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Basic Algorithm
The rain algorithms are all based on the rain rate that is exceeded for 0.01% of the time (R0.01) for the
R = k i R
0.01
A0.01 = R id eff
The equations for the fade margin required for other time percentages are given in the following sections
for each ITU-R P.530 version.
ITU-R P.530-6/7
With minor modifications to the effective distance calculation, this algorithm has been in effect from 1986
(CCIR Rep. 721-2) to 1999 with the release of ITU-530-8.
The effective distance is calculated as:
r=
1
1+
d
d0
Ap
A0.01
This equation gives factors for Ap /A0.01 of 0.12, 0.39, 1.0 and 2.14 for time percentages of 1%, 0.1%,
0.01% and 0.001% respectively. In high reliability systems, it is necessary to extend this range below
0.001%; however a warning message is issued in the Pathloss program.
Ap
A0.01
In this region the factors for Ap /A0.01are 0.07, 0.36, 1.0 and 1.44 for time percentages of 1%, 0.1%, 0.01%
and 0.001% respectively. Although, the two equations give the same result at 0.01%, the required fade
1 of 10
margins are in the order of 10 dB greater for a 0.001% unavailability outside the 30 range. Unfortunately there was no transition between regions and this algorithm proved to be very controversial. This
unfortunate situation remained in effect for 13 years until the release of the 530-14 algorithm.
r=
1
r
Ap
A0.01
= C1 i p ( C2 +C3 i log10 p )
C1 = 0.07C0 i0.121C0
C2 = 0.855iC0 + 0.546i(1 C0 )
C3 = 0.139iC0 + 0.043i(1 C0 )
0.8
f
C0 = 0.12 + 0.4i log10 ( f > 10GHz )
10
2 of 10
Path len
(km)
99.9
99.99
99.999
4.06
0.47
1.54
3.94
8.43
4.06
0.28
1.42
3.94
5.67
530-14
4.22
0.45
1.55
4.09
8.25
6.84
0.80
2.59
6.64
14.20
6.84
0.46
2.39
6.64
9.56
530-14
6.97
0.75
2.56
6.75
13.63
8.86
1.03
3.35
8.60
18.40
8.86
0.60
3.10
8.60
12.38
530-14
9.53
1.02
3.51
9.23
18.63
10.40
1.21
3.93
10.09
21.59
10.40
0.71
3.63
10.09
14.53
530-14
11.82
1.27
4.35
11.44
23.10
11.60
1.35
4.39
11.26
24.09
11.60
0.79
4.05
11.26
16.21
530-14
13.73
1.47
5.05
13.29
26.84
12.58
1.46
4.76
12.20
26.11
12.58
0.85
4.39
12.20
17.57
530-14
15.22
1.63
5.60
14.74
29.75
13.38
1.56
5.06
12.98
27.78
13.38
0.91
4.67
12.98
18.69
530-14
16.30
1.75
6.00
15.78
31.86
14.05
1.64
5.32
13.63
29.17
14.05
0.95
4.91
13.63
19.63
530-14
17.02
1.83
6.26
16.48
33.27
14.62
1.70
5.53
14.18
30.35
14.62
0.99
5.11
14.18
20.43
530-14
17.44
1.87
6.42
16.89
34.10
15.11
1.76
5.72
14.66
31.37
15.11
1.03
5.28
14.66
21.11
530-14
17.65
1.89
6.49
17.09
34.50
5.00
Eff path
len (km)
10.00
15.00
20.00
25.00
30.00
35.00
40.00
45.00
50.00
3 of 10
Path len
(km)
99.9
99.99
99.999
4.06
0.70
2.26
5.80
12.42
4.06
0.41
2.09
5.80
8.35
530-14
4.20
0.65
2.27
5.99
11.91
5.84
1.00
3.25
8.34
17.85
5.84
0.58
3.00
8.34
12.01
530-14
5.86
0.91
3.17
8.35
16.61
7.29
1.25
4.06
10.42
22.30
7.29
0.73
3.75
10.42
15.00
530-14
7.45
1.15
4.03
10.62
21.11
8.50
1.46
4.74
12.14
25.99
8.50
0.85
4.37
12.14
17.49
530-14
8.97
1.39
4.85
12.79
25.43
9.52
1.63
5.30
13.60
29.11
9.52
0.95
4.90
13.60
19.59
530-14
10.40
1.61
5.63
14.83
29.48
10.40
1.78
5.79
14.85
31.78
10.40
1.04
5.35
14.85
21.38
530-14
11.72
1.81
6.34
16.71
33.21
11.15
1.91
6.21
15.93
34.09
11.15
1.12
5.73
15.93
22.94
530-14
12.90
2.00
6.98
18.39
36.57
11.82
2.02
6.58
16.87
36.11
11.82
1.18
