A

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary A

A
absolute motion: Vibratory motion with respect to an inertial reference frame such as free space. acceleration: The time rate of change of velocity. In the time domain, acceleration leads velocity
by 90, and displacement by 180. Typical engineering units are Gs,o-p, or Inches/Second2.

accelerometer: A vibration transducer designed to measure acceleration. Generally, a piezoelectric crystal is used to generate a charge proportional to acceleration. The charge sensitive signal is converted to a voltage sensitive signal with an internal or external Charge Amplier.

ADRE for Windows: An acronym for Automated Diagnostics for Rotating Equipment that consists of hardware and software that is typically used for acquisition and processing of vibration data. ADRE is a registered trademark of Bently Nevada Corporation of Minden, Nevada.

aim: In alignment terminology, to regulate or control the direction of a sighting device. alidade: All of the upper part of an optical instrument that turns in azimuth with the sighting
device (this is usually the telescope).

alignment: The relative position between machine elements. This is applied to the position or location of stationary elements within the machinery casing. It is also applied to the position of rotating elements (e.g., couplings) between machinery cases. In an ideal case, the shaft centerlines between two machines should be collinear when the machinery is fully loaded and heat soaked.

American Petroleum Institute (API): An organization for the development and distribution
of technical standards, procedures, and certication programs for the petroleum industries. The main ofces are located in Washington, D.C.

American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME): A technical organization devoted to

promoting the arts and sciences in the eld of mechanical engineering. As part of this charter, an extensive series of technical standards, procedures, and test codes have been developed for industry. The main ofces are located in New York, NY.

amplication, signal: A uniform increase in amplitude of an electronic signal without variation

of the wave form frequency or timing content. Normally performed with a voltage amplier.

amplication factor: A measure of the susceptibility of a rotor to vibrate as it passes through a

critical speed region. A high value indicates low damping, and a small value is a well-damped system. Also equal to divided by the log decrement in analytical computations.

amplitude: The magnitude measurement of periodic dynamic motion. Displacement is measured

in Peak to Peak values. Velocity and acceleration are presented as Zero to Peak amplitudes.

aperiodic motion: The motion of a body within a critically or highly damped system where all
periodic motion is suppressed. During this type of non-vibratory motion, the body (following an initial disturbance) tends to creep back to its equilibrium position without oscillation.

Apple Computer, Inc.: A manufacturer of the Macintosh personal computer, and associated
hardware and operating systems, with main ofces located in Cupertino, California.

781

782

Appendix-A

asymmetrical support: Support systems that do not provide uniform restraint (stiffness) in all
lateral directions.

asynchronous: For rotating machinery applications, frequency components which are not integer
multiples, or integer fractions of shaft rotative speed and remain at a xed or constant frequency irrespective of speed changes.

attenuation, signal: A uniform reduction in the amplitude of a signal without variation of the
wave form frequency content or timing. Normally performed with a voltage attenuator.

attitude angle: The included angle between a bearing centerline and a line connecting the geometric center of the bearing with the center of the shaft. This angle usually follows the direction of shaft rotation, and varies as a function of external plus internal preloads, and the particular bearing conguration.

averaging: Digital averaging of successive FFT samples to reduce random noise, and enhance fundamental spectral components and associated harmonics.

axial: Parallel to the rotor centerline. This applies to vibration and position measurements of the
rotating shaft and the machine casing.

axial position: The average position, or the change in position, of a rotor in the axial direction
with respect to an established reference. Normally measured with respect to the thrust bearing.

azimuth: The direction in a horizontal plane, parallel to the surface of the earth. azimuth axis: The vertical axis. The axis of the bearing and spindle of an optical instrument
which connes rotation to a horizontal plane.

azimuth motion: The clamp and tangent screw of an optical instrument which controls rotation
in the horizontal plane.

B
balance resonance speed: A rotative speed corresponding to a natural resonant frequency of a
rotor. The midpoint of the amplitude peak and phase shift that occurs as the rotor passes through a resonance. Balance resonances are usually referred to as rotor critical speeds.

balancing: A systematic procedure for adjusting the radial mass distribution of a rotor so that the
mass centerline approaches the geometric centerline; thus, reducing the vibration and the lateral forces applied to the bearings and surrounding structure.

band-pass lter: An electronic lter that has a single transmission band extending from a nite
lower to an upper cutoff frequency. Frequencies within the pass band are retained, and frequencies outside of the pass band are eliminated or attenuated. The cutoff frequencies are those points on either side of the center frequency where the amplitude is attenuated by 3 dB (or 0.707 of the value at the center frequency).

band-reject lter: An electronic lter that has a single rejection band extending from a nite
lower to an upper cutoff frequency. Frequencies within the rejection band are eliminated or attenuated, and frequencies outside the rejection band are retained. This type of lter is also called a notch lter.

bandwidth: The span between frequencies at which a band-pass lter attenuates the signal by 3
dB to 0.707. Also, the frequency range over which a given electronic device is set to operate.

baseline: Vibration, position, and performance data acquired on a machine in good condition, and
used as a reference for future trending and analysis of the machinery.

bearing clearance ratio (BCR): The relationship between the bearing diametrical clearance
measured in Mils, and the shaft diameter measured in Inches. A value of 1.5 Mils/Inch is typical on many industrial machines. On units with nonsymmetrical (e.g., elliptical) bearings, a unique value will be associated with the vertical and the horizontal clearances separately.

bearing unit load (BUL): The static load placed on a journal bearing due to the weight of the
shaft divided by the plane area of the bearing. Common engineering units are Pounds/Inch2.

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary

783

beats: The variation in amplitude due to the time domain superposition or summation of two periodic wave forms occurring at different frequencies. The differential between the two fundamental frequencies is known as the bear frequency.

bench marks: In machinery alignment work, the permanent xtures used to identify reference
points in the X, Y, and Z directions. Linear distance measurements are made with respect to these reference points to determine the three-dimensional location of a point in space.

Bently Nevada Corporation: A manufacturer of vibration transducers, monitors, data acquisition and analysis systems, plus associated software and training activities. A worldwide organization with corporate headquarters located in Minden, Nevada.

bias voltage: The DC voltage at the output of a dynamic transducer on which the AC signal is
superimposed. For an ICP device this DC voltage has no mechanical signicance. For a piezoresistive pressure probe, this voltage is proportional to the average static pressure. For a Proximitor output from a displacement system transducer, this voltage is proportional to the distance between the probe tip and the observed surface. Variations in this voltage allow the computation of position changes between the proximity probe tip and the observed surface.

blade passing: For bladed machinery, a frequency equal to the number of blades times shaft rotative speed. This may be stationary or rotating blades, or geometric combinations thereof.

Bode plot: Cartesian plot of a vector (typically 1X) where speed is plotted on the abscissa, versus
synchronous phase angle and vibration amplitude on the ordinate. This data is often combined with a polar plot of the same information. This plot may be constructed from measured vibration data, or calculated response information. Named for the frequency response plots of H.W. Bode.

bow, shaft: A shaft condition where the geometric shaft centerline is physically distorted by gravitational sag and/or thermal warpage.

broadband noise: The total noise at the output of an electronic circuit, or a transducer system. buck-in: To place an optical instrument so that the line of sight satises two requirements (such as
aiming at two targets) simultaneously. This is usually accomplished by trial and error.

C
Campbell diagram: A mathematically constructed plot used to predict the interference between
system resonances and excitations. The abscissa displays speed, and the excitation frequencies (e.g., unbalance, misalignment, oil whirl, blade passing, etc.) are shown as multiples of this fundamental. The ordinate displays the lateral and torsional natural resonant frequencies.

cascade plot: A diagram used to observe frequency changes versus rotor speed. This plot consists
of a series of spectra acquired at consecutive speeds. The abscissa displays frequency; and amplitude, incremented at various rotor speeds, is shown along the ordinate axis.

casing expansion: Measurement of axial growth of a machine casing relative to the foundation
or the support structure. Common engineering units are Mils or Inches.

center frequency: For a band-pass lter, the frequency equal to the center of the transmission
band. Common engineering units are Cycles/Second or hertz.

circular level: The round level attached to the alidade. clipping: The distortion or truncation of a dynamic electronic signal due to the signal amplitude
exceeding the limits of the amplier or supply voltage.

coherence: The dimensionless ratio of coherent output power between two channels of an FFT. A
high coherence (approaching 1.0) provides good condence in the direct relationship of the data.

Compaq Computer Corporation: A manufacturer of personal computers and associated

hardware and software. This equipment is distributed under a brand name of COMPAQ, with main ofces located in Houston, Texas.

compliance: A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurement, where the output displacement response is divided by the input force. This measurement is the reciprocal of dynamic stiffness, with typical engineering units of Inches/Pound.

784

Appendix-A

Computed Order Tracking (COT): A signal processing technique for identifying and tracking orders of a fundamental component. Computed Order Tracking is a registered trademark of Hewlett Packard of Everett, Washington.

coupled modes: Vibratory modes which inuence each other due to energy transfer between the
respective modes. This could be lateral to lateral, or lateral to torsional interaction.

coupling, AC: A signal conditioning technique for eliminating low frequency and/or bias voltages
from a transducer signal. This is often used on proximity probe signals to remove the DC gap voltage. It is achieved by inserting a coupling capacitor in series between the signal conditioner and the applied instrument. A coupling capacitor is installed only on the signal conductor, and not on the signal ground.

coupling, DC: A signal that has not been subjected to AC Coupling. A signal that contains AC signals riding upon a DC bias signal.

critical damping: The smallest amount of damping required to achieve aperiodic motion, and
return the system to equilibrium in the shortest time without oscillation. The damping value which provides the most rapid response with minimal overshoot of the equilibrium position.

critical speed: A rotor balance resonance speed, or a speed which corresponds to a system resonance frequency. Also, an operating speed which is associated with high vibration amplitudes.

critical speed map: A machinery design diagram used to evaluate changes in resonant frequencies (plotted on the ordinate) versus variable support stiffness (on the abscissa).

CRITSPD: A computer program for determination of undamped response of exible rotor-bearing

systems using the complex matrix transfer method. Program coded in MS-DOS, and distributed by Rodyn Vibration, Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

cross-coupled: A mechanical condition where a force applied in one plane will affect or inuence a
perpendicular plane, or another lateral plane.

cross talk: Electronic interference from one data channel superimposed upon another channel.
This interference can occur between transducers, monitor channels, channels on a tape recorder or individual data channels on a digital data acquisition device.

Curvic: A type of close tolerance coupling manufactured by The Gleason Works in Rochester, NY. Cxx: Horizontal damping with common engineering units of Pounds-Seconds/Inch. Cxy or Cyx: Cross-coupling damping between vertical and horizontal directions with common engineering units of Pounds-Seconds/Inch.

Cyy: Vertical damping with common engineering units of Pounds-Seconds/Inch.

D
damping: The energy converter in a vibrating mechanical system that restrains the amplitude of
motion with each successive oscillation. As applied to shaft motion, damping is provided by the oil in bearings, seals, etc. This is the property that restrains motion through a resonance.

decibel: A ratio expressed as 20 times the log of the voltage ratio, or 10 times the log of the power
ratio: dB=20 log (V/Vref)=10 log (P/Pref).

degrees of freedom: Description of a mechanical system complexity. The number of independent

variables describing the state of a vibrating mechanical system.

differentiation: An electronic circuit or calculation procedure that performs mathematical time

differentiation. Converting displacement to velocity requires single differentiation, and displacement to acceleration would be considered as double differentiation.

differential expansion: Axial rotor position with respect to the casing, at the end of the
machine opposite the thrust bearing. Common engineering units are Mils or Inches.

Digital Vector Filter (DVF): An electronic instrument that uses digital signal processing and
band-pass tracking lters to extract vector data from complex dynamic signals. Devices such as the Bently Nevada DVF2 and DVF3 perform this function.

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary

785

displacement: The change in distance or position of an object. Eddy current probes directly measure displacement. Single integration of a velocity signal, or double integration of an accelerometer are required to obtain displacement. Common units for displacement are Mils, or Mils,p-p.

dual probe: A transducer set consisting of a proximity probe plus a casing vibration transducer
installed at the same location. The time summation of the shaft relative and the casing absolute signals allows the measurement of absolute shaft motion.

dynamic mass: A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurement, where input force is divided by the output acceleration response. This measurement is the reciprocal of inertance, with typical units of Pounds/Gs.

dynamic motion: Vibratory motion due to forces that are active only when the rotor is turning at
speeds above slow roll.

dynamic range: The ratio of the largest to the smallest signals that can be measured at the same
time with typical engineering units of dB.

dynamic stiffness: A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurement where the input force is divided by output displacement. This measurement is the reciprocal of compliance, with typical units of Pounds/Inch.

Dynamic Signal Analyzer (DSA): An electronic instrument that uses digital signal processing
and the Fast Fourier Transform to convert complex dynamic signals into frequency components, with associated parameters such as phase, coherence, and time records. Instruments such as the HP-3560A, HP-35665A, and the HP-35670A are DSAs.

DYROBES: A computer program for the statics and dynamics of rotor bearing systems to a variety
of forcing functions using nite element analysis (FEA). Program coded in MS-DOS, and distributed by Rodyn Vibration, Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

E
eccentricity: Variation of a shaft diameter when referenced to the true geometric shaft centerline.
The measurement of shaft bow or runout at slow rotational speeds. When measured with a dial indicator, this is often referred to as total indicated runout (TIR).

eccentricity ratio: A dimensionless value obtained by dividing the change in radial shaft centerline position by the diametrical bearing clearance.

Eigenvalue: A root of the characteristic equation of a given matrix. As applied to rotor dynamics, a
complex root that identies natural frequencies, and the associated damping. The imaginary part of the root denes the calculated natural frequency.

Eigenvector: The calculated mode shape at each natural frequency (Eigenvalue). Multiplication of
transfer matrices determine the mode shape by computation of displacement at each station.

electrical runout: A source of error on the output signal of a proximity probe system. Usually a
function of the varying conductivity of the observed surface or localized shaft magnetism.

electro magnetic interference (EMI): A condition in which an electromagnetic eld produces an unwanted signal or noise.

elevation: The direction of a line of sight in a vertical plane perpendicular to the earth. elevation axis: The horizontal axis. The axis of the bearing and the journal of the optical telescope
axle which connes rotation to a vertical plane.

elevation motion: The clamp and tangent screw of an optical instrument which controls rotation
in elevation.

Endevco Corporation: A manufacturer of accelerometers, acoustic microphones, pressure and

force transducers, plus associated hardware and calibration services. Corporate headquarters are located in San Juan Capistrano, California.

Excel, Microsoft: A multi-platform spreadsheet program with numerical computation and data
analysis capability by Microsoft Corporation located in Redmond, Washington.

786

Appendix-A

F
focus: In alignment terminology, to move the optical parts so that a sharp image is observed. Fourier Transform: A mathematical operation which converts a time-varying signal into a nite
number of discrete frequency components with dened amplitudes.

