'
4P4CR0_1 C  ' > ''1'
+
>P0'A'C C ' 0 1' C  C
C'C 0m0' C
 .C0
G+ >c'c0?+0 CwC'cC'+C 0 0 ''+'j.CCu0|C?++ .+i|'
'+CA Cz' Cw.+aCiG4C!> G '' C1'u 0'+P'1' 0'm C C'a 

x

?y

}

{

x

F% 9

}

'?+ Cu' .4-0C'_'0+0u+ +11'10.0'1% 11'+


'G> '''
+w G' .11u'1C+u+0'?1+ C'''
'C''  ;
C

'

'

'

>

'

'

'

+ '0

x

+ +

}

%9
0 @'V

{ /o~& V

'A04mC' A10C C+> 'x


G


+1'+C
 G'+'C0AC'0m' +0C'u+4 '+1|0' '+C
1C'1'+0u '0'1'' '+ +b .V ' 4C
Cw+
1C+
]+
4C+0+V+ +0-0CcC c'.b0-0+wC1'u N'AC1'4A0|C'
'4' ''++'0 14CC0]
+C'|'+CA ++''
C'' +
'1C+ CC ' '0' 4C
C++ C'G + 4

$+C'_0'+>

x

@V C

0 zG+C'''4+C '' 0'1''1+>0'wG1+ 1''%C+ 0 1'4A01+


 N +uC'R'0'1''G''+1Cj0CA
.C'04C 

NC' @ _C1'u+ C1
CN [) @ V C' @ C1

'AC +C '1m' R' ' P0


C
'4CwG'z' C'0''1.0_0zC+

.C'04CC
1'u+j|C| '1 C'u0'G+C' '4+z>''
C C
0 ''++C
|C'+V
C1'u mC] ' 0 ''+'+'C]14C
C
C0
'
 . Cx +''+CA +G''+!
40C
'1' 0VC'V'1.0b0+xC V'_'1'0 0C C?+ .i' 4C

C ''+
G' .+0 014 +0G'''CC'G+C'
C.'G' C''1

C
@V CN

x

@ x

&

}

~}

'40  '+1 0 C+


.'+ ''+CA C1'41+1 'A01' P1
+ CC$C
'

'C1+bC ''1''4C+0' '+1 ' Cz'

A&

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


8

s}

G40'1'''++'1> C '' +'C1+P NC


;>m0 .11+
CC1'u 0' +C'0+b0 0 u+C0+0u++' 'A0+C]  1
G

@ x

0
> .0 m0'|'4C x+xC '+1''''G.CC'C
.C1+b
''' +.C'_1'10m1G _0C ?1 .-0C' 0

x

x

+C
C

R''4C
C++ ''_+ >4+CP1'C'N 0u+z '+' C''0
'1C+m NC '1+ _0'1+*>4C+uG'+;. 'P' +1+'1 .+
C'P'+C
1 '1+Nj0 ' '4+.'  4C'R' _0'1''+Cx\++

~|

|

 &

}

'1C0C CC' hP+0 N. 0


+0jC0 C.C 1+ .+P
0 '1++ C0+0aC0'+'CjC'G1+ | '
4 +.'u''u0b'4C
C
1 .'+u++

}

C0 C?C + 01401+P'? Cb  +u C 0'uC+*


>]C ]0?+0 1' 0V]' 4C
Cz+;N> c A|0P%CR 4V

|

0 +
1+A0' 0 >+G+u 0 +1'u'> '10
'
1+u+C'N+u' 00.C?+ACx'
G''A '?+ u''|C''1CN
C1'u']b+'AC100N +1'1 '101'0CaTb'q4-C+V' C

x

 08

0 P
.0C?j '4 $
; >T'4-0u+40'N'1'*>+Cp1'
C

'

'

++C V' C 'CG+> C'14CV 0C'

'+0 |Ch+C ' >'''0 A0C 1 '1+u+C'_u'1G'0 '+

x

0-0Cm '

[C''1C' C+++ +'+T u+' 0+i ]u01 


0 +C'-0CjC+>RR+1'+++

|

1N NA .4b1++0 +['1+fp q'%C'f''''


0140+V'C 0'R|.C1+a]0'R.C 40+C0]C 0'u+'

x
A &

|


C
C'

+ +

.-0C'+ C+ 'x0 +0C?+C C+0C'1'C'C' '%C'

1++ >' C j$C j '1+1+ 0'C0'1''G1+1>R'CP?C


C C_C'C 04CG+0 ' + '+1+_ x.C_|0 u++z'*
''.C 'u+14 +0NCz' .P
u + . P0''4C
C

~}

x

LNM

+;
G+

DV?+

*'C'_0'mC1'0C'' + ' CNu'a +


C1G+-0+ 0q0'mG +C ''n>[G+
' 0Rm +1+0p
C' G'' C' '_0 'C+C.''+ G''| 


C+ 'bC -1Gu'''14C.1'C 0  +]10C'.

LNM

?''0 ' n C' 0 C'R


C
C0'C'0140C_'1+1+0

;v

rju

3v0q

" 2

G''1+'0' 'C1

!tq

ys

C ''m100C +1+0] + %Gj C 0j. + b


10C'.R'
+0u+  |C1 4C
C?+zC'R+C'-0+C'uC
C'z+1'1''4+AC''C014 $1'C C'+C1+1+

LNM

C 
w

89
''1 }.

40C G'' - C'_40CC '1'0 * C+'14CC?


+>C |'C|+C-' .+C''+C
C
''' + +'C0Cu+1xC1
0 m'+CA C +'uPN 'TC
'Vu' .q?' .C14A>G?

