No:1 - abdomen (L.

, possibly from abdere to hide) that portion of the body which lies between the thorax and the pelvis; called also belly and venter. It contains a cavity (abdominal cavity) separated by the diaphragm from the thoracic cavity, above and by the plane of the pelvic inlet from the pelvic cavity below, and lined with a serous membrane, the peritoneum. This cavity contains the abdominal viscera and is enclosed by a wall (abdominal wall or parietes) formed by the abdominal muscles, vertebral column, and the ilia. It is divided into nine regions by four imaginary lines projected onto the anterior wall, of which two pass horizontally around the body (the upper at the level of the cartilages of the ninth ribs, the lower at the tops of the crests of the ilia), and two extend vertically on each side of the body from the cartilage of the eighth rib to the centre of the inguinal ligament, as in A below. The regions are : three upper - right hypochondriac, epigastric, left hypochondriac; three middle - right lateral, umbilical, left lateral; and three lower - right inguinal, pubic, left inguinal). No:2 - abdominal (L. abdominalis) pertaining to the abdomen. No:3 - aberrant (L. aberrans, ab from + errare to wander) wandering or deviating from the usual or normal course. No:4 - abnormal (ab- + L. norma rule) not normal; contrary to the usual structure, position, behaviour, or rule. No:5 - abortion (L. abortio) 1. the premature expulsion from the uterus of the products of conception - of the embryo, or of a nonviable fetus. The four classic symptoms, usually present in each type of abortion, are uterine contractions, uterine haemorrhage, softening and dilatation of the cervix, and presentation or expulsion of all or part of the products of conception. 2. premature stoppage of a natural or a pathological process. No:6 - abrasion (L. abrasio) 1. the wearing away of a substance or structure (such as the skin or the teeth) through some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. 2. an area of body surface denuded of skin or mucous membrane by some unusual or abnormal mechanical process. No:7 - abrupt sudden and unexpected. No:8 - abscess (L. abscessus, from ab away + cedere to go) a localized collection of pus caused by suppuration buried in tissues, organs, or confined spaces. No:9 - absence see petit mal epilepsy, under epilepsy. No:10 - absorption

(L. absorptio) 1. the uptake of substances into or across tissues, e.g., skin, intestine, and kidney tubules. 2. in psychology, devotion of thought to one object or activity, with inattention to others. 3. in radiology, the taking up of energy by matter with which the radiation interacts. No:11 - abstinence a refraining from the use of or indulgence in food, stimulants, or sexual intercourse. No:12 - accidental happening unexpectedly or by chance. No:13 - accommodation (L. accommodare to fit to) adjustment, especially that of the eye for various distances. No:14 - accumulation the action or process of accumulating; state of being or having accumulated; a collecting together. No:15 - acidity L. aciditas) the quality of being acid or sour; containing acid (hydrogen ions). No:16 - acidosis a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of acid or depletion of the alkaline reserve (bicarbonate content) in the blood and body tissues, and characterized by an increase in hydrogen ion concentration. No:17 - acne (possibly a corruption of Greek akm a point or of achn chaff) an inflammatory disease of the pilosebaceous unit, the specific type usually being indicated by a modifying term; frequently used alone to designate common acne, or acne vulgaris. No:18 - acrocyanosis (acro- + cyanosis) a condition marked by symmetrical cyanosis of the extremities, with persistent, uneven, mottled blue or red discoloration of the skin of the digits, wrists, and ankles and with profuse sweating and coldness of the digits. Called also Raynaud's sign. No:19 - ACTH adrenocorticotropic hormone. No:20 - activate 1.to render activity. 2.to become active. 3.to convert (a compound, as a provitamin or enzyme) into an active form or different compound, esp. into one that has a particular biological action (e.g. ergosterol by irradiation to vitamin D2 for use in treating rickets). No:20 - activate 1.to render activity. 2.to become active. 3.to convert (a compound, as a provitamin or enzyme) into an active form or different compound, esp. into one that has a particular biological action (e.g. ergosterol by irradiation to vitamin D2 for use in treating rickets).

No:21 - active characterized by action; not passive; not expectant. No:22 - activity 1. the state of being active; the ability to produce some effect; the extent of some function or action. 2. a thermodynamic quantity that represents the effective concentration of a solute in a nonideal solution; if concentrations are replaced by activities, the equations for equilibrium constants, electrode potentials, osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressures of volatile solutes are converted from approximations that hold only for dilute solutions to exact equations that hold for all concentrations. The activity is equal to the product of the concentration and the activity coefficient, a dimensionless number measuring deviation from nonideality. Symbol a. 3. radioactivity; the number of disintegrations per unit time of a radioactive material, measured in curies or becquerels. Symbol A. 4. optical activity. No:23 - acuity (L. acuitas sharpness) clarity or clearness, especially of the vision. No:24 - acute (L. acutus sharp) 1. sharp, poignant. 2. having a short and relatively severe course. No:25 - adaptation (L. adaptare to fit) 1. the adjustment of an organism to its environment, or the process by which it enhances such fitness. 2. the normal ability of the eye to adjust itself to variations in the intensity of light; the adjustment to such variations. 3. the decline in the frequency of firing of a neuron, particularly of a receptor, under conditions of constant stimulation. 4. in dentistry, (a) the proper fitting of a denture, (b) the degree of proximity and interlocking of restorative material to a tooth preparation, (c) the exact adjustment of bands to teeth. 5. in microbiology, the adjustment of bacterial physiology to a new environment. No:26 - addiction the state of being given up to some habit, especially strong dependence on a drug. No:27 - additional existing or coming by way of addition; added, further. No:28 - additive 1. characterized by addition. 2. a substance, as a flavouring agent, preservative, or vitamin, added to another substance to improve its appearance, increase its nutritional value, etc. No:29 - adenitis inflammation of a gland. No:30 - adenoma (adeno- + -oma) a benign epithelial tumour in which the cells form recognizable glandular structures or in which the cells are clearly derived from glandular epithelium. No:31 - adequate

satisfactory in quantity or quality; sufficient. No:32 - adhesion (L. adhaesio, from adhaerere to stick to) 1. the property of remaining in close proximity, as that resulting from the physical attraction of molecules to a substance, or the molecular attraction existing between the surfaces of contacting bodies. 2. the stable joining of parts to each other, which may occur abnormally. 3. a fibrous band or structure by which parts abnormally adhere. No:33 - adjuvant (L. adjuvans aiding) a substance which aids another, such as an auxiliary remedy; in immunology, nonspecific stimulator (e.g., BCG vaccine) of the immune response. No:34 - adnexitis inflammation of the adnexa uteri. No:35 - adolescent an individual during the period of adolescence. No:36 - adrenergic activated by, characteristic of, or secreting epinephrine or substances with similar activity; the term is applied to those nerve fibres that liberate norepinephrine at a synapse when a nerve impulse passes, i.e., the sympathetic fibres. No:37 - adrenolytic (adreno + Gr. lysis a loosening) inhibiting the action of adrenergic nerves; inhibiting the response to epinephrine. No:38 - adsorption (L. ad to + sorbere to suck) the attachment of one substance to the surface of another; the concentration of a gas or a substance in solution in a liquid on a surface in contact with the gas or liquid, resulting in a relatively high concentration of the gas or solution at the surface. Cf. absorption. No:39 - adult (L. adultus grown up) a living organism which has attained full growth or maturity. No:40 - adverse harmful. No:41 - advice the way in which one regards something : view, opinion; recommendation regarding a decision or course of conduct : counsel. No:42 - aerobic 1. having molecular oxygen present. 2. growing, living, or occurring in the presence of molecular oxygen. 3. requiring oxygen for respiration. No:43 - aerophagy (aero + Gr. phagein to eat) excessive swallowing of air, usually an unconscious process associated with anxiety, resulting in abdominal distention or belching, often interpreted by the patient as signs of a physical disorder. No:44 - aerosol 4

a solution of a drug which can be atomized into a fine mist for inhalation therapy. No:45 - aetiology study of the causes of disease. No:46 - affinity (L. affinitas relationship) 1. inherent likeness or relationship. 2. a special attraction for a specific element, organ, or structure. 3. chemical affinity; the force that binds atoms in molecules; the tendency of substances to combine by chemical reaction. 4. the strength of noncovalent chemical binding between two substances as measured by the dissociation constant of the complex. 5. in immunology, a thermodynamic expression of the strength of interaction between a single antigenbinding site and a single antigenic determinant (and thus of the stereochemical compatibility between them), most accurately applied to interactions among simple, uniform antigenic determinants such as haptens. Expressed as the association constant (K litres mole -1), which, owing to the heterogeneity of affinities in a population of antibody molecules of a given specificity, actually represents an average value (mean intrinsic association constant). 6. the reciprocal of the dissociation constant. No:47 - afterload the tension produced by the heart muscle after contraction. No:48 - agalactia (a neg. + Gr. gala milk + ia) absence or failure of the secretion of milk; called also agalactosis. No:49 - agammaglobulinaemia (a neg. + gamma globulin + -emia) absence of all classes of immunoglobulins in the blood. No:50 - agent (L. agens acting) any power, principle, or substance capable of producing an effect, whether physical, chemical, or biological. No:51 - aggravation an increasing in seriousness or severity; an act or circumstance that intensifies, or makes worse. No:52 - aggregation massing of materials together as in clumping. No:53 - aggressiveness the quality of being aggressive (= characterized by aggression; militant; enterprising; spreading with vigour; chemically active; variable and adaptable). No:54 - agitation a state of anxiety accompanied by motor restlessness. No:55 - agonist in anatomy, a prime mover. In pharmacology, a drug that has affinity for and stimulates physiologic activity at cell receptors normally stimulated by naturally occurring substances. No:56 - agranulocytosis

a symptom complex characterized by marked decrease in the number of granulocytes and by lesions of the throat and other mucous membranes, of the gastrointestinal tract, and of the skin; called also granulocytopenia and Schultz's disease. No:57 - akathisia (a- neg. + Gr. kathisis a sitting down + -ia) 1. a condition of motor restlessness in which there is a feeling of muscular quivering, an urge to move about constantly, and an inability to sit still, a common extrapyramidal side effect of neuroleptic drugs. 2. an inability to sit down because of intense anxiety at the thought of doing so. No:58 - akinesia (a neg. + Gr. kinsis motion + ia) 1. absence or poverty of movements. 2. the temporary paralysis of a muscle by the injection of procaine. No:59 - albumin (albumen + -in) 1. any protein that is soluble in water and moderately concentrated salt solutions and is coagulable by heat. 2. serum albumin; the major plasma protein (approximately 60 per cent of the total), which is responsible for much of the plasma colloidal osmotic pressure and serves as a transport protein carrying large organic anions, such as fatty acids, bilirubin, and many drugs, and also carrying certain hormones, such as cortisol and thyroxine, when their specific binding globulins are saturated. Albumin is synthesized in the liver. Low serum levels occur in protein malnutrition, active inflammation and serious hepatic and renal disease. No:60 - alcoholism a disorder characterized by pathological pattern of alcohol use that causes a serious impairment in social or occupational functioning. In DSN III-R this is termed alcohol abuse or, if tolerance or withdrawal is present, alcohol dependence. No:61 - alert attentive and quick to think or act. No:62 - alimentary pertaining to food or nutritive material, or to the organs of digestion. No:63 - alkaline (L. alkalinus) having the reactions of an alkali. No:64 - alkaloid (alkali + -oid) one of a large group of nitrogenous basis substances found in plants. They are usually very bitter and many are pharmacologically active. Examples are atropine, caffeine, coniine, morphine, nicotine, quinine, strychnine. The term is also applied to synthetic substances (artificial a's) which have structures similar to plant alkaloids, such as procaine. No:65 - alkalosis a pathologic condition resulting from accumulation of base, or from loss of acid without comparable loss of base in the body fluids, and characterized by decrease in hydrogen ion concentration (increase in pH). Cf. acidosis. 6

No:66 - alkylate to treat with an alkylating agent. No:67 - allergen (allergy + -gen) a antigenic substance capable of producing immediate-type hypersensitivity (allergy). No:68 - allergic pertaining to, caused by, affected with, or of the nature of allergy. No:69 - allergy (Gr. allos other + ergon work) 1. a state of hypersensitivity induced by exposure to a particular antigen (allergen) resulting in harmful immunologic reactions on subsequent exposures; the term is usually used to refer to hypersensitivity to an environmental antigen (atopic allergy or contact dermatitis) or to drug allergy; the original meaning, now obsolete, included all states of altered immunologic reactivity, immunity as well as hypersensitivity. Gell and Coombs used the term 'allergic reaction' to mean any harmful immunologic reaction causing tissue injury. 2. the medical specialty dealing with diagnosis and treatment of allergic disorders. No:70 - alopecia (Gr. alpekia a disease in which the hair falls out) baldness; absence of the hair from skin areas where it normally is present. No:71 - alternate cause to occur or appear one after the other. No:72 - alternative available in place of something else. No:73 - alveolitis inflammation of an alveolus. Called also odontobothritis. No:74 - amblyopia (ambly + -opia) impairment of vision without detectable organic lesion of the eye. No:75 - ambulant (L. ambulans walking) walking or able to walk. No:76 - amenorrhea (a neg. + Gr. mn month + rhoia flow) absence or abnormal stoppage of the menses; called also amenia. No:77 - amine an organic compound containing nitrogen; any member of a group of chemical compounds formed from ammonia by replacement of one or more of the hydrogen atoms by organic (hydrocarbon) radicals. The amines are distinguished as primary, secondary, and tertiary, according to whether one, two, or three hydrogen atoms are replaced. The amines include allylamine, amylamine, ethylamine, methylamine, phenylamine, propylamine, and many other compounds. No:78 - amino acid

any organic compound containing an amino (-NH2 and a carboxyl (- COOH) group. The 20 a-amino acids listed in the accompanying table are the amino acids from which proteins are synthesized by formation of peptide bonds during ribosomal translation of messenger RNA; all except glycine, which is not optically active, have the L configuration. Other amino acids occurring in proteins, such as hydroxyproline in collagen, are formed by posttranslational enzymatic modification of amino acids residues in polypeptide chains. There are also several important amino acids, such as the neurotransmitter y-aminobutyric acid, that have no relation to proteins. Abbreviated AA. No:79 - amnesia (Gr. amnsia forgetfulness) lack or loss of memory; inability to remember past experiences. No:80 - amnion (Gr. "bowl";"membrane enveloping the fetus") the thin but tough extraembryonic membrane of reptiles, birds, and mammals that lines the chorion and contains the fetus and the amniotic fluid around it; in mammals it is derived from trophoblast by folding or splitting. No:81 - ampoule a small glass or plastic container capable of being sealed so as to preserve its contents in a sterile condition; used principally for containing sterile parenteral solutions (American English: ampule). No:82 - anabolic relating to, characterized by, or promoting anabolism. No:83 - anaemia (Gr. an neg. + haima blood + -ia) a reduction below normal in the number of erythrocytes per cu. mm., in the quantity of haemoglobin, or in the volume of packed red cells per 100 ml. of blood which occurs when the equilibrium between blood loss (through bleeding or destruction) and blood production is disturbed. No:84 - anaerobic 1. lacking molecular oxygen. 2. growing, living, or occurring in the absence of molecular oxygen; pertaining to an anaerobe. No:85 - anaesthesia (an neg. + Gr. aisthsis sensation) loss of feeling or sensation. Although the term is used for loss of tactile sensibility, or of any of the other senses, it is applied especially to loss of the sensation of pain, as it is induced to permit performance of surgery or other painful procedures. No:86 - anaesthetic 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing anaesthesia. 2. a drug or agent that is used to abolish the sensation of pain. No:87 - anal pertaining to the anus. No:88 - analeptic (Gr. analepsis a repairing) a drug which acts as a restorative, such as caffeine, amphetamine, pentylenetetrazol, etc. 8

No:89 - analgesic an agent that alleviates pain without causing loss of consciousness. No:90 - analogous (Gr. analogos according to a due ratio, conformable, proportionate) resembling or similar in some respects, as in function or appearance, but not in origin or development; cf. homologous. No:91 - analysis (ana + Gr. lysis dissolution) separation into component parts or elements; the act of determining the component parts of a substance. No:92 - anamnesis (Gr. anamnsis a recalling) 1. recollection. 2. a medical or psychiatric patient history, as opposed to catamnesis (follow-up). 3. immunologic memory. No:93 - anaphylactic pertaining to anaphylaxis. No:94 - anastomosis (Gr. anastomosis opening, outlet) an opening created by surgical, traumatic or pathological means between two normally separate spaces or organs. No:95 - anatomical pertaining to anatomy, or to the structure of the organism. No:96 - androgenic producing masculine characteristics. No:97 - anergic (an + Gr. ergon work) 1. characterized by abnormal inactivity; inactive. 2. marked by asthenia or lack of energy. 3. pertaining to anergy. No:98 - aneurysm (Gr. aneurysma a widening) a sac formed by the dilatation of the wall of an artery, a vein, or the heart. The chief signs of arterial aneurysm are the formation of a pulsating tumour, and often a bruit (aneurysmal bruit) heard over the swelling. Sometimes there are symptoms from pressure on contiguous parts. No:99 - angiitis (angi- + -tis) inflammation of a vessel, chiefly of a blood or a lymph vessel; called also vasculitis. No:100 - anginal pertaining to or characteristic of angina. No:101 - angina pectoris a paroxysmal thoracic pain, with a failing of suffocation and impending death, due, most often, to anoxia of the myocardium and precipitated by effort or excitement. No:102 - angioedema a vascular reaction involving the deep dermis or subcutaneous or submucal tissues, representing localized edema caused by dilatation and increased permeability of the capillaries, and characterized by development of giant wheals. No:103 - angioneurotic 9

denoting a neuropathy affecting the vascular system; see angioedema. No:104 - anhydrous (an neg. + Gr. hydor water) deprived or destitute of water. No:105 - anionic pertaining to or containing an anion. No:106 - anisocoria (aniso- + Gr. kor pupil + -ia) inequality in diameter of the pupils. No:107 - anogenital pertaining to the anus and external genitals. No:108 - anomaly (Gr. anomalia) marked deviation from the normal standard, especially as a result of congenital defects. No:109 - anorectal pertaining to the anus and rectum or to the junction region between the two. No:110 - anorexia (Gr. 'want of appetite') lack or loss of the appetite for food. No:111 - anosmia (an neg. + osm smell + -ia) absence of the sense of smell; called also anosphrasia and olfactory anaesthesia. No:112 - anovular not accompanied with the discharge of an ovum. No:113 - anoxia a total lack of oxygen; often used interchangeably with hypoxia to mean a reduced supply of oxygen to the tissues. No:114 - antacid (ant- + L. acidus sour) a substance that counteracts or neutralizes acidity, usually of the stomach. No:115 - antagonist (Gr. antagonists an opponent) a substance that tends to nullify the action of another, as a drug that binds to a cell receptor without eliciting a biological response. No:116 - antecedent existing or occurring before in time or order often with consequential effects. No:117 - anterograde (antero- + L. gredi to go) moving or extending forward; called also antegrade. No:118 - anthelmintic (ant- + Gr. helmins worm) an agent that is destructive to worms. No:119 - anthrax (Gr. 'coal', 'carbuncle') an infectious bacterial zoonotic disease usually acquired by ingestion of Bacillus anthracis or its spores from infected pastures by herbivores or indirectly from infected carcasses by carnivores. It is transmitted to humans usually by contact with infected animals or their discharges (agricultural a.) or

10

with contaminated animal products (industrial a.). Anthrax is classified by primary routes of inoculation as : cutaneous, gastrointestinal, and inhalational. Called also charbon, milzbrand and splenic fever. No:120 - antiacid an agent that counteracts or neutralizes acidity (as an alkali or absorbent). No:121 - antiallergic counteracting allergy or allergic conditions. No:122 - antianginal counteracting angina or anginal conditions. No:123 - antiarrhythmic an agent that prevents or alleviates cardiac arrhythmia. No:124 - antiasthmatic an agent that relieves the spasm of asthma. No:125 - antibacterial a substance that destroys bacteria or suppresses their growth or reproduction. No:126 - antibiogram an examination that measures the biological resistance of substances causing disease; performed prior to chemotherapy so as to make it more efficient. No:127 - antibiotherapy a therapy that uses antibiotics to treat infections. No:128 - antibiotic (anti- + Gr. bios life) a chemical substance produced by a microorganism which has the capacity, in dilute solutions, to inhibit the growth of or to kill other microorganisms. Antibiotics that are sufficiently nontoxic to the host are used as chemotherapeutic agents in the treatment of infectious diseases of man, animals and plants. No:129 - antibody an immunoglobulin molecule that has a specific amino acid sequence by virtue of which it interacts only with the antigen that induced its synthesis in cells of the lymphoid series (especially plasma cells), or with antigen closely related to it. Antibodies are classified according to their ode of action as agglutinins, bacteriolysins, haemolysins, opsonins, precipitins, etc. No:130 - anticholinergic (anti- + cholinergic) an agent that blocks the parasympathetic nerves. Called also parasympatholytic. No:131 - anticoagulant any substance that prevents blood clotting. Those administered for prophylaxis or treatment of thromboembolic disorders are heparin, which inactivates thrombin and several other clotting factors and which must be administered parenterally, and the oral anticoagulants (warfarin, dicumarol, and congeners) which inhibit the hepatic synthesis of vitamin K-dependent clotting factors. Anticoagulant solutions used for the preservation of stored whole blood and blood fractions are acid citrate dextrose (ACD), citrate phosphate dextrose (CPD), citrate phosphate

11

dextrose-adenine (cPDA-1) and heparin. Anticoagulants used to prevent clotting of blood specimens for laboratory analysis are heparin and several substances that make calcium ions unavailable to the clotting process, including EDTA (ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), citrate, oxalate, and fluoride. No:132 - anticonvulsant an agent that prevents or relieves convulsions. No:133 - antidepressant an agent that stimulates the mood of a depressed patient, including tricyclic antidepressants and monoamine oxidase inhibitors. No:134 - antidiabetic an agent that prevents or alleviates diabetes. No:135 - antidiuretic suppressing the rate of urine formation. No:136 - antidopaminergic preventing or counteracting (the effects of) dopamine. No:137 - antidote (L. antidotum, from Gr. anti against + didonai to give) a remedy for counteracting a poison. No:138 - antiemetic (anti + Gr. emetikos inclined to vomit) an agent that prevents or alleviates nausea and vomiting. Also antinauseant. No:139 - antiepileptic an agent that combats epilepsy. No:140 - antiexudative counteracting a process of exudation. No:141 - antifibrinolytic inhibiting fibrinolysis. No:142 - antifungal destructive to fungi, or suppressing their reproduction or growth; effective against fungal infections. No:143 - antigen (antibody + Gr. gennan to produce) any substance which is capable, under appropriate conditions, of inducing a specific immune response and of reacting with the products of that response, that is, with specific antibody or specifically sensitized T-lymphocytes, or both. Antigens may be soluble substances, such as toxins and foreign proteins, or particulate, such as bacteria and tissue cells; however, only the portion of the protein or polysaccharide molecule known as the antigenic determinant (q.v.) combines with antibody or a specific receptor on a lymphocyte. Abbreviated Ag. No:144 - antihistamine a drug that counteracts the action of histamine. The antihistamines are of two types. The conventional ones, as those used in allergies, block the H1 histamine receptors, whereas the others block the H2 receptors. Called also antihistaminic.

