Shear & Diagonal Tension #2

9
9
Shear Design Summary WSD v.s. SDM
Design Examples
Location of Max. Shear for the Design of Beams
Shear Span
Deep Beam
Mongkol JIRAVACHARADET
Reinforced Concrete Design Reinforced Concrete Design
S U R A N A R E E INSTITUTE OF ENGINEERING
UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY SCHOOL OF CIVIL ENGINEERING
Shear Design Summary Shear Design Summary
WSD SDM
Shear: V = V
DL
+ V
LL
Shear: V
u
= 1.4 V
DL
+ 1.7 V
LL
V
n
= V
u
/
Steel: V
s
= V
n
- V
c
Steel: V
s
= V - V
c
Spacing: s = A
v
f
y
d / Vs Spacing: s = A
v
f
s
d / Vs
Min. Stirrup: s
max
= A
v
f
y
/ 3.5 b Min. Stirrup: s
max
= A
v
f
y
/ 3.5 b
Chk. light shear:
s c
V 1.1 f bd
Concrete: =
c c
V 0.53 f b d Concrete: =
c c
V 0.29 f b d
Chk. light shear:
c
V 0.795 f bd
s
max
d/2 60 cm s
max
d/2 60 cm
Chk. heavy shear:
s c
V 2.1 f bd Chk. heavy shear:
c
V 1.32 f bd
s
max
d/4 30 cm s
max
d/4 30 cm
Shear2_02
Home work: Select the stirrup spacing for the beam shown below.
= 280 ksc, and f
y
= 4,000 ksc Use DB10 stirrups.
Show your results on a scaled sketch.
'
c
f
P
L
= 5 tons
P
D
= 2 tons
P
L
= 5 tons
P
D
= 2 tons w
L
= 3 t/m
w
D
= 2 t/m
2.5 m 2.5 m 4.0 m
A
A
40 cm
d = 53 cm
Section A-A
EXAMPLE 6-1 Design of Vertical Stirrups WSD v.s. SDM
Shear2_03
WSD
Shear Diagram : (ton) Shear Diagram : (ton)
29.5
17
10
-10
-17
-29.5
2.5 m 4 m
2.5 m
Assume column width = 0.3 m
@ critical section V = 29.5 5(0.15+0.53) = 26.10 ton
w = 5 t/m
Shear strength of concrete Vc = 0.29(280)
1/2
(40)(53)/1,000 = 10.29 ton
Required shear strength of steel Vs = 26.10 10.29 = 15.81 ton
Check lightly shear rein. 0.795(280)
1/2
(40)(53)/1,000 = 28.20 ton > V OK
Shear2_04
Select RB9 : Av = 2(0.636) = 1.27 cm
2
, fs = 1,200 ksc
Stirrup spacing : s = 1.27(1.2)(53)/15.81 = 5.11 cm < [53/2=26.5 cm] < 60 cm
USE Stirrup RB9 @ 0.05 m
Shear @ x = 2.5 m, V = 10 ton
Use min. stirrup : s = 1.27(2,400)/3.5(40) = 21.8 cm < [53/2=26.5 cm] < 60 cm
USE Stirrup RB9 @ 0.20 m
2.5 m 3.7 m 2.5 m
RB9@0.05 RB9@0.05 RB9@0.20
WSD
Shear2_05
SDM
Shear Diagram : (ton) Shear Diagram : (ton)
@ critical section Vu = 46.85 7.9(0.15+0.53) = 41.48 ton
46.85
27.1
15.8
-15.8
-27.1
-46.85
2.5 m 4 m
2.5 m
Assume column width = 0.3 m
wu = 7.9 t/m
Shear strength of concrete Vc = 0.53(280)
1/2
(40)(53)/1,000 = 18.80 ton
Required shear strength of steel Vs = 41.48/0.85 18.80 = 30.00 ton
Check lightly shear rein. 1.1(280)
1/2
(40)(53)/1,000 = 39.02 ton > Vs OK
wu = 1.4(2)+1.7(3) = 7.9 t/m
Pu = 1.4(2)+1.7(5) = 11.3 ton
Shear2_06
Select RB9 : Av = 2(0.636) = 1.27 cm