~}

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


Maingrid
scalar nodes

Subgrid
nodes

Subgrid defined
within nearwall
maingrid cell

[[%%[[%%[[[[%%[[%%[[[[%%[[%%[[%%[[[[%%[[%%[[%%[[[[%%[[%%[[[[%%[[%%[[%%[[
[%[%[[%[%[[%[%[%[[%[%[%[[%[%[[%[%[%[
9fn!SiZ=n!!SfhgKUSSVU _8ioi_X;fX!f_X!i_!i)U S;U [3U f_FSfhgcod_XSd%edn!i
x

0C'1A . .'1''1
' C'''u' 

|

.'' u' C >C-C+ +C C



AC .Cu
0140_0. +
+C''

LNM

0 'u+1410CV0'u'+CA C
z+Cb .C'uC]1+VC'

'CC'C ?+4'z' 'C C
Cw0'10CC 0''1+1'11+ G'0
%0 1''1w +C- +0 +  \?''.1>%C+ . xC1z +0' '

|

x

x

9|

4i'4A C01'uC' 0' C;' Cw' 0c '|1 


C 0 1 '+' +u Cx
4C+'0

LNM

c ' C''f.CN?++L'C+C '[0 VC C C0' .' 0*


C'u+0+G'
 '] %G A01'' 1+1+10C
1m4C
.C0 0+w'+'''P +1'1CC11a|C>Cb'G'|]0'++

&

sx

C++ qix
AG+ 0C1j1q+$++] N1''1
''0 +''' C++? .
C '+ N0' P0'+u++

x

] l

tp

RG?G{-; c }$?

}

[ '?+zCC1'u 0'C1''+ 0'_'' uC'z u1u' .+


zC.0C'1Aw G'0'+' 'uu+0' .-0C$0.CC+0' C C +
0 ' '1u.CC+ ' C? 0'' u+u.C11u.'1C
0V0' C;C'q0'N'1+1'm0C +uC1'u+ c?P'ACR+C'N'4C
C

|

x

x

~}

x

LNM

CP+ '_u' .m


0C ?1 G'0'Cb
CA0+1CN+G1'.-0+.C10'mC  +

H2

0 ''C

C!>.0C+ u+'



B
B %


'

A%

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS

' ' 0+'CC

@
@

@


B C


=!

aC
C

?C
C
C
C

9

[ B 8



F
@
@
+u0'

9

*

T


=

'1 ' 0-0C0'1''+G''+1C C+ ?

B
C
B
B
'


C'c'j.''P '' % C 8 C10 RG+0
'_0'+1 zC'.
R0'.CA0+'C LNM u +?+'_'
>V0'u'1+ 'u''C Cw' 0V.C+]+A0+ V''+C @JBC
u' C
C'''f
.C1A! 4&' '|0 + ' >'+C+' G >|uG'+;K 

C C  ! F8 C''Cj'1''CGC' ''+1'4CR?'1+z>j'
1 G'+;' '1'4CA0 
' '+u + N

.j0

B
'0'+ G1+1>

x

C

@


C
 C C '.xG'C'0-0C'm+''

K 

>m' > .0


C
''C
0 A0C0C' C10+ >RC10G''+Nj'C'1C01j0'C+C  +

;
@

)
B

@s
C

* * = B =
C
C



@



C
@

 B
=
* 


@
@
)  
C
C

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


'0'10C>0C'

A0>0+ 1C1C+N


'

>PC' 0_'C?C' 4C'A0

;

B


0 1+-0C'

;
C1C+

? ''VC C C0 A00]C'cC1+ > 0'C+ >c$4 '' 4C

0'''0C.Cx1 C
C +|'R1'4C
'VCC'_C1+
+C ' 0m0' % ''0C'C' ' '+CA0 C+''G

'4x1A10Cu1+0|'G+ %' '1 1z'A01' |C'_''++C'x


|?10++ +1+-0CRC 0''4C
C
.'' + +'+1Cj'1 ' 

 Cu''+u+ +'+

{ a
w

C x

N1>+C+ q1+0C '


'' + i'
> .-0Ci0b''+R'R0'

''+'+'04_V
1+.C0i'] '4u 'AC''CC
+C  ; + b' C'''A
.C1R +uC '
'_?++ .4-0CV'

F&

x

}

|
K 

!>'1 '
AC' 'V+C ?' u'0R'1+ +
C'
+ '  C
C
1 CC 
1+ G''+
C+%G +
C+ ! ''1+  ' ]
'P1+uC+0'* '1Cx' C 'C?'AC +R''u0C +'0'

''+'+ C0 +C

G''AG  C 0- C .C '1GC' ?++ 0?+A

 

=&



zc 'C>bC
+w'+'''
V10C|'c'1C+a.C '
++x1C-0
+
'+ %
+''''C'  zC'1+ C u''C'1

C bC'
'* 'C'' ! ;

A F!

0 !F

?~ V {-;

 
cG%} %$?

}  C?

x

G''1V+iG'+ V'+'1+AC-0CuCN1' a
C?%m$ .-0C'
 '+_C_C'+1CG 0.-0C '+1'+1 w C '+0''0 +'1+AC-0C

C.'+C C
+0C_+1 +
C+C|0' ++1C'%1'0+1 |0
' 0+u?+0-0'1
.-0C '
'0RC1
b.CC'+0'1' 0 ++x$C++uC C+

0C].0C+0R'

x

x

+C'+j '+
' jC'+ 1 ' 10C0CC 0'0C ?1+
C
.C0 0+
C' 4
CP' P'''C0 C0 C
C C+0CP'CC0' C
' C!>'CC C+>4C+'0j+ '>
C1'''C Czu 'C '.CA 4z'G+''x0 1''1 +>

@ aC

x

4C+'0j G +0C 1 ' C!