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No:145 - antihypertensive an agent that reduces high blood pressure. No:146 - anti-infective an agent that so acts. No:147 - anti-inflammatory counteracting or suppressing inflammation. No:148 - antimicrobial killing microorganisms, or suppressing their multiplication or growth. No:149 - antimitotic inhibiting or preventing mitosis. No:150 - antimycotic suppressing the growth of fungi. No:151 - antineoplastic inhibiting or preventing the development of neoplasms, checking the maturation and proliferation of malignant cells. No:152 - antioestrogenic counteracting or suppressing oestrogenic activity No:153 - antioxidant one of many widely used synthetic or natural substances added to a product to prevent or delay its deterioration by action of oxygen in the air. Rubber, paints, vegetable oils, and prepared foods commonly contain antioxidants. No:154 - antiphlogistic an agent that counteracts inflammation and fever. No:155 - antiproliferative counteracting a process of proliferation. No:156 - antipruritic relieving or preventing itching. No:157 - antipsychotic effective in the treatment of psychosis. Antipsychotic drugs (called also neuroleptic drugs and major tranquilizers) are a chemically diverse (including phenothiazines, thioxanthenes, butyrophenones, dibenzoxazepines, dibenzodiazepines, and diphenylbutylpiperidines) but pharmacologically similar class of drugs used to treat schizophrenic, paranoid, schizoaffective, and other psychotic disorders; acute delirium and dementia, and manic episodes (during induction of lithium therapy); to control the movement disorders associated with Huntington's chorea, Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome, and ballismus; and to treat intractable hiccups and severe nausea and vomiting. Antipsychotic agents bind to dopamine, histamine, muscarinic cholinergic, a-adrenergic, and serotonin receptors. Blockade of dopaminergic transmission in various areas is thought to be responsible for their major effects : antipsychotic action by blockade in the mesolimbic and mesocortical areas; extrapyramidal side effects (dystonia, akathisia, parkinsonism, and tardive dyskinesia) by blockade in the basal ganglia; and antiemetic effects by blockade in the chemoreceptor trigger zone of the 13

medulla. Sedation and autonomic side effects (orthostatic hypotension, blurred vision, dry mouth, nasal congestion and constipation) are caused by blockade of histamine, cholinergic, and adrenergic receptors. No:158 - antipyretic (anti + Gr. pyretos fever) an agent that relieves or reduces fever. Called also antifebrile, antithermic and febrifuge. No:159 - antiseptic a substance that inhibits the growth and development of microorganisms without necessarily killing them. Cf. disinfectant and germicide. No:160 - antispasmodic an agent that relieves spasm. No:161 - antithrombotic preventing or interfering with the formation of thrombi; an agent that so acts. No:162 - antitoxin a purified antiserum from animals (usually horses) immunized by injections of a toxin or toxoid, administered as a passive immunizing agent to neutralize a specific bacterial toxin, e.g., botulinus, tetanus or diphtheria. No:163 - antitumour counteracting tumour formation. No:164 - antitussive an agent that relieves or prevents cough. No:165 - antiviral destroying viruses or suppressing their replication. No:166 - anuria (an neg. + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) complete suppression of urinary secretion by the kidneys; called also anuresis. No:167 - anus (L. 'ring', 'circle') the distal or terminal orifice of the alimentary canal. No:168 - anxiety the unpleasant emotional state consisting of psychophysiological responses to anticipation of unreal or imagined danger, ostensibly resulting from unrecognized intrapsychic conflict. Physiological concomitants include increased heart rate, altered respiration rate, sweating, trembling, weakness, and fatigue; psychological concomitants include feelings of impending danger, powerlessness, apprehension, and tension. No:169 - anxiolytic an anxiolytic or antianxiety agent. No:170 - apathy (Gr. apatheia) lack of feeling or emotion; indifference. No:171 - aphasia (a neg. + Gr. phasis speech) defect or loss of the power of expression by speech, writing, or signs, or of comprehending spoken or written language, due to injury or disease of the brain centres. 14

No:172 - aplasia (a neg. + Gr. plassein to form) lack of development of an organ or tissue, or of the cellular products from an organ or tissue. Cf. hypoplasia. No:173 - aplastic anaemia a form of anaemia generally unresponsive to specific antianaemia therapy, often accompanied by granulocytopenia and thrombocytopenia, in which the bone marrow may not necessarily be acellular or hypoplastic but fails to produce adequate numbers of peripheral blood elements. The term actually is all-inclusive and most probably encompasses several clinical syndromes. No:174 - apnoea cessation of breathing. No:175 - application employment as a means; specific use. No:176 - approximate approximal No:177 - aqueous watery; prepared with water. No:178 - aromatic (L. aromaticus; Gr. aromatikos) having a spicy odour. No:179 - arrhythmia (a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm) any variation from the normal rhythm of the heart beat, including sinus arrhythmia, premature beat, heart block, atrial fibrillation, atrial flutter, pulsus alternans, and paroxysmal tachycardia. 180 - arrhythmogenic (a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm + gennan to produce) producing or promoting arrhythmia. No:181 - arterial pertaining to an artery or to the arteries. No:182 - arteriography (artery + Gr. graphein to write) roentgenography of arteries after injection of radiopacque material into the blood stream. No:183 - arteriolar pertaining to or resembling arterioles. No:184 - arteriolosclerosis sclerosis and thickening of the walls of the smaller arteries (arterioles). Hyaline arteriolosclerosis, in which there is homogeneous pink hyaline thickening of the arteriolar walls, is associated with benign nephrosclerosis. Hyperplastic arteriolosclerosis, in which there is a concentric thickening with progressive narrowing of the lumina may be associated with malignant hypertension, nephrosclerosis, and scleroderma. No:185 - arteriovenous both arterial and venous; pertaining to or affecting an artery and a vein. No:186 - arthralgia 15

(arthr- + -algia) pain in a joint. No:187 - arthritis (Gr. arthron joint + -itis) rheumatism in which the inflammatory lesions are confined to the joints. No:188 - arthropathy (arthro + Gr. pathos disease) any joint disease. No:189 - arthrosis (arthro- + -osis) a disease of a joint. No:190 - articular (L. articularis) of or pertaining to a joint. No:191 - artificial (L. ars art + facere to make) made by art; not natural or pathological. No:192 - ascites (L; Gr. askits from askos bag) effusion and accumulation of serous fluid in the abdominal cavity; called also abdominal or peritoneal dropsy, hydroperitonia, and hydrops abdominis. No:193 - asepsis (a neg. + Gr. spesthai to decay) 1. freedom from infection. 2. the prevention of contact with microorganisms. No:194 - aseptic (a neg. + Gr. spsis decay) free from infection or septic material; sterile. No:195 - aspiration (L. ad to + spirare to breathe) the act of inhaling. No:196 - assay determination of the amount of a particular constituent of a mixture, or of the biological or pharmacological potency of a drug. No:197 - assist to give support or aid; to be present as a spectator. No:198 - association (L. associatio, from ad to + socius a fellow) 1. in neurology, correlation involving a high degree of modifiability and also consciousness. 2. in genetics the occurrence together of two or more phenotypic characteristics more often than would be expected by change. To be distinguished from linkage (q.v.). 3. in dysmorphology, the nonrandom occurrence in two or more individuals of multiple anomalies not known to be a polytopic field defect, sequence, or syndrome. No:199 - asthenia (Gr. asthens without strength + -ia) lack or loss of strength and energy, weakness. No:200 - astringent (L. astringens, from ad to + stringere to bind) causing contraction, usually locally after topical application. No:201 - asymptomatic showing or causing no symptoms.

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No:202 - asystole cardiac standstill or arrest; absence of a heartbeat; called also Beau's syndrome. No:203 - ataxia (Gr. from a negative + taxis order) failure of muscular coordination; irregularity of muscular action. No:204 - atheromatosis a diffuse atheromatous disease of the arteries. No:205 - athetosis (Gr. athetos not fixed + -osis) a derangement marked by ceaseless occurrence of slow, sinuous, writhing movements, especially severe in the hands, and performed involuntarily; it may occur after hemiplegia, and is then known as posthemiplegic chorea. Called also mobile spasm. No:206 - atony (L. atonia from a neg. + Gr. tonos tension) lack of normal tone or strength. No:207 - atopic (a neg. + Gr. topos place) pertaining to an atopen or to atopy; allergic. No:208 - atoxic (a neg. + Gr. toxikon poison) not poisonous; not due to a poison. No:209 - atrial pertaining to an atrium. No:210 - atrioventricular pertaining to an atrium of the heart and to a ventricle. No:211 - atrium (L.; Gr. atrion hall) a chamber; used in anatomical nomenclature to designate a chamber affording entrance to another structure or organ. Usually used alone to designate an atrium of the heart. No:212 - atrophy (L.; Gr. atrophia) a wasting away; a diminution in the size of a cell, tissue, organ, or part. No:213 - atypical (a neg. + Gr. typos type or model) irregular; not conformable to the type; in microbiology, applied specifically to strains of unusual type. No:214 - auditory (L. auditorius) pertaining to the sense of hearing. No:215 - aura (L. 'breath') a subjective sensation or motor phenomenon that precedes and marks the of a paroxysmal attack, such as an epileptic attack on set. No:216 - aural (L. auris, q.v.) pertaining to or perceived by the ear, as an aural stimulus. No:217 - auricular (L. auricularis) pertaining to an auricle or to the ear, and, formerly, to an atrium of the heart.

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No:218 - auscultation the act of listening for sounds within the body, chiefly for ascertaining the condition of the lungs, heart, pleura, abdomen and other organs, and for the detection of pregnancy. No:219 - autoimmune pertaining to autoimmunity. No:220 - automatism (Gr. automatismos self-action) aimless and apparently undirected behaviour that is not under conscious control and is performed without conscious knowledge; seen in psychomotor epilepsy, catatonic schizophrenia, psychogenic fugue, and other conditions. Called also automatic behaviour. No:221 - autonomic self-controlling; functionally independent. No:222 - azoospermia (a neg. + zoosperm) absence of spermatozoa in the semen, or failure of formation of spermatozoa. No:223 - azotemia (azote + Gr. haima blood + -ia) an excess of urea or other nitrogenous compounds in the blood. No:224 - bacillus (L. 'little rod') a genus of bacteria of the family Bacillaceae, including large aerobic or facultatively anaerobic, spore-forming, rod-shaped cells, the great majority of which are gram-positive and motile. The genus is separated into 48 species, of which three are pathogenic, or potentially pathogenic, and the remainder are saprophytic soil forms. Many organisms historically called Bacillus are now classified in other genera. No:225 - bacteraemia (Gr. baktrion little rod + haima blood) the presence of bacteria in the blood. No:226 - bactericide an agent that destroys bacteria. No:227 - bacteriologic, bacteriological pertaining to bacteriology. No:228 - bacteriostatic 1. inhibiting the growth or multiplication of bacteria. 2. an agent that inhibits the growth or multiplication of bacteria. No:229 - bacteroid (bacteria + Gr. eidos form) 1. resembling a bacterium. 2. a structurally bacterium. No:230 - balanitis (balano- + -itis) inflammation of the glans penis; it is usually associated with phimosis. No:231 - barrier an obstruction. No:232 - basal 18

pertaining to or situated near a base. No:233 - base (L., Gr., basis) in chemistry, the nonacid part of a salt; a substance that combines with acids to form salts; a substance that dissociates to give hydroxide ions in aqueous solutions; a substance whose molecule or ion can combine with a proton (hydrogen ion); a substance capable of donating a pair of electrons (to an acid) for the formation of a coordinate covalent bond. No:234 - benign (L. benignus) not malignant; not recurrent; favourable for recovery. No:235 - betablocker a drug that induces adrenergic blockade at either 1- or 2-adrenergic receptors or at both. No:236 - betamimetic stimulating or mimicking the stimulation of the beta-adrenergic receptors of the sympathetic nervous systems; an agent that so acts. No:237 - bilateral (bi- + L. latus side) having two sides, or pertaining to both sides. No:238 - biliary pertaining to the bile, to the bile ducts, or to the gallbladder. No:239 - bioavailability the degree to which a drug or other substance becomes available to the target tissue after administration. No:240 - biochemical relating to biochemistry; characterized by, produced by, or involving chemical reactions in living organisms. No:241 - biodegradation the series of processes by which living systems render chemicals less noxious to the environment. No:242 - bioequivalent having the same strength and similar bioavailability in the same dosage form as another specimen of a given drug substance. No:243 - biologic, biological pertaining to biology. No:244 - biopsy (bio- + Gr. opsis vision) the removal and examination, usually microscopic, of tissue from the living body, performed to establish precise diagnosis. No:245 - biosynthesis the building up of a chemical compound in the physiologic processes of a living organism. No:246 - biotransformation the series of chemical alterations of a compound (e.g., a drug) which occur within the body, as by enzymatic activity. No:247 - biphasic 19

having two phases; having both a sporophytic and a gametophytic phase in the life cycle. No:248 - blepharitis (blephar- + itis) inflammation of the eyelids. No:249 - blister pack a package consisting of a clear plastic overlay affixed to a cardboard backing for protecting and displaying a product. No:250 - block an obstruction or stoppage. No:251 - bolus injection the injection of a drug (or drugs) in a high quantity (called a bolus) at once, the opposite of gradual administration (as in intravenous infusion). No:252 - borborygmus a rumbling noise caused by the propulsion of gas through the intestines. No:253 - bradycardia (brady- + Gr. kardia heart) slowness of the heart beat, as evidenced by slowing of the pulse rate to less than 60. No:254 - bradykinesia (brady- + Gr. kinsis movement) abnormal slowness of movement; sluggishness of physical and mental responses. No:255 - bradypnea (brady- + Gr. pnoia breath) abnormal slowness of breathing. No:256 - broad-spectrum effective against a wide range of microorganisms; said of an antibiotic. No:257 - bronchial (L. bronchialis) pertaining to one or more bronchi. No:258 - bronchiectasis (bronchus + Gr. ektasis dilatation) chronic dilatation of the bronchi marked by fetid breath and paroxysmal coughing, with the expectoration of mucopurulent matter. It may effect the tube uniformly (cylindric b.), or occur in irregular pockets (sacculated b.) or the dilated tubes may have terminal bulbous enlargements (fusiform b.). No:259 - bronchitis (bronchus + -itis) inflammation of one or more bronchi. bronchoconstriction the act or process of decreasing the calibre of a bronchus; bronchostenosis. No:261 - bronchodilatation a dilated state of a bronchus or the site at which a bronchus is dilated. No:262 - bronchopneumonia (bronchus + pneumonia) a name given to an inflammation of the lungs which usually begins in the terminal bronchioles. These become clogged with a mucopurulent exudate forming consolidated patches in adjacent lobules. The disease is frequently secondary in character, following infections of the upper 20

respiratory tract, specific infectious fevers, and debilitating diseases. In infants and debilitated persons of any age it may occur as a primary affection. Called also bronchial pneumonia, bronchiolitis, bronchoalveolitis, bronchopneumonitis, catarrhal pneumonia, lobular pneumonia, capillary bronchitis and vesicular bronchiolitis. No:263 - bronchopulmonary pertaining to the lungs and their air passages; both bronchial and pulmonary. No:264 - bronchospasm spasmodic contraction of the smooth muscle of the bronchi, as occurs in asthma. No:265 - bronchus (L.; Gr. bronchos windpipe) any of the larger air passages of the lungs, having an outer fibrous coat with irregularly placed plates of hyaline cartilage, an interlacing network of smooth muscle, and a mucous membrane of columnar ciliated epithelial cells. No:266 - buccal (L. buccalis, from bucca cheek) pertaining to or directed toward the cheek. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the buccal surface of a tooth. No:267 - buccopharyngeal pertaining to the mouth and pharynx. No:268 - bulbar pertaining to a bulb; pertaining to or involving the medulla oblongata, as bulbar paralysis. No:269 - bullous pertaining to or characterized by bullae. No:270 - bursitis inflammation of a bursa, occasionally accompanied by a calcific deposit in the underlying supraspinatus tendon; the most common site is the subdeltoid bursa. No:271 - cachexia (cac- + Gr. hexis habit + -ia) a profound and marked state of constitutional disorder; general ill health and malnutrition. No:272 - calcaemia (calcium + Gr. haima blood + -ia) hypercalcaemia, an excess of calcium in the blood; manifestations include fatigability, muscle weakness, depression, anorexia, nausea, and constipation. No:273 - calcification (calcium + L. facere to make) the process by which organic tissue becomes hardened by a deposit of calcium salts within its substance. No:274 - calciuria the presence of calcium in the urine. No:275 - calculus I (L. 'pebble') an abnormal concretion occurring within the animal body and usually composed of mineral salts. No:276 - calculus II 21

also called tartar. Dentistry a hard, yellowish to brownish-black deposit or teeth formed largely through the mineralization of dead bacteria in dental plaques by the calcium salts in salivary secretions and subgingival transudates. No:277 - candidiasis infection with a fungus of the genus Candida. It is usually a superficial infection of the moist cutaneous areas of the body, and is generally caused by C. albicans; it most commonly involves the skin (dermatocandidiasis), oral mucous membranes (thrush, def. 1), respiratory tract (bronchocandidiasis), and vagina (vaginitis). Rarely there is a systemic infection or endocarditis. Called also moniliasis, candidosis, oidiomycosis, and formerly blastodendriosis. No:278 - cannula (L. dim. of canna 'reed') a tube for insertion into a duct or cavity; during insertion its lumen is usually occupied by a trocar. No:279 - capacity (L. capacitas, from capere to take) power or ability to hold, retain, or contain, or the ability to absorb. No:280 - capillary (L. capillaris hair-like) any one of the minute vessels that connect the arterioles and venules, forming a network in nearly all parts of the body. Their walls act as semipermeable membranes for the interchange of various substances, including fluids, between the blood and tissue fluid; called also vas capillare (NA). No:281 - carbohydrate an aldehyde or ketone derivative of a polyhydric alcohol, particularly of the pentahydric and hexahydric alcohols. They are so named because the hydrogen and oxygen are usually in the proportion to form water, (CH2O)n. The most important carbohydrates are the starches, sugars, celluloses, and gums. They are classified into mono-, di-, tri-, poly- and heterosaccharides. No:282 - carcinogenic producing carcinoma. No:283 - carcinoma (Gr. karkinoma from karkinos crab, cancer) a malignant new growth made up of epithelial cells tending to infiltrate the surrounding tissues and give rise to metastases. No:284 - cardiac (L. cardiacus from Gr. kardiakos) pertaining to the heart. No:285 - cardiogenic (cardio + Gr. gennan to produce) originating in the heart; caused by abnormal function of the heart. No:286 - cardiological relating to the study of the heart. No:287 - cardiomegaly (cardio- + Gr. megas large) cardiac hypertrophy. No:288 - cardiomyopathy

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(cardio- + Gr. mys muscle + pathos disease) a general diagnostic term designating primary myocardial disease, often of obscure or unknown etiology. No:289 - cardiopathy (cardio- + Gr. pathos disease) any disorder or disease of the heart. In addition to heart disease of inflammatory origin, there are arteriosclerotic cardiopathy, due to arteriosclerosis; fatty cardiopathy, due to growth of fatty tissue; hypertensive cardiopathy, due to high blood pressure; nephropathic cardiopathy, due to kidney disease, thyrotoxic cardiopathy, due to thyroid intoxication; toxic cardiopathy, due to the effect of some toxin; and valvular cardiopathy, due to faulty valve action. No:290 - cardiopulmonary pertaining to the heart and lungs. No:291 - cardiorespiratory relating to the heart and lungs and their function. No:292 - cardioselective having greater activity on heart tissue than on other tissue. No:293 - cardiotonic 1. having a tonic effect on the heart. 2. an agent that has a tonic effect on the heart. No:294 - cardiotoxic having a poisonous or deleterious effect upon the heart. No:295 - cardiovascular pertaining to the heart and blood vessels. No:296 - caries (L. 'rottenness') 1. the molecular decay or death of a bone, in which it becomes softened, discoloured, and porous. It produces a chronic inflammation of the periosteum and surrounding tissues, and forms a cold abscess filled with a cheesy, fetid, puslike liquid, which generally burrows through the soft parts until it opens externally by a sinus or fistula. 2. dental c. No:297 - castration (L. castratio) removal of the gonads, or their destruction as by radiation or parasites. No:298 - catabolism (Gr. katabol a throwing down) any destructive metabolic process by which organisms convert substances into excreted compounds. No:299 - catalyse to speed up a chemical reaction. 300 - cataract (L. cataracta, from Gr. katarrakts waterfall, floodgate, portcullis (perhaps because an ocular opacity and a portcullis are obstructions) an opacity, partial or complete, of one or both eyes, on or in the lens or capsule, especially an opacity impairing vision or causing blindness. The many kinds of cataract are classified

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by their morphology (size, shape, location) or etiology (cause and time of occurrence). No:301 - catarrh (L. catarrhus, from Gr. katarrhein to flow down) inflammation of a mucous membrane, with a free discharge (Hippocrates); especially such inflammation of the air passages of the head and throat. No:302 - catheter (Gr. kathetr) a tubular, flexible, surgical instrument for withdrawing fluids from (or introducing fluids into) a cavity of the body, especially one for introduction into the bladder through the urethra for the withdraw of urine. No:303 - catheterization the employment or passage of a catheter. No:304 - caudal denoting a position more toward the cauda, or tail, than some specified point of reference; same as inferior, in human anatomy. No:305 - causal pertaining to a cause; directed against a cause. No:306 - caustic (L. causticus; Gr. kaustikos) an escharotic or corrosive agent. Called also cauterant. No:307 - cavity (L. cavitas) a hollow place or space, or a potential space, within the body or in one of its organs; it may be normal or pathological. No:308 - cell membrane cell membrane = plasma membrane. The structure enveloping a cell, enclosing the cytoplasm, and forming a selective permeability barrier; it consists of lipids, proteins, and some carbohydrates, the lipids thought to form a bilayer in which integral proteins are embedded to varying degrees. No:309 - cellulitis (cellule + -itis) an acute, diffuse, spreading, edematous, suppurative inflammation of the deep subcutaneous tissues and sometimes muscle, which may be associated with abscess formation. It is usually caused by infection of an operative or traumatic wound, burn, or other cutaneous lesion by various bacteria, but group A streptococci and Staphylococcus aureus are the most common etiologic agents. Cellulitis may also occur in immunocompromised hosts, or it may follow erysipelas. It tends to spread to tissue spaces and cleavage planes owing to bacterial elaboration of large amounts of hyaluronidases that, break down polysaccharide ground substance, fibrinolysins that digest fibrin barriers, and lecithinases that destroy cell membranes. Clinical manifestations include an area of edema, warmth, and tenderness with indistinct margins. Cf. erysipelas. No:310 - cephalalgia (Gr. kephalalgia) pain in the head; headache. Called also cephalgia and cephalodynia.