Fast Fourier Transform (FFT): A mathematical operation which decomposes a time-varying

signal into a nite number of discrete frequency components. The FFT approximates a true Fourier transform, and is performed by a digital computer-based instrument such as a DSA.

lter: For electronic signal processing, a circuit designed to pass or reject a specic frequency range.
For machinery applications, the lters used for cleaning lubricants or other process uids.

at-top window: A time domain weighting function applied to the input signal of an FFT Analyzer. This window removes signals that are not periodic at both ends of the time record. It provides a at lter shape to maximize amplitude accuracy (typically within 0.005 dB).

forced vibration: System oscillation due to the action of a forcing function. Typically, forced
vibration occurs at the frequency of the exciting force (e.g., unbalance occurs at running speed).

free vibration: Motion of a mechanical system following an initial perturbation. Depending on

the system and the kind of perturbation, the system responds by free vibration at one or more of its natural frequencies.

frequency: The repetition rate of a periodic event within a specic unit of time. Typical units for
frequency are Cycles per Minute (CPM) or Cycles per Second (hertz).

frequency response: The variation of amplitude and phase characteristics of a mechanical or

electronic system versus frequency.

frequency response function (FRF): A dynamic signal processing technique that provides a
ratio between the FFT of the output divided by the FFT of the input signal. The results are displayed as an amplitude ratio, and a differential phase measurement. The validity of this measurement is veried by the coherence between signals. FRF is also called a transfer function.

G
G: The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the earth. It is equal to 32.174 Feet per Second2, or
386.1 Inches per Second2.

gear mesh: A normal gear box frequency equal to the number of gear teeth times each shaft frequency. For example, in a two element gear: Gear Mesh = Number Pinion Teeth x Pinion Speed = Number Bull Gear Teeth x Bull Gear Speed.

ground loop: System noise due to a circulating current between two or more electrical connections
and a signal ground. This typically appears at frequencies such as 60, 120, or 180 hertz.

H
Hammer-3D: A computer program for determination of structural mode shapes based on impact
hammer tests. Program runs exclusively on an HP-35670A in Hewlett Packard Instrument Basic. This was developed by Seattle Sound and Vibration, inc., located in Seattle, Washington.

Hann window: A time domain weighting function applied to the input signal of an FFT Analyzer.
This window removes signals that are not periodic at both ends of the time record. It provides a good compromise between amplitude (+0, -1.5 dB), and frequency accuracy. Also known as a Hanning window on many instruments.

harmonic: A frequency which is an integer multiple of a specic fundamental frequency. heavy spot: The angular location of the unbalance vector at a specic lateral location on a shaft. hertz (Hz): A measurement of frequency, with engineering units of Cycles per Second. Hewlett Packard: A manufacturer of a wide array of electronic instrumentation, data acquisition and analysis systems, calibration equipment, plus associated software, service, and training activities. A worldwide organization with Test and Measurement headquarters in Palo Alto, CA.

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary

787

high-pass lter: A lter with a single transmission band extending from a dened nite lower
cutoff frequency (amplitude @ -3 dB) to the upper frequency limit of the device.

high spot: The angular location of the shaft directly under the vibration probe at the point in time
when the shaft makes its closest approach to the probe.

horizontal: In alignment terminology, the direction perpendicular to the direction of gravity. As

applied to the identication of vibration transducers, the right-hand or X-Axis transducer.

I
impact test: A mechanical test where an input force is provided by the impact from a force hammer or battering ram. The mechanical element vibration response is measured, and a frequency response function between force and vibration is computed with a dual channel DSA.

impedance: The mechanical properties that govern system response to periodic forces. inertia, area: With respect to a given axis, the product of area and the distance from the axis
squared. This is typically expressed in units of Inches4.

inertia, mass: With respect to a given axis, the product of mass and the distance from the axis
squared. For a rotating mechanical system, Inertia is often referred to as the WR2 of the rotor, and is expressed in units of Pound-Inch-Second2. Multiplication by the acceleration of gravity yields the common inertia units of Pound-Inches2.

inertance: A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurement
where output acceleration response is divided by the input force. This measurement is the reciprocal of dynamic mass, with typical units of Gs/Pound.

in-phase component: The magnitude of the 1X vector that is in line with the transducer. This is
expressed as: In-Phase = A cos (); where A is the amplitude, and is the associated phase angle.

inertially referenced: Motion referred to free space, or a vibration transducer which measures
such motion.

instability: A mechanical system that has a negative log decrement. Any perturbation to a unstable mechanical system will result in increasing system vibration as a function of time.

Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric (ICP): A dynamic transducer for acceleration, force,

load, pressure pulsation, or shock measurements that incorporates signal conditioning electronics into the body of the eld mounted transducer. This type of transducer produces a voltage sensitive output signal. ICP is a registered trademark of PCB Piezotronics, Inc. of Buffalo, NY.

integration: An electronic circuit or calculation procedure that performs mathematical time integration. Converting velocity to displacement is considered a single integration, and acceleration to displacement would be double integration.

isotropic support: Support systems that provide uniform stiffness in all radial directions.

J
J: Typical nomenclature for area or mass polar moment of inertia with common engineering units of
Inches4 or Pound-Inch-Second2 respectively.

K
Keyphasor (Key): A probe used for sensing a once-per-rev event. The resultant pulse signal
that is used for measuring phase angle, rotational speed, and synchronous tracking. Keyphasor is a registered trademark of Bently Nevada Corporation of Minden, Nevada.

Kax: Axial stiffness with typical engineering units of Pounds/Inch. Kingsbury: A manufacturer of oil lm type journal and thrust bearings that are often self aligning
and load equalizing. Kingsbury, Inc. is located in Philadelphia, PA.

Krohn-Hite Corporation: A manufacturer of electronic lters, signal sources, and other electronic instruments with corporate headquarters located in Avon, Massachusetts.

Kt: Torsional stiffness with typical engineering units of Inch-Pounds/Radian.

788

Appendix-A

Kulite Semiconductor Products, Inc.: A manufacturer of accelerometers, strain gages, pressure and force transducers, plus associated hardware and calibration services. Corporate headquarters are located in Leonia, New Jersey.

Kxx: Horizontal lateral stiffness with typical engineering units of Pounds/Inch. Kxy or Kyx: Cross-coupling lateral stiffness between vertical and horizontal directions with typical
engineering units of Pounds/Inch.

Kyy: Vertical lateral stiffness with typical engineering units of Pounds/Inch.

L
lateral location: Various points identied along the axial length or centerline of a rotor. linear system: A mechanical system in which the response of each element is proportional to the
excitation.

Lissajous gure: The series of plane curves traced by an object executing two mutually perpendicular harmonic motions, forming a distinct pattern. For vibration measurements on rotating machinery, this is normally referred to as an orbit.

Loctite: A series of commercially available products for locking threaded connections. Loctite is
a registered trademark of Loctite Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio.

log decrement: A measure of damping based upon the rate of decay of free oscillatory motion. A
dimensionless quantity dened as the natural logarithm of the ratio of any two successive amplitude peaks in the decay cycle: Log Dec=ln(X2/X1). Based upon an Eigenvalue, the calculated value: Log Dec. = -2 *(Real/Imaginary).

low-pass lter: A lter with a single transmission band extending from the lower frequency limit
of the device to some nite upper cutoff frequency (amplitude @ -3 dB).

M
Machinery Diagnostics, Inc.: A machinery consulting and personnel training company with
corporate and intergalactic headquarters located in Minden, Nevada.

magnetic center: The normal axial operating position for an electric machine where stator and
rotor forces are generally balanced, and axial forces on the rotating element are minimal.

Mathematica: A computer program for performing a wide range of calculations and associated
graphical results on a variety of personal computer platforms. This program is by Wolfram Research, Inc., with head ofces located in Champaign, Illinois.

Measurements Group, Inc.: A manufacturer of strain gages and accessories, signal conditioning, data acquisition systems, photoelastic materials, and training, with corporate headquarters located in Raleigh, North Carolina.

mechanical impedance: A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurement where input force is divided by the output velocity response. This is the reciprocal of mobility, with typical units of Pounds/IPS.

mechanical runout: A source of proximity probe signal error. This includes eccentric shafts,
scratches, rust or other conductive metal buildup, plus variations in metallic properties.

Microsoft Windows: A computer operating system that is a registered trademark of Microsoft

Corporation located in Redmond, Washington.

mil: A measurement of length or distance equal to 0.001 Inches. mobility: A frequency response function (FRF), also known as a transfer function measurement
where the velocity response is divided by the input force. This is the reciprocal of mechanical impedance, with typical units of IPS/Pound.

mode of vibration: A pattern of a vibrating system in which the motion of every particle occurs
at the same frequency. In a multiple degree of freedom system, two or more modes may exist concurrently.

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary

789

mode shape: The deected rotor shape at a specic speed to an applied forcing function. A twodimensional or three-dimensional presentation of the shaft lateral deection. Also applies to torsional shaft motion and the motion of all structures, including stationary support elements.

modulation, amplitude (AM): A signal where the amplitude of a carrier signal is varied by the
amplitude of the modulating signal.

modulation, frequency (FM): A constant amplitude carrier signal, with a frequency varied by
the modulating signal frequency.

modulus of elasticity (E): The ratio between a specied increment of tensile or compressive
stress divided by a corresponding increment of tensile or compressive strain. Also known as elastic modulus, coefcient of elasticity, or Youngs modulus, with typical units of Pounds/Inch2.

modulus of rigidity (Gshear): The ratio between a specied increment of shearing stress divided
by a corresponding increment of shearing strain. Also known as the shear modulus, torsion modulus, or modulus of elasticity in shear with typical engineering units of Pounds/Inch2.

MS-DOS: A computer operating system that is a registered trademark of Microsoft Corporation

located in Redmond, Washington.

N
NARF: An acronym for Natural Axial Resonant Frequency that is typically applied to axially compliant machine couplings such as disk or membrane couplings.

natural frequency: The free vibration frequency of a system. The frequency at which an
undamped system with a single degree of freedom will oscillate upon momentary displacement from its rest position. The natural frequencies of a multiple degree of freedom system are the frequencies of the normal modes of vibration.

nodal point: A point of minimum shaft deection at a specic mode shape. May change location
along the shaft axis due to variations in balance, restraint, or forcing functions. Motion on either side of a node is out of phase by 180.

noise: Any portion of a signal which does not represent the variable intended to be measured. notch lter: A lter which eliminates or attenuates frequencies within the lter bandwidth; and
retains all frequencies outside the rejection band. Also called a band-reject lter.

nulling: Vector subtraction at slow roll speed for rotational speed amplitude and phase electrical
and/or mechanical runout correction.

O
objective lens: In alignment terminology, the optical lens at the front end of a telescope, and
therefore the lens nearest the sighted object.

octave: The interval between two frequencies with a 2:1 ratio. Typically applied for noise analysis. oil whirl: A vibratory state caused by insufcient bearing load. Various mechanisms, such as excessive bearing clearance, or a force counteracting bearing load can trigger this instability. The motion is generally circular, with a forward precession, and it occurs at a frequency equal to the average oil velocity within the bearing (typically 35 to 49% of shaft speed).

oil whip: A vibratory state in which a subsynchronous frequency, such as oil whirl, coincides with a
rotor critical speed. The motion is often severe, it occurs with a forward precession, and the frequency remains generally constant, regardless of changes in operating shaft speed.

optical transducer: A transducer system that provides an optical output signal, and senses a
reected optical signal. This type of transducer is typically used as a temporary Keyphasor.

orbit: The dynamic centerline motion of a rotating shaft. This is typically observed by X-Y proximity
probes connected to an oscilloscope, or via a computer simulation of the analog signals.

orders: Multiple harmonics of a given fundamental frequency. order tracking plot: A diagram used to observe individual frequency component amplitudes versus rotor speed or time. This plot is generated with Computed Order Tracking on a DSA.

790

Appendix-A

overlap processing: An FFT Signal handling technique that combines old data with new data
samples. The selected frequency span and associated time record lengths are the main parameters for determining the percentage of overlap, and the resultant reduction in sample time.

P
PCB Piezotronics, Inc.: A manufacturer of accelerometers, pressure and force transducers,
plus associated hardware. Corporate headquarters are located in Buffalo, New York.

period: The time required for one complete oscillation, or for a single cycle. The reciprocal of frequency with typical units of Seconds or Minutes.

periodic vibration: Oscillatory motion whose amplitude pattern repeats with time. Permatex: A series of commercially available products for sealing machined joints. Permatex is
a registered trademark of Loctite Corporation of Cleveland, Ohio.

phase: A timing measurement between two signals, or between a vibration signal and a Keyphasor pulse. This can be a relative or an absolute value depending on the specic measurement.

phase angle: The angular measurement from the Keyphasor pulse to the next positive 1X peak
signal. Since the pulse occurs rst in time, this angle is always identied as a phase lag from the peak of the vibration signal.

piezoelectric: A material such as quartz that converts mechanical to electrical energy. For a piezoelectric crystal, application of stress (force) through a spring mass system produces an electrical charge proportional to the vibration. The charge sensitive signal is converted to a voltage sensitive signal for observation and analysis.

piezoresistive: A solid state silicone resistor material that converts mechanical to electrical
energy. These devices are physically attached to cantilevered beams or diaphragms, and electrically connected to a Wheatstone bridge. The application of stress produces an electrical signal proportional to the vibration or pressure.

pivotal resonance: A balance resonance during which shaft motion pivots through the geometric
centerline of the rotor, causing a zero axis crossing nodal point within the rotor span. Additional nodes may be produced as a function of bearing stiffness. Often called the conical mode.

Plastigage: A commercially available product for measuring assembly clearances. Plastigage is a

product of Perfect Circle which is a registered trademark of Dana Corporation of Toledo, Ohio.

plate, alignment: In alignment terminology, the base of a jig transit to which the standards are
attached. It forms the connection between the standards of the azimuth spindle (journal) and carries both the plate level and the circular level.

plate level: In alignment terminology, a comparatively sensitive tubular level mounted on the
plate, used to place the azimuth axis in the direction of gravity.

polar plot: Polar coordinate plot of the locus of the 1X vector at a specic lateral shaft location with
variation of speed, or other parameters. This data is generally combined with a Bode plot. This plot may be constructed from measured vibration data, or calculated from analytical models.

position alignment: In alignment terminology, the position in a horizontal plane of the center of
the half ball or the spherical adapter about which the instrument turns when it is being leveled. Once a jig transit is properly leveled, it is the point at which the vertical and horizontal axes intersect. The generic description for the initial step in machinery alignment where the proper three-dimensional physical position between foundations and cases are established.

preload, bearing: The dimensionless quantity that is expressed as a number from 0 to 1. A preload of 0 indicates no bearing load upon the shaft; whereas a value of 1 indicates maximum preload (i.e., shaft to bearing line contact).

preload, external: Any mechanism that can externally load a bearing. This includes soft preloads
such as process uids or gravitational forces, as well as hard pre-loads from misalignment, gear contact, piping loads, rubs, etc.