CC+ ' R++
0 'Cm0' C1'1$+ ++1RN0'+C|CC ?+1+C'
0 1''1 C!>'1?C+G+ >'+C'-0+j1 1''1
0' 0.-0'1''1jC+G+ >R0'0+ '.CAb$1'

'+'uC+G+ >j-
o}

'R.'+1?+

C0'0++'CC
+C ' >.0'P14C+
m 1 x'

0.G4 0' j+C ' >j'C 11'1

0-0 .+' '|+x'


0'+C''x ++C10''1+C'10+>
?''.1R'' 0C'+ ' +
0uC'+1 + ''N 'N'

* 4C+'0 0+1C+C>C M C'aC'


J'c0 C'uC1'u+i0mC'' b| 'i++N' .C1

'1+1'10'

+jx

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


LNM

+C''
0 CC1'|CC0'1|'1+ m
4+ ' '|?' .C1
+C''
-''C10 +| '.CA|'+u +1\'40+1CC.C>1

7_

'G.CC'+

Subgrid boundary
condition interpolated
from maingrid nodes
N and P

N
n

wx

    


    
    
Subgrid pressure gradient
calculated from maingrid
pressures interpolated to e and w

9fn!SiFZ=n!!SfhglU SSU_!iio_Xj!df_!cU hcn!hUXfd_KdW9 dn8_8g!U Scd_8gFfXfd_8jU _8g!Sijj*n!Si$SVUgFfio_X


x

G''

x

C'i1''1L0C'1C1

G'0'mm1+-0C+ [10CC 1 C1 0
0 ''C u'GnN[u'

.-0Cf0+C0+nC'['1+10 +n'1'

~|

''.C 'T '+uP$Cu 1'+ z+110+


PCCCC0
'R00'?1 G'0'4C ? 10Pj0''+CN

x

9
0

@ C











+C
'*

!%8*p

'

x

!T'+ C0

i>00' ' G'0qC+1u ' q+ C'q*


'
C10C'C'b_a0+1_C+G u+ +0uC''Cq'G.CC'+' C'0'R '
'+1 +P .0

0

x

#"

%$

 "

 $

1'1+0+1P..4CN?'1+bC

('

"  "

C x


&

 &

' )

A%

A%

uC'+|V'u''C

'
.
0'C_'+''+VVC' ' " c+C
?'?0-0+ 0R0'A>.C >1' .
0 % ++C0'C' 0' C

x

' u'%C+0' AC' >]'  0 ia ++C' 0' 'C'C'C.C'jC


#" C
0 +G u++01 C'+1'1++ '
' '_0' C .C0'1+1'C0C'+

x

0 u+' .0
'+''+  ' )
>]j1uCC '
+0u' 0 j
+C C+0Ca.C0w0N0' Cu' 
+ + ' ) C ' " ''' c'+

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


w+0_'CG0' x014+'0 C u1+1'w_C '. +1w
' " %$ ' %& 'u1RC0'+C C+0C|0u'+C'_ 0''1+10 +m '

x

0C'1A

.  C+N

2
0,+

'*)

'

32
1

" /

u

+87

B
1 $:"

"4- 
1

32

65

'32
1

"

A C

V ".- 
1 '
32
1 6
5 "
u/ " - 
1 '
32
+87
1 $9"

+87

u

%&

"4-
5

B "4-  1
32
1 " /

u B
"4- 
1
32
+87
1 "6&

' "

%$

".-
0/

".1 "6&

';2

A 

 1
32j_' ' T+' ' 1 [' 1
10C'+CR1' Tx'
'
u +0m
a'
a0ub . 0
'0j0 u
'

+87

 +u?+'_+u'%NC ''C

x

+0

Vcv

<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=n<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<
<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<
<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<
<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<
<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<
<w<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=
<=<=<<=<=<<=<
P<
<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=
<<=<=<<=<=<<=< e
<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<
<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<=<<=<

yNP

s
S
xEP

9fn!Si4>!Z=n!8Sfg_!dFgFi_!dXUXfd_
x

[1C.Cu'zC'''A>1+- 0_

>G'+Cw' '+
>-

x

'1+Cw0'' 

C  x

C'

.-0C' 
C'b0+u?+0-0'1

$0CC  'A0'_1''1bC '


.-0C' ''_'' +A-
c'+1 +n1''1f00'?1N G'0'PCV L'1'T !>'C.01

x

x

C 0'
$P' ++qC 'j 'iP |?+Au+cC|4qC>1
+0C10'''C10C+C+C+Cw0 1 |++z. '

4j' +0 C!''0_.C00+14C+'0 C1'4C1+1+ %C+C


C''b m0u 0
C
. u -

*C'
C

'


.

'

'

'

'

0 +

T9

C' 

CC'N+ui'

C x
w
9



C C @ 8 C @

C!
C-+++| m0'R 'C

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS




x

!''0C '

G''AG x0uC1'' +0' G'0'w1C+
C
R'C>CG1u.C1'0C1 1 4C
C+ +4P?'

u1''1b'G'+C1'++ 0' 0''+CA w+xC'V'+C 'AC'


0 C'C+1' 0 C+u.C Cw ' '?+z'_'A0' C0'
'G'+'+'?C1'1+m+C 4|A0' +?+ '1|0.-1+ 0C1''+?+ '+
C0'1''1 'G''+'1>C
''RC0'_1''1

}

x' 0 'CjC.+ b+ .'1' C


R'
.CCC.C '+ ++1' 'V j0' C'' 
0 C' + '+04C00'CC'+''|0 
> '
> '?+
+G'$1+ 

!tqb t

BACA %y s
@
@ t

N 2

3v0qby|s!tq

yD }'
 E$G

}

 

' '' C '1''+N0 1u' 


'C+C .C' +


'

'

'

'

'

+ .+b 'N+>

C'c.C''  0 Cz0 C*C% - C '1+1'| 0C +i'1'N m' +1+


'+CA CzC>C +1 +u' iix'
C' x1+1 ''N0P'4C
C
'G.C GF C +CC' 40 bC'q cC0 1''1 ' 0 C'

' 0 + 0C +

''0' C' '+

'C

~|

@B C

a &

u' % ;

LNM

25

20

Log-Law
Low-Re
Subgrid WF
Main-Grid Node

15

10

0
1

10

20

40

70 100

200

400

700 1000

fn8Si.H8ZFn!!Sfhg;U [W n!_8cXfd_leidFcfX;dhU0fXJIKMLN>PO
1''1

''0 +1' 0'.''+ GGP+u+ 0R'



1+ 0CCb'4C
C
x++w ++_ C'1+1+.C b '_'4A Cw
1i'G.CG+>]|''j0 'j'+C| +10V +T' b'4C
C'G'+
'1+]PC C 0'_ ']?' .C1b'' 0u+CC0'0'G'C0?'