2
, fy = 2,400 ksc
Stirrup spacing : s = 1.27(2.4)(53)/30.00 = 5.38 cm < [53/2=26.5 cm] < 60 cm
USE Stirrup RB9 @ 0.05 m
Shear @ x = 2.5 m, Vu/ = 15.8/0.85 = 18.6 ton
Use min. stirrup : s = 1.27(2,400)/3.5(40) = 21.8 cm < [53/2=26.5 cm] < 60 cm
USE Stirrup RB9 @ 0.20 m
2.5 m 3.7 m 2.5 m
RB9@0.05 RB9@0.05 RB9@0.20
SDM
Shear2_07
Location of Maximum Shear for the Design of Beams Location of Maximum Shear for the Design of Beams
ACI 11.1.3.1 For nonprestressed members, sections located less than a distance
d from face of support shall be permitted to be designed for V
u
computed at a
distance d.
Shear force diagram for design Shear force diagram for design
d
d
d d
Shear2_08
Typical support conditions for locating Typical support conditions for locating V V
u u
Beam loaded near bottom
V
u
Critical section
Beam column joint
V
u
d d
V
u
Beam supported by tension force
V
u
Critical section
Beam with concentrated
load close to support
V
u
Critical
section
d
Shear2_09
Shear at Midspan of Uniformly Loaded Beams Shear at Midspan of Uniformly Loaded Beams
In normal building, the dead load is always present over the full span,
the live load may act over the full span, or over part of the span.
LL full span
DL full span
Max. shear @ ends
u
u
w L
V
2
=
LL half span
DL full span
Max. shear @ midspan
Lu
u
w L
V
8
=
Shear force envelop : Shear force envelop :
u
u
w L
V
2
=
Lu
u
w L
V
8
=
Shear2_10
EXAMPLE 6-2 More Detailed Design of Vertical Stirrups SDM
The simple beam supports a uniformly distributed service dead load of 2 t/m, including
its own weight, and a uniformly distributed service live load of 2.5 t/m. Design vertical
stirrups for this beam. The concrete strength is 250 ksc, the yield strength of the
flexural reinforcement is 4,000 ksc.
Shear2_11
DL = 2 t/m
LL = 2.5 t/m
L = 10 m
30 cm
d = 64 cm
w
u
= 1.4(2) + 1.7(2.5) = 7.05 t/m
w
Lu
= 1.7(2.5) = 4.25 t/m
w
u
L/2 = 7.05(10)/2 = 32.25 t/m
w
Lu
L/8 = 4.25(10)/8 = 5.31 t/m
V V
u u
/ / Diagram : Diagram :
32.25/0.85 = 37.94 ton
5.31/0.85 = 6.25 ton
Support Midspan
37.94 t
V
u
/
6.25 t
Shear2_12
V
u
/ at d = 37.94 (0.84/5)(37.94 6.25) = 32.62 ton
c c
Shear strength of concrete V 0.53 f bd 0.53 250(30)(64) / 1,000 16.09 ton = = =
Required V
s
8.05 t
16.09 t
V
c
0.5V
c
Is the cross section large enough? Is the cross section large enough?
n,max c c
V V 2.1 f bd 16.09 2.1 250(30)(64) / 1,000 79.84 32.62 ton = + = + = > OK
84 cm
Critical section
32.62 t
c c
max
V 1.1 f bd 16.09 1.1 250(30)(64) / 1,000 55.6 32.62 ton
s d/ 2 60 cm
+ = + = >

