INDUSTRIAL BUILDING

INTRODUCTION Any building structure used by the industry to store raw material or for manufacturing product of the industry is known as industrial buildings. Industrial building may be categorized as normal type industrial buildings and special type industrial buildings. Normal types of buildings are shed type buildings with simple roof structure on open frames. These building are used for workshop, warehouse, showroom, laboratory and etc. These building require large and clear areas unobstructed by the columns. The large floor area provides sufficient flexibility and facility for later change in the production layout without major building alteration. The industrial buildings are constructed with adequate headroom for the use of an overhead travelling crane or other heavy machineries equipment. Special types of industrial buildings are steel mill buildings used for manufacture of heavy machines, production of power. DESIGN Typically the bays in industrial buildings have frames spanning the width direction. Several such frames are arranged at suitable spacing to get the required length. The choice of structural design depends on the span between the rows of column, the headroom and type of lighting. If span less, portal frame such as steel bents or gable frames can be used but if span is large the building with trusses are used. For the structural design, compared to other materials, particularly reinforced concrete or steel has major advantages. Its high in strength, durability and light in weight enable steel buildings to be relatively light construction. Different types of floor are required in any factory for their use consideration such as production, administration, store and workshop. The service condition will vary widely in these areas, so different floor types are required. Industrial floors shall have sufficient resistance to abrasion, impact, acid action and temperature depending on the type of activity carried out. High strength of concrete can satisfy most of these requirements economically and is the most common material used. ROOF LOADING SYSTEM While planning a roof, designer has to look out following quality lightness, durability, water proofing, fire resistance, strength, cost and low maintenance charges. Sheeting, purlin and roof trusses supported on column provide common structural roof system for industrial buildings. Brittle sheeting such as asbestos corrugated cement sheets or ductile sheeting such as galvanized iron corrugated or profiled sheets are used as roof covering material. Generally most of the industrial buildings used metal cladding roofing system. Metal cladding can be used inside and outside of a building. Metal cladding offers superior resistance to impact, high in durability and competitively priced. The purlins and cladding rails need to be designed to carry all the loads applied to them. In addition to the cladding loads, the purlins may also be required to support the weight of services or suspended ceilings. It is usual in factory units in the design of the roof, a nominal loading for services and a single point load on the main members. Roof loading may be determined by provision for future developments in handling methods. The ability of the structure to distribute lateral loads may influence the choice of structure.

CLADDING METAL SHEETING (SINGLE SKIN)

Because of its economy, the most widely used building shape is the pin-based single or multi-bay pitched roof portal frame, typically of 20-30m span at 6m centers. I-beams, welded or cold-formed sections are usually used for the members. Since internal columns limit the rentable space around them, their spacing may be increased by using spine I-beams to support the portal rafter. For this type of roof, the cladding is usually insulated metal decking, which may also be used for the upper sidewalls. Lattice girders are lighter than portal frame rafter for wider span but additional workmanship increases fabrication costs. Its likely to be cost effective for spans above 20m. The most versatile roof shape is flat roof, covered with an insulated membrane of metal decking. This shape allows wide freedom in plan and eliminates the need of internal gutters. It can be supported by purlins on main I beams or lattice girders.

LIGHTING SYSTEM Industrial operations can be carried on most efficiently when adequate lighting is provided. The requirements of good lighting are its intensity and uniformity. Since natural light is free, it is economical and wise to use daylight for illumination in industrial plants. Daylight design will be influenced by the building design and its usage. For smaller industrial buildings, vertical glazing will generally be adequate. For larger industrial building, roof light or combination of both wall glazing and roof will be needed. The concept and arrangement of opening to provide natural day-lighting allow diversity in architectural design. Opening for natural lighting also can serve as smoke and heat outlets in case of fire. Well design natural daylight can have a significant impact on a buildings carbon emission. However, too much natural daylighting can result in excessive solar gain and leading to overheat. There are a number of possible designs for the roof lights.

SERVICES For industrial building, special requirement for building services are often required, which may be necessary for the operation of machines and manufacturing lines. The services integration should be taken into account in the early planning stages. The use of structural system such as cellular beams and column can facilitate integration of services and help to achieve a coherent and systematic appearance of the building. Natural ventilation can reduce the need on air conditioning systems which in turn means a reduction on CO2 emissions. The effectiveness of natural ventilation depends on the size and orientation of the building. Roof vents are a common option for natural ventilation without suitably large openings. The amount of services can vary in different part of a building, from an exacting standard of air conditioning appropriate to a clean room to extensive process ductwork. Further issues which may need consideration in services design include the lighting, heating, carnage, air and electrical power. They each influence the structural design. Sometimes, if services are particularly extensive, it is advantageous to use a structural form which provides full support for services. HANDLING METHOD Industrial worker handle different materials using a variety of methods. Equipment to handle the material comes in various shapes and sizes. Industries use conveyors to transport materials over a fixed path. Conveyor is suitable when the load is uniform and constant and there is no traffic interference on the route. There are different types of conveyor such as gravity conveyor and conveyor that are driven by chains. It can be either on floor or roof mounted. Overhead handling method includes the use of cranes and hoists. Cranes is a device that helps lift and lower a load. These method help make use of overhead space to move materials around in an industrial facility. They require the support from columns and runway beams to carry vertical loads. Light overhead cranes with capacities of 1 to 5 tons are a characteristic for aircraft hangars and light industries. a They also help free up floor space. They reduce the material handling time by taking the shortest route between 2 spots.

FIRE PROTECTION SYSTEM For large industrial building, fire compartment may play an important role in the design, even there is no internal office space. In order to prevent fire spread, the compartment size is limited to a certain value. Therefore firewalls have to be provided for separation and should ensure at least 60-90 minutes fire resistance. This is more vital if hazardous materials/goods stored in the building. Sprinkler installations may also require as well as carbon-dioxide injection. Gas explosion can be far more destructive and difficult to control. Controlling the result of an explosion is often received by strategically placed blow-out panels. Because the office space is designed for use by a larger number of people, fire safety demands are stricter. If the office is located on the top floor of the building, additional escape routes are required and active firefighting measures have to be considered. MAINTENACE Every material used in construction has a limited life, which can usually be extended by appropriated maintenance. Building maintenance is a process by which a building is kept useable at a predetermined standard for use and benefits of its occupant or user. Maintenance is likely to be particularly important in industrial building. The design of the building should allow suitable access for the maintenance require. Design, materials and workmanship will determine the amount of maintenance required during the life time of a building. Generally they got a few aspects of maintenance that considered for formulating plans; servicing, repairs, replacement and upgrading. Building maintenance is organized through a cyclical programed starting with daily routines and working upwards which involves periodic programed of weekly, monthly, semi-annual and annual inspection routines. In order to ensure its continuous operation, maintenance work is carried out within the life cycle of a facility before symptoms of failure or breakdown are detected. The main elements or facilities that requiring maintenance are cladding walls, air conditioning, cold water supply, lifts, floor, fire services, mechanical and servicing equipment. Roof maintenance is particularly important. The possible results of overflow due to rainwater outlets being block need to be considered in assessing the maintenance necessary.