LNM

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


25

20

Log-Law
Low-Re
Subgrid WF
Main-Grid Node

15

10

0
1

10

20

40

70 100

200

400

700 1000

fn8SiQFZFn!!Sfhg;U [W n!_8cXfd_leidFcfX;dhU0fXJIKMLNRPO
.4_?+b+A0+b' 'b '.CA

+C''' ''1G'+VC

~}

1 .+C

u'1C+u+0 0'C ''1''0' C+'0C>C0' CG''x>uC4C 0'


0 '+CA C+'1''110C'1G'+ CC+'0'1+'00'+>

'1 .uC ]0 4C]u'c0PCc


'++10CA '+1'wC'
+;
@ t

+| 'uC0'_G+>b1uP'

C
0'+?+ '+' '?|0
+C'0 '+CA CC>1

] ]

TS $UV] 4{$; ?; ]v


+R'%CR+a10C'' 'u+1+C1 'C i?+C10 'C

0  ''z14 +0''0C C+0'''A01C C u''''C?0'


.CA0+'CC+u1b+A0 m0'1''+'RG'++ C'' +C'_']+

C 4j0C 1+0+'4Cu0'm1.TjC u'p '''A01CC' +0'


''+0'' C '1G 'G+1+C '+A4C1C 'u'' 1
+1'j0'_?+.4G Cz0'1'''+_u +
1+$C%C+b

x

0 _0C 0.C1u'1'4

~}

|>cCV-1Guu' '1+ 0'_1 .+C


1C00.C10C' N 4C0 uACC.0bC4C'V'+C0'_+ ' ''1

0 +101'A014Cu''1'P%G'| 10 +' 'A014CN'


0'' C1'
u' 0C'C C1 'u0'-' '+C101+1G++ 01'0 C.+C
'' + +u +C C''0C'C0j'C+ 1+1+'0
.CC+

C '+1 'C0'4'G+'+
+ .4CN?+ '|C'' '
u+14'-0C' ''_1
'1' C''0'+ C+1'
C1  +u.C1+ ' ?+1CC'+mC!



G''AG j'+CA C1'RC'T0'1+ C''0'+'+'' V'b'+'
C'' + C''0j' ''|+''1 C? 0'1'?+?+AC'|C

<

!8

}

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


'|C0' C ''
C C?+ ''+Cxu 0.- C''0C'
C1|''1'0C'+u'*
'+1|0'C1'0C''1+bP0''+10 '
CC
0C !4 z1''cRC'_Cu' '1' +*>'0|'AC'+
0' PC
m' +'0+1+xC'aG''| '||1
C - C -

w
4 &
[

5
B

[

C'jC'''j'+CG0.GRCC+ + R? 0C'R +N?+CC'


'u+4CG'1+'0''C+G+ > +1'1C'1 -'1' 4C
G'+
''' ''0C '+0C1 0m' . ''CCz C10G
P''+'

F!

9}

@BAC

"}

.A
C'''0. 
' ''i.C + ''+ u'' 1u_ G''
'
?+uC - bC ] 0'-0j1.C+'c j1u'Cu+1+'NG' + +
'+C0'ACC.0j? C
%'1+'0Pj$0CC 'R'N' zA

[

@<BzC

+G' 0q 4C
uG'+
'q C
''0 .CTCi0'RG+ >iC> C'
G4 > '
'1' +z '
G ?
+1CC'+' 'u+1+C'0jR'

x

10C.-0Ci C_-01'0+i 0i0 j1C01''4C+' G >iu +


C'
0 C''0C
.' ' |C
C.+a0' ?+AC'RCb C

 8

''0x'Cac0 G+>b C i'?+a .C'+


C'
C a
1'+C +
'  'Vj '+P0C ?1 G'0
C V
0 |'+CA C++ 0m++ >%C+C+P'G''0 C m'.N0|1'+u+C
C' C + N' q0 .4N 1+u'Ca0 R''0Cq C'+C_1+1uC

~ {

u'' 1

~}

x

+0 'b0'u-0G'+1'  P +' 0 > 0P.C'C+|


0 '+CA C.1.C+''wfG' .''0C C
'1? ' 0'j '
'+C ++ CG''0C'0'u''+u+ +'00 1u' C' 0'1+
' 'A0+CNC  .% '1+1+mC''1'+

#

>V0'' 10 '40C'1 +  C C'+]''P'u''C w''*


0PC+u.C1+N0'1| 0C + ''+'
C''' C ' 0PC'm
G''AG u + ' 0'1'u0''4C
G' C'''
G.C %
C' 0 >'+C
G'+C C  ; '|''
C''' C''0

 !8

@BC

J
@B.C

a



c+u.C11  ' 1 ' 'c +
]0. 111bC0'
C
 C
''0'u''C'
C1++u+  0C4C1 1' '
C'
;

[!

u''C'1+u1P1''
C ' C
C aG C

'+1'C'* C'+m 0C N
0i|1'.C1u'+P'Cu00'

 &
 &
E& '' G'' '?+.C1+ P0'' ?|'C0C '' C+>C
- ' w 'Cc'''' '.CAc'' 0C'C1R' '1j
C
'A0' +! F!
.4Cj'C+i0'|'j+0C'?''.1]|'j'jC '1
W

4N1u0+CR0 'u+14'AC 0++>R0' +1+10 j0 CC+1+u


+ ''|1'1+ C0j '?''C 1 Cu+j+'Cz'1'+ 0'

0 u' -0C.C
.0' >G' A> '|G'xR1

-Cb$-CYXC'C'G'+

C'1+
0 Cu 'u' 'z1$1+x x '+ A01' +'1+1+ C1'
0 C
 0m-' '4A Cx'G'|C'+C GZ .Cb\
[ jC' +b'G'+ 0'
['+Cb ' 'G' '' > 0p ^
X i'G'+R1'  i' + +bC
GZV]

C TX

|

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


.