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No:311 - cerebellar pertaining to the cerebellum. No:312 - cerebral of or pertaining of the cerebrum or the brain. No:313 - cerebrospinal pertaining to the brain and spinal cord. No:314 - cerebrovascular pertaining to the blood vessels of the cerebrum, or brain. No:315 - cerumen (L. from cera wax) the waxlike secretion found within the external meatus of the ear; called also earwax. No:316 - cervical (L. cervicalis, from cervix neck) pertaining to the neck, or to the neck of any organ or structure. No:317 : cervix neck; (NA) a term denoting the front portion of the collum, or neck (the part connecting the head and trunk), or a constricted part of an organ (e.g. cervix uteri). c. of axon, a constricted part of an axon, before the myelin sheath is added. c. columnae posterioris medullae spinalis NA alternative for c. cornus dorsalis medullae spinalis. c. cornus dorsalis medullae spinalis (NA), neck of dorsal horn of spinal cord : the constricted portion of the dorsal horn, or column, of grey matter in the spinal cord between the base of the horn and the head; called also c. cornus posterioris medullae spinalis (NA alternative) and neck of posterior horn of spinal cord. c. dentis, (NA), the slightly constricted region of union of the crown and the root or roots of a tooth; called also collum dentis, dental neck, and neck of tooth. c. glandis, collum glandis penis. incompetent c., one that is abnormally prone to dilate in the second trimester of pregnancy, resulting in premature expulsion of the fetus (middle trimester abortion). c. mallei, collum mallei. tapiroid c., a uterine cervix with a peculiarly elongated anterior lip. c. uteri, neck of uterus : the lower and narrow end of the uterus, between the isthmus and the ostium uteri. No:318 - chelation combination with a metal in complexes in which the metal is part of a ring. No:319 - chemical 1. of, or pertaining to, chemistry. 2. a substance composed of chemical elements or obtained by chemical processes. No:320 - chemoreceptor a receptor adapted for excitation by chemical substances, e.g., olfactory and gustatory receptors, or a sense organ, as the carotid body or the aortic (supracardial) bodies, which is sensitive to chemical changes in the blood stream, especially reduced oxygen content, and reflexly increases both respiration and blood pressure. See receptor. No:321 - chemotherapeutics noun plural but singular or plural in constructions : chemotherapy. 25

No:322 - chemotherapy the treatment of disease by means of chemicals that have a specific toxic effect upon the disease - producing microorganisms or that selectively destroy cancerous tissue. No:323 - chloasma (Gr. chloazein to be green) melasma c. hepaticum a term formerly used to refer to circumscribed facial hyperpigmentation resembling melasma that may occur as a cutaneous manifestation of chronic liver disease. No:324 - cholangiography (chol- + Gr. angeion vessel + graphein to write) roentgenography of the biliary ducts after administration or injection of a contrast medium, orally, intravenously or percutaneously. No:325 - cholangitis (chol- + Gr. angeion vessel + -itis) inflammation of a bile duct. No:326 - cholecystitis (cholecyst + -itis) inflammation of the gallbladder. No:327 - cholelithiasis (chole- + lithiasis) the presence or formation of gallstones. No:328 - choleretic a choleretic agent. No:329 - cholestasia (chole- + Gr. stasis stoppage) stoppage or suppression of the flow of bile, having intrahepatic or extrahepatic causes. No:330 - cholesterol (chole- + Gr. stereos solid) 1. a pearly, fatlike steroid alcohol, C27H45OH, crystallizing in the form of leaflets or plates from dilute alcohol, and found in animal fats and oils, in bile, blood, brain tissue, milk, yolk of egg, myelin sheaths of nerve fibres, the liver, kidneys, and adrenal glands. It constitutes a large part of the most frequently occurring type of gallstones and occurs in atheroma of the arteries, in various cysts, and in carcinomatous tissue. Most of the body's cholesterol is synthesized in the liver, but some is absorbed from the diet. It is a precursor of bile acids and is important in the synthesis of steroid hormones. 2. (USP) a commercial preparation of cholesterol is used as a pharmaceutic aid. Called also cholesterin. No:331 - cholinergic resembling acetylcholine in pharmacological action; stimulated by or releasing acetylcholine or a related compound. No:332 - chorea (L.; Gr. choreia dance) the ceaseless occurrence of a wide variety of rapid, highly complex, jerky movements that appear to be well coordinated but are performed involuntarily. No:333 - chromosomal pertaining to chromosomes.

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No:334 - chronic (L. chronicus, from Gr. chronos time) persisting over a long period of time. No:335 - chronotropic (chrono- + Gr. tropikos turning) affecting the time or rate, as the rate of contraction of the heart. No:336 - cicatrization the formation of a cicatrix or scar. No:337 - circulation (L. circulatio) movement in a regular or circuitous course, as the movement of the blood through the heart and blood vessels. No:338 - cirrhosis (Gr. kirrhos orange-yellow) liver disease characterized pathologically by loss of the normal microscopic lobular architecture, with fibrosis and nodular regeneration. The term is sometimes used to refer to chronic interstitial inflammation of any organ. No:339 - classic of first class of rank; standard. 340 - classification the systematic arrangement of similar entities on the basis of certain differing characteristics. No:341 - claudication (L. claudicatio) limping or lameness. No:342 - clearance the process of clearing; the rate at which a substance is removed from the blood. No:343 - clinical pertaining to a clinic or to the bedside; pertaining to or founded on actual observation and treatment of patients, as distinguished from theoretical or basis sciences. No:344 - clitoral pertaining to the clitoris. No:345 - cloaca (L. 'drain') 1. in zoology, a common passage for faecal, urinary, and reproductive discharge in most lower vertebrates. 2. in mammalian embryology, the terminal end of the hindgut before division into rectum, bladder, and genital primordia. 3. in pathology, an opening in the involucrum of a necrosed bone. No:346 - clonic pertaining to or of the nature of clonus. No:347 - coagulation (L. coagulatio) 1. the process of clot formation. 2. in colloid chemistry, the solidification of a sol into a gelatinous mass; an alteration of a disperse phase or of a dissolved solid which causes the separation of the system into a liquid phase and an insoluble mass called the clot or curd. Coagulation is usually irreversible.

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3. in surgery, the disruption of tissue by physical means to form an amorphous residuum, as in electrocoagulation and photocoagulation. No:348 - cochlear of or pertaining to the cochlea. No:349 - coenzyme an organic nonprotein molecule, frequently a phosphorylated derivative of a water-soluble vitamin, that binds with the protein molecule (apoenzyme) to form the active enzyme (holoenzyme). No:350 - cognitive of, pertaining, to, or characterized by cognition. No:351 - coitus (L. coitio a coming together, meeting) sexual connection per vaginam between male and female. No:352 - colitis inflammation of the colon. No:353 - collagen (Gr. kolla glue + gennan to produce) the protein substance of the white fibres (collagenous fibres) of skin, tendon, bone, cartilage, and all other connective tissue; composed of molecules of tropocollagen (q.v.), it is converted into gelatin by boiling. collagenous pertaining to collagen; forming or producing collagen. No:354 - collapse (L. collapsus) 1. a state of extreme prostration and depression, with failure of circulation. 2. abnormal falling in of the walls of any part of organ. No:355 - colloidal of the nature of a colloid. No:356 - collyrium (L.; Gr. kollyrion eye salve) a lotion for the eyes; an eye wash. No:357 - colonic flora the bacteria normally residing within the colon. No:358 - colonopathy (colon + Gr. pathos disease) any disease or disorder of the colon. No:359 - colorectal pertaining to or affecting the colon and rectum. 360 - comatose pertaining to or affected with coma. No:361- combination the result or product of combining; a series of events or result occurring in an ordered sequence; the act or process of combining; the act or process of uniting to form a chemical compound : the chemical compound so formed. No:362 - comedo a plug of keratin and sebum within the dilated orifice of a hair follicle, frequently containing the bacteria Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus albus, and Pityrosporon ovale; called also blackhead. See also acne. 28

No:363 - commensal (L. com- together + mensa table) 1. living on or within another organism, and deriving benefit without injuring or benefiting the other individual. 2. an organism living on or within another, but not causing injury to the host. No:364 - commotion (L. 'disturbance') a concussion; a violent shaking, or the shock which results from it. No:365 - compatible 1. capable of harmonious coexistence; of medications, suitable for simultaneous administration without nullification or aggravation of the effects of either. 2. denoting a donor and recipient of a blood transfusion in which there is no transfusion reaction. 3. histocompatible; denoting a donor and recipient of an organ transplant that is not rejected. No:366 - compensation (L. compensatio, from cum together + pensare to weigh) the counterbalancing of any defect of structure or function. In psychology, a conscious process or, more frequently, an unconscious defense mechanism by which a person attempts to make up for real or imagined physical or psychological deficiencies. In cardiology, the maintenance of an adequate blood flow without distressing symptoms, accomplished by such cardiac and circulatory adjustments as tachycardia, cardiac hypertrophy, and increase of blood volume by sodium and water retention. No:367 - competitive relating to, characterized by, arising from or designated to exhibit rivalry among two individuals or forces. No:368 - complement a term originally used to refer to the heat-labile factor in serum that causes immune cytolysis, the lysis of antibody-coated cells, and now referring to the entire functionally related system comprising at least 20 distinct serum proteins that is the effector not only of immune cytolysis but also of other biologic functions. Complement activation occurs by two different sequences, the classic and alternative pathways. The proteins of the classic pathway are termed 'components of complement' and are designated by the symbols C1 through C9. C1 is a calcium-dependent complex of three distinct proteins C1q, C1r and C1s. The proteins of the alternative pathway (collectively referred to as the properdin system) and complement regulatory proteins are known by semisystematic or trivial names. Fragments resulting from proteolytic cleavage of complement proteins are designated with lower-case letter suffixes, e.g., C3a. Inactivated fragments may be designated with the suffix 'i', e.g. C3bi. Activated components or complexes with biological activity are designated by a bar over the symbol e.g. C1 or C4b,2a. The classic pathway is activated by the binding of C1 to classic pathway activators, primarily antigen-antibody complexes containing IgM, IgG1, IgG3; C1q binds to a single IgM molecule or two adjacent IgG molecules. The alternative pathway can be activated by IgA immune complexes and also by nonimmunologic materials including bacterial endotoxins, microbial 29

polysaccharides, and cell walls. Activation of the classic pathway triggers an enzymatic cascade involving C1, C4, C2 and C3; activation of the alternative pathway triggers a cascade involving C3 and factors B, D and P. Both result in the cleavage of C5 and the formation of the membrane attack complex. Complement activation also results in the formation of many biologically active complement fragments that act as anaphylatoxins, opsonins, or chemotactic factors. No:369 - complementary (L. complere to fill) supplying a defect, or helping to do so; making complete; accessory. No:370 - complex (L. complexus woven together, encompassing) complicated, not simple. No:371 - complication (L. complicatio from cum together + plicare to fold) 1. a disease or diseases concurrent with another disease. 2. the concurrence of two or more diseases in the same patient. No:372 - component a constituent element or part; specifically in neurology, a series of neurons forming a functional system for conducting the afferent and efferent impulses in the somatic and splanchnic mechanisms of the body. No:373 - concentration (L. concentratio) 1. increase in strength by evaporation. 2. the ratio of the mass or volume of a solute to the mass or volume of the solution or solvent. No:374 - conception (L. conceptio) the onset of pregnancy, marked by implantation of the blastocyst; the formation of a viable zygote. No:375 - concomitant (L. concomitans from cum together + comes companion) accompanying; accessory; joined with another. No:376 - concrete (L. concretus) solid, tangible. No:377 - condition a mode or state of being; the state of being fit : the physical status of the body as a whole, or of one of its parts - usually used to indicate abnormality. No:378 - conduction (L. conductio) the transfer of sound waves, heat, nervous impulses, or electricity. No:379 - condyloma (Gr. kondyloma, knuckle or knob) c. acuminatum; a papilloma with a central core of connective tissue in a treelike structure covered with epithelium, usually occurring on the mucous membrane or skin of the external genitals or in the perianal region. 380 - confusion disturbed orientation in regard to time, place, or person, sometimes accompanied by disordered consciousness.

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No:381 - congenital (L. congenitus born together) existing at, and usually before; birth; referring to conditions that are present at birth, regardless of their causation. No:382 - congestion (L. congestio, from congerere to heap together) excessive or abnormal accumulation of blood in a part. No:383 - conjugated acting or operating as if joined; simultaneous. No:384 - conjugation (L. conjugatio a blending) 1. the act of joining together or the state of being conjugated. 2. a sexual process seen in bacteria, ciliate protozoa, and certain fungi in which nuclear material is exchanged during the temporary fusion of two cells (conjugants). In bacterial genetics a form of sexual reproduction in which a donor bacterium (male) contributes some, or all, of its DNA (in the form of a replicated set) to a recipient (female) which then incorporates differing genetic information into its own chromosome by recombination and passes the recombined set on to its progeny by replication. In ciliate protozoa, two conjugants of separate mating types exchange micronuclear material and then separate, each now being a fertilized cell. In certain fungi, the process involves fusion of two gametes, resulting in union of their nuclei and formation of a zygote. 3. in chemistry, the joining together of two compounds to produce another compound, such as the combination of a toxic product with some substance in the body to form a detoxified product, which is then eliminated. No:385 - conjunctivitis inflammation of the conjunctiva, generally consisting of conjunctival hyperaemia associated with a discharge. No:386 - conservative (L. conservare to preserve) designed to preserve health, restore function, and repair structures by nonradical methods, as conservative surgery. No:387 - conserve to keep in a safe or sound state, preserve from change or destruction. No:388 - constipation (L. constipatio a crowding together) infrequent or difficult evacuation of the faeces. No:389 - constitutional 1. affecting the whole constitution of the body; not local. 2. pertaining to the constitution. No:390 - contact (L. contactus a touching together) a mutual touching of two bodies or persons. No:391 - contamination (L. contaminatio from con together + tangere to touch) the soiling or pollution by inferior material, as by the introduction of organisms into a wound, or sewage into a stream.

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No:392 - continuous (L. continuus) not interrupted; having no interruption. No:393 - contraception the prevention of conception or impregnation. No:394 - contraceptive an agent that diminishes the likelihood of or prevents conception. No:395 - contractility capacity for becoming short in response to a suitable stimulus. No:396 - contraction (L. contractus drawn together) a shortening or reduction in size; in connection with muscles contraction implies shortening and/or development of tension. No:397 - contracture (L. contractura) a condition of fixed high resistance to passive stretch of a muscle, resulting from fibrosis of the tissues supporting the muscles or the joints, or from disorders of the muscle fibres. No:398 - contraindication any condition, especially any condition of disease, which renders some particular line of treatment improper or undesirable. No:399 - contrast medium a substance that is introduced into or around a structure and, because of the difference in absorption of x-rays by the contrast medium and the surrounding tissues, allows radiographic visualization of the structure. 400 - contusion (L. contusio, from contundere to bruise) a bruise; an injury of a part without a break in the skin. No:401 - convalescence (L. convalescere to become strong) the stage of recovery following an attack of disease, a surgical operation, or an injury. No:402 - conventional following what is traditional or customary. No:403 - conversion (L. con with + versio turning) 1. an unconscious defense mechanism by which the anxiety that stems from intrapsychic conflict is converted and expressed in a symbolic somatic. No:404 - convulsion (L. convulsio, from convellere to pull together) a violent involuntary contraction or series of contractions of the voluntary muscles. No:405 - coordination the harmonious functioning of interrelated organs and parts; applied especially to the process of the motor apparatus of the brain which provides for the co-working of particular groups of muscles for the performance of definite adaptive useful responses. No:406 - cornea 32

(L. corneus horny) (NA) the transparent structure forming the anterior part of the fibrous tunic of the eye. It consists of five layers : (1) the anterior corneal epithelium, continuous with that of the conjunctiva, (2) the anterior limiting layer (Bowman's membrane), (3) the substantia propria, or stroma, (4) the posterior limiting layer (Descemet's membrane), and (5) the endothelium of the anterior chamber, called also keratoderma. No:407 - coronary (L. corona; Gr. koron) encircling in the manner of a crown; a term applied to vessels; nerves, ligaments, etc. The term usually denotes the arteries that supply the heart muscle and, by extension, a pathologic involvement of them. No:408 - cor (L. cordis) (NA) the muscular organ that maintains the circulation of the blood. c. adiposum a heart that has undergone fatty degeneration or that has an accumulation of fat around it; called also fat or fatty, heart. c. arteriosum the left side of the heart, so called because it contains oxygenated (arterial) blood. c. biloculare a congenital anomaly characterized by failure of formation of the atrial and ventricular septums, the heart having only two chambers, a single atrium and a single ventricle, and a common atrioventricular valve. c. bovinum (L. 'ox heart') a greatly enlarged heart due to a hypertrophied left ventricle; called also c. taurinum and bucardia. c. dextrum (L. 'right heart') the right atrium and ventricle. c. hirsutum, c. villosum. c. mobile (obs.) an abnormally movable heart. c. pendulum a heart so movable that it seems to be hanging by the great blood vessels. c. pseudotriloculare biatriatum a congenital cardiac anomaly in which the heart functions as a three-chambered heart because of tricuspid atresia, the right ventricle being extremely small or rudimentary and the right atrium greatly dilated. Blood passes from the right to the left atrium and thence disease due to pulmonary hypertension secondary to disease of the lung, or its blood vessels, with hypertrophy of the right ventricle. No:409 - corpus luteum (L. 'yellow body') (NA), a yellow glandular mass in the ovary formed by an ovarian follicle that has matured and discharged its ovum; if the ovum has been impregnated, the corpus luteum increases in size and persists for several months (true c. luteum, c. luteum of pregnancy, c. luteum graviditatis); if impregnation has not taken place, the corpus luteum degenerates and shrinks (false c. luteum, c. luteum of menstruation, c. luteum menstruationis). The corpus luteum secretes progesterone. Called also yellow body of ovary. No:410 - correction (L. correctio straightening out; amendment) a setting right, as the provision of specific lenses for the improvement of vision, or an arbitrary adjustment made in values or devices in performance of experimental procedures. No:411 - correlation most generally, the degree to which one phenomenon or random variable is associated with or can be predicted from another. In statistics, correlation usually refers to the degree to which a linear predictive relationship exists between random variables, as measured by a correlation coefficient (q.v.). Correlation may