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary

791

pressure pulsation: Dynamic variation in the static pressure of uids. Typically measured with
piezoelectric transducers that generate a charge proportional to pulsation. The charge is converted to a voltage sensitive signal with a charge amplier.

Proximitor: An oscillator-demodulator for conditioning signals from an eddy current proximity

probe. This device sends a high frequency signal to the probe, and demodulates the output to provide an AC vibration signal, and a DC signal that is proportional to the average distance between the probe tip and the observed surface. Proximitor is a registered trademark of Bently Nevada Corporation of Minden, Nevada.

pyroelectric noise: A distortion of the output of a sensor employing a piezoelectric crystal. This
distortion is caused by a variation in the thermal environment of the crystal.

Q
Q, lter: A
band of frequencies passed or rejected. A narrow band of frequencies has a high Q, whereas a broad band displays a low Q. Expressed as: Quad = A cos (-90) = Asin () where A is the amplitude, and is the phase angle.

quadrature component: The value of the 1X vector that lags the in-phase portion by 90.

R
radial: A direction on a machine which is perpendicular to the shaft centerline. Also referred to as
the lateral direction.

radial position: The average position of the shaft dynamic motion within a journal bearing. This
is determined by evaluating changes in DC output signals of X-Y proximity probes.

radial vibration: Shaft or casing vibration which is perpendicular to the axial shaft centerline.
Also known as lateral vibration.

radio frequency interference (RFI): A condition in which unwanted signals or noise appear
at radio frequencies.

real time analyzer: An instrument which performs a vibration frequency spectrum (e.g., an
FFT). Typically, this is a device that employs digital signal processing of the time domain signals.

reference line: In alignment terminology, the line of sight from which measurements are made. relative motion: Vibration measured relative to a chosen reference; for example, proximity
probes measure shaft motion relative to the probe mounting location (e.g. bearing housing).

resonance: A vibration amplitude and phase change due to a system frequency sensitivity. The
condition of a forcing frequency coinciding with a natural frequency of the mechanical system.

Reynolds number: A non-dimensional number that is the ratio between inertia and viscous
forces. This dimensionless number includes uid density, viscosity, speed, and physical geometry.

ROTSTB: A computer program for determination of damped rotor stability by the complex matrix
transfer method. Program coded in Hewlett Packard Basic, and distributed by Rodyn Vibration, Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

rotor kit: A mechanical device consisting of a small rotor driven by a variable speed fractional
horsepower motor. The rotor is generally user congurable with different masses, bearings, and attachments. This type of device is used to simulate larger machines, and it is widely applied as a training and demonstration tool.

runout compensation or correction: Correction of a proximity probe signal for the error
resulting from shaft electrical or mechanical runout.

S
SAFE diagram: Acronym for Singhs Advanced Frequency Evaluation. This analytical tool combines the two-dimensional Campbell plot with a third dimension of nodal diameters or mode shapes. The three-dimensional intersection of natural resonant frequencies, excitation frequencies, and nodal diameters are then used to identify potential resonant conditions.

792

Appendix-A

scale factor: The magnitude of the output signal change to a known change in the measured variable. Generally applied towards dening the measurement sensitivity of transducers.

seismic transducer: A transducer that measures vibration relative to free space. For example,
an accelerometer mounted on a machine bearing housing will measure the seismic vibration of the bearing housing (i.e., with respect to free space).

sensor: A measurement device that transforms one type of physical behavior into a calibrated electrical signal. Also known as a pickup, or a transducer.

signature: A vibration signal documented at a specic condition via spectrum, orbit, time base and
shaft centerline data. Also applied to various types of transient vibration data.

simple harmonic motion (SHM): Vibratory motion in which the amplitude varies in a sinusoidal manner with respect to time.

slow roll: A low shaft rotative speed at which dynamic effects such as unbalance are negligible. soft foot or leg: The mechanical condition of a machine support foot (or leg) that is improperly
milled, and it resides in a plane that is different from the remaining support feet. This is a primary consideration during initial installation of machinery, and alignment between cases.

Sommerfeld number: A non-dimensional number that is used as a characteristic number for

journal bearing performance. Typical values range from 0.01 to 10.0. This dimensionless number relates oil viscosity, speed, load, and clearance, with the bearing geometry.

spectrum plot: A plot where vibration frequency is presented on the abscissa, and amplitude on
the ordinate. This includes individual signal spectrum plots, plus related multiple plot formats.

stability: A mechanical system that has a positive log decrement. Any perturbation to a stable
mechanical system will result in a decay of the system vibration as a function of time.

standards, alignment: Uprights which support the telescopic axle bearings of a jig transit. Starrett: A line of precision measuring tools manufactured by The L.S. Starrett Co. of Athol, MA. station: In alignment terminology, the distance given in inches and decimal parts of an inch measured parallel to a chosen centerline from a single chosen point. For rotor analytical modeling, a discrete section of a rotor that is identied by unique physical properties and dimensions.

stiffness: The spring-like quality of mechanical and hydraulic elements to elastically deform under
load. Applies to shafts, bearings, cases, and structures. Lateral stiffness units are normally expressed as Pounds/Inch. Torsional stiffness is presented as Inch-Pounds/Radian.

stonewall: A high ow, low head, phenomena that results in a choked ow through a centrifugal
compressor. The high ow limit for a compressor at a specic operating speed.

subharmonic: A vibration component that is a xed fraction of a fundamental frequency such as

rotative speed.

subsynchronous: A vibration component that occurs at a frequency less than the fundamental
frequency, such as machine rotative speed.

supersynchronous: A vibration component which occurs at a frequency greater than the

machine rotational speed.

surge: A low ow, high head, phenomena that results in a reversal of ow through a centrifugal or
axial ow compressor. The low ow limit for a compressor at a specic operating speed.

synchronous: Vibration components that change frequency in direct proportion to changes in

speed. Also vibration components that occur exactly at shaft rotational speed.

T
tangent screw: In alignment terminology, a hand operated screw which changes the direction of
the line of sight in either the azimuth or in elevation.

TEAC: A manufacturer of instrumentation grade analog and digital recorders, plus data storage
peripherals. North American headquarters are located in Montebello, California.

Machinery Diagnostic Glossary

793

Tektronix: A manufacturer of electronic instrumentation and measurement products. A worldwide organization with corporate headquarters located in Wilsonville, Oregon.

telescope axle: In alignment terminology, the horizontal axle which supports the telescope. telescope direct: In alignment terminology, the normal position of a jig transit telescope, as
opposed to telescope reversed.

telescope reversed: In alignment terminology, the position of a jig transit telescope when it is
turned over (transited) so that it is upside down to its normal position.

telescope sight: In alignment terminology, an optical system that consists of an objective lens and
a focusing device that form an image on a cross-line reticle which is viewed through an eyepiece that magnies the image and the cross lines simultaneously.

tensioner: In wire alignment terminology, a spring loaded device for maintaining wire tension. time averaging: A noise reduction technique for FFTs that averages successive time records to
reduce asynchronous components.

time record: The block of time data that is converted to the frequency domain by an FFT. Typically 1,024 time samples.

torsional vibration: Angular oscillation of a mechanical system, or the amplitude modulation of

torque. Units for Torsional Displacement are Degrees,p-p, with Degrees/Second,o-p for Velocity.

TorXimitor: A transducer system for measuring torque on a rotating machinery coupling. TorXimitor is a registered trademark of Bently Nevada Corporation of Minden, Nevada.

transducer: A device for converting physical behavior into a calibrated electronic signal. Vibration
transducers convert mechanical motion into electronic signals for enhanced viewing and observation. Also known as a pickup, or a sensor.

transfer function: A signal processing technique that provides a ratio of the cross power to the
auto power spectrum of two dynamic signals. The results are displayed as an amplitude ratio, and a differential phase measurement. The validity of this measurement is veried by the coherence between signals. Also the mathematical relationship between the Laplace transform of the output signal divided by the Laplace transform of the input signal. Also known as a frequency response function (FRF).

transient data: Data obtained during changes in machine conditions such as speed, load, or time. transient capture: A rapid data sampling technique where the dynamic data is digitized and
stored in memory. At the conclusion of the sample event, the stored data is recalled, and post-processed into a variety of traditional transient data formats.

Transient Data Manager (TDM): A computer-based system consisting of hardware and software for measuring and trending steady state and variable speed machinery behavior. Transient Data Manager is a registered trademark of Bently Nevada Corporation of Minden, Nevada.

transient motion: Temporarily sustained vibration that occurs during changes in conditions such
as speed, load, or time.

translational resonance: A balance resonance during which the shaft mode shape assumes a
simple arc. At high support stiffness, a nodal point may exist at each end of the rotor.

transmissibility: The non-dimensional ratio of the response amplitude to a given excitation

amplitude. This may also be expressed as a vector quantity with a non-dimensional magnitude.

U
UNBAL: A computer program for determination of rotor synchronous response to a variety of forcing functions using the complex matrix transfer method. Program coded in Hewlett Packard Basic, and distributed by Rodyn Vibration, Inc., located in Charlottesville, Virginia.

unbalance: Unequal radial weight distribution on a rotor. A condition where the mass centerline
(principal inertial axis) does not coincide with the geometric centerline of the rotor.

794

Appendix-A

uniform window: The absence of a time domain weighting function on the input signal of an
FFT. This type of signal admission is used primarily for rapid transients that are self-windowing. This non-window has an amplitude accuracy of +0 to -4.0 dB.

unltered: Dynamic signals such as shaft orbital and time domain vibration data that has not
been subjected to frequency ltration.

V
vane passing: In vaned machinery, a vibration frequency that is equal to the number of vanes
times shaft rotational speed.

vector: A quantity with both magnitude and direction, For example, a rotational speed (1X) vector
is normally expressed in engineering units of Mils,p-p @ Degrees.

vector lter: A digital instrument that automatically adjusts a band-pass lter center frequency
to coincide with the frequency of an external Keyphasor (speed) pulse. Same as DVF.

velocity: The time rate of change of displacement. In the time domain, velocity leads displacement
by 90, and lags acceleration by 90. Typical units for velocity are IPS,o-p.

velocity transducer: A mechanically activated vibration transducer used to measure relative

velocity. Also an accelerometer that is internally integrated to yield a velocity output.

vertical: In alignment terminology, in the direction of gravity. As applied to the identication of

vibration transducers, the left-hand or Y-Axis transducer.

W
waterfall plot: A diagram used to observe frequency changes versus time. This plot consists of a
series of spectra acquired at consecutive times. The abscissa displays frequency; and amplitude, incremented at various times, is shown along the ordinate axis.

wave form: A display of the instantaneous dynamic signal with respect to time as observed on an
oscilloscope.

white noise: A noise signal or source that displays a spectral density that is independent of frequency. A signal source that excites all frequencies within the measurement bandwidth.

X
X-probe: A vibration transducer mounted in a horizontal orientation. On API 670 systems, the
transducer mounted at 45 to the right of a true vertical centerline. 1X: Notation for the component in a dynamic signal that occurs at shaft rotational speed. This is also called the fundamental, or synchronous vibration.

X/2, X/3, X/4, etc.: Components in a dynamic signal having a frequency equal to a xed fraction of
rotative speed. Also called subharmonic and synchronous components.

2X, 3X, 4X, etc.: Components in a dynamic signal having a frequency equal to an exact multiple of
rotative speed. Also called harmonics, superharmonics, and synchronous components.

Xls, Xhs: Notation for components in a signal having a frequency equal to a specic rotational speed
in the machinery train. For example: Xls = low speed, Xhs = high speed rotational frequency.

Y
Y-probe: A vibration transducer mounted in a vertical orientation. On API 670 systems, the transducer mounted at 45 to the left of a true vertical centerline.

Z
Zyglo: A brand name for uorescent penetrant inspection equipment and materials. A product line
of Magnaux of Glenview, Illinois.

B
B

Physical Properties

Table B1 Average Physical Properties For Common Industrial Metalsa Modulus of Elasticity 9,000,000 10,100,000 15,900,000 15,800,000 11,600,000 28,500,000 31,000,000 21,400,000 25,000,000 30,000,000 11,000,000 28,500,000 29,500,000 29,100,000 28,100,000 28,400,000 15,900,000 50,000,000 84,500,000 Shear Modulus of Rigidity
(Pounds/Inches2)

Density
(Pounds/

Metal Aluminum Aluminum Alloys Brass - 70% Cu Copper Gold Cast Iron Inconel Invar - 36% Ni Monel Nickel Silver Steel - Cast Steel - Cold Rolled Steel - 4140 / 4340 Stainless Steel 316 Stainless 17-4 PH Titanium - 99% Tungsten Tungsten Carbide
aFor

(Pounds/Inches2)

Coefcient of Expansion
(Mils/Inch F)

Inch3)

3,440,000 3,800,000 6,000,000 5,800,000 4,100,000 11,000,000 9,500,000 10,600,000 3,770,000 11,300,000 11,500,000 11,100,000 11,200,000 11,300,000 6,100,000 21,400,000 34,800,000

0.0975 0.0995 0.308 0.323 0.698 0.285 0.307 0.289 0.319 0.320 0.379 0.284 0.283 0.283 0.290 0.280 0.163 0.697 0.522

0.0132 0.0124 0.0111 0.0092 0.0079 0.0065 0.0064 0.0011 0.0078 0.0074 0.0109 0.0063 0.0066 0.0074 0.0092 0.0059 0.00514 0.0026 0.0029

Critical Calculations, The Exact Physical Properties For The Specic Alloy Should Be Used.