C'x .0RCG>

'
?+1++ui'N'1_ '?+u0]b'RCa'4C' 10C.c
_ a`h\[ u '
1+1'C'+b'1' 0' BX CNC +1uG |+C''+1+

LNM

'+?+' +4

Low-Reynolds-Number Grid
inlet pipe
flow
HD=4,
Re=70,000
pipe
wall

29-09-00

entrainment boundary

4D

outflow

No. of Nodes in X-dir

No. of Nodes in Y-dir

b0b0b0b0bcb0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0bcb0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b
b0b0b0b0bcb0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0bcb0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b0b

wall
1
Axis
of
symmetry

Total No. of Nodes =

7D

fn8Si4d!'b1e!f_!f_! f/ioXg8d5gFd3U f_lU_8gK&dn!_8g!UShcod_8g!fXfd_8j


0

No. of Nodes in X-dir

No. of Nodes in Y-dir

Total No. of Nodes =


1

0
0

9fn!SijiFm d;lk]im=_!dhg!j*_=n!?&iScnOeopiqOSfg
C  ']''1+qi0 1' a'CqCa'0+C 1' 0iC'G'_
0
CPm'C' >m0'-C'1+0C 'G'+ +1' 
C'A0+1'R C1'0' CwC'V'4C'_'? 0C +CC1' cb'1

T%

LNM

|

~|

'0+1'0 +x.' 0''+CA C+ C' ' +1+'4A C


+1 +
]
Cc'
\Zr]
+ +A0+1+?' 'i \Z C'C1G i ' C' %

[&
~

10C.-0Cc?|C'a ]
Z ]
C
_
P>i'j'1+ '?+|u.C
+|+;x' C'j4-0'
+G +wC1''C0 ts
C C'

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS

No. of Nodes in X-dir

No. of Nodes in Y-dir

Total No. of Nodes =


1

0
0

9fn!Si4R8`fF3kim=_!dg!j* _n8 ioSuH=QvowixOSfhg


C

C+1C 0'+ s
'
C Cw'+04C 0  '+1x00''+
+$'+x%C+ 0 C * '10'C'+1' 0+b '4A Cx+C1+
0'Cm0 '+ C''+; 'C.CC'| s
1+'1+00'|00' G14

0 C0''+CA C+_.'1+NR0''
G''A '?+ 1
>_?C0'
C u
+u' 00'+C+0C'1AzC?C '

LNM

LNM

Kx

C'

0?+0 C
''4+ '1'0'|'1>C'
.C 0| '  +uCA
; A +
A +'+'' C ; C']'' + +u.C00+1+u
0 N ?j'+m 'C+Cq ?
CuC'' ' CC C'+a1+.0+
C
N'C0C?1C+;Ci C
*jC+0'u''?++0C'?' .C1
$1' jx''' A'1' CC'''C+G+ > 0C +_

[8

~|

&

 8

C ' > 0
+
CR44G'V0'm'C ++1>C0C'+j'' 0' +
1bC''
'|'' + +.CCu0 '1 0'
' C
 +1'R0 'C
'
C

C1C'+p1C ' ''PC ++n']' 0?' .C1C ++1a0' +
C''

E}

_''+mC'1+1'uC 0 '1'''+'C0Cu+1+ '


C+G+ >m'C0Cj0'|'C
+
C0'b
?'''C1 C P ++1 'f'b0C C
C+> CN4C+'0p

w
3_' _

0 _-CAuu0A +->C'+ '' uC'0+ CC


.C0 0+ + 0'C+G+ >j?' C0'- ' C ++1'
>0'
G'-CC'' C%0 ''+'.0Cu+ +x0 +_

LNM

C'N0''

+ '

@ C

C '+R0' .CC++>C+'AC'4

C
+C'' CC '+]C N' C;i+u+ 0V0' +']' C
0?+0 C'0u'c
.'1 | P ' '+'
C'' + Cz''0

CCz0'CC 0. +V]+0Ca 0 bC'' 001'


C
'j'CCA01+1+c0'++ >%C+C+c'G''0Ci0C
C .|'1G 

?++V b0  '1%0 _' ' '+ + ''0 0 1. 1+


Cu' '
;
1''1 C ''0CP''+R0_0 '''1 C' +C0_0''?1+

 

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS

x

+0C

0C'?A
m0 |+ 0 '-1Gu+1 +1 + '+ m0 |
.-0C'C'R0'' '  ''+1CR'1 '+1Pz.4CNC 0
'4C
C

+ ++1+.+C C0CCR0+ '1.' ' ''0C'1+'' 


'+?+' +Cz0'1''1b'G''' >G'4CN0'C j'  ' + 
CNC+'C.C'1N0-0

Linear
k- , c =0.09 Chieng & Launder
1.1
U=x , standard Yap correction, all grids NI=45

Linear k- and c =0.09 saved subgrid upwind convection


Continuity-scaled U calc, standard Yap correction, all grids NI=45

27-09-00

30-10-00

0.25

0.25

0.225

Experiment
Low-Re
DX=500
DX=400
DX=300
DX=250

0.4

0.2

Nusselt Number, Nu/(Re Pr )

0.175

0.7

0.7

0.4

Nusselt Number, Nu/(Re Pr )

0.225

0.15

0.125

0.1

0.075

0.05

0.025

Experiment
Low-Re
DX=500
DX=400
DX=300
DX=250

0.2

0.175

0.15

0.125

0.1

0.075

0.05

0.025

0.0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

0.0
0.0

6.0

0.5

Displacement from Jet Centreline, r/D

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

Displacement from Jet Centreline, r/D

y\z|{} ~c*GU}hhm| =}*jm~ ~zz|*GP~\h*z|e z {Pz {c;U8*q.. P#}z { h uz|*q~6


em ~hPz|*jP~heuq } *hzPM~h} 4z|hz|~h= P~lcP|6mmhz|q ! z| {w
q}**m~
uq } *z|%Gm eh} {~hzcP|} *hzP
Y=D%M=w=Y J;wYt*GmGttM\ CPDYYr Y
GeEYvT \=D Gx=YYDU\=
Y8MV
=