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be positive, i.e., both variables increase or decrease together, or negative or inverse, i.e., one variable increases when the other decreases. No:412 - correspond to be in conformity a agreement : suit, agree; to be equivalent, to be parallel. No:413 - cortex (L. 'bark, rind, shell') (NA) the outer layer of an organ or other body structure, as distinguished from the internal substance. No:414 - cortical (L. corticalis) pertaining to or of the nature of a cortex or bark. No:415 - corticosteroid any of the steroids elaborated by the adrenal cortex (excluding the sex hormones of adrenal origin) in response to the release of corticotrophin (adrenocorticotropic hormone) by the pituitary gland, to any of the synthetic equivalents of these steroids, or to angiotensin II. They are divided, according to their predominant biological activity, into three major groups: glucocorticoids, chiefly influencing carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism; mineralocorticoids, affecting the regulation of electrolyte and water balance; and C19 androgens. Some corticosteroids exhibit both types of activity in varying degrees, and others exert only one type of effect. The corticosteroids are used clinically for hormonal replacement therapy, for suppression of ACTH secretion by the anterior pituitary, as antineoplastic, antiallergic, and anti-inflammatory agents, and to suppress the immune response. Called also adrenocortical hormone and corticoid. No:416 - cosmetic (Gr. kosmtikos a beautifying substance or preparation. No:417 - coxalgia (L. coxa hip + -algia) 1. hip-joint disease. 2. pain in the hip. No:418 - cranial (L. cranialis) pertaining to the cranium, or to the anterior (in animals) or superior (in humans) end of the body. No:419 - creatinaemia (creatin +Gr. haima blood + -ia) excess of creatine in the blood. No:420 - crisis (L.; Gr. krisis) a sudden paroxysmal intensification of symptoms in the course of a disease. No:421 - criterion (Gr. kritrion a means for judging) a standard by which something may be judged. No:422 - crossallergy an allergic response to several cross-reactive allergens; the fact that a patient allergic to one component will also tend to be allergic to a similar component. No:423 - crossinfection infection transmitted between individuals infected with different pathogenic microorganisms. No:424 - crossresistance

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immunologic resistance to the pathogenic effects of a microorganism because of previous exposure to another species or type having cross-reactive antigens. No:425 - crystallization the formation of crystals; conversion to a crystalline form. No:426 - crystalluria the excretion of crystals in the urine, producing renal irritation. No:427 - cumulative increasing or growing by accumulation or successive additions. No:428 - curarize to bring under the influence of curare : to induce curarization (= to induce relaxation of voluntary muscles by curare). No:429 - curative (L. curare to take care of) tending to overcome disease and promote recovery. No:430 - curettage (Fr.) the removal of growths or other material from the wall of a cavity or other surface, as with a curet; called also curettement. No:431 - curve a nonangular deviation from a straight course in a line or surface. No:432 - cutaneous (L. cutis skin) pertaining to the skin; dermal; dermic. No:433 - cyanosis (Gr. kyanos blue) a bluish discoloration, applied especially to such discoloration of skin and mucous membranes due to excessive concentration of reduced haemoglobin in the blood. No:434 - cycle (Gr. kyklos circle) a round or succession of observable phenomena, recurring usually at regular intervals and in the same sequence. No:435 - cyclic (Gr. kyklikos) pertaining to or occurring in a cycle or cycles; the term is applied to chemical compounds that contain a ring of atoms in the nucleus. No:436 - cycloderma (delete: no definition found in any dictionary ; probably a misprint or a specialist term used by one firm) No:437 - cycloplegia (cyclo- + Gr. plg stroke) paralysis of the ciliary muscle; paralysis of accommodation. No:438 - cyst (Gr. kystis sac, bladder) any closed cavity or sac; normal or abnormal, lined by epithelium, and especially one that contains a liquid or semisolid material. No:439 - cystic fibrosis a generalized, autosomal recessive disorder of infants, children, and young adults, in which there is widespread dysfunction of the exocrine glands; characterized by

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signs of chronic pulmonary disease (due to excess mucus production in the respiratory tract), pancreatic deficiency, abnormally high levels of electrolytes in the sweat, and occasionally by biliary cirrhosis. Pathologically, the pancreas shows obstruction of the pancreatic ducts by amorphous eosinophilic concretions, with consequent deficiency of pancreatic enzymes, resulting in steatorrhoea and azotorrhoea. The degree of involvement of organs and glandular systems may vary greatly, with consequent variations in the clinical picture. No:440 - cystitis inflammation of the urinary bladder. No:441 - cystoscopy direct visual examination of the urinary tract with a cystoscope. No:442 - cytochrome (cyto- + Gr. chroma colour) any electron transfer hemoprotein having a mode of action in which the transfer of a single electron is effected by a reversible valence change of the central iron atom of the heme prosthetic group between the +2 and +3 oxidation states; classified as cytochromes a in which the heme contains a formyl side chain, cytochromes b, which contain protoheme or a closely similar heme that is not covalently bound to the protein, cytochromes c in which protoheme or other heme is covalently bound to the protein, and cytochromes d in which the iron-tetrapyrrole has fewer conjugated double bonds than the hemes have. Well-known cytochromes have been numbered consecutively within groups and are designated by subscripts (beginning with no subscript), e.g. cytochromes c, c1, C2, ... New cytochromes are named according to the wavelength in nanometres of the absorption maximum of the a-band of the iron (II) form in pyridine, e.g., c-555. No:443 - cytoplasm (cyto- + Gr. plasma plasm) the protoplasm of a cell exclusive of that of the nucleus; it consists of a continuous aqueous solution (cytosol) and the organelles and inclusions suspended in it (phaneroplasm), and is the site of most of the chemical activities of the cell. No:444 - cytostatic (cyto- + Gr. statikos bringing to a stand-still) an agent that suppresses cell growth and multiplication. No:445 - cytotoxic pertaining to or exhibiting cytotoxicity. No:446 - decompensation failure of compensation; cardiac decompensation is marked by dyspnea, venous engorgement, and edema. No:447 - decongestant an agent that reduces congestion or swelling. No:448 - decorum propriety and good taste especially in conduct, manners, or appearance. No:449 - decubitus (L. 'a lying down') an act of lying down; also the position assumed in lying down. 36

No:450 - defaecation the act or process of defecating, discharge of feces. No:451 - defibrillation the act to arrest the fibrillation of (heart muscle) by applying electric shock across the chest, thus depolarizing the heart cells and allowing normal rhythm to return. No:452 - deficiency a lack or defect. No:453 - deficit a lack or deficiency. No:454 - degenerative undergoing degeneration : tending to degenerate; having the character of or involving degeneration; causing or tending to cause degeneration. No:455 - degradation the reduction of a chemical compound to one less complex, as by splitting off one or more groups. No:456 - dehydration (L. de away + Gr. hydor water) the condition that results from excessive loss of body water. Called also anhydration, deaquation and hypohydration. No:457 - delirium (de- + L. lira furrow or track; i.e., 'off the track') (DSM III-R) an acute, reversible organic mental disorder characterized by reduced ability to maintain attention to external stimuli and disorganized thinking as manifested by rambling, irrelevant, or incoherent speech; there are also a reduced level of consciousness, sensory misperceptions, disturbance of the sleep-wakefulness cycle and level of psychomotor activity, disorientation to time, place, or person, and memory impairment. Delirium may be caused by a large number of conditions resulting in derangement of cerebral metabolism, including systemic infection, poisoning, drug intoxication or withdrawal, seizures or head trauma, and metabolic disturbances such as hypoxia, hypoglycaemia, fluid, electrolyte, or acid-base imbalances, or hepatic or renal failure. Called also acute confusional state and acute brain syndrome. No:458 - dementia (de- + L. mens mind) (DSM III) an organic mental disorder characterized by a general loss of intellectual abilities involving impairment of memory, judgment, and abstract thinking as well as changes in personality. It does not include loss of intellectual functioning caused by clouding of consciousness (as in delirium) nor that caused by depression or other functional mental disorder (pseudodementia). Dementia may be caused by a large number of conditions, some reversible and some progressive, that cause widespread cerebral and damage or dysfunction. The most common cause is Alzheimer's disease; others are cerebrovascular disease (multi-infarct dementia), central nervous system infection, brain trauma or tumours, pernicious anaemia, folic acid deficiency, Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, normal-pressure hydrocephalus, and, neurological diseases such as Huntington's chorea, multiple sclerosis, and Parkinson's disease. 37

No:459 - demulcent soothing; bland; allaying the irritation of inflamed or abraded surfaces. No:460 - dendritic 1. branched like a tree. 2. pertaining to or possessing dendrites. No:461 - dental plaque a soft, thin film of food debris, mucin, and dead epithelial cells deposited on the teeth, providing the medium for the growth of various bacteria. The main inorganic components are calcium and phosphorus with small amounts of magnesium, potassium, and sodium; the organic matrix consists of polysaccharides, proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, and other components. Plaque plays an important etiologic role in the development of dental caries and periodontal and gingival diseases and provides the base for the development of materia alba; calcified plaque forms dental calculus. No:462 - dentition (L. dentitio) the teeth in the dental arch; ordinarily used to designate the natural teeth in position in their alveoli. No:463 - dependent exhibiting dependence or dependency. No:464 - depersonalization alteration in the perception of the self so that the usual sense of one's own reality is lost, manifested in a sense of unreality or self-estrangement, in changes of body image, or in a feeling that one does not control his own actions and speech; seen in depersonalization disorder, schizophrenic disorders, and schizotypal personality disorder. Some do not draw a distinction between depersonalization and derealization, using depersonalization to include both. No:465 - depigmentation (de- + pigmentation) removal or loss of pigment, especially melanin. No:466 - depletion (L. deplere to empty) 1. the act or process of emptying; removal of a fluid, as the blood. 2. exhausted state which results from excessive loss of blood. No:467 - depolarization the process or act of neutralizing polarity. In neurophysiology, the reversal of the resting potential in excitable cell membranes when stimulated, i.e., the tendency of the cell membrane potential to become positive with respect to the potential outside the cell. No:468 - depression (L. depremere to press down) 1. a lowering or decrease of functional activity. 2. a mental state of depressed mood characterized by feelings of sadness, despair, and discouragement. Depression ranges from normal feelings of 'the blues' through dysthymia to major depression. It in many ways resembles the grief and mourning that follow bereavement; there are often feelings of low self-esteem; guilt, and self-reproach, withdrawal from interpersonal contact, and somatic symptoms such as eating and sleep disturbances.

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No:469 - deprivation (L. de from + privare to remove) loss or absence of parts, organs, powers, or things that are needed. No:470 - derivative a chemical substance derived from another substance either directly or by modification or partial substitution. No:471 - dermatitis (dermato- + -itis) inflammation of the skin. No:472 - dermatologic, dermatological pertaining to dermatology; of or affecting the skin. No:473 - dermatomycosis (dermato- + Gr. mykes fungus) a superficial infection of the skin or its appendages by fungi. The term includes dermatophytosis and the various clinical forms of tinea, as well as deep fungous infections. Called also epidermomycosis. No:474 - dermatophytosis (dermatophyte + -osis) any superficial fungal infection caused by a dermatophyte and involving the stratum corneum of the skin, hair, and nails. The term broadly comprises onychophytosis and the various form of tinea (ringworm), sometimes being used specifically to designate tinea pedis (athlete's foot). Called also epidermomycosis. No:475 - dermatosis (dermat- + -osis) any skin disease, especially one not characterized by inflammation. No:476 - dermographia a condition in which pressure or friction on the skin gives rise to a transient raised usually reddish mark so that a word traced on the skin becomes visible. No:477 - desensitization the prevention or reduction of immediate hypersensitivity reactions by administration of graded doses of allergen; called also hyposensitization and immunotherapy. No:478 - desquamation (L. de from + squama scale) the shedding of epithelial elements, chiefly of the skin, in scales or small sheets; exfoliation. No:479 - detection act of detecting, discovery; the laying open of what was concealed or hidden or of what tends to elude observation. No:480 - detergent (L. detergere to cleanse) an agent which purifies or cleanses. No:481 - detoxification treatment designed to free an addict from his drug habit. No:482 - diabetes (Gr. diabts a syphon, from dia through + bainein to go) a general term referring to disorders characterized by excessive urine excretion (polyuria), as in diabetes 39

mellitus and diabetes insipidus. When used alone, the term refers to diabetes mellitus. No:483 - diagnosis (dia- + Gr. gnosis knowledge) the determination of the nature of a case of disease. No:484 - dialysis (dia- + Gr. lysis dissolution) the process of separating crystalloids and colloids in solution by the difference in their rates of diffusion through a semipermeable membrane; crystalloids pass through readily, colloids very slowly or not at all. See also haemodialysis. No:485 - diameter the length of a straight line passing through the centre of a circle and connecting opposite points on its circumference; hence the distance between two specified opposite points on the periphery of a structure such as the cranium or pelvis. No:486 - diaphoresis (Gr. diaphorsis) perspiration, especially profuse perspiration. Called also sudoresis. No:487 - diarrhoea (dia- + Gr. rhein to flow) abnormal frequency and liquidity of faecal discharges. No:488 - diastolic of or pertaining to the diastole. No:489 - diathermy (dia- + Gr. therm heat) heating of the body tissues due to their resistance to the passage of high-frequency electromagnetic radiation, electric currents, or ultrasonic waves. In medical d. (thermopenetration) the tissues are warmed but not damaged; in surgical d. (electrocoagulation) tissue is destroyed. No:490 - diathesis (Gr. 'arrangement, disposition') a constitution or condition of the body which makes the tissues react in special ways to certain extrinsic stimuli and thus tends to make the person more than usually susceptible to certain diseases. No:491 - differentiation the distinguishing of one thing or disease from another. No:492 - diffuse (L. dis- apart + fundere to pour) not definitely limited or localized; widely distributed. No:493 - diffusion the process of becoming diffused, or widely spread; the spontaneous movement of molecules or other particles in solution, owing to their random thermal motion, to reach a uniform concentration throughout the solvent, a process requiring no addition of energy to the system. No:494 - digestive pertaining to digestion. No:495 - digitalization

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the administration of digitalis in a dosage schedule designed to produce and then maintain optimal therapeutic concentrations of its cardiotonic glycosides. No:496 - dilatation the condition, as of an orifice or tubular structure, of being dilated or stretched beyond the normal dimensions. No:497 - diphtheria (Gr. diphthera leather + -ia) an acute infectious disease caused by toxigenic strains of Corynebacterium diphtheriae, acquired by contact with an infected person or a carrier of the disease, which is usually confined to the upper respiratory tract, and characterized by the formation of a tough membrane (false membrane or pseudomembrane) attached firmly to the underlying tissue that will bleed if forcibly removed. In the most serious infections the membrane begins in the tonsillar (faucial) area on one tonsil and may spread to involve the other tonsil, uvula, soft palate, and pharyngeal wall, from where it may extend to the larynx, trachea, and bronchial tree, and may cause bronchial obstruction and death by hypoxia. Diphtheria also occurs in a cutaneous form and may rarely involve the eyes, middle ear, buccal mucosa, genitalia and umbilical stump, usually secondarily. Systemic effects, chiefly myocarditis and peripheral neuritis, are caused by the exotoxin produced by C. diphtheriae. Called also Bretonneau's angina or disease. No:498 - diplopia (diplo- + -opia) the perception of two images of a single object; called also ambiopia, double vision, and binocular polyopia. No:499 - direct (L. directus) 1. straight; in a straight line. 2. performed immediately and without the intervention of subsidiary means. No:500 - discoid (Gr. diskos disk + -oid) shaped like a disk. No:501 - disinfectant an agent that disinfects; applied particularly to agents used on inanimate objects. Cf. antiseptic. No:502 - dislocation (dis- + L. locare to place) the displacement of any part, more especially of a bone. Called also luxation. No:503 - disorientation the loss of proper bearings, or a state of mental confusion as to time, place, or identity. No:504 - disposition a tendency either physical or mental toward certain diseases. No:505 - disseminate to scatter or distribute over a considerable area. No:506 - dissociation (L. dis- neg. + sociatio union) 1. the act of separating or state of being separated. 2. the separation of a molecule into two or more fragments (atoms, molecules, 41

ions, or free radicals) produced by the absorption of light or thermal energy or by solvation. 3. in psychology, a defense mechanism in which a group of mental processes are segregated from the rest of a person's mental activity in order to avoid emotional distress, as in the dissociative disorders (q.v.), or in which an idea or object is segregated from its emotional significance; in the first sense it is roughly equivalent to splitting, in the second, to isolation. 4. a defect of mental integration in which one or more groups of mental processes become separated off from normal consciousness and, thus separated, function as a unitary whole. No:507 - distal (L. distans distant) remote; farther from any point of reference; opposed to proximal. In dentistry, used to designate a position on the dental arch farther from the median line of the jaw. No:508 - distention the state of being distended or enlarged; the act of distending. No:509 - distil (L. destillare; de from + stillare to drop) to volatilize by heat and then cool and condense the evaporated matter, as to purify a substance or to separate a volatile substance from other less volatile substances. No:510 - distortion (L. dis- apart + torsio a twisting) the state of being twisted out of a natural or normal shape or position. No:511 - distribution (L. distributio) 1. the specific location or arrangement of continuing or successive objects or events in space or time. 2. the extent of a ramifying structure such as an artery or nerve and its branches. 3. the geographical range of an organism or disease. 4. probability. No:512 - diuresis (Gr. diourein to urinate, to pass in urine) increased excretion of urine. No:513 - diuretic (Gr. diourtikos promoting urine) an agent that promotes the excretion of urine. No:514 - diurnal occurring during the day. No:515 - diverticulitis inflammation of a diverticulum, especially inflammation related to colonic diverticula, which may undergo perforation with abscess formation. Sometimes called left-sided or L-sides appendicitis. No:516 - document (L. docere to teach) an original or official paper relied upon as the basis, proof or support of something; a writing (as a book, report or letter) conveying information; a publication of federal, state, or local government - chiefly in library usage. No:517 - dominance

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(L. dominari to govern) in genetics, the full phenotypic expression of a gene in both heterozygotes and homozygotes. No:518 - donor an individual organism that supplies living tissue to be used in another body, as a person who furnished blood for transfusion, or an organ for transplantation in a histocompatible recipient. No:519 - doping (Dutch doop, sauce) the action of administering a drug to someone before a sports event (originally to a horse before a race); the substance thus administered. No:520 - dorsal (L. dorsalis; from dorsum back) 1. pertaining to the back or to any dorsum. 2. denoting a position more toward the back surface than some other object of reference; same as posterior in human anatomy; superior in the anatomy of quadrupeds. No:521 - dosage the determination and regulation of the size, frequency, and number of doses. No:522 - dosage schedule a scheme set up to determine and regulate size, frequency and number of doses. No:523 - dose (Gr. dosis a giving) a quantity to be administered at one time, such as a specified amount of medication. No:524 - double-blind pertaining to a clinical trial or other experiment in which neither the subject nor the person administering treatment knows which treatment any particular subject is receiving. No:525 - douching a jet or current of water, sometimes a dissolved medicating or cleansing agent, applied to a body part, organ or cavity for medicinal or hygienic purposes. No:526 - drainage the systematic withdrawal of fluids and discharges from a wound, sore or cavity. No:527 - duct (L. ductus from ducere to draw or lead) a passage with well-defined walls, especially a tube for the passage of excretions or secretions; called also ductus (NA). No:528 - duodenum (L. duodeni twelve at a time) (NA) the first or proximal portion of the small intestine, extending from the pylorus to the jejunum; so called because it is about 12 fingerbreadths in length. No:529 - dura mater (L. 'hard mother') the outermost, toughest, and most fibrous of the three membranes (meninges) covering the brain and spinal cord; called also pachymeninx. No:530 - dysarthria 43

(dys- + Gr. arthroun to utter distinctly + -ia) imperfect articulation of speech due to disturbances of muscular control which result from damage to the central or peripheral nervous system. No:531 - dyscrasia (Gr. dyskrasia bad temperament) a term formerly used to indicate an abnormal mixture of the four humours; in surviving usages it now is roughly synonymous with 'disease' or 'pathologic condition'. No:532 - dysentery (L. dysenteria, from Gr. dys- + enteron intestine) any of various disorders marked by inflammation of the intestines, especially of the colon, and attended by pain in the abdomen, tenesmus, and frequent stools containing blood and mucus. Causes include chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasitic worms. No:533 - dysfunction disturbance, impairment, or abnormality of the functioning of an organ. No:534 - dysgenesis defective development. No:535 -dysgeusia (dys- + Gr. geusis taste) distortion of the sense of taste. No:536 - dyskinesia (Gr. dyskinsia difficulty of moving) impairment of the power of voluntary movement, resulting in fragmentary or incomplete movements. No:537 - dysmenorrhoea (dys- + Gr. mn month + rhein to flow) painful menstruation. No:538 - dyspareunia (Gr. dyspareunos badly mated) difficult or painful coitus. No:539 - dyspepsia (dys- + Gr. peptein to digest) impairment of the power of function of digestion; usually applied to epigastric discomfort following meals No:540 - dysphagia (dys- + Gr. phagein to eat) difficulty in swallowing. No:541 - dysphoria (Gr. 'excessive pain, anguish, agitation') disquiet; restlessness; malaise. No:542 - dysplasia (dys- + Gr. plassein to form) abnormality of development; in pathology, alteration in size, shape, and organization of adult cells. No:543 - dyspnoea (Gr. dyspnoia difficulty of breathing) difficult or laboured breathing. No:544 - dystonia (dys- + Gr. tonos) disordered tonicity of muscle. No:545 - dystrophy (L. dystrophia, from dys- + Gr. trephein to nourish) any disorder arising from defective or faulty nutrition, especially the muscular dystrophies.