795

796

Appendix-B

Table B2 Partial Physical Constants of Commonly Encountered Industrial Fluidsa Mol Weight 2.016 4.003 16.043 17.031 18.015 26.038 28.010 28.013 28.054 28.962 30.070 31.999 32.042 34.082 42.081 44.010 44.097 46.069 56.108 58.123 64.065 70.905 72.150 78.114 92.141 106.167 Ideal Gas Densityb
(Lb./Ft3)

Freezing Pointc
(F)

Boiling Point
(F)

Compound Hydrogen Helium Methane Ammonia Water Acetylene Carbon Monoxide Nitrogen Ethylene Air Ethane Oxygen Methanol Hydrogen Sulde Propylene Carbon Dioxide Propane Ethanol Butylene n-Butane Sulfur Dioxide Chlorine n-Pentane Benzene Toluene para-Xylene

Formula H2 He CH4 NH3 H2O C2H2 CO N2 C2H4 N2+O2 C2H6 O2 CH3OH H2S C3H6 CO2 C3H8 C2H5OH C4H8 C4H10 SO2 Cl2 C5H12 C6H6 C7H8 C8H10

Specic Heatd
(BTU/Lb.F)

0.00531 0.01055 0.04228 0.04488 0.04747 0.06862 0.07381 0.07382 0.07393 0.07632 0.07924 0.08432 0.08444 0.08981 0.11089 0.11597 0.11620 0.12140 0.14785 0.15316 0.16882 0.18685 0.19013 0.20584 0.24281 0.27977

-434.8 -296.4 -107.9 32.0 -113.4 -337.0 -346.0 -272.5 -297.0 -361.8 -143.8 -121.9 -301.4 -69.8 -305.7 -173.4 -301.6 -217.0 -103.8 -149.7 -201.5 42.0 -139.0 55.9

-423.1 -452.1 -258.7 -28.0 212.0 -119.2 -312.6 -320.4 -154.7 -317.8 -127.5 -297.3 148.4 -76.5 -53.8 -109.2 -43.7 172.9 20.8 31.1 14.1 -29.1 96.9 176.1 231.1 281.0

3.4066 1.2404 0.52676 0.49678 0.44469 0.39754 0.24847 0.24833 0.35789 0.23980 0.40789 0.21897 0.32429 0.23838 0.35683 0.19909 0.38847 0.33074 0.35535 0.39500 0.14802 0.11375 0.38831 0.24295 0.26005 0.27470
1994.

aData from Engineering Data Book - 10th ed, Gas Processors Suppliers Association, Tulsa, OK, bIdeal Gas Density at Standard Temperature of 60F and Pressure of 14.696 Psia. cFreezing and Boiling Point Temperature at Standard Pressure of 14.696 Psia. dSpecic Heat C of Ideal Gas at Standard Temperature of 60F and Pressure of 14.696 Psia. p

Conversion Factors

To Convert
atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres atmospheres barrels (liquid) barrels (oil) BTU BTU BTU BTU BTU BTU BTU/hour BTU/hour BTU/hour BTU/hour BTU/hour BTU/minute BTU/minute BTU/minute calories calories calories calories calories/second calories/second calories/second calories/second centimeters centimeters centimeters centimeters

Into

Multiply by

To Convert
centimeters centimeters centimeters2 centimeters2 centimeters2 centimeters2 centimeters2 centimeters3 centimeters3 centimeters3 centimeters3 centimeters3 centimeters3 centimeters3 centimeters of Hg centimeters of Hg centimeters of Hg centimeters of Hg centimeters of Hg centimeter/second centimeter/second centimeter/second centipoise centipoise centipoise centistokes degrees degrees degrees/second degrees/second dynes dynes dynes dynes dyne-second/cm2 erg erg

Into

Multiply by
10. 393.7 0.001076 0.1550 10-10 10-4 100. 3.531x10-5 0.0610 10-6 2.642x10-4 1. 10-3 1.057x10-3 0.01316 0.4461 136.0 27.85 0.1934 1.9685 0.03281 0.6 0.01 0.145 1.45x10-7 1.550x10-3 0.002778 0.017453 0.1667 0.002778 1.020x10-3 10-5 1.020x10-6 2.248x10-6 1. 9.481x10-11 7.367x10-8

centimeters of Hg (0C) 76. 33.90 feet of H2O (4C) inches of Hg (0C) 29.92 inches of H2O (4C) 406.83 1.0332 kilograms/centimeter2 10,332. kilograms/meter2 Pascal 101,320. pounds/foot2 2,116.80 pounds/inch2 14.696 gallons gallons (oil) ergs foot-pounds calories horsepower-hours kilowatt-hours joules foot-pounds/second calorie/second horsepower kilowatts watts horsepower kilowatts watts BTU ergs foot-pounds kilowatt-hours BTU/hour foot pounds/minute horsepower kilowatts feet inches kilometers meters 31.5 42. 1.055x1010 778.2 252. 3.930x10-4 2.931x10-4 1,055. 0.2161 0.0700 3.929x10-4 2.931x10-4 0.2931 0.02358 0.01757 17.57 0.0039683 4.1868x107 3.087 1.163x10-6 14.286 185.2 5.613x10-3 4.186x10-3 0.03281 0.3937 10-5 0.01

millimeters mils feet2 inches2 kilometers2 meters2 millimeters2 feet3 inches3 meters3 gallons (U.S. liquid) milliliters liters quarts (U.S. liquid) atmospheres feet of H2O (4C) kilograms/meter2 pounds/feet2 pounds/inch2 feet/minute feet/second meters/minutes poise microreyn poundsf-second/inch2 inch2/second revolutions radians revolutions/minute revolutions/second grams newtons kilograms pounds poise BTU foot-pounds

797

798

Appendix-C

To Convert
erg erg erg erg erg erg/second ergs/second ergs/second farads feet feet feet feet feet feet feet2 feet2 feet2 feet2 feet2 feet3 feet3 feet3 feet3 feet3 feet3 feet of H2O (4C) feet of H2O (4C) feet of H2O (4C) feet of H2O (4C) feet of H2O (4C) feet of H2O (4C) feet of H2O (4C) feet/minute feet/minute feet/minute feet/minute feet/minute feet/second feet/second feet/second feet/second feet/second feet3/hour feet3/minute feet3/second foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds foot-pounds

Into
calorie horsepower-hour joule kilowatt-hour watt-hours horsepower kilowatts watts

Multiply by
2.389x10-8 3.725x10-14 10-7 2.778x10-14 2.778x10-11 1.341x10-10 10-10 10-7

To Convert
foot-pounds/minute foot-pounds/minute foot-pounds/minute foot-pounds/second foot-pounds/second foot-pounds/second gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons (U.S. liquid) gallons (oil) gallons/minute gallons/minute gallons/minute gallons/minute grams grams grams grams grams grams grams/cm3 grams/cm3 horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours horsepower-hours inches inches inches inches inches inches inches2 inches2 inches2

Into
horsepower kilowatts calories/second BTU/hour horsepower kilowatts barrels (U.S. liquid) centimeters3 feet3 inches3 liters meters3 quarts barrels (oil) liters/second feet3/hour feet3/minute feet3/second dynes newtons kilograms milligrams ounces (avdp) pounds pounds/foot3 pounds/inch3 BTU/hour BTU/minute calories/second ergs/second foot-pounds/minute foot-pounds/second kilowatts watts BTU ergs foot-pounds joules kilocalories kilogram-meters kilowatt-hours watt-hours centimeters feet kilometers meters millimeters mils centimeters2 feet2 kilometers2

Multiply by
3.030x10-5 2.260x10-5 5.40x10-3 4.6263 0.001818 0.001356 0.03175 3,785.4 0.1337 231. 3.785 0.003785 4. 0.02381 0.06308 8.0208 0.13368 0.002228 980.7 9.807x10-3 10-3 103 0.03527 0.002205 62.42 0.03613 2,545. 42.417 178.2 7.457x109 33,000. 550. 0.7457 745.7 2,544. 2.685x1013 1.980x106 2.685x106 641.2 2.737x105 0.7457 745.7 2.54 0.08333 2.54x10-5 0.0254 25.4 103 6.452 0.006944 6.452x10-10

microfarads 106 centimeters 30.48 inches 12. kilometers 3.048x10-4 meters 0.3048 millimeters 304.8 mils 12,000. centimeters2 929. inches2 144. kilometers2 9.29x10-8 meters2 0.09290 millimeters2 9.290x104 centimeters3 2.832x104 inches3 1,728. meters3 0.02832 gallons (U.S. liquid) 7.48052 liters 28.32 quarts (U.S. liquid) 29.92 atmospheres 0.02950 centimeters of Hg (0C) 2.2418 inches of Hg (0C) 0.8826 kilograms/centimeter2 0.03048 kilograms/meter2 304.8 pounds/foot2 62.43 pounds/inch2 0.4336 centimeters/second 0.508 feet/second 0.01667 kilometers/hour 0.01829 meters/minute 0.3048 meters/second 0.00508 centimeters/second 30.48 kilometers/hour 1.097 meters/minute 18.29 meters/second 0.3048 feet/minute 60. gallons/minute 0.1247 gallons/minute 7.48052 gallons/minute 448.8 BTU 1.2851x10-3 ergs 1.356x107 calories 0.3239 horsepower-hours 5.050x10-7 joules 1.3558 kilowatt-hours 3.766x10-7 watt-hours 3.766x10-4

Conversion Factors

799

To Convert
inches2 inches2 inches2/second inches3 inches3 inches3 inches3 inches3 inches3 inches of Hg (0C) inches of Hg (0C) inches of Hg (0C) inches of Hg (0C) inches of Hg (0C) inches of Hg (0C) inches of Hg (0C) inches of H2O (4C) inches of H2O (4C) inches of H2O (4C) inches of H2O (4C) inches of H2O (4C) joules joules joules joules joules kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms kilograms/meter3 kilograms/meter3 kilogram-meters kilogram-meter/sec2 kilograms/cm2 kilograms/cm2 kilograms/cm2 kilograms/cm2 kilograms/cm2 kilograms/cm2 kilograms/meter2 kilograms/meter2 kilograms/meter2 kilograms/meter2 kilograms/meter2 kilograms/meter2 kilograms/meter2 kilograms/mm2 kilocalories kilometers kilometers kilometers

Into

Multiply by

To Convert
kilometers kilometers kilometers2 kilometers2 kilometers2 kilometers2 kilometer/hour kilometer/hour kilometer/hour kilometer/hour kilometer/minute kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatts kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours kilowatt-hours liters liters liters liters liters liters liters/minute liters/second megohms meters meters meters meters meters meters meters2 meters2 meters2 meters2 meters2 meters3 meters3 meters3 meters3 meters3 meters3 meters/minute

Into

Multiply by

meters2 6.452x10-4 millimeters2 645.16 centistokes 645.16 centimeters3 16.387 feet3 5.787x10-4 meters3 1.639x10-5 gallons 4.329x10-3 liters 0.01639 quarts (U.S. liquid) 0.01732 atmospheres 0.03342 feet of H2O (4C) 1.133 inches of H2O (4C) 13.596 kilograms/centimeter2 0.03453 kilograms/meter2 345.3 70.73 pounds/foot2 pounds/inch2 0.4912 atmospheres 0.002458 inch of Hg (0C) 0.07355 kilograms/centimeter2 0.00254 pounds/foot2 5.204 pounds/inch2 0.03613 BTU ergs foot-pounds horsepower-hours kilowatt-hour 9.478x10-4 107 0.7376 3.725x10-7 2.778x10-7

meters 1,000. millimeters 106 centimeters2 1010 feet2 10.763x106 inches2 1.550x109 meters2 106 feet/minute 54.68 feet/second 0.9113 meters/minute 16.667 meters/second 0.27778 meters/second 16.667 BTU/hour 3,412. BTU/minute 56.87 calories/second 238.9 erg/second 1010 foot-pounds/minute 4.425x104 foot-pounds/second 737.5 horsepower 1.341 watts 103 BTU 3,412. ergs 3.6x1013 foot-pounds 2.655x106 calories 8.599x105 horsepower-hours 1.341 joule 3.6x106 centimeters3 103 feet3 0.03532 inches3 61.02 meters3 10-3 gallons (U.S. liquid) 0.2642 milliliters 103 feet3/second 5.886x10-4 gallons/minute 15.852 ohms centimeters feet inches kilometers microns millimeters centimeters2 feet2 inches2 kilometers2 millimeters2 centimeters3 feet3 inches3 gallons (U.S. liquid) liters quarts (U.S. liquid) centimeter/second 106 102 3.281 39.37 10-3 106 1,000. 104 10.76 1,550. 10-6 106 106 35.31 61,023. 264.2 103 1,056.7 1.667

dynes 9.807x105 grams 103 newtons 9.807 pounds 2.2046 pounds/foot3 0.06242 pounds/inch3 3.613x10-5 horsepower-hours 3.653x10-6 newton 1. atmospheres 0.9678 feet of H2O (4C) 32.81 inches of Hg (0C) 28.96 inch of H2O (4C) 393.71 pounds/foot2 2,048.2 pounds/inch2 14.22 atmospheres 9.678x10-5 centimeters of Hg (0C) 0.007356 feet of H2O (4C) 0.003281 inches of Hg (0C) 0.002896 pounds/foot2 0.2048 pounds/inch2 0.001422 kilograms/mm2 10-6 kilograms/meter2 106 horsepower/hours 0.001560 centimeters 105 feet 3,280.8 inches 39,370.

800

Appendix-C

To Convert
meters/minute meters/minute meters/minute meters/second meters/second meters/second meters/second microfarad microhms microns microreyn microreyn milligrams milliliters milliliters millimeters millimeters millimeters millimeters millimeters millimeters millimeter2 millimeter2 millimeter2 millimeter2 mils mils mils mils newtons newtons newtons newtons newtons ohms ohms ounces ounces ounces Pascal poise poise pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds pounds poundsf-sec./inch2 poundsf-sec./inch2 pounds/foot3

Into
feet/minute feet/second kilometers/hour feet/minute feet/second kilometers/hour kilometers/minute farads ohms meters centipoise reyn grams centimeters3 liter centimeters feet inches kilometers meters mils centimeters2 feet2 inches2 meters2 centimeters feet inches millimeters

Multiply by
3.281 0.05468 0.06 196.8 3.281 3.6 0.06 10-6 10-6 10-6 6.897 10-6 10-3 1. 10-3 0.1 0.003281 0.03937 10-6 10-3 39.37 0.01 1.076x10-5 0.001550 10-6 0.00254 8.333x10-5 10-3 0.0254 105 1. 102. 0.102 0.2248

To Convert
pounds/foot3 pounds/foot3 pounds/inch3 pounds/inch3 pounds/inch3 pounds/foot2 pounds/foot2 pounds/foot2 pounds/foot2 pounds/foot2 pounds/foot2 pounds/foot2 pounds/foot2 pounds/inch2 pounds/inch2 pounds/inch2 pounds/inch2 pounds/inch2 pounds/inch2 pounds/inch2 pounds/inch2 quarts (U.S. liquid) quarts (U.S. liquid) quarts (U.S. liquid) quarts (U.S. liquid) quarts (U.S. liquid) radians radians radians/second radians/second revolutions revolutions revolutions/minute revolutions/minute revolutions/minute revolutions/second revolutions/second reyn reyn tons (short) tons (short) watts watts watts watts watts watt-hours watt-hours watt-hours watt-hours