YY=\^=U\=ee;P; \Y

NY\ Yv

;P ; \Y 6 .xT\\YY=T===#ev;P Y=Yj;vw\
Dvp=pY== YY YG8Nm
\YGY\
t
Y\

(*Ymx 0 #

* 
(\vE 

qG0Yt=#UY
\M0=Y= x =!; e   eC
=

= 

E\TY\ Yrv.;Y rY\ 


Gr =%CYrYtet
=4\Y=\Y \

DEu
 u\Y=8 6 :EY #v.D= *

 #.vjeCYt=#jYY \  T x
=Y GYe\\

vUG YN==
 !YYDYM%M=4G YNG\=YY
#xYtv==pY=
= Y8Ye=Y\CE=

BY\ Y

e;Y

UJe ;\ uu

\D\MYY 8D!"^vYJYMmx ! #J

3m

\Y=\Y \

=%YmU
=p

p =Y#"P =

 \  =EtCPG=t=#x=0YC0
 ==t=#YYe
tG

M=$ %

M#V=\#
Y=Y
 Y=YB6

=Y;=
%t==#j

= M& ,t\ =t=#  V\('


*)

=BY
= Y=P

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS


NLEVM k- and CIY c saved subgrid upwind convection
Continuity-scaled U calc, differential Yap correction, all grids NI=45
0.25

0.25

0.225

0.225

0.4

Nusselt Number, Nu/(Re Pr )

0.175

0.7

0.7

Experiment
Low-Re
DX=500
DX=400
DX=300
DX=250

0.2

0.4

Nusselt Number, Nu/(Re Pr )

30-10-00

0.15

0.125

0.1

0.075

0.05

0.025

Experiment
Low-Re
DX=500
DX=400
DX=300
DX=250

0.2

0.175

0.15

0.125

0.1

0.075

0.05

0.025

0.0
0.0

0.5

1.0

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

0.0
0.0

6.0

0.5

1.0

Displacement from Jet Centreline, r/D

1.5

2.0

2.5

3.0

3.5

4.0

4.5

5.0

5.5

6.0

Displacement from Jet Centreline, r/D

y\z|{} ~
 + :}*} ~ ~zz|* P~4 Ezv*z| {z|*{e; G.x PP=U}z {Jh*E P
z| Yq~Ujpjem ~PPz|*q~ cP||}**z|~h} czJ z m~m= P~luqmm hzm
x  zm {E

P} *~cP| }**z|%Gm vh} {P~zuq } *hzP

, -.hDEe/\

Bt
=9e30

G=w

21  =:YC =Y.Y=

%M==T= YTY=#TY\!PG=t=#xE=^;Y^ Y E


=8

U\=e;PYYM436587

*GM

Y;M9 :

YP\

;

vNY

TV\=YPDYmx VY=M%M=

\^e<
m%M=8Y\Y u

Y\ Yv;PY\^=365>7
e/D
:\Y=\Y \=6

  G  Y=PN\Y=\YY

; \Yr

= #Y=Y

8 G
Y=t=#TY

\YY P!@?T0Y=#wABC
D

E Y

*GM

\ G=e\Y=t
==\Y Neu;P \=
YYGY

x \ =TYBEYB=mev #Y t \mDY=

U\=
uY2F0===9YN*)0Y=#
9 =

8 Ye=Y\x% =GC =HGI@JLK>I NMPO

U\=9v%;\Y DDYv v%;\Y YYe436587

EEDY60 Y uQ R

;Y

E

Ct

ST
j
=YYv;\ T\Y=\Y \Y

v=YUWVX
YG=Y=Z %CTG Y8G\==$3 \=t=#x

\=Yx =;

0[

21

, B) .h[vY\8=

UM\\TY\ Y

v;\ tY=#=G =j =veYY=%Y


\ vU;\Y =G8TY #BYY= ==t=#0Pv=^ 
ST
0veTv;\

S

Y#CrY!Y=YP=r 
=Y

tY=%B0Pv=\MrBD=Y=#

%=t #Y4YDY==l=
=YDY
Y V] C

ST

Y

Yt2F0==t=VT=

t YN= YB
;P

= t =Y

Y=G

U\=tY\ Yrv ;P
Y V;

8eBYYVYL^m\ YY`_

G Y^
.\=tYT l

B

=Uv

lwr==MZ ^Y

Ct0 =rB=!

Uv

OP8Q&P&RTSVUW6XY Z[P!\]P&^U_XY!`aP8b/Ucde=fhgFijYFU _8glk$P!\]P!mU n!_&gFioS

Ures/Ubulk

UUres/Ubulk

1.0

1.0

50

50

0.75

0.75
40

0.5

30
0.5

Log-Law
Low-Re
Main-Grid Node
Wall Function

Experiment
Low-Re
Main-Grid Node
Wall Function

0.25

0.0
0.0

0.05

0.1

0.15

0.2

30

20
Experiment
Low-Re
Main-Grid Node
Wall Function

0.25
10

0.25

0.0
0
10.0

0.3

10

0
0.05
5

10 0.1

0.15
50 100 0.2

500
0.25
1000

0.3

y/D

y/D y

y\z|{} ~a
 ++Pc
bh} |q=4
dmz|] e ~g
f*P~ zv*z| {z|*{4;ih**.j Pcx=j
h*4 Plz| Yq~Uvje m`nGx  z| {rGq} m~uq } *hzPnGm e} *{P~zcP| } hzP

U
Ures/Ubulk

kmlvz

1.0
50

50
Log-Law
Low-Re
Main-Grid Node
Wall Function

30

20

20
Experiment
Low-Re
Main-Grid Node
Wall Function

0.25
10

0.25

0.3

0.0
0
0.0
1

Log-Law
Low-Re
Main-Grid Node
Wall Function

40

30
0.5

10

0
0.055

100.1

0.15
50 100 0.2

500
0.251000 0.3

10

50

100

500 1000

y/D y

oprq%stHuwvZxyz|{r}~H}h~ u{r{r` gtg{{ru{du{r}pr~]ei}t~ u4ppqp


q ]u~6h2N( 6@NBP%%g~|j%NLm
pr~h~hu@B}{rpuZgt=$>i$}u{cmpuqaQgsBButg{{sB~Pp}nmsBqtHp{r{sBB/~Hpr}%