assume column width = 0.40 cm
Shear2_13
Minimum stirrup : (ACI 11.5.6.3) Minimum stirrup : (ACI 11.5.6.3) USE RB9 : A
v
= 2(0.636) = 1.27 cm
2
, f
y
= 2400 ksc
v,min c
y
bs
A 0.2 f
f
=
Rearranging gives
(ACI Eq. 11-13)
v y
max
c
A f
1.27(2, 400)
s 32 cm
0.2 f b 0.2 250(30)
= = =

but not less than

v y
max
A f
1.27(2, 400)
s 29 cm
3.5b 3.5(30)
= = =
Use s
max
= 29 cm < [d/2 = 64/2 = 32 cm] < 60 cm
Compute stirrup resuired at d from support
v y
u c
A f d
1.27(2.4)(64)
s 11.8 cm
V / V 32.62 16.09
= = =

Use RB9@0.11m. Change spacing to s = 15 cm where this is acceptable, and then
to the maximum spacing of 29 cm.
Compute V
u
/ where s can be increased to 15 cm.
v y u
c
A f d
V 1.27(2.4)(64)
V 16.09 29.1 ton
s 15
= + = + =

Shear2_14
Support Midspan
37.94 t
V
u
/
6.25 t
8.05 t
V
c
= 16.09 t
0.5V
c
84 cm
Critical section
32.62 t
500 cm
29.1 t
x
37.94 29.1
x 500 140 cm from support
37.94 6.25

= =

Change s to 29 cm, compute V

u
/
v y u
c
A f d
V 1.27(2.4)(64)
V 16.09 22.82 ton
s 29
= + = + =

37.94 22.82
x 500 239 cm from support
37.94 6.25

= =

s=15 cm @
x = 140 cm
s=29 cm @
x = 239 cm
Support Midspan
500 cm
20 cm
1 cm
RB9 @ 0.11 m : 20+1+11@11 = 142 cm > 140 cm OK
11@11 cm
RB9 @ 0.15 m : 142+7@15 = 247 cm > 239 cm OK
RB9 @ 0.29 m : 247 + 8@29 = 479 cm
7@15 cm 8@29 cm
RB9@0.11 RB9@0.15 RB9@0.29
Shear2_15
Shear Span (a = M/V )
P P
a a
Distance a over which the shear is constant
M = Va
Moment
Diagram
+
V = +P
V = -P
Shear
Diagram
+
-
Shear2_16
Crack Pattern in Several Lengths of Beam
Span
Mark (m) a/d
1 0.90 1.0
2 1.15 1.5
3 1.45 2.0
4 1.70 2.5
5 1.95 3.0
6 2.35 4.0
7/1 3.10 5.0
8/1 3.60 6.0
10/1 4.70 8.0
9/1 5.80 7.0
Shear2_17
Variation in Shear Strength with a/d for rectangular beams
a/d
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7
F
a
i
l
u
r
e

m
o
m
e
n
t

=
V
a
Deep
beams
Shear-tension and
shear-compression
failures
Diagonal tension
failures
Flexural
failures
Inclined cracking
strength, V
c
Flexural moment
strength Shear-compression
strength
Shear2_18
DEEP BEAM DEEP BEAM
Brunswick Building. Note the deep concrete beams at the top of the ground columns.
These 168-ft beams, supported on four columns and loaded by closely spaced fascia
columns above, are 2 floors deep. Shear stresses and failure mechanisms were
studied on a small concrete model. (Chicago, Illinois)
Shear2_19
Shear2_20
Deep Beams
When shear span a = M /V to depth ratio < 2
Mechanism:
Compressive
struts
If unreinforced,
large cracks may open
at lower midspan.
Use both horizontal
and vertical may
prevent cracks
Deep beams are structural elements loaded as beams in
which a significant amount of the load is transferred to the
supports by a compression thrust joining the load and the
reaction.
Shear2_21
Definition of Deep Beam Definition of Deep Beam
ACI 10.7.1 Deep beams are members loaded on one face and supported on the
opposite face so that compression struts can develop between the loads and the
supports, and have either:
(a) clear spans, L
n
, equal to or less than four times the overall member depth; or
(b) regions with concentrated loads within twice the member depth from the face
of the support.
L
n
h L
n
/ h 4
h
P
x
x < 2 h
Shear2_22
Basic Shear Strength: V
n
V
u
where V
n
= V
c
+ V
s
Location for Computing Factored Shear:
(a) Simply Supported Beams
(Critical section located at distance z from face of support)
- z = 0.15L
n
d for uniform loading
- z = 0.50a d for concentrated loading
(b) Continuous Beams
Critical section located at face of support
Design Criteria for Shear in Deep Beams Design Criteria for Shear in Deep Beams
Limitation on Nominal Shear Strength
n,max c
V 2.7 f bd =
Shear2_23
c c
V 0.53 f bd = Simplified method:
u u
c c c
u u
M V d
V 3.5 2.5 0.50 f 176 bd 1.6 f bd
V d M
| | | |
= +
| |
\ \
u
u
M
where 1.0 3.5 2.5 2.5
V d

Shear Strength of Concrete, V
c
If some minor unsightly cracking is not tolerated, the designer can use
Shear Reinforcement, V
s
v n vh n
s y
v h
A 1 L / d A 11 L / d
V f d
s 12 s 12
( + | | | |
= +
( | |
\ \