Into

Multiply by

kilograms/meter3 16.02 pounds/inch3 5.787x10-4 grams/centimeter3 27.68 kilograms/meter3 2.768x104 pounds/foot3 1,728. atmospheres 4.724x10-4 centimeters of Hg (0C) 0.0359 feet of H2O (4C) 0.01602 inches of Hg (0C) 0.01414 inches of H2O (4C) 0.1922 kilograms/centimeter2 4.882x10-4 kilograms/meter2 4.882 pounds/inch2 0.006944 atmospheres 0.06803 centimeters of Hg (0) 5.1715 feet of H2O (4C) 2.307 inches of Hg (0C) 2.036 inches of H2O (4C) 27.678 kilograms/centimeter2 0.07031 kilograms/meter2 703.1 pounds/foot2 144. centimeters3 feet3 inches3 meters3 gallons degrees revolutions revolutions/minute revolutions/second degrees radians degrees/second radians/second revolutions/second revolutions/minute radians/second poundf-second/inch2 microreyn ounces pounds BTU/hour BTU/minute ergs/second horsepower kilowatts BTU ergs foot-pounds horsepower-hours 946.4 0.03342 57.75 9.464x10-4 0.25 57.30 0.15916 9.5493 0.15916 360. 6.2831 6. 0.10472 0.01667 60. 6.2831 1. 106 32,000. 2,000. 3.413 0.05692 107 1.341x10-3 10-3 3.413 3.6x1010 2,655.3 1.341x10-3

dynes kilogram-meter/second2 grams kilograms pounds megohms microhms grams pounds tons (short)

10-6 106 28.35 0.0625 3.125x10-5

atmospheres 9.87x10-6 dyne-second/centimeter2 1. centipoise 102 dynes 4.448x105 grams 453.59 kilograms 0.4536 newtons 4.448 ounces 16. tons (short) 0.0005 centipoise 6.895x106 reyn 1. grams/centimeter3 0.01602

Index

A
abradable seals 440 absolute motion 781 absolute or dynamic viscosity 487 acceleration 781 conversion to displacement 18 conversion to velocity 18 leading displacement and velocity 15 time derivative of velocity 15 accelerometers 781 advantages and disadvantages 284 calibration curve 282 double integration 501 frequency response 279, 284, 367 ICP description 280281 mounted resonant frequency 281, 282 mounting techniques 282284 operating temperatures 284 piezoresistive 280 sensitivity 184, 279 typical cross section 280 typical physical configurations 279 accordion effect, frequency modulation 360 acetylene properties 796 acoustic frequency 490 acoustic resonance 286, 495, 498 ADRE for Windows 382, 781 air gap measurements 514 air properties 796 Alban, L.E. 459 alidade 781 alignment procedures indicator bracket sag 672 reverse indicator method 683690 rim and face method 676681 alignment, reverse indicator advantages and disadvantages 682 based on shaft plus desired offsets 693 extended shaft centerline 700 format for dial indicator readings 684 graphical solutions 689 moves based on shaft offsets 686

proper plot polarity 688 required machine dimensions 682 sag corrected dial indicator readings 685 vertical and horizontal offsets 685 alignment, rim and face advantages and disadvantages 673674 angular misalignment moves 678 dial indicator and bracket 674 format for dial indicator readings 677 overall horizontal shifts 680 overall vertical shim changes 679 required machine dimensions 676 shaft rotation at 90 increments 675 alignment, shaft angular offset 671 indicator bracket sag check 672 parallel and angular offsets 671 validity test for dial indicator readings 677 vertical and horizontal offsets 670 Allaire, P.E. 151, 428 aluminum and alloy properties 795 ammonia properties 796 amplification factor 52, 97, 417, 781 amplitude ratio approach 100 curve fit approach 98 damping and stability influence 101 from log decrement 214, 215 half power point approach 98 influenced by speed change rate 101 shaft versus casing 101 variations with operating conditions 218 amplification, signal 781 amplitude 244, 323, 781 peak to peak definition 245 ratio at resonance 52 ratio between shaft and casing 708 root mean square definition 246 zero to peak definition 245 amplitude modulation 353359, 465, 510, 789 calculated time base plots 354 defining characteristics 356 general equation 353 measured data plots 355

801

802 variation with bearing condition 717 analysis tools, historic development 771 analytical results 142147 angular coordinate system 131 aperiodic motion 41, 781 Apple Macintosh 574, 781 Armstrong, E.H. 359 artificial intelligence 749 aspects of vibration severity 294302 asymmetric stiffness 200 asymmetrical support 782 asynchronous 782 attenuation, signal 782 attitude angle 782 auto-collimation 652 automatic shutdown 709 auto-reflection 652 Avallone, E.A. 11, 13, 77, 82, 335 average differential temperature 643 averaging 782 axial 782 axial position, see thrust position azimuth axis and motion 782

Appendix-D phase logic, 0 at keyway 581 phase logic, 0 at vibration probe 543 problems that look like unbalance 536 proximity probe balancing rule 544, 545 rotor mode shape 537 runout compensated shaft vibration 559 speed, load, and temperature 537 unbalance diagnosis 536 weight above or below the critical 544 weight correction method 537 balancing force calculations 623625 balancing, shop balance tolerances 634 hard bearing balancing machine 631 soft bearing balancing machine 630 twelve point residual check 635 balancing, single plane balance sensitivity equation 559 shaft and casing vibration vectors 563 single mass rotor kit example balance weight placement 555556 calculated mode shape at critical 553 orbits below & above critical 554557 physical configuration 553 unbalance correction equation 559 vibration response equation 558 balancing, three plane balance sensitivity equations 613 spreadsheet balance calculations 615 static and couple unbalance 617 three mass rotor kit example Bode plots, vertical probes 607 calculated mode shapes 606 physical configuration 606 polar plots, vertical probes 608, 609 unbalance correction equations 614 vibration response equations 610 balancing, two plane balance sensitivity equations 570572 calculated pinion mode shapes 598 spreadsheet balance calculations 592, 602 trim corrections 594, 604 two mass rotor kit example Bode plots, vertical probes 566, 568 calculated mode shapes 565 physical configuration 564 polar plots, vertical probes 567, 568 unbalance correction equations 573 vibration reduction results 585, 605 vibration response equations 569 balancing, weights calibration weight calculations 624 centrifugal force calculations 623 density corrections 629 documentation of locations 581, 596

B
babbitt 397 babbitt loss on auxiliary crosshead slipper 533 balance planes with suitable effectiveness 546 balance resonance 782 balance sensitivity vectors 26, 229, 540, 549, 559, 593 repeatability between runs 549, 551 balance tolerance, API 634 balance weight splitting 626627 balancing 782 force due to eccentricity 624 general matrix solution 616 hole splitting 627 installed weight spread 583 phase reversal across nodal point 591 predicted vibration response 619621 sensitivity for various machines 625 traditional rules 132, 133 trigger locations 541 trim balance 622 vectors and engineering units 539 balancing considerations balance weight compromises 557, 563, 595 balance weight related questions 552 combined balancing techniques 546 disadvantages of coupling corrections 538 effective & accessible planes 537, 552 Keyphasor probe trigger point 542 linear mechanical system 547, 560 metallurgy of rotor, and weights 538

Index weight of drilled holes in steel 628 banana shape orbit 414 band-pass filter 306308, 310, 782 band-reject filter 308309, 782 bandwidth 782 bandwidth, lines, time record, and resolution relationship 312 Barrett, L.E. 187 baseplate mode shapes 455 basic signal attributes 244252 battering ram 450 Baumeister, T. 11, 13, 77, 82, 335 Baumgardner, J. 515 Bayshore Surveying 661, 662 bearing analysis checklist 196 bearing clearance ratio 176, 782 bearing housing clearance measurements 178 impact test setup 180 improperly fitted 440 stiffness measurements 179 curve fitting 184 Dynamic Signal Analyzer use 181 structural damping 187 structural motion 138 bearing housing damping 187188 bearing preloads 411 bearing stability threshold 431 bearing supports - measurements and calculations 179187 bearing temperature data 347, 711712 bearing unit load 150, 298, 782 bearings, radial applied loads 149 attitude angle 782 babbitt composition 160 ball and socket 197 cavitation 158 clearance measurements 165 bearing clearance ratio 176 cap to housing 177178 elliptical 167 influence of pivoting shoes 167171 lead wire (or soft solder) 166 lift checks, potential errors 177179 lifting methods 178 plain circular bore 166 Plastigage 166, 178 pressure dam 167 shaft drop between tilting pads 168 taper gauges 167 tilt pad clearance based on lift 170 vertical lift check 171176 vertical swing checks 141, 177 common tilt pad angles 170

803 cross coupling coefficients 151 cross coupling, across oil film 160 damping coefficients 151 directed lubrication 197 eccentricity 153 eccentricity ratio 785 effective support stiffness 186 electrical insulation 177 elliptical 155, 159 finite element solutions 151 instability 160 journal eccentricities 151 journal surface velocity 189 journal taper 166 log decrement changes with clearance 216 micro-babbitt application 160, 197 minimum oil film thickness 154 non-dimensional coefficients 152157 normal shaft position 154 oil film characteristics 151 plain journal 154 preload 790 preload, negative 159 pressure distribution 159 principal coefficients 151 radial position, definition 791 Reynolds number 157, 158 shaft centerline position 153, 154 Sommerfeld number 156, 157 squeeze film dampers 101, 759 static load 73 stiffness and damping versus speed 152 stiffness coefficients 151 stiffness influence on mode shapes 119 temperature variations 141 tilting pad 155 characteristics 169 load between pad & load on pad 155 variation of criticals with clearance 215 bearings, rolling element 4, 193 configuration 193 defect frequencies 194196 geometry 193195 stiffness and damping 193 bearings, thrust active and inactive shoes 189 axial clearances 189 axial float and position 188 babbitt considerations 190 dual thrust collar 190 horizontal machines 188 dial indicator measurements 190 dual axial proximity probes 189, 190 Kingsbury type 718, 787 single thrust collar 189

804 thrust collar peripheral speed 189 vertical machines 191 axial position probes 191 position change with load 192 thrust runner 191 beat frequency 349, 351 beats 783 before balancing 536539 before considering bearing redesign 196197 Belding, W.G. 112 bench marks 657, 783 bent or bowed shaft 400405 Bently Nevada instruments Data Acquisition Interface Units 377, 382 Digital Vector Filter 138, 380, 540, 747 proximity probes 253 TK17 Torsional Vib. Signal Cond. 293 TK3 Calibration Micrometer 255 TK83 Vector Filter 375 Transient Data Manager 271, 369 Voltage Amplifiers 380 Bently, D.E. 8, 396, 423, 428, 436, 445, 545, 566 benzene properties 796 Bevins, R.D. 488 BFW pump internal configuration 496 bias voltage 783 bibliography 8, 66, 148, 198, 242, 302, 364, 394, 458, 534, 636, 702, 742, 770 blade passing frequency 483, 783 Blevins, R.D. 486, 487 Bloch, H.P. 3 Bode plot 734, 783 calculated bow response 401 calculated gas turbine response 223 calculated unbalance response 50, 96, 399 complex rotor response 218 compressor with runout compensation 54 generator startup 737 turbine solo run, radial and axial 735 bow 783 bracket sag example 677 brass properties 795 brass shims 646 broadband noise 783 broken rotor bars 513 buck-in 652, 783 bump test 238 butane and butylene properties 796

Appendix-D inside and outside loops 329, 332 inside loops 328, 330 lazy S patterns 327 parabola pattern 327 rosette shape 332 subsynchronous components 330 supersynchronous components 331 variable phase & frequency 325327 calibration of seismic vibration transducers 274 calibration weight 546, 570 Calistrat, M.M. 92, 93, 640, 701 Campbell diagram 204, 205, 211, 417, 783 Campbell, A.J. 695 carbon dioxide and monoxide properties 796 carrier frequency 354, 355, 356, 359, 360, 361 Cartesian coordinates 136 Cartesian to polar coordinates 22, 24 cascade plot 391, 734, 783 generator startup 737 Case History 1 Piping System Dynamic Absorber 31 2 Steam Turbine End Cover Resonance 55 3 Comp. Rotor Weight Distribution 72 4 Vertical Generator Mode Shape 137 5 Compressor Mode Shape Change 143 6 Shaft Position In Elliptical Bearings 161 7 Expander Bearing Clearance 174 8 Steam Turbine Housing Stiffness 181 9 Gas Turbine Housing Stiffness 185 10 Mode Shapes - Turbine Generator 206 11 Torsional of Turbine and Pump 208 12 Complex Rotor Damped Analysis 217 13 Gas Turbine Response Correlation 226 14 Compressor with Internal Fouling 230 15 Hybrid Approach To Vertical Mixer 236 16 Steam Turbine Bearing Dilemma 343 17 Opposed Induced Draft Fans 349 18 Loose and Unbalanced Comp Wheel 356 19 Gear Box with Excessive Backlash 362 20 Repetitive Turbine Rotor Bow 402 21 Gear Box Coupling Bore 407 22 Re-Excitation of Comp. Resonance 419 23 Induced Steam Turbine Instability 429 24 Pinion Whirl During Coastdown 432 25 Loose Steam Turbine Bearing 438 26 Compressor with Cracked Shaft 446 27 Floating Induced Draft Fan 451 28 Influence of Insufficient Grout 454 29 Gear Box Tooth Failure 466 30 Star Gear Subsynchronous Motion 477 31 BFW Pump Splitter Vane Failures 496 32 Hydro Turbine Draft Tube Vortex 499 33 Motor With Unsupported Stator 515 34 Torsional Excitation From Motor 519 35 Hyper Comp. Plunger Failures 526

C
calculated orbits circular 319 figure 8 pattern 326 half frequency, variable amplitudes 328 horizontal & vertical ellipse 324

Index 36 Complex Rotor Non-Linearities 548 37 Forced Draft Fan Field Balance 560 38 Five Bearing Turbine Generator 575 39 Three Bearing Turbine Generator 588 40 Balancing A Pinion Assembly 597 41 Hyper Comp. Position Alignment 654 42 Hyper Compressor Bore Alignment 667 43 Motor To Hot Pump Alignment 697 44 Induction Motor Bearing Failure 714 45 Gas Compressor Instability 718 46 Compressor Loose Thrust Collar 721 47 Turbine Solo with Tapered Journal 735 48 Turbine Generator Startup 736 49 Heat Soak and Load Stabilization 739 50 Turbine Electrostatic Discharge 751 51 Compressor Fluidic Excitation 758 52 High Speed Pinion Instability 766 casing expansion 783 casing velocity plus shaft displacement 276 cassette tape recorders 369 cast iron properties 795 catastrophic rubs 441 catenary curve 639, 664 center frequency 783 centrifugal force equation 398 chapter descriptions 58 chemically attacked shims 646 Chen, W.J. 213, 223 Childs, D. 121 chlorine properties 796 coefficient of thermal expansion 70 coherence 181, 182, 183, 185, 290, 783 cold water stands by Jackson 695 combined balancing techniques 545547 Compaq 377, 382, 574, 783 compliance 783 compressibility, gas 492 compressor, centrifugal acoustic resonance 764 bearing failure 753 coke accumulation 232233 discharge nozzle passage 762 excess bearing clearance 721 instability following startup 420 pseudo bearings 233235 rotating synchronous vector 723 startup vibration data 419 subsynchronous instability 719 summation of moments 73 synchronous vibration changes 722 wash oil 231, 718 weight and moment diagram 72 compressor, hyper 654, 667 auxiliary crosshead 532533 corrected reciprocating speed vectors 530