Log-Law
Low-Re
Main-Grid
Wall Func

40

20

0.75
40

10

6B c = 6wB]*TgB#=g
]N2Z\`2ZZAN2LZ* $ 2Q `20N N%%ZN `
*R`2 /N2Z%``Z0`W2`8@N0N  w%`Q2/`9%Z `!N
%2Z N2 N` *`%` Z2 2` ` 8/%=N H `#`W`2
%`Q/6=2%ZAZ0$` = 8$ `6]%N2`8WZN \/ 2NB
2%N%A Z2  W%H/ANZ Z`($ `]%N2WZ%`N` QZ
`
`
 
` %2`AW Z% %A 2NZ`  Z2N% N! %Z[
]%c%Z%A*
a9 cZ%%|%/i%NU$` 4 % Z8ZZ2$ `
]N2 $WZ 2Z2` UZZ% /2A 2N 2#2 N4N N>N2` / Z2( `
|* Z> 4NNZ2A
`N`% [Z `2"Z `0 ` w 

 2
 
Z %W Z2Z 
 N]UZ `WW%N`02 `2

 Z`#Z2>Z `2* 6 `2* !
#"%$W%`@Z|Nw ` Z`$%Z
Z'
&2`2)
(N `+
*-,>$. BN` 2Z\ZWN W 2% `> $%/`  N2\ 
2`%Z`W0 /*BN` (`[ Z 1
a8`[ 2]N2"3 22Z
465ZZ2"%
`[a]Z8Z2N20N|%  Z`Q/`|A*

7 8 :;:<>=@?BADC EGFH?BI
9
JFLKNMO
PRQ EGST?BUWV
XY=>ZBU\[E^]
J8_=@?B]>ST[
J8_=B?B]BS`[
V X Q 8a[cb)8
eD5f4`g ec5hf46g ikj-4656l
eD5fnmo5
d c% d 
YN2 |aN%N Z`pi;ql
5 r4`e

5 soDt

5uDeD5
 goDv
wvDm6
moxomDt
d @ N%N Z`
 4ya`Whikq l
oc4
vLwt
Dxarx
z{ST:^8aCwEG|\S PR}~ E;b)S

H
_0
 3|cP!PskwT^r
HPT# !!] =B!$;B!rB1+$.
7 8_:;:1<>=@?BADC EGFH?BI

JFLKNMO
PRQ EGST?BUWV
P [ 8 kC
X=BZBU[cE^]
J8 =@?B]BS`[
`
eD5f4`g ec5Nf4`g ikj-465ol eD5fnmo5
d | d Q
YN2 c%N%N Z`i;q l
5  gct

5 sDxo5

5svoc4
r4`Dx
rvoto5
maorx
d @ #N%N Z`
4 4ya`Whikq l
oDx
vogDm
Dm6gDg
z{ST:^8aCwEG|\S P}R~ E^bS

_0
T\
 rwccP!$Ps%;w ;rPH#sB r!%r8@] =BPr!k icDQ
``aZ `]N` (Z2`$ NRxo56 WZ N`>Z`W Z (9N  Z

$ `a]N2N`W`0\Z ` `%Z*` %ZZ ] N Z N%0 %Z %L
NZ`%Z`/%$Z[Z%`N` W Z0 `W` >ZZ"%NZ% AN2
%Q2Qc% d > \#UN0%WN2Z`W 3 2`2U`%ZUZ /%`AZ

 e

6B c = 6wB]*TgB#=g
N ` ZZN* Z % U`A 2Q`U2Z`2 2`%Z cN2 22" 8|
Z%W `0 (N|> `%

PhnP J ~3n z{{znX

a9%`WA #W% ` [ 2]N`  c%Z%ZAZ "2 2


WA Z`[2ZZ*U|%2Z%Za9YN* Z % `N%"c%Z2 c%]
>N[(  Z!$ 24]%N2!2!`W``
 `20 %2`A8 Z%WA
2ZUZ2NN `%`` %Q2|4 Q2B
a`9$ 2]%Z`2* 
NWQa`%Z Z2WZ`UZ`W 4Z
xo5c%Z%AW 0N  Z$ `
]N2
a`2w$%a  Z% ( 2Z02ZZ !N  Z` %Q2
|N* Z %A*/ 2wN` `$]%N2 Z 2Q`Z%Z N%WNZ 0Z
N(N  Z$ 2w]%Z`4Z W %ZN ZW NZ 9Z 2Q`Z%A 2Q2 `%A
` `/|aWQ `%BN`
ZZ 2` N2 Z`$ ` ]N` L `2a  W`Z`2 `[ % `L `
N2%2/  % >Z2 * AN`Z`W %BNQ`22/" @Z `#
i NUZ `!Z 22
Q`%A!Z`Q  * $ `#2 lgh
&Q  Z$ `6]%Z`8 Z `N* N
Z0.  % 2 c%= NZ N` `  !ZZ0Z22/i /`*2 
ZA 9NZ%`#] N @
a$ ZZ29$ `]%N2U2UD c U %N Z
%W` 2ZZ N
P 7J  y ' X
a`#i> c%]A9Z#@2%Z2 wAQZ2* &2% * W$%`H
NZ Z  \ Wi Z A %]%Zn( 'momaweD56l i  N"Q%`]Nw22
%ZQQ W`%+ik -l 6  w  N]i AZN   moBt 5ox6c46l