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No:546 - dysuria (dys- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) painful or difficult urination. No:547 - ecchymosis (Gr. ekchymosis) a small haemorrhagic spot, larger than a petechia, in the skin or mucous membrane forming a nonelevated, rounded or irregular, blue or purplish patch. No:548 - echography ultrasonography; the use of ultrasound as a diagnostic aid. Ultrasound waves are directed at the tissues, and a record is made, as on an oscilloscope, of the waves reflected back through the tissues, which indicate interfaces of different acoustic densities and thus differentiate between solid and cystic structures. No:549 - eclampsia (Gr. eklampein to shine forth) convulsions and coma occurring in a pregnant or puerperal woman, associated with preeclampsia, i.e., with hypertension, edema, and/or proteinuria. No:550 - ectopic pertaining to or characterized by ectopia. No:551 - eczema (Gr. ekzein to boil out) a pruritic papulovesicular dermatitis occurring as a reaction to many endogenous and exogenous agents, characterized in the acute stage by erythema, edema associated with a serous exudate between the cells of the epidermis (spongiosis) and an inflammatory infiltrate in the dermis, oozing and vesiculation, and crusting and scaling; and in the more chronic stages by lichenification or thickening or both, signs of excoriations, and hyperpigmentation or hypopigmentation or both. Atopic dermatitis is the most common type of dermatitis. Called also eczematous dermatitis. No:552 - effect the result produced by an action. No:553 - effective producing the intended result. No:554 - efficient serving as or characteristic of an immediate agent in the production of an event; causally productive. No:555 - effusion (L. effusio a pouring out) the escape of fluid into a part or tissue, as an exudation or a transudation. No:556 - ejaculation (L. ejaculation) a sudden act of expulsion, as of the semen. No:557 - ejection fraction a measure of ventricular contractility, equal to normally 65 8 per cent; lower values indicate ventricular dysfunction. No:558 - elastic

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(L. elasticus) susceptible of resisting and recovering from stretching, compression or distortion applied by a force. No:559 - elective subject to the choice or decision of the patient or physician; applied to procedures that are advantageous to the patient but not urgent. No:560 - electrocardiography the making of graphic records of the variations in electrical potential caused by electrical activity of the heart muscle and detected at the body surface, as a method for studying the action of the heart muscle. No:561 - electroencephalography the recording of the electric currents developed in the brain, by means of electrodes applied to the scalp, to the surface of the brain (intracranial e.) or placed within the substance of the brain (depth e.). No:562 - electrolyte (electro- + Gr. lytos that may be dissolved) a substance that dissociates into ions when fused or in solution, and thus becomes capable of conducting electricity; an ionic solute. No:563 - electrophysiological pertaining to electrophysiology, that is a branch of physiology that is concerned with the electric phenomena associated with living bodies and involved in their functional activity. No:564 - elimination (L. eliminatio, from e out + limen threshold) the act of expulsion or of extrusion, especially of expulsion from the body. No:565 - embolism (L. embolismus, from Gr. en in + ballein to throw) the sudden blocking of an artery by a clot or foreign material which has been brought to its site of lodgment by the blood current. No:566 - embryo (Gr. embryon) in animals, those derivatives of the fertilized ovum that eventually become the offspring, during their period of most rapid development, i.e., after the long axis appears until all major structures are represented. In man, the developing organism is an embryo from about two weeks after fertilization to the end of seventh or eighth week. No:567 - emesis (Gr. emein to vomit) vomiting; an act of vomiting. Also used as a word termination, as in haematemesis. No:568 - emetic (Gr. emetikos; L. emeticus) an agent that causes vomiting. No:569 - emollient (L. emolliens softening, from e out + mollis soft) softening or soothing; called also malactic. No:570 - emotional

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pertaining to the emotions. No:571 - emphysema (Gr. 'an inflation') a pathological accumulation of air in tissues or organs; applied especially to such a condition of the lungs. No:572 - empiric empirical; depending upon experience or observation alone, without using scientific method or theory. No:573 - empyema (Gr. empyema) accumulation of pus in a cavity of the body; when used without a descriptive qualifier, it refers to thoracic empyema (q.v.). No:574 - emulsify to convert or to be converted into an emulsion. No:575 - emulsion (L. emulsio, emulsum) a preparation of one liquid distributed in small globules throughout the body of a second liquid. The dispersed liquid is the discontinuous phase, and the dispersion medium is the continuous phase. When oil is the dispersed liquid and an aqueous solution is the continuous phase, it is known as an oil-in-water emulsion, whereas when water or aqueous solution is the dispersed phase and oil or oleaginous substance is the continuous phase, it is known as a water-in-oil emulsion. Pharmaceutical emulsions for which official standards have been promulgated include cod liver oil emulsion, cod liver oil emulsion with malt, liquid petrolatum emulsion, and phenolphthalein in liquid petrolatum emulsion. No:576 - enanthema (Gr. en in + anthema a blossoming) an eruption upon a mucous surface. No:577 - encephalitis inflammation of the brain. No:578 - encephalopathy (encephalo- + Gr. pathos illness) any degenerative disease of the brain. No:579 - endemic (Gr. endmos dwelling in a place) present or usually prevalent in a population or geographical area at all times; said of a disease or agent. Called also endemial. Cf. epidemic. No:580 - endocarditis exudative and proliferative inflammatory alterations of the endocardium, characterized by the presence of vegetations on the surface of the endocardium or in the endocardium itself, and most commonly involving a heart valve, but sometimes affecting the inner lining of the cardiac chambers or the endocardium elsewhere. It may occur as a primary disorder or as a complication of or in association with another disease. No:581 - endocrine (endo- + Gr. krinein to separate) pertaining to internal secretions; hormonal. Cf. exocrine.

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No:582 - endogenous (endo- + Gr. gennan to produce) developing or originating within the organisms or arising from causes within the organism. No:583 - endometriosis (endometrium + -osis) a condition in which tissue more or less perfectly resembling the uterine mucous membrane (the endometrium) and containing typical endometrial granular and stromal elements occurs aberrantly in various locations in the pelvic cavity; called also adenomyosis externa and endometriosis externa. No:584 - endoscopy visual inspection of any cavity of the body by means of an endoscope. No:585 - endothelium (endo- + Gr. thl nipple) (NA) the layer of epithelial cells that lines the cavities of the heart and of the blood and lymph vessels, and the serous cavities of the body, originating from the mesoderm. No:586 - endotoxic of, relating to, or acting as an endotoxin (= a heat-stable toxin, associated with the outer membranes of certain gram-negative bacteria. Endotoxins are not secreted and are released only when the cells are disrupted). No:587 - enema a clyster or injection; a liquid injected or to be injected into the rectum. No:588 - energetic exhibiting energy : strenuous; operating with force, vigour, or effect. No:589 - enteric-coated a term designating a special coating applied to tablets or capsules which prevents release and absorption of their contents until they reach the intestines. No:590 - enteritis (enter- + -itis) inflammation of the intestine, applied chiefly to inflammation of the small intestine; see also enterocolitis. No:591 - enterocolitis (entero- + colitis) inflammation involving both the small intestine and the colon; see also enteritis. No:592 - enterohepatic of or involving the intestine and liver. No:593 - enuresis (Gr. enourein to void urine) involuntary discharge of urine after the age at which urinary control should have been achieved; often used alone with specific reference to involuntary discharge of urine occurring during sleep at night (bedwetting, nocturnal enuresis). No:594 - environment (Fr. environner to surround, to encircle) the sum total of all the conditions and elements which make up the surroundings and influence the development and actions of an individual. 48

No:595 - enzyme (Gr. en in + zyme leaven) a protein molecule that catalyses chemical reactions of other substances without itself being destroyed or altered upon completion of the reactions. Enzymes are classified according to the recommendations of the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Biochemistry. Each enzyme is assigned a recommended name and an Enzyme Commission (EC) number. They are divided into six main groups; oxidoreductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases, and ligases. No:596 - eosinophilia (eosin + Gr. philein to love) the formation and accumulation of an abnormally large number of eosinophils in the blood. No:597 - epicondylitis inflammation of the epicondyle or of the tissues adjoining the epicondyle of the humerus. No:598 - epidemic (Gr. epidmios prevalent) occurring suddenly in numbers clearly in excess of normal expectancy; said especially of infectious diseases but applied also to any disease, injury, or other health-related event occurring in such outbreaks. Cf. endemic and sporadic. No:599 - epidemiological relating to, or involving epidemiology. No:600 - epidermal pertaining to or resembling epidermis. Called also epidermic or epidermoid. No:601 - epidural situated upon or outside the dura mater. No:602 - epigastralgia (epigastrium + -algia) pain in the epigastrium. No:603 - epigastric (epi- + Gr. gastr belly) pertaining to the epigastrium. No:604 - epilepsy (Gr. epilpsia seizure) paroxysmal transient disturbances of brain function that may be manifested as episodic impairment or loss of consciousness, abnormal motor phenomena, psychic or sensory disturbances, or perturbation of the autonomic nervous system. Symptoms are due to paroxysmal disturbance of the electrical activity of the brain. On the basis of origin, epilepsy is idiopathic (cryptogenic, essential, genetic) or symptomatic (acquired, organic). On the basis of clinical and electroencephalographic phenomenon, four subdivisions are recognized : (1) grand mal e. (major e., haut mal e.) - subgroups : generalized, focal (localized), jacksonian (rolandic), (2) petit mal e., (3) psychomotor e. (temporal lobe e., psychic, psychic equivalent, or variant) - subgroups : psychomotor proper (tonic with adversive or torsion movements or masticatory phenomena), automatic (with amnesia), and sensory (hallucinations, or dream states or dj vu), (4) autonomic e. (diencephalic), with flushing, pallor, 49

tachycardia, hypertension, perspiration, or other visceral symptoms. Called also epilepsia. No:605 - epiphyseal pertaining to or of the nature of an epiphysis. No:606 - episiotomy (episio- + Gr. tom a cutting) surgical incision into the perineum and vagina to prevent traumatic tearing during delivery. No:607 - episode a noteworthy happening or series of happenings occurring in the course of continuous events, as an episode of illness; a separate but not unrelated incident. No:608 - epistaxis nosebleed; haemorrhage from the nose. No:609 - epithelioma (epithelium + -oma) a neoplasm of epithelial origin, ranging from benign (adenoma and papilloma) to malignant (carcinoma). No:610 - epithelium (epi- + Gr. thl nipple) (NA) the covering of internal and external surfaces of the body, including the lining of vessels and other small cavities. It consists of cells joined by small amounts of cementing substances. Epithelium is classified into types on the basis of the number of layers deep and the shape of the superficial cells. No:611 - equivalent (L. aequivalens, from aequus equal + valere to be worth) having the same value; neutralizing or counterbalancing. No:612 - erection (L. erectio) the condition of being made rigid and elevated; as erectile tissue when filled with blood. No:613 - ergotism chronic poisoning from excessive or misdirected use of ergot as a medicine, or from eating ergotized grain; it is marked by cerebrospinal symptoms, spasms, and cramps, or by a kind of dry gangrene. Called also St. Anthony's fire. No:614 - erosion (L. erosio, from erodere to eat out) 1. an eating away; destruction of the surface of a tissue, material, or structure. 2. progressive loss of the hard substance of a tooth by chemical processes that do not involve bacterial action. See also abrasion . 3. a gradual breakdown or very shallow ulceration of the skin which involves only the epidermis and heals without scarring. No:615 - eructation (L. eructatio) the act of belching, or of casting up wind from the stomach through the mouth. No:616 - eruption (L. eruptio a breaking out) 1. the act of breaking out, appearing, or becoming visible, as eruption of the teeth. 2. visible efflorescent lesions of the skin due to

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disease, especially an exanthematous disease, and marked by redness and prominence; a rash. See also exanthema. No:617 - erysipelas (Gr. erythros red + pella skin) an acute superficial form of cellulitis involving the dermal lymphatics, usually caused by infection with group A streptococci, and chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, bright red, edematous, brawny, infiltrated, and sharply circumscribed plaque with a raised indurated border. Formerly called St. Anthony's fire. Cf. cellulitis and phlegmon. No:618 - erythema (Gr. erythma flush upon the skin) a name applied to redness of the skin produced by congestion of the capillaries, which may result from a variety of causes, the etiology or a specific type of lesion often being indicated by a modifying term. No:619 - erythrasma a chronic, superficial bacterial infection of the skin involving the body folds and toe webs, sometimes becoming generalized, caused by Corynebacterium minutissimum, and characterized by the presence of sharply demarcated, dry, brown, slightly scaly, and slowly spreading patches. No:620 - erythropoiesis (erythro- + Gr. poisis making) the production of erythrocytes. No:621 - euphoria (Gr. 'the power of bearing easily') an exaggerated feeling of physical and mental well-being, especially when not justified by external reality. Euphoria may be induced by drugs such as opioids, amphetamines, and alcohol and is also a feature of mania. No:622 - evacuation (L. evacuatio, from e out + vacuus empty) an emptying, as of the bowels. No:623 - evaluation the act or result of evaluating. No:624 - evolution (L. evolutio, from e out + volvere to roll) 1. an unrolling. 2. a process of development in which an organ or organism becomes more and more complex by the differentiation of its parts; a continuous and progressive change according to certain laws and by means of resident forces. No:625 - exacerbation (ex- + L. acerbus harsh) increase in the severity of a disease of its symptoms. No:626 - exanthema (Gr. exanthma) exanthem; an eruptive disease or its symptomatic eruption. No:627 - excessive exceeding the usual, proper, or normal quantity; given to excess. No:628 - excipient (L. excipiens, from ex out + capere to take) any more or less inert substance added to a prescription in order to confer a suitable consistency or form to the drug; a vehicle.

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No:629 - excitation (L. excitatio, from ex out + citare to call) an act of irritation or stimulation or of responding to a stimulus; the addition of energy, as the excitation of a molecule by absorption of photons. No:630 - exclusive 1. excluding or inclined to exclude others (at outsiders) from participation. 2. single. 3. undivided, whole. No:631 - excretion (L. excretio) the act, process, or function of excreting. No:632 - exfoliation (L. exfoliatio) a falling off in scales or layers. No:633 - exocrine (exo- + Gr. krinein to separate) 1. secreting outwardly, via a duct; cf. endocrine. 2. denoting such a gland or its secretion. No:634 - exogenous (exo- + Gr. gennan to produce) developed or originating outside the organism, as exogenous disease. No:635 - exophthalmos (ex- + Gr. ophthalmos eye) abnormal protrusion of the eyeball; called also proptosis. No:636 - expectorant (ex- + L. pectus breast) 1. promoting the ejection, by spitting, of mucus or other fluids from the lungs and trachea. 2. an agent that promotes the ejection of mucus or exudate from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea; sometimes extended to all remedies that quiet cough (antitussives). No:637 - experimental 1. of, relating to, or based on experience : empirical. 2. of a disease : intentionally produced especially in laboratory animals for the purpose of study. No:638 - expiration (ex + L. spirare to breathe) the act of breathing out, or expelling air from the lungs. No:639 - extension (L. extensio) 1. the movement by which the two elements of any jointed part are drawn away from each other. 2. a movement which brings the members of a limb into or toward a straight relation. No:640 - external (L. externus outside) situated or occurring on the outside; many anatomical structures formerly called external are now more correctly termed lateral. No:641 - extracellular outside a cell or cells. No:642 - extracorporeal (extra- + L. corpus body) situated or occurring outside the body.

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No:643 - extract (L. extractum) a concentrated preparation of a vegetable or animal drug obtained by removing the active constituents therefrom with a suitable menstruum, evaporating all or nearly all the solvent, and adjusting the residual mass or powder to a prescribed standard. Extracts are prepared in three forms; semiliquid or of syrupy consistency, pilular or solid, and as dry powder. No:644 - extraction (L. ex out + trahere to draw) the process or act of pulling or drawing out. No:645 - extrapyramidal outside of the pyramidal tracts. No:646 - extrarenal outside of the kidney. No:647 - extrasystole a premature contraction of the heart that is independent of the normal rhythm and arises in response to an impulse in some part of the heart other than the sinoatrial node; called also premature beat. No:648 - extravasation (extra + L. vas vessel) a discharge or escape, as of blood, from a vessel into the tissues. No:649 - extravascular situated or occurring outside a vessel or the vessels. No:650 - extreme as far away as possible from the centre, the beginning or the average; of the highest degree or intensity No:651 - extremity a limb; an arm or leg (membrum (NA)); sometimes applied specifically to a hand or foot. No:652 - exudate (L. exsudare to sweat out) material, such as fluid, cells, or cellular debris, which has escaped from blood vessels and has been deposited in tissues or on tissue surfaces, usually as a result of inflammation. An exudate, in contrast to a transudate, is characterized by a high content of protein, cells, or solid materials derived from cells. No:653 - facial (L. facialis from facies face) of or pertaining to the face. No:654 - factor (L. 'maker') any of several substances or activities that are necessary to produce a result, e.g. a coagulation factor. Often, use of the term 'factor' indicates that the chemical nature of the substance or its mechanism of action is unknown, as in endocrinology, where 'factors' are renamed as 'hormones' when their chemical nature is determined. No:655 - faecal pertaining to or of the nature of feces. 53

No:656 - feces (L. faeces, pl. of faex refuse) the excrement discharged from the intestines, consisting of bacteria, cells exfoliated from the intestines, secretions, chiefly of the liver, and a small amount of food residue. No:657 - fasciculation a small local contraction of muscles, visible through the skin, representing a spontaneous discharge of a number of fibres innervated by a single motor nerve filament. No:658 - fatal causing death, deadly; mortal; lethal. No:659 - febrile (L. febrilis) pertaining to or characterized by fever. No:660 - feedback the return of some of the output of a system as input so as to exert some control in the process. No:661 - femoral (L. femoralis) pertaining to the femur, or to the thigh. No:662 - fermentation (L. fermentatio) the anaerobic enzymatic conversion of organic compounds, especially carbohydrates, to simpler compounds, especially to ethyl alcohol, resulting in energy in the form of adenosine triphosphate (ATP); the process is used in the production of alcohol, bread, vinegar; and other food or industrial products. It differs from respiration in that organic substances rather than molecular oxygen are used as electron acceptors. Fermentation occurs widely in bacteria and yeasts, the process usually being identified by the product formed; e.g. , acetic, alcoholic, butyric, and lactic fermentation are those that result in the formation of acetic acid, alcohol, butyric acid, and lactic acid, respectively. No:663 - ferriprive suffering from, or characterized by iron deficiency. No:664 - fertility the capacity to conceive or induce conception. No:665 - fibrillation a small, local, involuntary contraction of muscle, invisible under the skin, resulting from spontaneous activation of single muscle cells or muscle fibres. No:666 - fibrin the insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen by the proteolytic action of thrombin during normal clotting of blood. Fibrin forms the essential portion of the blood clot. No:667 - fibrinolytic pertaining to, characterized by, or causing the dissolution of fibrin by enzymatic action No:668 - fibrosis the formation of fibrous tissue; fibroid or fibrous degeneration 54

No:669 - filmcoated coated by a thin transparent sheet of cellulose acetate or similar material with an emulsion that is sensitive to light or radiation. No:670 - filtration the passage of a liquid through a filter, accomplished by gravity, pressure, or vacuum (suction). No:671 - firstpass connected with the first barrier the medicine has to pass, where it is filtered. No:672 - fissure (L. fissura) any cleft or groove, normal or otherwise; especially a deep fold in the cerebral cortex which involves the entire thickness of the brain wall. No:673 - fistula (L. 'pipe') an abnormal passage or communication, usually between two internal organs, or leading from an internal organ to the surface of the body; frequently designated according to the organs or parts with which it communicates, as anovaginal, brochocutaneous, hepatopleural, pulmonoperitoneal, rectovaginal, urethrovaginal, and the like. Such passages are frequently created experimentally for the purpose of obtaining body secretions for physiologic study. No:674 - fixation (L. fixatio) 1. the act or operation of holding, suturing, or fastening in a fixed position. 2. the condition of being held in a fixed position. 3. in psychiatry, a term with two related but distinct meanings : (1) arrest of development at a particular stage, which like regression (return to an earlier stage), if temporary is a normal reaction to setbacks and difficulties but if protracted or frequent is a cause of developmental failures and emotional problems, and (2) a close and suffocating attachment to another person, especially a childhood figure, such as one's mother or father. Both meanings are derived from psychoanalytic theory and refer to 'fixation' of libidinal energy either in a specific erogenous zone, hence fixation at the oral, anal, or phallic stage, or in a specific object, hence mother or father fixation. 4. the use of a fixative (q.v.) to preserve histological or cytological specimens. 5. in chemistry, the process whereby a substance is removed from the gaseous or solution phase and localized, as in carbon dioxide fixation or nitrogen fixation. 6. in ophthalmology, direction of the gaze so that the visual image of the object falls on the fovea centralis. 7. in film processing, the chemical removal of all undeveloped salts of the film emulsion, leaving only the developed silver to form a permanent image. No:675 - flaccid (L. flaccidus) weak, lax and soft. No:676 - flatulence (L. flatulentia) the presence of excessive amounts of air or gases in the stomach or intestine, leading to distention of the organs. No:677 - flegmon or phlegmon (Gr. phlegmon) 1. a spreading, diffuse inflammatory reaction to infection with microaerophilic streptococci, which forms a suppurative or gangrenous and 55

undermining lesion that may extend into deep subcutaneous tissues and muscles, creating multiple small pockets of pus. Called also phlegmonous cellulitis. Cf. cellulitis and erysipelas. 2. a solid, swollen, inflamed mass of pancreatic tissue occurring as a complication of acute pancreatitis, which may subside spontaneously or become secondarily infected and develop into an abscess. No:678 - flexion (L. flexio) in gynaecology, a displacement of the uterus in which the organ is bent so far forward or backward that an acute angle forms between the fundus and the cervix. No:679 - fluor albus (L. 'a flow', a discharge) leucorrhea. No:680 - flush transient, episodic redness of the face and neck caused by certain diseases, ingestion of certain drugs or other substances, heat, emotional factors, or physical exertion. No:681 - flutter a rapid vibration or pulsation. No:682 - foetal of or pertaining to a fetus; pertaining to in utero development after the embryonic period. No:683 - foetoplacental pertaining to the fetus and placenta. No:684 - foetotoxic toxic to the foetus in utero. No:685 - folliculitis inflammation of a follicle or follicles; used ordinarily in reference to hair follicles, but sometimes in relation to follicles of other kinds. No:686 - fontanelle (Fr., dim. of fontaine spring, filter) a soft spot, such as one of the membranecovered spaces (fonticuli cranii (NA)) remaining in the incompletely ossified skull of a fetus or infant. No:687 - fraction in chemistry, one of the separable constituents of a substance. No:688 - fracture (L. fractura, from frangere to break) a break or rupture in a bone. No:689 - frequency 1. the number of occurrences of a periodic or recurrent process per unit time, e.g. the number of vibrations of a particle per second or the number of repetitions of a complete wave form (cycles) per second. 2. the number of members of a population or statistical sample falling in a particular class. 3. relative frequency; the average number of occurrences of a particular event in a large number of repeated trials. No:690 - frigidity