6.07
16.87
24.30
530-14
13.94
2.16
7.54
19.87
39.50
12.40
2.12
6.91
17.71
37.89
2.40
1.24
6.37
17.71
25.50
530-14
14.82
2.29
8.01
21.13
42.00
12.92
2.21
7.19
18.45
39.47
12.92
1.29
6.64
18.45
26.56
530-14
15.56
2.41
8.41
22.17
44.09
5.00
Eff path
len (km)
8.00
11.00
14.00
17.00
20.00
23.00
26.00
29.00
32.00
4 of 10
99.9
99.99
99.999
1.83
0.41
1.33
3.42
7.31
1.83
0.24
1.23
3.42
4.92
530-14
2.36
0.47
1.66
4.39
8.63
3.38
0.76
2.46
6.30
13.49
3.38
0.44
2.27
6.30
9.08
530-14
3.58
0.71
2.53
6.68
13.12
4.70
1.05
3.42
8.77
18.77
4.70
0.61
3.16
8.77
12.63
530-14
4.70
0.94
3.32
8.76
17.22
5.84
1.31
4.25
10.90
23.34
5.84
0.76
3.93
10.90
15.70
530-14
5.78
1.15
4.08
10.76
21.16
6.84
1.53
4.98
12.77
27.33
6.84
0.89
4.60
12.77
18.39
530-14
6.82
1.36
4.81
12.71
24.98
7.72
1.73
5.62
14.41
30.84
7.72
1.01
5.19
14.41
20.75
530-14
7.84
1.56
5.53
14.60
28.70
8.50
1.90
6.19
15.87
33.97
8.50
1.11
5.71
15.87
22.86
530-14
8.82
1.75
6.22
16.43
32.29
9.20
2.06
6.70
17.18
36.76
9.20
1.20
6.18
17.18
24.73
530-14
9.76
1.94
6.89
18.18
35.73
9.83
2.20
7.16
18.35
39.27
9.83
1.28
6.61
18.35
26.42
530-14
10.65
2.12
7.52
19.84
39.00
10.40
2.33
7.57
19.41
41.53
10.40
1.36
6.99
19.41
27.95
530-14
11.49
2.29
8.11
21.41
42.07
2.00
Eff path
len (km)
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
5 of 10
Path len
(km)
99.9
99.99
99.999
1.83
0.55
1.78
4.56
9.75
1.83
0.32
1.64
4.56
6.56
530-14
2.31
0.60
2.17
5.75
11.14
3.38
1.01
3.28
8.40
17.98
3.38
0.59
3.02
8.40
12.10
530-14
3.51
0.91
3.29
8.70
16.88
4.70
1.40
4.56
11.69
25.02
4.70
0.82
4.21
11.69
16.83
530-14
4.59
1.19
4.31
11.39
22.09
5.84
1.74
5.67
14.54
31.11
5.84
1.02
5.23
14.54
20.93
530-14
5.62
1.46
5.28
13.96
27.06
6.84
2.04
6.64
17.02
36.42
6.84
1.19
6.13
17.02
24.51
530-14
6.62
1.72
6.22
16.44
31.88
7.72
2.31
7.49
19.21
41.11
7.72
1.34
6.92
19.21
27.66
530-14
7.59
1.98
7.13
18.84
36.54
8.50
2.54
8.25
21.16
45.27
8.50
1.48
7.62
21.16
30.47
530-14
8.52
2.22
8.00
21.16
41.03
9.20
2.75
8.93
22.89
48.99
9.20
1.60
8.24
22.89
32.97
530-14
9.41
2.45
8.84
23.37
45.32
9.83
2.93
9.54
24.46
52.34
9.83
1.71
8.80
24.46
35.22
530-14
10.26
2.67
9.63
25.47
49.39
10.40
3.10
10.09
25.87
55.36
10.40
1.81
9.31
25.87
37.25
530-14
11.05
2.88
10.38
27.44
53.20
2.00
Eff path
len (km)
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
18.00
20.00
6 of 10
Path len
(km)
Eff path
len (km)
1.00
0.96
99.99
99.999
0.41
1.35
3.45
7.39
0.96
0.24
1.24
3.45
4.97
1.55
0.57
2.11
5.60
10.68
1.83
0.79
2.58
6.62
14.16
1.83
0.46
2.38
6.62
9.53
530-14
2.24
0.83
3.05
8.09
15.41
2.63
1.14
3.71
9.52
20.38
2.63
0.67
3.43
9.52
13.71
530-14
2.83
1.05
3.86
10.22
19.48
3.38
1.46
4.76
12.20
26.12
3.38
0.85
4.39
12.20
17.57
530-14
3.38
1.25
4.60
12.19
23.23
4.06
1.76
5.73
14.68
31.42
4.06
1.03
5.29
14.68
21.14
530-14
3.90
1.44
5.31
14.06
26.80
4.70
2.04
6.62
16.98
36.34
4.70
1.19
6.11
16.98
24.45
530-14
4.40
1.63
5.99
15.87
30.26
5.29
2.29
7.46
19.12
40.92
5.29
1.34
6.88
19.12
27.53
530-14
4.89
1.81
6.66
17.64
33.63
5.84
2.53
8.23
21.11
45.19
5.84
1.48
7.60
21.11
30.41
530-14
5.37
1.98
7.31
19.37
36.92
6.36
2.76
8.96
22.98
49.18
6.36
1.61
8.27
22.98
33.09
530-14
5.84
2.16
7.95
21.07
40.15
6.84
2.97
9.64
24.73
52.91
6.84
1.73
8.90
24.73
35.61
530-14
6.30
2.33
8.58
22.73
43.33
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
99.