NZ W |* ` cN` `



z{<z{ P X
3 a =  p
& 2`a WZ2* WN N2! wZZ`A %
1\LpG_3+6\khpaD_kD\1TD T vasDxom LDtom Hwm6ec4
U
ww$2\  !a @= % Z[* 2` N2 NZ2A NZ Z|
 ZZ X]X  ZU`|W
`pL kD!Da.DaGr @vawtom LD56e
wmoto5
vc 6 Z  a A= % 2ZZZ2 Z* ` Z`9 N2A@
NZ Z|U N* ]Z  `| 
 Z2  L kD+D .DaGrO
HT_kD_ \gL46mov `46mox Hwmot6
4DR
c$` `W 
c$2`2A Z`%Z` @*BZN ]`[N`%AZ%2ZQ
Z` wZ2> `WZ% 2ZZ*BNWA*L kDa+DaDaGrg 6 gTuL T4`
e
wmotom
wt

6B c = 6wB]*TgB#=g

g Y &cY

%%` %> $0N2%W* $ `6WQ@ N8 `2* Z`Z


Z% NBN" Z ZN % %L kD+D+aOaGr eLsgDm aeogQwmotD4

xc9(8 ^Z   $ "AN% 2 ]%N2]%Z `2* Z` Q%


# 1 wmDmot
e9
4 Q`  a6= %1&8 %W` $ Z N!Z0WZ2*
QZ`$ 6 H `%``2N2 %
 

 T^-1T `Yw5oxLuc46g wmDtD4


tc+ 1 $$Z *1U
!
1( Z Z2 |>
 Q`%  a $= %@ Z Z(2Z
N `0/ N2! i `H]N` !NZ NWAZW/ T
3L0_+D%aDaGr
g ` B 
D5o5a
mc s
( D > %
U
 / 2%-D{_^O3D^kD\-DT^T+_\T
3T ! * "
 ` >@ 2%Z`_-
&L >wmotD4
w5c a 4 %(  @1& Z  2`*BN` N"% A/2ZZ2 Z` W%a
N2%wZZw* 2` N2 Q 4`` 2Z >^ _R+DH+aDaGrg
owva\rvot \wm6ec4
o3+ B 4$N  > == %# B& h %%` %9  `2* Z` 2
HQ`Z%Z/W% 4N2% _  BDD\
T^
0 @ eTw5Dt \o Qg HwmDmox
 + ! w$Z *>
6 %Q2%i  9
 )@ Z%Z2N `2* 8/i
32 Z`L Q%`` N"WN N2   N2 ! HNN ]%(``W2` 
Z% NBN[  0  T3
3T0D\1h
36;k
axovasgDm LtD5 wmDmom
wvcU
i aL
3T0__DD\)_^T^DaGr OTD;TD\)\TDT
 @ _Y
NZ2 %* "
% 2* >@ 2%Z2_"
&L >wmot6Qe
r4D9
A %2i 
` $WBN` W c ( wNZ ]%w`
Z2WQ
% ZZ %"!6\#
_ $&%_wL  T
3L0D(
' nWa.DaGr* ) P
%LaD
m wmomoe
 g+
DQ& A&)- ,D0\_ '6\kD;k{#/ .D#60 %,w0ww1 %3T`wa^3 2-
;ORD\%^D/ ,D ^D_ @ _D
Z`H * 
`* @ 2%Z2-
&L
wmom6gQ
wxc9
46w N%  L
` Z  Z>_^3D_^k\LkD^k\D5 1T^h0 %\D(
.
k @ & %`AZ 894 ` HYwmDm6g
 e+
 %%Z2W U
 2 n ZN ]2Z% NBN `W` `[N2A
_  >+Dn .DaGrg vom_i ol uDvDt6gwac4o5o
5 wmomox
wm

6B c = 6wB]*TgB#=g

wtc @ &c>( ! 9@$N * d

%Z2* @N ZZ`% `WW%N`%ZU2



``(\ 8BN  2[`AN[  `Q W%ZZ`9**Q2/ h 6 T \D1
T^-1TDT Hw5ox_iG4`l4 w5wT4  e\ wmotc4

wmcR&c>]Z9 7 BN d  %Z` @2%N2\ aZ% /%a%


`W`WA> W `Z 2Z
|`WA N#_  1L ) 8 L^
DvasDm6gwTvo5ox \wmomox
D5cR
>$  `  d >$ Z =  > ZW% d W` 6Z N$ 2@Z
ZZ$%(AN`W2WA@ 8  ZZ`%Y % (> Z 9 _ : HL

) B+D; T^
0 @_e ikg x6lsgc46twagDxD4 \wmomoe
L3Rc& @ >
( ' ZZ%Z %W a$ 2 ]%N2Z %Z`%U]9`W`` %# `1 *
 _ |*_ %* "
@
% 2* B@ 2%Z` "
&L H
Z%< Yrmomom
o c&  (  )
9 4 `%A8* ZN ] `W` ` %0B
BN #/
 >
=_0 ?!.@8 A_%B .DCC+
@___ Dp^T _@ %c YwmDt6
DvcR T FEUL i Q \
a
Z Ya c %i 2$| N
NZ ]%8`NZ2Z`!] >` NZ"NZ2A>`W`` %*%
 G
@_
__ D\)^T d |+wmom6Q
c4D
6$Q|%
6  Z a @= %w 
( BE#=` "/ 22 Z`%
]NZ2%8 Q ZZ %Ar
 +o `  `[  |`WAN%H _ B I B+Dn
.DaGrg vox i w56l ucx6eogwacxotD4 wmomDv
og  % N 2  N Z%ANWQ2``ZQ% Z
2 Z N2ZZ* 2Zc` N21\L pG_3{6\3 )
1T `-wmLugDmwLmot
wm6eDm
DxcRc&
 B L kD1_D^DaGrD\
T^J
@& %Z2`L$WN N2
%ZQ(2 "
"
 `%  a ( & %`%# % 2ZZ'@ H$$2
w( N*
2`H\wmotD5

oe+  $N @ c8
( Z   a = %/W` `@ N`=]NZ2%
Q%a ZZWA* %L
 W` Z` Z[c%](  ]NZ2%
Q%`K_  BD!a.DaGr avox_iw56lsDxotogwaDxomo
e Hrmomov

D5

S-ar putea să vă placă și