805 Keyphasor probe installation 529 loose plunger connection 533 operating pressures 526 plunger bronze impregnation 533 plunger failures 527 plunger Lissajous patterns 529, 531 plunger motion during startup 528 plunger packing failures 532 probes on tungsten carbide plungers 528 proximity probes alarm levels 533 run time extension 534 tungsten carbide plungers 527 compressor, reciprocating see reciprocating machines Computational Fluid Dynamics 199, 489 Computed Order Tracking 382, 392, 784 computer programs ADRE 382, 781 CRITSPD 201, 240, 784 DYROBES 213, 223, 785 Hammer-3D 238, 454, 786 Mathematica 333 Microsoft Excel 185, 239, 785 ROTSTB 213, 791 UNBAL 223, 793 conclusions and recommendations 750 conclusions on diagnostic methodology 770 condition monitoring 705706 bearing temperatures 711 dynamic data documentation 710 maintenance planning tool 724 requirements 705 condition-based maintenance 704 cone adjustments for optical telescope 661 conversion factors 797800 conversion of arc seconds to length 653 copper properties 795 Corley, J.E. 486 corporate considerations 773778 corrective action plan 750770 coupled modes 784 coupling alignment tolerance graph 648 coupling distress from extended slow roll 669 coupling misalignment 154, 412 coupling, AC and DC 784 cracked shaft behavior 443448 cracked shaft symptoms 445 critical damping 40, 187, 784 coefficient 39, 47 critical machinery trains 4 critical speed 202, 784 CRITSPD program 202 frequency ratio 47, 48, 125 potential array 416 undamped system 30

806 critical speed map 203204, 784 critical speed transition 120129 critically damped system 40 CRITSPD 784 cross talk 784 cross-coupled 784 cross-coupling, torsional to lateral 65, 483 current analysis on electric machinery 706 curve fitting, polynomial 185 Curvic couplings 217, 548, 784 cylinder rotating inside of a cylinder 422 cylinder, hollow circular area moment of inertia 78 area polar moment of inertia 7879 axial stiffness 108 cross sectional area 70 mass 71 mass polar moment of inertia 79 natural frequency 115, 116, 117 radial stiffness 111 torsional stiffness 112 transverse mass moment of inertia 80 volume and weight 70 cylinder, solid circular area moment of inertia 81 area polar moment of inertia 81 axial stiffness 106 cross sectional area 71 mass polar moment of inertia 81 radial stiffness 110 torsional stiffness 113 transverse mass moment of inertia 81 volume, weight, and mass 71

Appendix-D structural 97, 104 viscous 96, 101 damping influence 96104 DAT tape recorders 369, 374 data acquisition and processing 746748 data acquisition system, analog based 369 data acquisition system, analog plus digital 378 data corruption 758 data formats applicability for different transducers 393 Bode plot 389 cascade plot 391 frequency response function 386 orbit and time base plot 384 order tracking plots 392 polar plot 390 shaft centerline position shift 387 speed startup ramp 388 steady state spectrum plot 385 transient capture plot 393 waterfall plot 391 data interpretation 749 data presentation formats 383394 data processing instrumentation 379383 data processing system 380 data processing time, analog versus digital 383 data trending 712724 DC gap voltage documentation 734 de Laval, C.G. 120 decibel 784 decibels (dB) based on voltage ratio 371 degrees of freedom 14, 784 Den Hartog, J.P. 31, 121 destabilizing preloads 413 diagnostic methodology 743 diagnostic objectives 744 dial indicator 670 bracket counterweight 673 diaphragm couplings 640 difference of carrier and modulating frequencies 356 differential expansion 784 differentiation 784 digital data acquisition 377 computer data storage log 379 field system 378 Digital Vector Filter 138, 375, 540, 733, 747, 784 displacement 785 conversion to acceleration 18 conversion to velocity 18 lagging velocity and acceleration 15 Distributed Control System 5, 271, 369, 706, 713, 747, 748 Dodd, V.R. 695

D
damped critical speed 215 calculations 213 variation with bearing clearance 215 damped mode shapes backward resonance 221 forward mode 222 damped natural frequency 42, 213 forward and reverse modes 220 damped system equation of motion 38 free body diagram 38 mechanical description 37 response versus time 40 damping 103, 784 coulomb 97, 104 critical 41 dissipation of energy 97, 126 negative 44 positive 42 ratio 39, 47, 48, 52, 97

Index double integration, analog 185 double overhung rotor 218 down-sizing or right-sizing 776 dual probe 276, 785 Dudley, D.W. 459, 470 Dufour, J.W. 486 duty cycle 340 dye penetrant inspection 447 dynamic mass 785 dynamic motion and range 785 Dynamic Signal Analyzer 21, 181, 274, 288, 289, 309, 329, 333, 540, 733, 747, 785 filter resolution 310312 flat top window 312313 force and the exponential windows 315 Hann window 313314 overlap processing 312 overlapping filters 310 processing time 312 time record length 311 uniform window 314315 window, input 312 dynamic stiffness 180, 182, 785 DYROBES 785

807 electrical runout 785 electro magnetic interference 785 electromechanical shaker 180 electronic filter, frequency response setup 304 electronic filters 303315 electronic governor 101, 420 electrostatic discharge characterization 754 elevation axis, and motion 785 Endevco 287, 785 energy dissipation 38 engineering report 778779 engineering units, lateral vs torsional 61 envelope detection 196 epicyclic gear boxes 470483 stationary planet carrier 474 stationary ring gear 472 stationary sun gear 476 equations absolute versus kinematic viscosity 487 acoustic resonances 495 alignment dial indicator reading validity 677 moves from rim & face 679, 680 offsets from reverse indicators 685 reverse indicator moves 686, 693 vertical and horizontal offsets 670 amplification factor 214 from amplitude ratio 100 from damping ratio/curve fit 98 from half power point 98 amplitude conversion - sine wave 246 amplitude conversion, displacement, velocity, and acceleration 18, 19 amplitude measurements on scope 246 amplitude modulation 353 amplitude ratio at resonance 52 angular misalignment, face readings 678 area inertias, general solutions 76 assembly phase passage frequency 465 axial natural frequency of cylinder 115 axial stiffness of hollow cylinder 108 axial stiffness of solid cylinder 106 balance weight, centrifugal force 623 balance weight, hole splitting 627 balancing general matrix solution 616 single plane correction 559 single plane sensitivity 559 single plane unbalance response 558 static couple response 617 three plane corrections 614 three plane sensitivity 613 three plane unbalance response 610 two plane corrections 573 two plane sensitivity 570572

E
East, J.R. 398, 406, 703 eccentric coupling hub, coastdown Bode 409 eccentric element, force equation 406 eccentric rotor, electrical 513 eccentricity 406410, 785 coupling 208 ratio 153 economic reality 772 eddy current proximity probe 365 effective oil film stiffness 397 Eigenvalue 52, 200, 213, 214, 785 real and imaginary portions 213 Eigenvector 214, 785 Eisenmann, R.C. 213, 217, 223, 703, 743 electrical excitations 507521 axial self-centering 507 broken rotor bars 513 eccentric rotor 514 electrical fault 511 high resistance rotor bars 513 mechanical problem 510, 512 oscillating torque, synchronous motor 521 slip frequency 508 startup torque oscillation 512 synchronous frequency 507 torsional criticals 512 unbalanced line voltages 513 uneven air gap 513 unsupported stator midspan 518

808 two plane unbalance response 569 bearing clearance ratio 176 bearing lift checks 173 bearing preload 158, 411 bearing unit load 150 beat frequency 349 blade passing frequency 483 calibration weight calculations 624 centrifugal force, Jeffcott model 123 circular rotational frequency 12 conversion of frequency units 247 damped critical speed 214 damped natural frequency 42 damping of bearing housing, estimate 187 damping ratio 44 decibels (dB) to voltage ratio 371 dial indicator bracket sag 673 effective rotor support stiffness 179, 186 epicyclic gears, tooth assembly 470 force due to bent shaft 400 force due to eccentricity 624 force due to mass unbalance 398 forced vibration, simple system 48 frequency and period 11, 247 frequency modulation 359 gear axial (thrust) force 462 gear mesh frequency parallel shaft 464 planetary configuration 472, 473 solar configuration 476 star configuration 475 gear separation force 462 highly damped system, general solution 40 hollow cylinder properties 70, 7880, 108, 111, 112 log decrement 43, 214 mass inertia, general solutions 77 mass moment of inertia, hollow cylinder 7880 mass moment of inertia, solid cylinder 81 midspan deflection, Jeffcott model 125 moment of inertia, flat bar 34 natural frequency, simple system 30 Newtons second law of motion 289 oil film coefficients, dimensionless 152 153 pendulum period 13 phase conversion between displacement, velocity, and acceleration 17 plain circular bore bearing clearance 166 planet carrier speed planetary configuration 472 solar configuration 476 planet pass frequency planetary configuration 472

Appendix-D solar configuration 476 planet rotational speed planetary configuration 471 solar configuration 475 star configuration 475 Poissons ratio 57, 113 polar moment of inertia rocking inertia test 83 twisting test 87 weight drop test 93 predicted vibration response 619620 proximity probe sensitivity 255 pulse wave 340 radial force due to eccentricity 406 radial natural frequency of a cylinder 117 radial stiffness of a hollow cylinder 111 radial stiffness of a solid cylinder 110 recording signal gain 370 response, force, & restraint 118, 324, 396, 558 restoring force, Jeffcott model 124 Reynolds number 157, 487 ring gear speed solar configuration 476 star configuration 475 rolling element frequencies 194195 signal summation 348 simple displacement, velocity, and acceleration 15 slip frequency, electrical 508 solid cylinder properties 71, 81, 106, 110, 113 Sommerfeld number 156 sonic velocity acoustic frequency & wavelength 490 in a gas 492 in a liquid 491 in a solid 491 specific heat ratio 492 square wave 338 Strouhal number 488 summation of moments 73 sun gear speed planetary configuration 472 star configuration 475 synchronous speed 507 tangential force on gear teeth 461 tangential tooth load, epicyclic gears 470 thermal growth or contraction 642 tilt pad bearing clearances 169170 tooth repeat frequency, gear boxes 465 torque from power and speed 61, 461 torque, general equation 112 torsional natural frequency of cylinder 116

Index natural frequency, simple system 63 oscillation frequency 512 stiffness of hollow cylinder 112 stiffness of solid cylinder 113 torsional displacement, velocity, and acceleration 59 triangular wave 336 U=SA, vector balancing equation 558 unbalance response, simple system 49 underdamped system, general solution 42 vector addition 22 vector division 27 vector multiplication 26 vector runout correction 559 vector subtraction 24 voltage ratio to decibels (dB) 371 vortex shedding frequency 488 weight correction for density 629 wire alignment, wire sag 665 Eshleman, R. 545 essential machinery trains 4 Essinger, J.N. 696 establish diagnostic objectives 744 establishment of suitable vibration limits 300 ethane, ethanol, and ethylene properties 796 expansion loops and joints 644 exponential window 315 external preloads 412

809 fluid film thrust bearings 188192 fluid flow over stationary objects 486 fluid induced aerodynamic instability 428 fluid preloads 411 Fppl, A. 120 force due to bent shaft 400 force transducers 288 force window 315 forced draft fan resonance bandwidth 560 forced excitation of a system resonance 436 forced response analysis, calculated shaft orbits 225 three-dimensional rotor mode shapes 225 two-dimensional rotor mode shapes 224 versus measured critical speeds 227 versus measured shaft orbits 236 vibration with unbalance weights 228 forced response calculations 222236 forced vibration 4558, 786 amplitude ratio 48 Bode plot of response to initial force 49 Bode plot of unbalance response 50 damping influence 49 equation of motion 46 mechanisms 10 phase angle 48 polar plot of unbalance response 51 primary vectors 46 spring mass damper 46 steam turbine end cover 56 forces in mating helical gears 433 forcing function, periodic 45 Forrest, D. 238, 454 forward or reverse modes 218 forward precession 357, 438 foundation considerations 449457, 644 field tests 450 floating and vibrating 453 horizontal cracks 654 subsidence 429 fractional frequency components 435, 437 Franklin, S.D. 187 free lateral vibration 2837 free vibration 786 mechanisms 10 under damped system 42 free vibration with damping 3745 frequency 11, 246, 323, 786 calculation from period 247 ranges for vibration transducers 295 rotational 12 units 11, 247 frequency modulation 293, 359364, 466, 789 calculated time base plot 360 defining characteristics 361

F
fan, induced draft bearing pedestal profile 452 interaction between frequencies 351 top of primary reformer 350 variable startup vibration 451 Fast Fourier Transform 309, 333, 711, 786 field vibration data log sheet 377 figure 8 orbit 414 Finite Element Analysis 33, 56, 199, 213, 223 Flack, R.D. 151, 428 flat top window 313, 786 flexibility of compressor pedestals 457 flexural rigidity 57 Flexure Pivot Bearings 197 fluid excitations acoustic resonance 490, 498 blade passing frequency 483 draft tube vortex 505 standing waves 494 turbulent flow 486 vane passing in diffuser pumps 485 vortex shedding 487 fluid film radial bearing clearance measurements 165179 fluid film radial journal bearings 150165

810 general equation 359 measured spectrum plots 360 frequency response 786 frequency response function 180, 238, 275, 288, 315, 382, 385, 450, 454, 786 data verification 182 force and displacement data 183 potential errors 183 frequency vs displacement, velocity, and acceleration 20, 295 fundamental concepts 1021

Appendix-D physical gear arrangement 474 planet rotational frequency 475 ring gear speed 475 subsynchronous shaft orbits 480, 482 sun gear speed 475 synchronous shaft orbits 482 gear contact forces 154 gear mesh 786 forces 412 preloads 411 typical spectrum plots 363 gear tooth contact force 461462 general purpose machinery trains 4 generator rotor sag 639 generator, vertical average in-phase components 140 hydro turbine driven 137 load rejection 138, 139 geophone 273 Gieck, K. 79, 80 gold properties 795 gravitational preloads 411 Gribler, M. 392 ground loop 786 Gruber, J.M. 755 Gunter, E.J. 151, 187, 201, 213, 223, 428, 545, 619 Gunter, W.E. 213, 223