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coldness; especially, lack of sexual response in the female. No:691 - function (L. functio, from fungi to do) the special, normal, or proper physiologic activity of an organ or part. No:692 - fundamental pertaining to a base or foundation. No:693 - fungicide an agent that destroys fungi. No:694 - fungistatic inhibiting the growth of fungi. No:695 - fungus a general term used to denote a group of eukaryotic protists, including mushrooms, yeasts, rusts, moulds, smuts, etc., which are characterized by the absence of chlorophyll and by the presence of a rigid cell wall composed of chitin, mannans, and sometimes cellulose. They are usually of simple morphological form or show some reversible cellular specialization, such as the formation of pseudoparenchymatous tissue in the fruiting body of a mushroom. The dimorphic fungi grow, according to environmental conditions, as moulds or yeasts. No:696 - furunculosis 1. the persistent sequential occurrence of furuncles over a period of weeks or months. 2. the simultaneous occurrence of a number of furuncles. No:697 - galactorrhoea (galacto- + Gr. rhoia flow) excessive or spontaneous flow of milk; persistent secretion of milk irrespective of nursing. No:698 - galenical 1. usually cap : of or relating to Galen or his medical principles or method. 2. constituting a galenical. No:699 - ganglion (Gr. 'knot') 1. a knot, or knotlike mass. 2. (NA) a general term for a group of nerve cell bodies located outside the central nervous system; occasionally applied to certain nuclear groups within the brain or spinal cord, e.g. basal ganglia. 3. a benign cystic tumour occurring on a aponeurosis or tendon, as in the wrist or dorsum of the foot; it consists of a thin fibrous capsule enclosing a clear mucinous fluid. No:700 - gangrene (L. gangraena; Gr. gangraina an eating sore, which ends in mortification) death of tissue, usually in considerable mass and generally associated with loss of vascular (nutritive) supply and followed by bacterial invasion and putrefaction. Cf. necrosis. No:701 - gastralgia (gastr- + -algia) gastric colic. No:702 - gastritis

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(gastr- + -itis) inflammation of the stomach. No:703 - gastroduodenal pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and duodenum, as a gastroduodenal fistula. No:704 - gastroenteritis (gastro- + enteritis) an acute inflammation of the lining of the stomach and intestines, characterized by anorexia, nausea, diarrhoea, abdominal pain, and weakness, which has various causes, including food poisoning due to infection with such organisms as Escherichia coli, Staphylococcus aureus, and Salmonella species; consumption of irritating food or drink; or psychological factors such as anger, stress, and fear. Called also enterogastritis. No:705 - gastrointestinal (gastro- + intestinal) pertaining to or communicating with the stomach and intestine, as a gastrointestinal fistula. No:706 - gastrooesophageal pertaining to the stomach and oesophagus, as the gastrooesophageal junction. No:707 - genetic pertaining to reproduction, or to birth or origin. No:708 - genital (L. genitalis belonging to birth) pertaining to the genitalia. No:709 - genitourinary pertaining to the genital and urinary organs; urogenital; urinosexual. No:710 - geriatric pertaining to the treatment of the aged. No:711 - germicide an agent that kills pathogenic microorganisms. No:712 - gestation (L. gestatio, from gestare to bear) the period of development of the young in viviparous animals, from the time of fertilization of the ovum until birth. No:713 - gingivitis (gingiv- + -itis) inflammation of the gingivae. Gingivitis associated with bony changes is referred to as periodontitis. Called also oulitis and ulitis. No:714 - glaucoma (Gr. glaukoma opacity of the crystalline lens (from the dull grey gleam of the affected eye)) a group of eye diseases characterized by an increase in intraocular pressure which causes pathological changes in the optic disk and typical defects in the field of vision. No:715 - glomerular pertaining to or of the nature of a glomerulus, especially a renal glomerulus. No:716 - glomerulonephritis (glomerulus +nephritis) a variety of nephritis characterized by inflammation of the capillary loops in the glomeruli of the kidney. It occurs in acute, subacute, and

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chronic forms and may be secondary to haemolytic streptococcal infection. Evidence also supports possible immune or autoimmune mechanisms. No:717 - glossitis (gloss- + -itis) inflammation of the tongue. No:718 - glossodynia (glosso- + Gr. odyn pain) pain in the tongue; glossalgia. No:719 - glottis (Gr. glottis) (NA) the vocal apparatus of the larynx, consisting of the true vocal cords (plica) vocalis) and the opening between them (rima glottidis). No:720 - glucose (Gr. gleukos sweetness; glykys sweet) D-glucose, a monosaccharide (hexose), C6H12O6, also known as dextrose (q.v.), found in certain foodstuffs, especially fruits, and in the normal blood of all animals. It is the end product of carbohydrate metabolism and is the chief source of energy for living organisms, its utilization being controlled by insulin. Excess glucose is converted to glycogen and stored in the liver and muscles for use as needed and, beyond that, is converted to fat and stored as adipose tissue. Glucose appears in the urine in diabetes mellitus. No:721 - gluten (L. 'glue') the protein of wheat and other grains which gives to the dough its tough elastic character. No:722 - glycoside any compound that contains a carbohydrate molecule (sugar), particularly any such natural product in plants, convertible, by hydrolytic cleavage, into sugar and a nonsugar component (aglycone), and named specifically for the sugar contained, as glucoside (glucose), pentoside (pentose), fructoside (fructose) etc. No:723 - glycosuria (glyco- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) the presence of glucose in the urine; especially the excretion of an abnormally large amount of sugar (glucose) in the urine, i.e., more than 1 gm. in 24 hours. No:724 - gonadal pertaining to a gonad. No:725 - gonadotropic (gonad + Gr. tropos a turning) stimulating the gonads; applied to hormones of the anterior pituitary which influence the gonads. No:726 - gonioscopy examination of the angle of the anterior chamber of the eye with the gonioscope. No:727 - gonorrhoea (gono- + Gr. rhein to flow) infection due to Neisseria gonorrhoeae transmitted sexually in most cases, but also by contact with infected exudates in neonatal children at birth, or by infants in households with infected inhabitants. It is marked in males by urethritis with pain and purulent discharge, but is commonly asymptomatic in females, although it may extend to produce suppurative salpingitis, oophoritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, and peritonitis. Bacteraemia occurs

59

in both sexes, resulting in cutaneous lesions, arthritis, and rarely meningitis or endocarditis. Formerly called blennorrhagia and blennorrhoea. No:728 - gradual taking place by a series of small changes over a long period; not sudden. No:729 - gram-negative losing the stain or decolorized by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria having a cell wall composed of a thin layer of peptidoglycan covered by an outer membrane of lipoprotein and lipopolysaccharide. Cf. gram- positive. No:730 - gram-positive retaining the stain or resisting decolorization by alcohol in Gram's method of staining, a primary characteristic of bacteria whose cell wall is composed of a thick layer of peptidologlycan with attached teichoic acids. Cf. gramnegative. No:731 - Grandry's corpuscles (M. Grandry, Belgian physician of the 19th century) menisci tactus. No:732 - granule (L. granulum) a small pill made from sucrose. No:733 - granulocytopenia (granulocyte + Gr. penia poverty) agranulocytosis. No:734 - gravidity (L. graviditas) pregnancy; the condition of being pregnant, without regard to the outcome. No:735 - gynaecological pertaining to gynaecology. No:736 - gynaecomastia (gyneco- + Gr. mastos breast) excessive development of the male mammary glands, even to the functional state. No:737 - habitual of the nature of a habit; according to habit; established by or repeated by force of habit, customary. No:738 - haematemesis (haemat- + Gr. emesis vomiting) the vomiting of blood. No:739 - haematoma (haemato- + -oma) a localized collection of blood, usually clotted, in an organ, space, or tissue, due to a break in the wall of a blood vessel. No:740 - haematuria (haemat- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) blood in the urine. No:741 - haemeralopia (Gr. hmera day + alaos blind + -opia) day blindness; defective vision in a bright light. No:742 - haemodialysis

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the removal of certain elements from the blood by virtue of the difference in the rates of their diffusion through a semipermeable membrane, e.g., by means of a haemodialyzer. No:743 - haemolysis (haemo- + Gr. lysis dissolution) disruption of the integrity of the red cell membrane causing release of haemoglobin. Haemolysis may be caused by bacterial haemolysins, by antibodies that cause complement-dependent lysis, by placing red cells in a hyptonic solution, or by defects in the red cell membrane. No:744 - haemopathy (haemo- + Gr. pathos disease) any disease of the blood. No:745 - haemoperfusion 1. the act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of blood through the vessels of a specific organ. 2. blood poured over or through an organ or tissue. No:746 - haemophilia (haemo- + -philia) a haemorrhagic diathesis occurring in two main forms : (1) haemophilia A (classic haemophilia, factor VIII deficiency), an X-linked disorder due to deficiency of coagulation factor VIII; (2) haemophilia B (factor IX deficiency, Christmas disease), also X-linked, due to deficiency of coagulation factor IX. Both forms are determined by a mutant gene near the telomere of the long arm of the X chromosome (Xq), but a different loci, and are characterized by subcutaneous and intramuscular haemorrhages; bleeding from the mouth, gums, lips, and tongue; haematuria; and haemarthroses. No:747 - haemopoietic haematopoietic; pertaining to or effecting the formation of blood cells. No:748 - haemoptysis (haemo- + Gr. ptyein to spit) the expectoration of blood or of blood-stained sputum. No:749 - haemorrhage (haemo- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst forth) the escape of blood from the vessels; bleeding. Small haemorrhages are classified according to size as petechiae (very small), purpura (up to 1 cm), and ecchymoses (larger). The massive accumulation of blood within a tissue is called a haematoma. No:750 - haemorrhoid (Gr. haimorrhois) a varicose dilatation of a vein of the superior or inferior haemorrhoidal plexus, resulting from a persistent increase in venous pressure. No:751 - haemostasis (haemo- + Gr. stasis halt) the arrest of bleeding, either by the physiological properties of vasoconstriction and coagulation or by surgical means. No:752 - hallucination (L. hallucinatio; Gr. alyein to wander in the mind) a sense perception without a source in the external world; a perception of an external stimulus object in the absence of such an object. No:753 - haematological

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relating to haematology, that is that branch of medical science which treats of the morphology of the blood and blood-forming tissues. No:754 - hemiplegia (haemi- + Gr. plg stroke) paralysis of one side of the body. No:755 - hepatic (L. hepaticus; Gr. hpatikos) pertaining to the liver. No:756 - hepatitis (hepat- + -itis) inflammation of the liver. No:757 - hepatobiliary pertaining to the liver and the bile or the biliary ducts. No:758 - hepatocellular pertaining to or affecting liver cells. No:759 - hepatomegaly enlargement of the liver. No:760 - hepatotoxic toxic to liver cells. No:761 - heredity (L. hereditas) 1. the genetic transmission of a particular quality or trait from parent to offspring. 2. the genetic constitution of an individual. No:762 - hermetic (L. hermeticus) impervious to air; airtight. No:763 - hernia (he protrusion of a loop or knuckle of an organ or tissue through an abnormal opening. No:764 - progenitalis a group of acute infections causes by herpes simplex virus type 1 or type 2, characterized by the development of one or more small fluid-filled vesicles with a raised erythematous base on the skin or mucous membrane, and occurring as a primary infection or recurring because of reactivation of a latent infection. Type 1 infections usually involve nongenital regions of the body, whereas in type 2 infections the lesions are primarily seen on the genital and surrounding areas. Precipitating factors include fever, exposure to cold temperature or to ultraviolet rays, sunburn, cutaneous or mucosal abrasions, emotional stress, and nerve injury. No:765 - herpes (L.; Gr. herps, a spreading cutaneous eruption, from herpein to creep) any inflammatory skin disease caused by a herpesvirus and characterized by the formation of clusters of small vesicles. When used alone, the term may refer to herpes simplex or to herpes zoster. No:766 - hirsutism abnormal hairiness, especially an adult male pattern of hair distribution in women. Cf. hypertrichosis. No:767 - histologic, histological pertaining to histology. 62

No:768 - homeostasis (homeo- + Gr. stasis standing) a tendency to stability in the normal body states (internal environment) of the organism. It is achieved by a system of control mechanisms activated by negative feedback; e.g. a high level of carbon dioxide in extracellular fluid triggers increased pulmonary ventilation, which in turn causes a decrease in carbon dioxide concentration. No:769 - homogeneous (homo- + Gr. genos kind) consisting of or composed of similar elements or ingredients; of a uniform quality throughout. No:770 - homologous (Gr. homologos agreeing, correspondent) corresponding in structure, position, origin, etc., as (a) the feathers of a bird and the scales of a fish, (b) antigen and its specific antibody, (c) allelic chromosomes. Cf. analogous. No:771 - hormonal pertaining to or of the nature of a hormone. No:772 - hospitalization the confinement of a patient in a hospital, or the period of such confinement. No:773 - humeral 1. of, relating to, or situated in the region of the humerus : brachial. 2. of or belonging to the shoulder. 3. of, relating to, or being any of several body parts that are analogous in structure, function, or location to the humerus or shoulder. No:774 - humeroscapular humero- com form : humeral and < humerodorsal >. Scapular : of or relating to the shoulder or the scapula. No:775 - humoral of, relating to, proceeding from, or involving a bodily humour - now often used of endocrine factors as opposed to neural or somatic. No:776 - humour 1. a normal functioning fluid or semifluid of the body (as the blood, lymph or bile) especially of vertebrates. 2. a secretion that is itself an excitant of activity (as certain hormones). No:777 - hydration the condition of being combined with water. No:778 - hydroalcoholic (hydr- + alcohol + -ic) of or relating to water and alcohol. No:779 - hydrocephalus (hydro- + Gr. kephal head) a condition marked by dilatation of the cerebral ventricles, most often occurring secondarily to obstruction of the cerebrospinal fluid pathways, and accompanied by an accumulation of cerebrospinal fluid within the skull; the fluid is usually under increased pressure, but occasionally may be normal or nearly so. It is typically characterized by enlargement of the head, prominence of the forehead, brain atrophy, mental deterioration, and

63

convulsions; may be congenital or acquired; and may be of sudden onset (acute h.) or be slowly progressive (chronic or primary b.). No:780 - hydrolysis (hydro- + Gr. lysis dissolution) the splitting of a compound into fragments by the addition of water, the hydroxyl group being incorporated in one fragment, and the hydrogen atom in the other. No:781 - hydrophilic readily absorbing moisture; hygroscopic; having strongly polar groups that readily interact with water. No:782 - hydrophobic not readily absorbing water, or being adversely affected by water, as a hydrophobic colloid. No:783 - hydroxylation hydroxylate, to introduce hydroxyl into (a compound or radical) usually by replacement of hydrogen. No:784 - hygienic pertaining to hygiene, or conducive to health. No:785 - hyperaemia (hyper + Gr. haima blood + -ia) an excess of blood in a part; engorgement. No:786 - hyperaesthesia (hyper- + Gr. aisthsis sensation + -ia) increased sensitivity to stimulation. No:787 - hyperaldosteronism aldosteronism. No:788 - hyperalgesia (hyper- + Gr. algsis pain) excessive sensitiveness or sensibility to pain. No:789 - hyperbaric (hyper- + Gr. baros weight) characterized by greater than normal pressure or weight; applied to gases under greater than atmospheric pressure, as hyperbaric oxygen, or to a solution of greater specific gravity than another taken as a standard of reference. No:790 - hypercapnia (hyper + Gr. kapnos smoke) excess of carbon dioxide in the blood. No:791 - hyperemesis excessive vomiting. No:792 - hyperglycaemia (hyper- + Gr. glykys sweet +haima blood + -ia) abnormally increased content of sugar in the blood. No:793 - hyperhidrosis (hyper- + Gr. hidrosis sweating) excessive perspiration. Called also hyperidrosis, polyhidrosis, and polyidrosis. No:794 - hyperkalaemia Pathology: an abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood.

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No:795 - hyperkeratosis 1. hypertrophy of the corneous layer of the skin. 2a. any of various conditions marked by hyperkeratosis. 2b. a disease of cattle marked by thickening and wringling of the hide and formation of papillary outgrowths on the buccal mucous membranes, often accompanied by watery discharge from eyes and nose, diarrhoea, loss of condition, and abortion of pregnant animals, and now believed to result from ingestion of the chlorinated naphthalene of various lubricating oils. No:796 - hyperkinesia (hyper- + Gr. kinsis motion + -ia) abnormally increased motor function or activity; hyperactivity. No:797 - hyperlipidaemia (hyper- + lipid + -emia) a general term for elevated concentrations of any or all of the lipids in the plasma, including hyperlipoproteinaemia, hypercholesterolaemia, etc. No:798 - hyperostosis (hyper- + Gr. osteon bone + -osis) hypertrophy of bone; exostosis. No:799 - hyperplasia (hyper- + Gr. plasis formation) the abnormal multiplication or increase in the number of normal cells in normal arrangement in a tissue. Cf. hypertrophy. No:800 - hyperpyrexia exceptionally high fever either in comparison of the fever usually accompanying a particular disease or absolutely (as in heat stroke). No:801 - hyperreflexia (hyper- + reflex + -ia) exaggeration of reflexes. No:802 - hypersecretion excessive secretion. No:803 - hypersensitivity a state of altered reactivity in which the body reacts with an exaggerated immune response to a foreign substance. Hypersensitivity reactions are classified as immediate or delayed, types I and IV, respectively, in the Gell and Coombs classification (q.v.) of immune responses. No:804 - hyperstimulation excessive stimulation. No:805 - hypertension (hyper- + tension) persistently high arterial blood pressure. Various criteria for its threshold have been suggested, ranging from 140 mm. Hg systolic and 90 mm. Hg diastolic to as high as 200 mm. Hg systolic and 110 mm. Hg diastolic. Hypertension may have no known cause (essential or idiopathic h.) or be associated with other primary diseases (secondary h.). No:806 - hyperthermia (hyper- + Gr. therm heat + -ia) abnormally high body temperature, especially that induced for therapeutic purposes. No:807 - hyperthyroidism 65

1. excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland. 2. the abnormal condition resulting from hyperthyroidism marked by increased metabolic rate, enlargement of the thyroid gland, rapid heart rate, high blood pressure, and various secondary symptoms. No:808 - hypertonia or hypertony n, pl. hypertonias or hypertonies : hypertonicity. n. Pathology: increased rigidity, tension and spasticity of the muscles. No:809 - hypertrichosis (hyper + Gr. thrix hair + -osis) excessive growth of the hair. Called also polytrichia and polytrichosis. Cf. hirsutism. No:810 - hypertrophy (hyper- + Gr. troph) nutrition) the enlargement or overgrowth of an organ or part due to an increase in size of its constituent cells. Cf. hyperplasia. No:811 - hyperuricaemia excess of uric acid or urates in the blood; it is a prerequisite for the development or gout and may lead to renal disease. Called also uricacidaemia and, formerly, lithemia. No:812 - hyperventilation a state in which there is an increased amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli (increased alveolar ventilation), resulting in reduction of carbon dioxide tension and eventually leading to alkalosis. No:813 - hypervitaminosis a condition due to ingestion of an excess of one or more vitamins; called also supervitaminosis. No:814 - hypervolaemia (hyper- + volume + Gr. haima blood + -ia) abnormal increase in the volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body. No:815 - hypnotic (Gr. hypnotikos) a drug that acts to induce sleep. No:816 - hypoacusis or hypacusis (hypo- Gr. akousis hearing) slightly diminished auditory sensitivity, with hearing threshold levels above the normal limit so that the impairment is measurable in decibels. No:817 - hypochondriasis (so called because it was supposed by the ancients to be due to disturbed function of the organs of the upper abdomen) (DSM III-R) a mental disorder characterized by a preoccupation with bodily functions and the interpretation of normal sensations (such as heart beats, sweating, peristaltic action, and bowel movements) or minor abnormalities (such as a runny nose, minor aches and pains, or slightly swollen lymph nodes) as indications of highly disturbing problems needing medical attention. Negative results of diagnostic evaluations and reassurance by physicians only increase the patient's anxious concern about his health, and the patient continues to seek medical attention. Called also hypochondriacal neurosis. 66