7 of 10
Path len
(km)
Eff path
len (km)
1.00
0.96
99.99
99.999
0.50
1.63
4.18
8.94
0.96
0.29
1.50
4.18
6.01
1.53
0.68
2.52
6.68
12.63
1.83
0.96
3.12
8.00
17.12
1.83
0.56
2.88
8.00
11.52
530-14
2.21
0.98
3.63
9.63
18.21
2.63
1.38
4.49
11.51
24.64
2.63
0.81
4.15
11.51
16.58
530-14
2.79
1.23
4.58
12.15
22.97
3.38
1.77
5.75
14.75
31.57
3.38
1.03
5.31
14.75
21.25
530-14
3.32
1.47
5.46
14.47
27.37
4.06
2.13
6.92
17.75
37.99
4.06
1.24
6.39
17.75
25.56
530-14
3.83
1.69
6.29
16.68
31.54
4.70
2.46
8.01
20.53
43.94
4.70
1.44
7.39
20.53
29.56
530-14
4.31
1.91
7.09
18.81
35.57
5.29
2.77
9.02
23.12
49.47
5.29
1.62
8.32
23.12
33.29
530-14
4.79
2.12
7.87
20.89
39.49
5.84
3.06
9.96
25.53
54.63
5.84
1.79
9.19
25.53
36.76
530-14
5.25
2.32
8.64
22.91
43.32
6.36
3.33
10.84
27.78
59.45
6.36
1.94
10.00
27.78
40.01
530-14
5.71
2.52
9.39
24.90
47.07
6.84
3.59
11.66
29.89
63.97
6.84
2.09
10.76
29.89
43.05
530-14
6.15
2.72
10.12
26.84
50.75
2.00
3.00
4.00
5.00
6.00
7.00
8.00
9.00
10.00
99.
8 of 10
Eff path
len (km)
1.00
0.96
ITU Algorithm
99.99
99.999
0.85
2.78
7.12
15.23
0.96
0.50
2.56
7.12
10.25
1.48
1.08
4.14
11.00
20.31
1.40
1.25
4.07
10.45
22.36
1.40
0.73
3.76
10.45
15.04
530-14
1.82
1.33
5.09
13.54
25.00
1.83
1.64
5.32
13.64
29.18
1.83
0.95
4.91
13.64
19.63
530-14
2.13
1.55
5.94
15.80
29.17
2.24
2.00
6.51
16.69
35.72
2.24
1.17
6.01
16.69
24.04
530-14
2.41
1.75
6.73
17.89
33.03
2.63
2.35
7.65
19.62
41.99
2.63
1.37
7.06
19.62
28.26
530-14
2.67
1.95
7.47
19.87
36.68
3.01
2.69
8.75
22.44
48.02
3.01
1.57
8.08
22.44
32.31
530-14
2.93
2.13
8.18
21.77
40.19
3.38
3.02
9.81
25.14
53.81
3.38
1.76
9.05
25.14
36.21
530-14
3.18
2.31
8.87
23.60
43.57
3.73
3.33
10.82
27.75
59.38
3.73
1.94
9.99
27.75
39.96
530-14
3.42
2.49
9.54
25.39
46.87
4.06
3.63
11.80
30.25
64.74
4.06
2.12
10.89
30.25
43.56
530-14
3.65
2.66
10.20
27.13
50.09
4.39
3.92
12.74
32.66
69.90
4.39
2.29
11.76
32.66
47.04
530-14
3.88
2.83
10.84
28.84
53.25
1.50
2.00
2.50
3.00
3.50
4.00
4.50
5.00
5.50
99
9 of 10
Fade margin
difference (dB)
Crane
99.994
31.8
reference
530-14
99.99767
12.2
+12.5
530-7
99.99646
18.6
+8.8
530-8 (<30)
99.99901
5.2
+10.8
Algorithm
The Crane model is used as a reference. The differences were determined by degrading the fade margin
until the outage time was equal to the Crane value. The difference for the 530-8 < 30 algorithm appears to
contradict the differences for the 530-7 and 14 algorithms. This is due to the behavior of the 530-8 algorithm under 30 degrees latitude.
Which algorithm is the most realistic - ITU or Crane? is a frequently asked question. A major manufacturer of microwave equipment was awarded a multi phase contract for a network in the Windsor area in
southern Ontario using the 23 GHz band. The management were well aware of the differences between
the Crane and ITU algorithms in terms of performance and cost (antenna sizes and path lengths) and
decided to use the ITU rain model. During the acceptance testing of the first phase, it began to rain. The
contract was cancelled for failure to meet performance and re-awarded to another manufacture to redesign
the first phase and complete the project. At least in this area, the recommendation would be Crane.
10 of 10