.: a A
v
= nvr.-e.u...av (r:.
.
). A
vh
= nvr.-evavu...av (r:.
.
)
s
v
= ::-.-euea. (r:.). s
h
= ::-ra.-evav (r:.)
Shear2_24
Minimum Shear Reinforcement
v
d
maximum s 30 cm
5

h
d
maximum s 30 cm
5

and
vh h
minimum A 0.0015 b s =
v v
minimum A 0.0025 b s =
Shear2_25
o.aa++n u.c aa.uu.-eu...ave-urvr.euv-v:rea.erav-v
rv. cc .vv..e:.evrrv ..c .:. rv . r:. .e:r:eu:ert.e
d ac r:. r f
c
.ac ..r:.
.
.e: f
,
+.ccc ..r:.
.
.en+ (a) n.e.uvrve-a':e-urvv
L
n
/d = 360/90 = 4 +vv.uvo+vao
35 cm
9
0

c
m
4DB36
40 cm 40 cm 3.6 m
5 cm 5 cm
35@10 = 3.5 m
60 t
1.20 m
60 t
1.20 m
Shear2_26
(b) -v.e;.e-uv-v:r.uv.e |errrv..av a = 1.20 :.
0.50a = 0.5(1.20) = 0.60 .:. < [d = 0.90 .:.]
-v.e;.ar c.cc :. ..ra.eau
(c) e..avrarv|e'::.-eu...avr-v.;. v-v:r.uv.eu:era
1.7 LL = 1.7(60) = 102 .v
e:.ev-vrrrva.:a.ruuv-v:r.uv.e |erte:.aer-v.e;.
102(60)
0.67
102(90)
u
u
M
V d
= =
.ree-urvera
3.5 2.5 3.5 2.5(0.67) 1.83 2.5
u
u
M
V d
= = < OK
1.83 0.50 176
u
c c
u
V d
v f
M

(
= +
(

4(10.18)
0.0129
35(90)
w
= =
Shear2_27
( ) 176 0.0129
1.83 0.50 280
0.67
c
v
(
= +
(

= 1.83[8.37 + 3.39] = 21.5 ..r:.
.
2
Upper limit: 1.6 1.6 240 24.8 kg/cm
c c
v f = = =
eu...avrarav. V
c
= v
c
b
w
d = 21.5(35)(90)/1,000 = 67.8 .v
(d, o+a+.aavnnv+o.o;o
102
Required 120 ton
0.85
u
n
V
V

= = =
.va. V
n
r.a > V
c
(120 > 67.8) evv.a.-e.e:u...av
o.uor
n,max c
V 2.7 f bd 2.7 280(35)(90) / 1,000 = =
= 142 .v > 120 .v OK
Shear2_28
(e, o+..a.r.nao.ua.+.aav
2
1 / 11 /
12 12
v n vh n s
y
A L d A L d V
s s f d
+ | | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
e-u L
n
/d = 4 : V
s
= 120 67.8 = 52.2 .v
b = 35 r:. .e: f
y
= 4,000 ..r:.
.
v vh
v h
A A 5 7 52.2
0.145
s 12 s 12 4.0(90)
| | | |
+ = =
| |
\ \
min A
v
= 0.0015 b s
v
max s
v
= d/5 =18 r:.
min A
vh
= 0.0025 b s
h
max s
h
= d/5 = 18 r:.
ear DB12 v.vvavv..e:ev:::-v s
h
= 18 r:.
min A
vh
= 0.0025(35)(18) = 1.58 r:
.
rr..:- A
vh
= 2(1.13) = 2.26 r:
2
> 2.2 r:
.
OK
Shear2_29
v
A 5 2.26 7
0.145
s 12 18 12
| | | |
+ =
| |
\ \
.rvr A
vh
eve:
| |
12
0.145 0.0732 0.172
5
= =
v
A
s
e-u.-ee. DB12: A
v
= 2(1.13) = 2.26 r:
.
.a s = 2.26/0.172 = 13.1 r:. < [d/5 = 18 r:.] OK
evvr DB12 .uv.-ee.r:: 12 r:. .eaerrrv
Shear2_30
35 cm
9
0

c
m
4DB36
40 cm 40 cm 3.6 m
30@12 = 3.6 m
DB12@0.18
DB12@0.12