No:818 - hypodermic (hypo- + Gr. derma skin) applied or administered beneath the skin. No:819 - hypoglycaemia (hypo- + Gr. glykys sweet + haima blood + -ia) an abnormally diminished concentration of glucose in the blood, which may lead to tremulousness, cold sweat, piloerection, hypothermia, and headache, accompanied by irritability, confusion, hallucinations, bizarre behaviour, and ultimately, convulsions and coma. No:820 - hypogonadism a condition resulting from or characterized by abnormally decreased functional activity of the gonads, with retardation of growth and sexual development. No:821 - hypokalaemia abnormally low potassium concentration in the blood; it may result from potassium loss by renal secretion or by the gastrointestinal route, as by vomiting or diarrhoea. It may be manifested clinically by neuromuscular disorders ranging from weakness to paralysis, by electrocardiographic abnormalities (depression of the T wave and elevation of the U wave), by renal disease, and by gastrointestinal disorders. No:822 - hypomania (hypo- + Gr. mania madness) an abnormality of mood resembling mania (persistent elevated or expansive mood, hyperactivity, inflated self-esteem, etc.) but of lesser intensity. No:823 - hypophyseal hypophysial. No:824 - hypoplasia (hypo- + Gr. plasis formation + -ia) incomplete development or underdevelopment of an organ or tissue. No:825 - hypotension abnormally low blood pressure; seen in shock but not necessarily indicative of it. No:826 - hypotensive characterized by or causing diminished tension or pressure, as abnormally low blood pressure. No:827 - hypothalamic of or involving the hypothalamus. No:828 - hypothermia (hypo- + Gr. therm heat + -ia) a low body temperature, as that due to exposure in cold weather or a state of low temperature of the body induced as a means of decreasing metabolism of tissues and thereby the need for oxygen, as used in various surgical procedures, especially on the heart, or in an excised organ being preserved for transplantation. No:829 - hypothesis

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a supposition that appears to explain a group of phenomena and is advanced as a basis for further investigation; a proposition that is subject to proof or to an experimental or statistical test. No:830 - hypothyroidism deficiency of thyroid activity. In adults, it is most common in women and is characterized by decrease in basal metabolic rate, tiredness and lethargy, sensitivity to cold, and menstrual disturbances. If untreated, it progresses to fullblown myxoedema. In infants, severe hypothyroidism leads to cretinism. In juveniles, the manifestations are intermediate, with less severe mental and developmental retardation and only mild symptoms of the adult form. When due to pituitary deficiency of thyrotropin secretion it is called secondary hypothyroidism. No:831 - hypotonia (hypo- + Gr. tonos tone + -ia) a condition of diminished tone of the skeletal muscles; diminished resistance of muscles to passive stretching. No:832 - hypotrophy (hypo- + Gr. troph nutrition) abiotrophy. No:833 - hypouricaemia deficiency of uric acid in the blood, along with xanthinuria, due to deficiency of xanthine oxidase, the enzyme required for conversion of hypoxanthine to xanthine and of xanthine to uric acid. No:834 - hypoventilation a state in which there is a reduced amount of air entering the pulmonary alveoli. No:835 - hypovitaminosis a condition due to a deficiency of one or more essential vitamins. No:836 - hypovolaemia (hypo- + volume + Gr. haima blood + -ia) abnormally decreased volume of circulating fluid (plasma) in the body. No:837 - hypoxemia (hypo- + oxygen + Gr. haima blood + -ia) deficient oxygenation of the blood; hypoxia. No:838 - hypoxia reduction of oxygen supply to tissue below physiological levels despite adequate perfusion of the tissue by blood. Cf. anoxia. No:839 - hysterectomy (hystero- + Gr. ektom excision) the operation of excising the uterus, performed either through the abdominal wall (abdominal h.) or through the vagina (vaginal h.) No:840 - iatrogenic (iatro- + Gr. gennan to produce) resulting from the activity of physicians. Originally applied to disorders induced in the patient by autosuggestion based on the physician's examination, manner, or discussion, the term is now applied to any adverse condition in a patient occurring as the result of treatment by a physician

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or surgeon, especially to infections acquired by the patient during the course of treatment. Cf. nosocomial. No:841 - ichthyosis (ichthy- + -osis) a group of cutaneous disorders characterized by increased or aberrant keratinization, resulting in noninflammatory scaling of the skin. Many different metaphors have been used to describe the appearance and texture of the skin in the various types and stages of ichthyosis, e.g. alligator, collodion, crocodile, fish, and porcupine skin. Most ichthyoses are genetically determined, while some may be acquired and develop in association with various systemic diseases or be a prominent feature in certain genetic syndromes. The term is commonly used alone to refer to i. vulgaris. No:842 - icterus (L.; Gr. ikteros) jaundice. No:843 - identical having the same cause or origin. No:844 - identification an unconscious defense mechanism by which a person patterns himself after another person. No:845 - idiopathic of the nature of an idiopathy; self-originated; of unknown causation. No:846 - idiosyncrasy (idio- + Gr. synkrasis mixture) an abnormal susceptibility to some drug, protein, or other agent which is peculiar to the individual. No:847 - ileitis inflammation of the ileum. No:848 - ileus (L.; Gr. eileos, from eilein to roll up) obstruction of the intestines. No:849 - immaturity the state or quality of being unripe or not fully developed. No:850 - immobilization the act of rendering immovable, as by a cast or splint. No:851 - immune (L. immunis free, exempt) protected against, infectious disease by either specific or nonspecific mechanisms. No:852 - immunity (L. immunitas) the condition of being immune; the protection against infectious disease conferred either by the immune response generated by immunization or previous infection or by other nonimmunologic factors (innate i.). No:853 - immunization the induction of immunity. No:854 - immunogenic producing immunity; evoking an immune response.

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No:855 - immunologic, immunological pertaining to immunology. No:856 - immunosuppressant an agent capable of suppressing immune responses. No:857 - impetigo a contagious pyoderma caused by direct inoculation of group A streptococci or Staphylococcus aureus into superficial cutaneous abrasions or compromised skin, most commonly seen in children, usually located on the face, especially about the nose and mouth, and characterized by the presence of discrete fragile vesicles surrounded by an erythematous border that become pustular and rupture to discharge a thin, amber-coloured seropurulent fluid that dries and forms a thick yellowish crust; the pustules may spread peripherally with central healing, evolving into annular, circinate, or gyrate patterns; Called also i. contagiosa, i. vulgaris and streptococcal i. No:858 - implantation (L. in into + plantare to set) the insertion or grafting into the body of biological, living, inert, or radioactive material. No:859 - implication a possible later effect of an action. No:860 - impotentia impotence; inability. No:861 - impregnation (L. impregnatio) 1. the act of fecundation or of rendering pregnant. 2. the process or act of saturation; a saturated condition. No:862 - inactive not active. No:863 - inadequate 1. not adequate of sufficient; inept of unsuitable. 2. Psychiatry, ineffectual in response to emotional, social, intellectual, and physical demands in the absence of any obvious mental or physical deficiency. No:864 - incarceration (L. incarceration-, incarceratio, Fr. L. incarceratus + -ion-, -io, -ion) abnormal retention or confinement of a body part; specifically : a constriction of the neck of a hernial sac so that the hernial contents become irreducible. No:865 - incidence 1a. an act or the fact or manner of falling upon or affecting. 1b. rate, range, or amount of occurrence or influence. No:866 - incidental 1. small and relatively unimportant, minor; 2. accompanying, but not a major part of something; 3. (to something) liable to occur because of something or in connection with something (said of risks, responsibilities, ...) No:867 - incision 70

1. cleft, cut, gash. 2. an act or action of incising. No:868 - incisive 1. having the power or quality of cutting. 2. pertaining to the incisor teeth. No:869 - inclusive including something, including much or all. No:870 - incompatible (L. incompatibilis) not suitable for combination or simultaneous administration; mutually repellent. No:871 - incompetence (L. in not + competens sufficient) physical or mental inadequacy or insufficiency. No:872 - incontinence (L. incontinentia) inability to control excretory functions, as defecation (faecal i.) or urination (urinary i.). No:873 - incorporation (L. in into + corpus body) 1. the union of one substance with another, or with others, in a composite mass. 2. in psychoanalytic theory, a primitive unconscious defense mechanism in which aspects of another person are assimilated into the self through a figurative process of symbolic oral ingestion. No:874 - incubation (L. incubatio) the development of an infectious disease from the entrance of the pathogen to the appearance of clinical symptoms. No:875 - indicate 1. to show the probable presence of existence or nature or course of : give fair evidence of : be a fairly certain sign or symptom of (...). 2. to demonstrate or suggest the probable necessity or advisability. No:876 - indication (L. indicatio) a sign or circumstance which points to or shows the cause, pathology, treatment, or issue of an attack of disease; that which points out; that which serves as a guide or warning. No:877 - indicative that indicates; that points out more or less exactly; that reveals fairly clearly. No:878 - indirect (L. indirectus) 1. not immediate or straight. 2. acting through an intermediary agent. No:879 - individual marked by a distinctness and a complexity within a unity that characterizes organized things, concepts, organic beings and persons. No:880 - induction (L. inductio) the act or process of inducing or causing to occur, especially the production of a specific morphogenetic effect in the developing embryo through the influence of evocators or organizers, or the production of anaesthesia or unconsciousness by use of appropriate agents. No:881 - induration 71

(L. induratio) 1. the quality of being hard; the process of hardening. 2. an abnormally hard spot or place. No:882 - inertia inactivity, inability to move spontaneously. No:883 - infantile (L. infantilis) pertaining to an infant or to infancy. No:884 - infarction (L. infarcire to stuff in) 1. the formation of an infarct. 2. an infarct. No:885 - infaust (L. infaustus unlucky) unfavourable. No:886 - infection 1. invasion and multiplication of microorganisms in body tissues, which may be clinically unapparent or result in local cellular injury due to competitive metabolism, toxins, intracellular replication, or antigen-antibody response. The infection may remain localized, subclinical, and temporary if the body's defensive mechanisms are effective. A local infection may persist and spread by extension to become an acute, subacute, or chronic clinical infection or disease state. A local infection may also become systemic when the microorganisms gain access to the lymphatic or vascular system. 2. an infectious disease. No:887 - infiltration (L. in into + filtration) the diffusion or accumulation in a tissue or cells of substances not normal to it or in amounts of the normal. Also, the material so accumulated. No:888 - inflammation (L. inflammatio; inflammare to set on fire) a localized protective response elicited by injury or destruction of tissues, which serves to destroy, dilute, or wall off (sequester) both the injurious agent and the injured tissue. It is characterized in the acute form by the classical signs of pain (dolour), heat (colour), redness (rubor), swelling (tumour), and loss of function (functio laesa). Histologically, it involves a complex series of events, including dilatation of arterioles, capillaries, and venules, with increased permeability and blood flow; exudation of fluids, including plasma proteins; and leucocytic migration into the inflammatory focus. No:889 - influenza (Ital. 'influenza') an acute viral infection involving the respiratory tract, occurring in isolated cases, in epidemics, or in pandemics striking many continents simultaneously or in sequence. It is marked by inflammation of the nasal mucosa, the pharynx, and conjunctiva, and by headache and severe, often generalized myalgia. Fever, chills, and prostration are common. Involvement of the myocardium and of the central nervous system occur infrequently. A necrotizing bronchitis and interstitial pneumonia are prominent features of severe influenza and account for the susceptibility of patients to secondary bacterial pneumonia due to Streptococcus pneumoniae, Haemophilus influenzae, and Staphylococcus aureus. The incubation period is one to three days and the disease ordinarily lasts for three to ten days. Influenza is caused by a number of serologically distinct

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strains of virus, designated A (with many subgroups), B, and C. Called also flu and grippe (grip). No:890 - infuse to pour (a liquid) into something. No:891 - infusion the therapeutic introduction of a fluid other than blood, as saline solution, solution, into a vein. No:892 - ingestion the act of taking food, medicines, etc., into the body, by mouth. No:893 - inguinal (L. inguinalis) pertaining to the inguen, or groin. No:894 - inhalation (L. inhalatio) the drawing of air or other substances into the lungs. No:895 - inherent (L. inhaerens sticking fast) implanted by nature; intrinsic; innate. No:896 - inhibition (L. inhibre to restrain, from in in + habre to hold) arrest or restraint of a process. No:897 - initial (L. initialis from initium beginning) pertaining to the very first stage of any process. No:898 - injection (L. injectio, from inicere to throw into) the act of forcing a liquid into a part, as into the subcutaneous tissues, the vascular tree, or an organ. Cf. infusion. No:899 - innervation (L. in into + nervus nerve) 1. the distribution or supply of nerves to a part. 2. the supply of nervous energy or of nerve stimulus sent to a part. No:900 - inoperable not suitable to be operated upon. No:901 - inorganic (in- not + organic) pertaining to substances not of organic origin. No:902 - inotropic (ino- + Gr. trepein to turn or influence) affecting the force or energy of muscular contractions. No:903 - insertion (L. inserere to join to) 1. the place of attachment, as of a muscle to the bone which it moves. 2. in genetics, a rare nonreciprocal translocation (q.v.) involving three breaks in which a segment is removed from one chromosome and then inserted into a broken region of a nonhomologous chromosome. No:904 - in situ in the natural or normal place; confined to the site of origin without invasion of neighbouring tissues. No:905 - insomnia

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(L. in not + somnus sleep + -ia) inability to sleep; abnormal wakefulness. No:906 - inspiration (L. inspirare, from in in + spirare to breathe) the act of drawing air into the lungs. No:907 - instability the quality or state of being unstable. No:908 - instillation (L. instillatio, from in into + stillare to drop). No:909 - instruction the act of furnishing with authoritative directions. No:910 - insufficiency (L. insufficientia, from in not + sufficiens sufficient) the condition of being insufficient or inadequate to the performance of the allotted duty. No:911 - insult (L. insultus attack) injury or trauma; attack. No:912 - intact of a living body or its parts : physically and functionally complete : having no relevant component removed or destroyed. No:913 - integrity 1. quality of being honest and morally upright; 2. condition of being whole or undivided (a nation's integrity, the integrity of the patient). No:914 - integumentary pertaining to or composed of skin. No:915 - intelligence (L. intelligere to understand) the ability to comprehend or understand. No:916 - intensity (L. intensus intense; in on + tendere to stretch) the condition or quality of being intense; a high degree of tension, activity, or energy. No:917 - intention tremor a tremor which arises or which is intensified when a voluntary, coordinated movement is attempted. No:918 - interaction the quality, state, or process of (two or more things) acting on each other. No:919 - intercostal (inter- ++ L. costa rib) situated between the ribs. No:920 - interference (inter- + L. ferire to strike) opposition or hampering of an action or procedure. No:921 - interindividual occurring between two or more individuals. No:922 - intermediary (inter- + L. medius middle) 1. performed or occurring in a median stage; neither early nor late; intermediate. 2. an intermediate stage. No:923 - intermittent 74

(L. intermittens; inter between + mittere to send) occurring at separated intervals; having periods of cessation of activity. No:924 - internal (L. internus) situated or occurring within or on the inside; many anatomical structures formerly called internal are now correctly termed medial. No:925 - interpretation in psychotherapy, the therapist's explanation of the latent or hidden meanings of what the patient says, does, or experiences, in terms which are understandable to him. No:926 - interstitial (L. interstitialis; inter between + sistere to set) pertaining to or situated between parts or in the interspaces of a tissue. No:927 - intertrigo (inter- + L. terere to rub) a superficial dermatitis occurring on apposed skin surfaces, such as the axillae, creases of the neck, intergluteal fold, groin, between the toes, and beneath pendulous breasts, with obesity being a predisposing factor, caused by moisture, friction, warmth, and sweat retention, and characterized by erythema, maceration, burning, itching, and sometimes erosions, fissures, and exudations and secondary infections. Called also eczema intertrigo. No:928 - interval (inter- + vallum rampart) the space between two objects or parts; the lapse of time between two recurrences or paroxysms. No:929 - intervention the act or fact of interfering so as to modify. No:930 - intervertebral (inter- + vertebra) situated between two contiguous vertebrae. No:931 - intestinal (L. intestinalis) pertaining to the intestine. No:932 - intolerance (L. in not + tolerare to bear) inability to withstand; sensitivity, as to a drug. No:933 - intoxication (L. in intensive + Gr. toxikon poison) poisoning, the state of being poisoned. No:934 - intraindividual being or occurring within the individual. No:935 - intramuscular (intra- + L. musculus muscle) within the substance of a muscle. No:936 - intraocular within the eye. No:937 - intrathecal within a sheath. No:938 - intravascular (intra- + L. vasculum vessel) within a vessel or vessels.

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No:939 - intravenous within a vein or veins. No:940 - intrinsic (L. intrinsecus, situated on the inside) situated entirely within or pertaining exclusively to a part. No:941 - intubation (L. in into + tuba tube) the insertion of a tube into a body canal or hollow organ, as into the trachea or stomach. No:942 - invalidate to weaken or make valueless : to discredit. No:943 - invasive 1. having the quality of invasiveness. 2. involving puncture or incision of the skin or insertion of an instrument or foreign material into the body; said of diagnostic techniques. No:944 - invert sugar subjected to chemical inversion : inverted. No:945 - in vitro within a glass; observable in a test tube; in an artificial environment. No:946 - in vivo within the living body. No:947 - involution (L. involutio; in into + volvere to roll) 1. a rolling or turning inward. 2. one of the movements involved in the gastrulation of many animals. 3. a retrograde change of the entire body or in a particular organ, as the retrograde changes in the female genital organs that result in normal size after delivery. 4. the progressive degeneration occurring naturally with advancing age, resulting in shrivelling of organs or tissues. No:948 - ionization 1. any process by which a neutral atom gains or loses electrons, thus acquiring a net charge, as the dissociation of a substance in solution into ions or ion production by the passage of radioactive particles. 2. iontophoresis. No:949 - ionogram the result of ionography. No:950 - iridocyclitis (irido- + cyclitis) inflammation of the iris and of the ciliary body; anterior uveitis. No:951 - iritis (iris + -itis) inflammation of the iris, usually marked by pain, congestion in the ciliary region, photophobia, contraction of the pupil, and discoloration of the iris. No:952 - irreversible incapable of being reversed. No:953 - irrigation

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(L. irrigatio, in into + rigare to carry water) washing by a stream of water or other fluid. No:954 - irritation (L. irritatio) a state of overexcitation and undue sensitivity. No:955 - ischemia (Gr. ischein to suppress + haima blood + -ia) deficiency of blood in a part, due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel. No:956 - isolate to separate from other persons, materials, or objects. No:957 - isotonic (iso- + Gr. tonos tone) a biological term denoting a solution in which body cells can be bathed without a net flow of water across the semipermeable cell membrane. Also, denoting a solution having the same tonicity as some other solution with which it is compared, such as physiologic salt solution and the blood serum. No:958 - jejunum (L. 'empty') (NA) that portion of the small intestine which extends from the duodenum to the ileum; called also intestinum jejunum. No:959 - juvenile pertaining to youth or childhood; young or immature. No:960 - keloid (Gr. kl tumour + eidos form) a sharply elevated, irregularly- shaped, progressively enlarging scar due to the formation of excessive amounts of collagen in the corium during connective tissue repair. No:961 - keratitis (kerat- + -itis) inflammation of the cornea. Cf. keratoconjunctivitis. No:962 - keratoconjunctivitis (kerato- + conjunctivitis) inflammation of the cornea and conjunctiva. No:963 - keratolytic an agent that promotes keratolysis. No:964 - ketoacidosis acidosis accompanied by the accumulation of ketone bodies (ketosis) in the body tissues and fluids, as in diabetic acidosis. No:965 - kinetic (Gr. kintikos) pertaining to or producing motion. No:966 - koilonychia (koilo- + onyx nail + -ia) dystrophy of the fingernails, sometimes associated with iron deficiency anaemia, in which they are thin and concave, with the edges raises; called also spoon nail. No:967 - labile (L. labilis unstable, from labi to glide) 1. gliding; moving from point to point over the surface; unstable; fluctuating. 2. chemically unstable.