G
Gs 17, 280, 781 gas turbine 161, 185, 205, 215, 226 blade passing excitations 484 FRF across turbine 386 rotor sag 639 Gaston, C.G. 201 gear boxes gear mesh spectrum plots 363 high frequency whine 362 melted bearing babbitt 467 single helical, torsional Bode plot 64 thrust direction for single helical gears 463 gear boxes, epicyclic general array of frequencies 471 tooth assembly equations 470 transmitted power 470 gear boxes, parallel shaft assembly phase passage frequency 465 axial (thrust) force 462 discrete frequencies 464 expected radial loading direction 460 gear mesh frequency 464 gear separation force 462 natural frequencies 465 tangential force 461 tooth repeat frequency 465 transmitted torque 461 gear boxes, planetary configuration 471474 physical gear arrangement 472 planet gear mesh frequency 472 planet pass and absolute frequencies 472 planet rotational frequency 471 sun gear mesh frequency 473 sun gear speed 472 gear boxes, solar configuration 475476 gear mesh frequency 476 physical gear arrangement 476 planet carrier speed 476 planet pass & absolute frequencies 476 planet rotational frequency 475 gear boxes, star configuration 474475 gear mesh frequency 475

H
half-wave resonance, acoustic 495 Hammer-3D 238, 454, 786 Hann window 314, 786 Hanning or random window 313 Hansen, E.F. 755 hard bearing balancing machine 631 harmonic 786 harmonic motion 11 harmonic orders 493 Harris, C.M. 78, 87, 103, 112, 292, 315, 487 heavy rubs 441 heavy spot 131, 132, 133, 316321, 544, 786 helium properties 796 helix angle, typical values for gears 462 herringbone gears 462, 466 hertz 786 Hewlett Packard 786 Computed Order Tracking 393 Instrument Basic 238, 454 literature 292, 315 Hewlett Packard instruments HP 54600B Digital Oscilloscope 381 HP 9000 series computer system 382 HP LaserJet 4M Printer 382 HP LaserJet 5L Printer 182, 378

Index HP-3311A Function Generator 342 HP-33120A Function Generator 334, 336, 337, 339, 379 HP-3468A Digital Multimeter 379 HP-3560A Dynamic Signal Analyzer 185, 309, 376 HP-35665A Dynamic Signal Analyzer 181, 303, 502 HP-35670A Dynamic Signal Analyzer 181, 238, 288, 309, 334, 337, 339, 379, 380, 381, 454 high pressure tubing 527 high resistance rotor bars 513 high spot 131, 132, 133, 316321, 544, 787 higher speed optical trigger 542 high-pass filter 305, 787 Holzer 201 horsepower, from speed and torque 61, 461, 641 hot alignment techniques 692701 hydrogen properties 796 hydrogen sulfide properties 796

811 measurement by twisting test 8789 measurement by weight drop test 8995 inertially referenced 787 inlet splitter vane failures 497 in-phase or real component 21, 787 instability 787 installation of alignment bench marks 655 integrated balancing approach 546 Integrated Circuit Piezoelectric 787 integration 180, 787 intentional rubs 440 intermittent rubs 441 internal friction 427 internal preloads 410, 411 invar 285, 695, 795 IPS 17, 272, 794 isotropic support 787

J
Jackson, C.J. 236, 545, 553, 637, 695 Jeffcott rotor 121, 126 above balance resonance speed 128 approaching balance resonance speed 123 at very low speeds 122 below the balance resonance speed 123 centrifugal force 123 mass and geometric center 131 phase shift through resonance 127 self balanced condition 127, 128 shaft restoring force 124 with damping 129 Jeffcott, H.H. 120 Jensen, A. 703

I
ICP transducers 278, 368 imaginary or quadrature component 21 impact hammer 180, 181, 288, 376 impact test 787 physical setup 180 impedance 787 inclinometer 675 incomplete grout pour 454 inconel properties 795 indeterminate motor rotor weight 74 indicator bracket sag 672 induction electrical machines 508 inertance 181, 787 inertia definition 74 engineering units 78, 81 experiment based on falling mass 90 mass polar moment 60 measurement of full rotor 93 inertia considerations and calculations 7495 inertia, area moment of 787 flat bar stock 34 general solution 75 inclusion of offset axis 76 irregular plane surface 75 polar and transverse relationship 76 polar, general solution 75 inertia, mass moment of 787 general solution 77 inclusion of offset axis 77 irregular solid object 77 measurement by rocking test 8286

K
Keyphasor 131, 191, 235, 269, 291, 319, 321, 322, 329, 342, 352, 366, 368, 511, 524, 540, 597, 740, 787 backward spinning dots 424 cleanup with voltage amplifiers 381, 542 optical signal considerations 291 physical probe trigger position 541 proximity probe guidelines 270 trigger logic on shaft 320 trigger pulse, scope blanking 250 keyway reference point 581 kilowatts, from speed and torque 61 kinematic viscosity 487 Kingsbury thrust bearing 189, 721, 787 Kirk, R.G. 187 Krohn-Hite Corporation 304, 309, 380, 787 Kulite Semiconductor Products 287, 788

L
labyrinth rubs 440

812 ladder diagram of trip relays 727 laminated shims 646 laser alignment hardware advantages and disadvantages 658 detector, beam director, and splitter 659 laser head 658 laser bore alignment measurements 663 laser position alignment 658659 laser shaft alignment 691 lateral location 788 lateral position changes 261 lateral versus torsional vibration 65 lead wire 177, 178 left-hand helical gear 463 level, circular 783 lift check, bearing clearance 172 lifting jets 191 light rubs during operation 440 linear system 788 linearity requirements 547551 Lissajous 529, 531, 788 load between pads & load on pad 639 load rejection, high vibration 499 locked coupling 412 locked-in fractional frequency 436 Loctite 788 log decrement 43, 52, 214, 215, 221, 788 damping ratio relationship 44 variation with bearing clearance 216 loose mechanical element bearing housing 438, 439 compressor thrust collar 723 compressor wheel 357, 358 hyper plunger connection 533 sleeve bearing 437 low-pass filter 305, 788 lube and seal oil system 706, 745 lube oil analysis 706 Lund, J.W. 201

Appendix-D motor, pump 697 power turbine and pump 208 reverse indicator alignment setup 681 rim and face alignment setup 675 three bearing turbine generator 206, 588 turbine driven compressor 751 turbine generator & vibration probes 367 turbine, gear, and blower 432 turbine, gear, and two compressors 718 vertical generator 137 vertical mixer rotor 237 machinery categories 45 machinery diagnostician 1, 3, 780 Machinery Diagnostics, Inc. 213, 223, 788 machinery initial commissioning 773 machinery monitoring systems information 731 machinery performance 706708 machinery performance parameters 707 machinery problem solving equilibrium 772 machinery speed ramp rates 102 machinery stability 422435 machinery systems API 670 alarms and trips 730 lube and seal oil system 727 process alarms and shutdowns 726 speed control system 728 surge control system 729 trip and throttle valve 725 machinery temperature alarms 731 machinery types compressor, barrel 446, 721 compressor, centrifugal 72, 143, 217, 230, 343, 356, 419, 548, 714, 718, 739, 751, 759 compressor, hyper 526, 654, 667 compressor, overhung 432, 454 expander cryogenic 597, 643 hot gas 174, 217, 519, 548 fan, forced draft 560 fan, induced draft 349, 451 gear box 350, 362, 407, 432, 466, 519, 597, 714, 718, 766 gear box, epicyclic planetary 472 gear box, epicyclic solar 476 gear box, epicyclic star 474, 477 generator, horizontal induction 597 synchronous 206, 477, 575, 588, 736 generator, vertical synchronous 137, 192, 499 kiln dryer 407 mixer, vertical 236 motor, horizontal induction 515, 714

M
machine foundation 745 machine process control 745 machinery arrangements epicyclic star gear, and generator 477 expander, gear box, generator 597 expander-compressor-turbine 217, 548 five bearing turbine generator 575 gas turbine 226 hydro electric turbine generator 500 kiln dryer drive 407 motor, gear, compressor 714 motor, gear, expander, and comp. 519 motor, hyper compressor 526, 654 motor, overhung compressor 516

Index synchronous 407, 519, 526, 654 motor, induction 697 pump 496, 697 turbine, gas 161, 185, 203, 205, 208, 215, 226 turbine, hydro 499 turbine, steam 55, 181, 206, 217, 343, 350, 402, 429, 432, 438, 548, 575, 588, 718, 735, 736, 739, 751, 758 machines susceptible to shaft cracks 443 magnetic center 788 magnetic probes 292 magnetic tape recorders 369 Magneto-Optical data storage 383 maintenance philosophies 703705 condition-base 703 reaction-based 703 time-based 703 malfunction considerations and classifications 910 Mancuso, J.R. 640 mass and support distribution 6774 mass elastic data, torsional analysis 209 mass unbalance 398400 Mathematica 333, 788 McHugh, J.D. 151, 298 measured shaft centerline shift vector 397 Measurements Group, Inc. 292, 788 mechanical impedance 788 mechanical inspection 744745 mechanical looseness 435440 mechanical resonance characterization 43 mechanical runout 788 methane and methanol properties 796 micro-hardness of broken gear teeth 468 Microsoft Excel 574, 592, 785 mil 17, 255, 788 Mischke, C.R. 75, 113 Mitchell, J.S. 196, 705 mobility 788 modal analysis 238 mode of vibration 788 mode shape measurement 130142 mode shapes 67, 789 calculations damped analysis 143, 214, 220222 forced response analysis 143, 224 undamped analysis 142, 202 critical speed map with mode shift 146 expected 142 mathematical modeling 142 measured compressor baseplate 455, 456 rotor kit 134136 vertical generator 140, 504

813 static deflection of beams 6869 variation with bearing stiffness 144146 modeling overview 199200 modulated time domain of motor vibration 510 modulating frequency 356, 361 modulus of elasticity 35, 57, 70, 105, 110, 113, 116, 240, 291, 301, 789 modulus of rigidity 112, 789 monel properties 795 monitor arrangement 709 motor air gap measurements 717 motor orbits, forward to reverse precession 516 motor shaft vibration 715 motor torsional resonance to pinion 520 motor with stator sag 518 MS-DOS 789 multiple Keyphasor dots 357 multiple speed calculations 618619 Muszynska, M. 445 Myklestad, N.O. 201

N
NARF 116, 789 natural frequency 47, 199, 789 cylinder axial 115 cylinder torsional 116 cylinder, radial 117 plate 57 potential types 416 natural log base (e) 20 negative trigger slope 541 Nelson, R.M. 493 Nelson, W.E. (Ed) 486 Nicholas, J.C. 169, 187 nickel properties 795 nitrogen properties 796 nodal point 789 non dimensional amplitude ratio 48 non-design operating conditions 419 normally closed & normally open relays 732 notch filter 309, 789

O
objective lens 789 octave 789 oil drain temperature variations 579 oil sample, metal levels 706 oil velocity profile across minimum oil film 423 oil whip 426427, 789 orbit and time base plots 427 spectrum plots 427 oil whirl 424426, 789 characterization of behavior 720 during pinion coastdown 434 orbit and time base plots 425

814 spectrum plots 425 oil whirl to oil whip transition 426 on-site mechanical inspection 744 optical alignment hardware jig transit 650 optical scales 651 power supply and readout 659 tilting level & optical telescope 649 optical and laser bore alignment 660663 optical and wire bore alignment results 668 optical bore alignment hardware alignment telescope 660 bore sweeper 662 bore target holder for slipper guide 662 cone mount & optical targets 661 optical measurements of thermal growth 695 optical pickup 352 optical position alignment 649657 optical scales versus sight distance 652 optical shaft alignment 691 optical transducer 291, 789 optical trigger signals 542 optics, lasers, and wires for shaft alignment 691 order tracking plot 789 orders 789 organ pipe behavior 490, 493 organization chart 776, 777 oscillating torque, motor startup 512 oscillator-demodulator, see Proximitor oscilloscope 540 blanking logic 250251 line frequency trigger 511 use in data acquisition 370, 378 use in data processing 380 overdamped mechanical system 41 overhung wheel, shaft pivoting 639 overlap processing 312, 790 oxygen properties 796

Appendix-D period 11, 790 period, low frequency 510 periodic vibration 790 Permatex 197, 347, 790 perpendicular bubble levels 675 phase 790 between vibration vectors 17 convention and rules 249 displacement, velocity, and acceleration 16 lag on a rotating disk 16, 17 phase or timing differential 248 physical constants of common fluids 796 physical properties for common metals 795 piano wire sag with 60 pound tension 665 picket fence filter arrangement 310 piezoelectric 790 piezoelectric accelerometers 278285 piezoresistive 287, 790 Piotrowski, J. 637 pipe supports 745 piping dampers or snubbers 644 pitch line velocity 461 pivotal mode shapes 208 pivotal resonance 790 planar modes 202 Plastigage 166, 177, 178, 790 plate alignment 790 plate level 790 plunger bronze impregnation 533 points of center 664 Poissons ratio 57, 113 polar inertia, see inertia topics 79 polar plot 734, 790 calculated forced unbalance 51 calculated gas turbine 224 complex rotor response 219 generator startup 737 measured on centrifugal compressor 53 polynomial curve fit 748 position alignment 649, 790 positive trigger slope 541 potential for coupling problems 641 Potter, R. 392 pre-alignment considerations 638648 alignment offsets, cold to hot 647 alignment tolerances 648 baseplates and sole plates 645 coupling types and condition 640 jack bolts and shim selection 646 leveling bolts 645 machine types and bearings 639 machinery arrangement 638 pipe strain and foundations 644 shaft or coupling hub runout 641 soft foot and obstructions 647

P
Palazzolo, A.P. 619 Paquette, D.J. 169, 197 parallax 652 PCB Piezotronics, Inc. 278, 279, 285, 790 PC-based data acquisition system 378 peak to peak 18 pedestal mode shapes 456 peg adjustment 652 pendulum 10 compound 82 grandfathers clock 13 natural frequency 13 restoring force 12 simple harmonic motion 11 pentane properties 796

Index thermal growth or contraction 641 viewing position 640 precession with subsynchronous vibration 424 predetermined safety limits 746 preload characteristics 413 preload, bearing 158, 790 preload, external 790 due to suction line movement 740 preloaded versus normal elliptical orbit 414 presentation of results 778779 pressure and velocity waves in pipes 494 pressure angles, typical values for gear 462 pressure pulsation 746, 791 at impeller vane pass 497, 498 suppression in reciprocating units 522 pressure pulsation transducers 285287 absolute pressure measurement 287 field measurements 761 frequency response 285, 287 measurement fixture 286 measurement options 287 operating temperatures 285 typical configuration 285 pre-startup inspection and testing 724732 principal inertia axis 564 principle of superposition 547 probe identification scheme 368 problem solving seven-step approach 743 process and load stabilization 739 process fluid excitations 483506 process industries 3 Prohl, M.A. 201 propane properties 796 property of homogeneity 547 propylene properties 796 Proximitor 271, 528, 791 AC voltage output 267269 cable impedance 271 DC voltage output 254268 wiring connections 254 proximity displacement probes 253271 proximity probe 131, 708 advantages and disadvantages 271 angular orientation 261264 bearing clearance measurements 174 calculation of transducer sensitivity 255 curve fit of calibration 257 DC gap voltage documentation 734 dynamic voltage output 267 error sources 53 extended operating range 292 frequency response 271, 366, 709 heat sensitivity 162164, 271 installation on pinion 269 internal installation, epicyclic gear 479

815 major components 254 on cold water alignment stands 695 orientation 709 orthogonal installation 134 oscilloscope connection 263 oscilloscope orientation 264 physical configurations 253 radial shaft centerline position change 265 radial transducer identification rule 263 radial vibration measurement 316320 sensitivity with different metals 257 static calibration fixture 255 thrust position setpoints 260 trend of DC gap variations 752 typical physical installation 269 typical static calibration curve 256 vibration amplitude determination 268 pseudo-stress relieving procedure 403 pulsating torque, frequency calculation 521 pulse wave calculated time domain plot 342 calculated vs measured amplitudes 342 cosine series expansion 341 duty cycle determination 340 measured spectrum plot 342 measured time domain plot 340 typical equation 340 pump piping vibration 3136 seal and bearing failures 31 vane pass frequency 485, 498 pump storage facilities 508 pyroelectric noise 791

Q
Q, amplification factor 101 quadrature or imaginary component 21, 791 quarter-wave acoustic resonance 495 quasi-static unbalance 564

R
radial 791 forces in a fluid film bearing 423 rotor position 386 vibration 791 radio frequency interference 791 Rankin, W.A. 120 Raynesford, J.D. 33, 34, 36 reaction-based maintenance 704 real or in-phase component 21 real time analyzer 791 see Dynamic Signal Analyzer reciprocating machines 522534 compressor valves 522 crankshaft vibration 524

816 frame or crankcase vibration 523 Lissajous figure, V-H probes 524 piston rod motion 524 pressure volume diagram 522 spark plugs with pressure probes 523 timing Key transducer 524 recording instrumentation 369379 reel-to-reel tape recorders 369 reference line 791 relative bearing housing movement 764 relative motion 791 residual magnetic fields 758 resistance temperature detector 709 resonance 791 identification criteria 43 resonant response 416421 response of critically vs overdamped systems 40 response prediction 619621 response, force, & restraint 118, 324, 396, 558 reverse casing orbit precession 352 reverse indicator shaft alignment 681690 reverse precession shaft orbit 218, 442 Reynolds number 157, 487, 488, 489, 791 right-hand helical gear 463 rim and face shaft alignment 673681 RMS averaging 385 Rockwell C 468, 527 rod drop measurement 524 rolling element bearings 193196 rotating vector 723 rotor ground brush installation 755 rotor kit 791 rotor resonance re-excitation 426 rotor rubs 440443 rotors BFW pump, four stage 496 bull and pinion Herringbone gears 467 centrifugal compressor eight stage 143 six stage 234 ten stage 759 three stage 172 two stage 72 expander-compressor-turbine 217, 548 forced draft fan 561 gas turbine, single shaft 226 hydro turbine and generator 500 induction motor 518 Jeffcott configuration 122 pinion 598, 766 rotor kit single mass 134, 135, 136, 553 three mass 606, 617 two mass 564 static beam deflection 6869

Appendix-D steam turbine, five stage 429 three bearing turbine generator 206, 589 vertical generator 137 vertical mixer, two stage 237 ROTSTB 791 rough shaft surfaces 345 run time between major overhauls 712 runout correction, proximity probe 559, 791

S
SAFE diagram 206, 211, 791 Salamone, D.J. 151 scale factor 792 Schiavello, B. 486 Schwartz, R.E. 493 Seattle Sound and Vibration, inc. 238, 454 seismic measurements 273 seismic transducer 792 self balanced rotor 128 self excited phenomena 10 self-excited malfunction 423 separation gear forces 433 seven-step problem solving approach 743 conclusions and recommendations 750 corrective action plan 750 data acquisition and processing 746 data interpretation 749 establish diagnostic objectives 744 mechanical inspection 744 test plan development 745 shaft absolute vibration 501 from shaft and casing vectors 277 shaft alignment concepts 669673 shaft cracks 443 compressor coastdown polar plot 446 higher order running speed harmonics 445 orbit, time base, and spectrum plots 444 subsurface circumferential 448 shaft mode shapes 200 shaft orbits changes with radial preloads 414 immediately after startup 739 major and minor axes 715 with heavy misalignment 740 with inside loops 760 shaft position change with time 752 shaft position in bearing 414, 578 shaft preloads 410415 shaft rub, orbit and spectrum plots 442 shaft surface imperfections 138, 345 shaft versus casing vibration 708 shaft vibration change with pressure 767, 768 shaft vibration during load rejection 506 shaker table 274 shape, curve 252, 323

Index shear modulus 70, 112, 113, 116 Shigley, J.E. 33, 34, 75, 81, 113 shim springiness 646 shock absorber 37, 41 shock pulse 196 shop balancing 629636 sidebands 361 signal summation 347353 calculated time base plot 349 general equation 348 significant equations 3, 11 silver bullets 780 silver properties 795 simple harmonic motion 14, 267, 792 sine wave calculated curve 334 measured FFT plot 334 plus harmonics 251, 252 typical equation 335 Singh, M.P. 206 single plane balance 552563 sinusoidal window 312 slip frequency, electrical 508 slow roll 792 slow roll runout compensation 136 soft bearing shop balancing machine 630 soft foot 647, 792 solenoid operated dump valve 725 Sommerfeld number 151, 156, 792 sonic velocity acoustic frequency & wavelength 490 equation in a gas 492 equation in a liquid 491 equation in a solid 491 various solids and liquids 490 specialized transducers 288293 specific heat ratio 492 spectrum plot 792 spike energy 196 split horizontal and vertical critical speeds 738 Spotts, M.F. 78, 79, 81, 109, 111, 112, 459 spring loaded cans and dampers 644, 745 spring mass damper 37 spring mass damper, free body diagram 37 spring mass vibration absorber 32 spring mass, free body diagram 29 square wave calculated time domain plot 338, 339 calculated vs measured amplitudes 339 measured spectrum plot 339 sine series expansion 338 typical equation 338 squareness of an object 652 squeeze film damper bearing 759764 stability 792

817 stability and damped critical speed calculations 213222 stability diagram of oil film bearings 429 stacked rotors 632 stainless steel shims 646 standardized measurements and conventions 539545 standing half wave 494 Starrett 651, 664, 792 startup inspection and testing 732741 typical startup rates 102 static couple corrections 616618 static mode shapes 69 steam turbine axial casing vibration 577 bow reduction procedure 403 cover plate resonance 55 hot exhaust bearing 346 preloaded governor end bearing 430 shaft voltage generation 754 vectors during heating/cooling 404405 vibration data across coupling 344346 with 49% instability 431 steel properties 795 stiffness 104, 792 of steel cylinders 114 support impact test 180 typical machinery values 114 stiffness influence 105120 stiffness, axial hollow cylinder 108 solid cylinder 105, 106 steel cylinders of various diameters 107 stiffness, radial hollow cylinder 111 solid cylinder 109, 110 steel cylinders of various diameters 110 stiffness, torsional 208 hollow cylinder 112 solid cylinder 113 Stodola, A. 201 stonewall 792 strain energy 203 Strain Gage Technology-Tech Reference 292 strain gages configurations 291 radio telemetry of signals 292, 502 TorXimitor application 292 stress corrosion cracking 443 stress relieving, ASM definition 403 Strouhal number 488, 489 structural natural frequencies 181 structural stiffness 179 stub resonance 495 subharmonic 792

818 sub-surface water 453 subsynchronous 357, 420, 424, 426, 792 sulfur dioxide properties 796 sum of carrier and modulating frequencies 356 summation of shaft and casing vibration 276 supersynchronous 792 support stiffness effective 179 polynomial equation 188 units 181 surface hardness, typical 468 surge control techniques 729 synchronous 792 synchronous electrical machines 507 synchronous response 395398 synchronous speed 50 and 60 Hz units 508

Appendix-D time domain weighting function 312 time record 793 time-based maintenance 704 timing 16, 323 timing convention on a rotating disk 17 timing pulse blank-bright & bright-blank 319321 variation with rotation and pulse 322 timing, see phase titanium properties 795 toluene properties 796 tooth hunting combination 465 torque, from speed and power 61, 461, 641 torsion modulus 112 see modulus of rigidity torsional analysis mass elastic data, turbine to pump 209 natural frequency 63, 209 natural frequency of cylinder 116 nodal points 208 torsional fatigue 444 torsional stiffness 60, 212 coupling 211, 212 torsional vibration 5865, 746, 793 acceleration 58 Bode plot on bull gear 64 characteristics 63 comparison with lateral units 62 damping 60 displacement 58 equation of motion, forced system 61 forcing function 60 motion parameters 58 natural frequency 63, 483 parameter conversions 59 pinion excitation during startup 520 polar moment of inertia 60 resonance 61, 117, 418 undamped equation of motion 62 velocity 58 vibration absorbers 31 torsional vs lateral vibration 65 TorXimitor 292, 793 transducer 793 transducer calibration accelerometers 282 force hammer and accelerometer 288, 290 pressure pulsation probes 287 proximity probe 255, 256 seismic vibration transducers 274 velocity coils 273 transfer function 793 see frequency response function transfer matrix 199, 201 transient capture 793

T
tangential gear forces 433 tape recorder 733 DAT recording characteristics 374 direct recording characteristics 373 FM amplifier 370 FM recording characteristics 371 gain or attenuation 370 general media formats 369 input and output voltage ranges 370 sample field tape log 376 tapered turbine journal 736 TEAC 792 VHS tape recorder 370, 379 Tektronix 793 oscilloscopes 370, 380 telescope controls 792793 tensioner 793 test plan development 745746 Thearle, E.L. 545 thermal growth measurements by Essinger 696 thermal growth of cast steel 642 thermal or external forces 412 thermal shrinkage in cryogenic service 643 thermography 706 Thomson, W.T. 10, 29, 31, 38, 41, 45, 47, 121, 201 three plane balance 606616 thrust loads 188 thrust position calibration curve 259 float calculations 260 measurements and setup 258 soft and hard loads 259 tilt pad bearing, diametrical clearance 167170 time and frequency domain 333347 time and orbital domain 316333 time averaging 793

Index gear box pinion with torsional 520 hydro generator shaft vibration 502 hydro turbine, draft tube pressure 505 transient data 793 Transient Data Manager 271, 369, 793 transient motion 793 transient window 314 translated spectrum gear mesh frequency 363 motor running speed vibration 510511 translational resonance 208, 399, 793 transmissibility 793 transverse inertia, see inertia topics trend plot of synchronous vectors 722 trend plot, vibration versus time 231 trial or calibration weights 549 triangular wave calculated time domain plot 337 calculated vs measured amplitudes 337 cosine series expansion 336 measured spectrum plot 337 typical equation 336 tri-axial accelerometer 454 trigger point 131 trim calculations 622 trip & throttle valve 101 trip & throttle valve closure 725 troubleshooting chart inaccuracies 515 truncated vibration response 438 tungsten carbide plunger 525 tungsten carbide properties 527, 795 tungsten properties 795 two element gear boxes 459469 two plane balance 564585

819 free body diagram 28 mechanical description 28 natural frequency 30 undamped torsional critical speeds comparison between couplings 211 undamped torsional mode shapes power turbine to pump 210 under damped mechanical system 41, 42 uneven air gap, rotor to stator 513 unfiltered 794 uniform window 314, 794 uniform, Hann, and flat top filter shapes 312 universal gas constant 492 unstable mechanical system 44 upper and lower side bands 363 U-Shaped balance weights 538

V
validity of dial indicator readings 684 Vance, J.M. 103, 121 vane passing 794 vaned diffuser, pump vibration response 485 vector 794 addition 22, 175 addition of balance weights 23 Cartesian to polar coordinates 22, 24 division 27 manipulation 2128 multiplication 26 runout compensated example 26 slow roll subtraction example 25 subtraction 24 velocity 794 conversion to acceleration 19 conversion to displacement 18 lagging acceleration 15 leading displacement 15 time derivative of displacement 15 transducer 794 velocity coils 272278 advantages and disadvantages 278 calibration setup 274 configuration 272 conversion to casing displacement 277 frequency response 272, 275, 278, 366 natural frequency 273, 274 operating temperatures 278 output voltage sensitivity 272 phase error 274 typical cross section 272 velocity of sound 490 vertical mixer rotor calculated dynamic mode shapes 241 calculated planar mode shapes 239 FRF measured static mode shapes 239

U
ultrasonic inspection 448 UNBAL 793 unbalance 793 electric machines 512 unbalance response analysis measured vs calculated sensitivity 229 unbalanced line voltages, electrical 513 undamped analysis 202 analytical model, development 239 limitations 202 planar mode 240 undamped critical speed 200, 201212 undamped critical speed map 146, 203 undamped free vibration 2837 undamped mode shapes 219 three bearing turbine generator 207 undamped system energy dissipation 30 equation of motion 29

820 measured vs calculated criticals 241 VHS tape recorder 369, 373 vibrating pipe 301 vibration circular format 15, 16 exponential format 20 fundamental concepts 1021 lateral English units 17 lateral versus torsional units 62 signal attributes 244 torsional English units 58 vibration absorber frequency fine tuning 35 installation rules 36 simple pendulum 33 solution for overhung mass 35 vibration amplitude units 246 vibration and position alarms and trips 730 vibration response data 708711 vibration severity 294302 based on bearing clearance 297 bearing housing vibration 296 considerations for alarm setpoints 300 McHugh empirical equations 298 piping vibration by Wachel & Tison 301 shaft relative vibration 299 vibration transducer suite 365368 vibrometers 272 viscosity, absolute versus kinematic 487 viscous damper 37 voltage amplifiers 370, 379 Keyphasor signal cleanup 380 voltage ratio based on decibels (dB) 371 vortex shedding frequency 486489 vortex swirl frequency 505

Appendix-D wire alignment hardware digital multimeter application 664 micrometers, rod style 664 oscillator and headset 664 piano wire and anchors 664 tensioner 663 wire alignment on vertical machines 691 wire bore alignment 663668 Wyteface scale by K&E 651

X
X probe 794 xylene properties 796

Y
Y probe 794 Young, W.C. 33, 56, 69, 75, 109, 111

Z
Zeidan, F.Y. 169, 197 zero to peak 18 Zwillinger, D. 335 Zyglo 447, 794
The End

W
warehouse ordering wrong bearings 432 water properties 796 waterfall plot 391, 735, 794 from transient capture data 503 wave form 794 Weaver, F.L. 107 weight removal 628629 weight sequence variation 586605 well-point pumping network 453 Whalen, J.K. 187 whirl ratios 424 white noise 274, 303, 794 wicket gates 499 winking foundation 654 Winterton, J.G. 464 wire alignment points of zero center 664 sag calculation 665, 666