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No:968 - laceration (L. laceratio) 1. the act of tearing. 2. a torn, ragged, mangled wound. No:969 - lacrimal pertaining to the tears. No:970 - lactation (L. lactatio, from lactare to suckle) the period of the secretion of milk. No:971 - laryngitis inflammation of the larynx, a condition attended with dryness and soreness of the throat, hoarseness, cough and dysphagia. No:972 - lassitude (L. lassitudo weariness) weakness; exhaustion. No:973 - latent period a seemingly inactive period, as that between exposure of tissue to an injurious agent and the manifestation of response, or that between the instant of stimulation and the beginning of response. No:974 - lateral (L. lateralis) 1. denoting a position farther from the median plane or midline of the body or of a structure. 2. pertaining to a side. No:975 - laxative (L. laxativus) an agent that acts to promote evacuation of the bowel; a cathartic or purgative. No:976 - lenticular (L. lenticularis) 1. pertaining to or shaped like a lens. 2. pertaining to the crystalline lens. 3. pertaining to the lenticular nucleus. No:977 - lesion (L. laesio; laedere to hurt) any pathological or traumatic discontinuity of tissue or loss of function of a part. No:978 - lethal (L. lethalis, from lethum death) deadly, fatal. No:979 - lethargy (Gr. lthargia drowsiness) abnormal drowsiness or stupor; a condition of indifference. No:980 - leukaemia an acute or chronic disease of unknown cause in man and other warm-blooded animals that involves the blood-forming organs, is characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of leucocytes in the tissues of the body with or without a corresponding increase of those in the circulating blood, and is classified according of the type leucocyte most prominently involved. No:981 - leukocytic or leucocytic pertaining to leucocytes. No:982 - leukocytosis or leucocytosis

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a transient increase in the number of leucocytes in the blood, resulting from various causes, as haemorrhage, fever, infection, inflammation, etc. No:983 - leukopenia or leucopenia (leucocyte + Gr. penia poverty) reduction in the number of leucocytes in the blood, the count being 5000 per cu. mm. or less. No:984 - leukoplakia or leucoplakia (leuko- + Gr. plax plate + -ia) 1. a white patch on a mucous membrane that will not rub off. 2. oral. No:985 - leukorrhea or leucorrhea (leuko- + Gr. rhoia flow) a whitish, viscid discharge from the vagina and uterine cavity. No:986 - libido sexual desire. No:987 - lichenification hypertrophy of the epidermis, resulting in thickening of the skin with exaggeration of the normal skin markings, giving the skin a leathery barklike appearance, which is caused by prolonged rubbing or scratching. It may arise on seemingly normal skin, or it may develop at the site of another pruritic cutaneous disorder. No:988 - ligament a band of fibrous tissue that connects bones or cartilages, serving to support and strengthen joints. No:989 - limbic pertaining to a limbus, or margin; forming a border around. No:990 - linear (L. linearis) pertaining to or resembling a line. No:991 - lipid any of a heterogeneous group of flats and fatlike substances characterized by being water-insoluble and being extractable by nonpolar (or fat) solvents such as alcohol, ether, chloroform, benzene, etc. All contain as a major constituent aliphatic hydrocarbons. The lipids, which are easily stored in the body, serve as a source of fuel, are an important constituent of cell structure, and serve other biological functions. Lipids may be considered to include fatty acids, neutral fats, waxes, and steroids. Compound lipids comprise the glycolipids, lipoproteins, and phospholipids. No:992 - lipodystrophy (lipo- + dystrophy) 1. any disturbance of fat metabolism. 2. a group of conditions due to defective metabolism of fat, resulting in the absence of subcutaneous fat, which may be congenital or acquired and partial or total. Called also lipoatrophy and lipodystrophia. No:993 - lipophilic having an affinity for fat; pertaining to or characterized by lipophilia. No:994 - lipoprotein

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any of the lipid-protein complexes in which lipids are transported in the blood; lipoprotein particles consist of a spherical hydrophobic core of triglycerides or cholesterol esters surrounded by an amphipathic monolayer of phospholipids, cholesterol, and apolipoproteins; the four principal classes are high-density, lowdensity, and very-low-density lipoproteins and chylomicrons. No:995 - liposome (lipo- + Gr. soma body) a spherical particle in an aqueous medium, formed by a lipid bilayer enclosing an aqueous compartment. No:996 - liquifilm a thin liquid layer of coating. No:997 - liquor 1. a liquid, especially an aqueous solution containing a medicinal substance. 2. a general term used in anatomical nomenclature for certain fluids of the body. See also solution. No:998 - livedo a discoloured spot or patch on the skin, commonly due to passive congestion; commonly used alone to refer to l. reticularis. No:999 - loading dose a quantity higher than the average or maintenance dose, used at the initiation of therapy to rapidly establish a desired level of the drug No:1000 - lobe (L. globus, from Gr. lobos) a more or less well-defined portion of any organ, especially of the brain, lungs, and glands. Lobes are demarcated by fissures, sulci, connective tissue, and by their shape. No:1001 - local (L. localis) restricted to or pertaining to one spot or part; not general. No:1002 - localization 1. the determination of the site or place of any process or lesion. 2. restriction to a circumscribed or limited area. 3. prelocalization. No:1003 - lochia (Gr. lochia) the vaginal discharge that takes place during the first week or two after childbirth. No:1004 - locomotor of or pertaining to locomotion; pertaining to or affecting the locomotive apparatus of the body. No:1005 - locoregional the characteristic of a disease-producing organism to transfer itself, but typically to the same region of the body (a leg, the lungs, ...) No:1006 - luetic syphilitic: affected with, caused by, or pertaining to syphilis. No:1007 - lumbago (L. lumbus loin) pain in the lumbar region. No:1008 - lumbar 80

pertaining to the loins, the part of the back between the thorax and the pelvis. No:1009 - lumen (L. 'light') the cavity or channel within a tube or tubular organ. No:1010 - luxatio dislocation. No:1011 - lymphadenopathy (lymphaden + Gr. pathos disease) disease of the lymph nodes. No:1012 - lymphangitis inflammation of a lymphatic vessel or vessels. Acute lymphangitis may result from spread of bacterial infection (most commonly beta-haemolytic streptococci) into the lymphatics, manifested by painful subcutaneous red streaks along the course of the vessels. No:1013 - lymphocytic pertaining to, characterized by, or of the nature of lymphocytes. No:1014 - lymphoma (lymph- + -oma) any neoplastic disorder of the lymphoid tissue, the term lymphoma often is used alone to denote malignant lymphoma. No:1015 - lyophilisate the product of lyophilization ( the creation of a stable preparation of a biological substance, such as blood plasma or serum, by rapid freezing and dehydration of the frozen product under high vacuum). No:1016 - lytic 1. pertaining to lysis or to a lysin. 2. producing lysis. No:1017 - maceration (L. maceratio) the softening of a solid by soaking. In histology, the softening of a tissue by soaking, especially in acids, until the connective tissue fibres are so dissolved that the tissue components can be teased apart. In obstetrics, the degenerative changes with discoloration and softening of tissues, and eventual disintegration, of a fetus retained in the uterus after its death. No:1018 - macula a stain, spot, or thickening (NA). Often used alone to refer to the macula retinae. No:1019 - maculopapular both macular and papular, as an eruption consisting of both macules and papules; sometimes erroneously used to designate a papule that is only slightly elevated. No:1020 - malabsorption impaired intestinal absorption of nutrients. No:1021 - malaise a vague feeling of bodily discomfort. No:1022 - malformation (L. malus evil + formatio a forming) a morphologic defect resulting from an intrinsically abnormal developmental process. No:1023 - malignant

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(L. malignans acting maliciously) tending to become progressively worse and to result in death. Having the properties of anaplasia, invasion, and metastasis; said of tumours. No:1024 - mammary (L. mammarius) pertaining to the mamma, or breast. No:1025 - mania excitement of psychotic proportions manifested by mental and physical hyperactivity, disorganization of behaviour, and elevation of mood. No:1026 - manic affected with mania. No:1027 - manifest being the part or aspect of a phenomenon that is directly observable : concretely expressed in behaviour. No:1028 - manifestation something that manifest or constitutes on expression of something else : a perceptible, outward, or visible expression. No:1029 - massage (Fr.; Gr. massein to knead) the systematic therapeutic friction, stroking, and kneading of the body. No:1030 - massive having a solid bulky form; heavy; in a mass; complete. No:1031 - masticatory 1. subserving or pertaining to mastication; affecting the muscles of mastication. 2. a remedy to be chewed but not swallowed. No:1032 - mastitis (mast- + -itis) inflammation of the mammary gland, or breast. No:1033 - mastocyte (German Mast food + -cyte) a mast cell. No:1034 - mastodynia (masto- + Gr. odyn pain) pain in the breast. No:1035 - mastoiditis inflammation of the mastoid antrum and cells. No:1036 - maxillary (L. maxillaris) pertaining to the maxilla : the irregularly shaped bone that with its fellow forms the upper jaw. No:1037 - maximal the greatest possible, allowable, or appreciable; the reverse of minimal. No:1038 - maximum (L. 'greatest') 1. the greatest possible or actual effect or quantity. 2. the acme of a disease or process. No:1039 - mechanism

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(Gr. mchan machine) the manner of combination of parts; processes, etc., which subserve a common function. No:1040 - median (L. medianus) any value that divides the probability of a random variable in half, i.e. the probability of observing a value above the median and the probability of observing a value below the median are both less than or equal to one half. For a finite population or sample, the median is the middle value of an odd number of values (arranged in ascending order) or any value between the two middle values of an even number of values; in the latter case it is conventional to use the average of the two middle values. No:1041 - mediate indirect; accomplished by the aid of an intervening medium. No:1042 - mediator an object or substance by which something is mediated, such as (1) a structure of the nervous system that transmits impulses eliciting a specific response; (2) a chemical substance (transmitter substance) that induces activity in an excitable tissue, such as nerve or muscle; or (3) a substance released from cells as the result of the interaction of antigen with antibody or by the action of antigen with a sensitized lymphocyte. No:1043 - medical pertaining to medicine or to the treatment of diseases; pertaining to medicine as opposed to surgery. No:1044 - medicament (L. medicamentum) a medicinal substance or agent. No:1045 - medication (L. medicatio) impregnation with a medicine. 2. the ad-ministration of remedies. 3. a medicament. No:1046 - medicinal (L. medicinalis) 1. having healing qualities. 2. pertaining to a medicine or to healing. No:1047 - medullary (L. medullaris) pertaining to the marrow or to any medulla; resembling marrow. No:1048 - megacolon an abnormally large or dilated colon; the condition may be congenital or acquired, acute or chronic. No:1049 - megaloblastic a large abnormal red blood cell appearing in the blood in pernicious anaemia. No:1050 - melena (Gr. melaina, feminine of Gr. melas black) 1. the passage of dark, pitchy, and grumous stools stained with blood pigments or with altered blood. 2. black vomit. No:1051 - melanoma (melano- + -oma) a tumour arising from the melanocytic system of the skin and other organs. When used alone the term refers to malignant melanoma.

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No:1052 - melanosis (melano- + -osis) a disorder caused by a disturbance in melanin pigmentation; melanism. No:1053 - membrane a thin layer of tissue which covers a surface, lines a cavity or divides a space or organ. No:1054 - menarche (Gr. mn month + arch beginning) the establishment or beginning of the menstrual function. No:1055 - meningitis (Gr. mninx membrane + -itis) inflammation of the meninges. When it affects the dura mater, the disease is termed pachymeningitis; when the arachnoid and pia mater are involved, it is called leptomeningitis, or meningitis proper. No:1056 - menopause (meno- + Gr. pausis cessation) cessation of menstruation in the human female, occurring usually around the age of 50. No:1057 - menorrhagia (meno- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst forth) excessive uterine bleeding occurring at the regular intervals of menstruation, the period of flow being of greater than usual duration. No:1058 - menstruation the cyclic, physiologic discharge through the vagina of blood and mucosal tissues from the nonpregnant uterus; it is under hormonal control and normally recurs, usually at approximately four-week intervals, in the absence of pregnancy during the reproductive period (puberty through menopause) of the female of the human and a few species of primates. It is the culmination of the menstrual cycle. No:1059 - mental (L. mens mind) pertaining to the mind; psychic. 2. (L. mentum chin) pertaining to the chin. No:1060 - mesenteric (Gr. mesenterikos) pertaining to the mesentery : a membranous fold attaching various organs to the body wall. No:1061 - metabolism (Gr. metaballein to turn about, change, alter) the sum of all the physical and chemical processes by which living organized substance is produced and maintained (anabolism), and also the transformation by which energy is made available for the uses of the organism (catabolism). No:1062 - metabolite any substance produced by metabolism or by a metabolic process. No:1063 - metabolization the chemical process by which matter is broken down into simpler substances, said especially of food processed by the human body. No:1064 - metaplasia 84

(meta- + Gr. plassein to form) the change in the type of adult cells in a tissue to a form which is not formal for that tissue. No:1065 - metastasis (meta- + Gr. stasis stand) 1. the transfer of disease from one organ or part to another not directly connected with it. It may be due either to the transfer of pathogenic microorganisms (e.g., tubercle bacilli) or to transfer of cells, as in malignant tumours. The capacity to metastasize is a characteristic of all malignant tumours. 2. Pl. metastases. A growth of pathogenic microorganisms or of abnormal cells distant from the site primarily involved by the morbid process. No:1066 - meteorism (Gr. meteorizein to raise up) tympanites; the presence of gas in the abdomen or intestine. No:1067 - methaemoglobinaemia (methemoglobin + Gr. haima blood + -ia) the presence of methemoglobin in the blood, resulting in cyanosis. It may be drug-induced or be due to a defect in the enzyme NADH methemoglobin reductase (an autosomal recessive trait) or to an abnormality in haemoglobin M (an autosomal dominant trait). No:1068 - metrorrhagia (metro- + Gr. rhgnynai to burst out) uterine bleeding, usually of normal amount, occurring at completely irregular intervals, the period of flow sometimes being prolonged. No:1069 - micelle a colloid particle formed by an aggregation of small molecules. No:1070 - microbiological pertaining to microbiology : the science that deals with microorganisms, including algae, bacteria, fungi, protozoa and viruses. No:1071 - microcirculation the flow of blood in the entire system of finer vessels (100 microns or less in diameter) of the body (the microvasculature). No:1072 - microgram a unit of mass (weight) of the metric system, being one-millionth of a gram (10-6 gm.) or one one-thousandth of a milligram (10-3 mg.). No:1073 - micrography (micro- + Gr. graphein to write) examination with the microscope. No:1074 - micronize (Gr. micron a small thing) to reduce to a fine powder, to reduce to particles a micron in diameter. No:1075 - microorganism (micro- + organism) a microscopic organism; those of medical interest include bacteria, viruses, fungi and protozoa. No:1076 - microscopic, microscopical 1. of extremely small size; visible only by the aid of the microscope. 2. pertaining or relating to a microscope or to microscopy.

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No:1077 - microsomal of or pertaining to microsomes : vesicular fragments of endoplasmic reticulum formed after disruption and centrifugation of cells. No:1078 - microsporum (micro + Gr. sporos seed) a genus of small-spored ectothrix ringworm fungi (dermatophytes) of the Fungi Imperfecti, order Moniliales, family Moniliaceae, which cause various diseases of the skin and hair. As the perfect (sexual) stages are identified, they are classified in the genus Nannizzia. Called also microsporon. No:1079 - microvillus a minute process or protrusion from the free surface of a cell. No:1080 - micturition (L. micturire to urinate) the passage of urine; urination. No:1081 - migraine (Fr., from Gr. hemikrania an affection of half of the head) an often familial symptom complex of periodic attacks of vascular headache, usually temporal and unilateral in onset, commonly associated with irritability, nausea, vomiting, constipation or diarrhoea, and often photophobia; attacks are preceded by constriction of the cranial arteries, usually with resultant prodromal sensory (especially ocular) symptoms, and commence with the vasodilation that follows. No:1082 - mime facial expression. (NOT: mimicry = adaptation for survival in which an organism takes on the semblance another organism or a non-living object.) No:1083 - mineralization the action of mineralizing; the state of being mineralized. No:1084 - mineralocorticoid 1. any of the group of C21 corticosteroids, principally aldosterone, predominantly involved in the regulation of electrolyte and water balance through their effect on ion transport in epithelial cells of the renal tubules, resulting in retention of sodium and loss of potassium; some also possess varying degrees of glucocorticoid activity. Their secretion is regulated principally by plasma volume, serum potassium concentration and angiotensin II, and to a lesser extent by anterior pituitary ACTH. 2. of, pertaining to, having the properties of, or resembling a mineralocorticoid. No:1085 - minimal (L. minimus least) smallest or least; the smallest possible. No:1086 - minimize to reduce to the smallest possible number, degree, or extent. No:1087 - minimum (L. 'smallest') the smallest amount or lowest limit. No:1088 - miotic

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1. pertaining to, characterized by, or producing miosis : contraction of the pupil. 2. an agent that causes the pupil to contract. 3. meiotic : characterized by cell division. No:1089 - miscible susceptible of being mixed. No:1090 - mitosis a method of indirect division of a cell, consisting of a complex of various processes, by means of which the two daughter nuclei normally receive identical complements of the number of chromosomes characteristic of the somatic cells of the species. Mitosis, the process by which the body grows and replaces cells, is divided into four phases. 1. Prophase : formation of paired chromosomes; disappearance of nuclear membrane; appearance of the achromatic spindle; formation of polar bodies. 2. Metaphase : arrangement of chromosomes in the equatorial plane of the central spindle to form the monaster. Chromosomes separate into exactly similar halves. 3. Anaphase : the two groups of daughter chromosomes separate and move along the fibres of the central spindle, each toward one of the asters, forming the diaster. 4. Telophase : the daughter chromosomes resolve themselves into a reticulum and the daughter nuclei are formed; the cytoplasm divides, forming two complete daughter cells. NOTE : the term mitosis is used interchangeably with cell division, but strictly speaking it refers to nuclear division, whereas cytokinesis refers to division of the cytoplasm. In some cells, as in many fungi and the fertilized eggs of many insects, nuclear division occurs within the cell unaccompanied by division of the cytoplasm and formation of daughter cells. No:1091 - mobility (L. mobilitas) capability of movement, of being moved, or of flowing freely. No:1092 - mobilization the process of making a fixed part or stored substance mobile, as by separating a part from surrounding structures to make it accessible for an operative procedure or by causing release into the circulation for body use of a substance stored in the body. No:1093 - modify to change somewhat the form or qualities of; alter partially. No:1094 - modulator a specific inductor that brings out characteristics peculiar to a definite region. No:1095 - molecular of, pertaining to, or composed of molecules : a very small mass of matter. No:1096 - monitoring the process of continually checking, observing, recording or testing the operation of some procedure. Monitoring occurs e.g. during anaesthesia or radiation. No:1097 - monocomponent a drug containing only one significant molecule. No:1098 - mononucleosis

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the presence of an abnormally large number of mononuclear leucocytes (monocytes) in the blood. The term is often used alone to refer to infectious mononucleosis. No:1099 - monotherapy a therapy which uses only one drug. No:1100 - morbidity a diseased condition or state; the incidence of a disease or of all diseases in a population. No:1101 - morphinomimetic marked by simulation of (body processes induced by) morphine. No:1102 - mortality the mortality rate; the proportion of deaths to population or to a specific number of the population. No:1103 - motility the ability to move spontaneously. No:1104 - motor a muscle, nerve, or centre that effects or produces movement. No:1105 - mucociliary pertaining to or affecting the mucus membrane and hairs (including eyelashes, nose hair, ...): mucociliary clearing: the clearance of mucus by ciliary movement ( particularly in the respiratory system). No:1106 - mucocutaneous (mucus + cutaneous) pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin. No:1107 - mucolytic destroying or dissolving mucin; an agent that so acts : a mucopolysaccharide or glycoprotein, the chief constituent of mucus. No:1108 - mucopurulent containing both mucus and pus. No:1109 - mucosa (L. 'mucus') a mucous membrane, or tunica mucosa. No:1110 - mucus the free slime of the mucous membranes, composed of secretion of the glands, along with various inorganic salts, desquamated cells, and leucocytes. No:1111 - multidose occurring in, or using multiple doses. No:1112 - multiparous 1. having had two or more pregnancies which resulted in viable fetuses. 2. producing several ova or offspring at one time. No:1113 - multiple

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(L. multiplex) manifold; occurring in or affecting various parts of the body at once. No:1114 - muscle relaxant (L. relaxare to loosen) an agent that specifically aids in reducing muscle tension, as those acting at the polysynaptic neurons of motor nerves (e.g. meprobamate) or at the myoneural junction (curare and related compounds). No:1115 - muscular (L. muscularis) pertaining to or composing muscle. No:1116 - musculature the muscular apparatus of the body, or of any part of it. No:1117 - mutagenic inducing genetic mutation. No:1118 - mutation (L. mutatio from mutare to change) 1. a change in form, quality, or some other characteristic. 2. in genetics, a permanent transmissible change in the genetic material, usually in a single gene. Also, an individual exhibiting such a change. Called also (in classical genetics) a sport. No:1119 - mutism (L. mutus unable to speak, inarticulate) inability or refusal to speak. No:1120 - myalgia (my- + algia) pain in a muscle or muscles. No:1121 - myasthenia (my- + Gr. astheneia weakness) muscular debility; any constitutional anomaly of muscle. No:1122 - mycobacterium an organism of the genus Mycobacterium. No:1123 - mycological relating to mycology, that is the science and study of fungi. No:1124 - mycosis (myco- + -osis) any disease caused by a fungus. No:1125 - mycotic pertaining to a mycosis; caused by fungi. No:1126 - mydriatic 1. dilating the pupil. 2. any drug that dilates the pupil. No:1127 - myeloma (myelo- + -oma) a tumour composed of cells of the type normally found in the bone marrow. No:1128 - myelomatosis multiple myeloma. No:1129 - myelosuppression suppression of bone marrow activity, resulting in reduction in the number of platelets, red cells, and white cells.

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No:1130 - myelotoxic (myelo- + Gr. toxikon poison) 1. destructive to bone marrow. 2. arising from diseased bone marrow. No:1131 - myocarditis (myo- + Gr. kardia heart + -itis) inflammation of the myocardium; inflammation of the muscular walls of the heart. No:1132 - myopathy (myo- + -pathy) any disease of a muscle. No:1133 - myopia (Gr. myein to shut + -opia) that error of refraction in which rays of light entering the eye parallel to the optic axis are brought to a focus in front of the retina, as a result of the eyeball being too long from front to back (axial m.) or of an increased strength in refractive power of the media of the eye (index m.). Called also nearsightedness, because the near point is less distant than it is in emmetropia with an equal amplitude of accommodation. No:1134 - myositis (Gr. myos of muscle + -itis) inflammation of a voluntary muscle. No:1135 - nadir the lowest point; point of greatest adversity or despair. No:1136 - narcotic (Gr. narkotikos benumbing, deadening) 1. pertaining to or producing narcosis. 2. an agent that produces insensibility or stupor, applied especially to the opioids, i.e. to any natural or synthetic drug that has morphine-like actions. No:1137 - nasal (L. nasalis) pertaining to the nose. No:1138 - nasolacrimal pertaining to the nose and lacrimal apparatus. No:1139 - natriuresis (L. natrium sodium + Gr. oursis a making water) the excretion of abnormal amounts of sodium in the urine. No:1140 - nausea (L.; Gr. nausia seasickness) an unpleasant sensation, vaguely referred to the epigastrium and abdomen, and often culminating in vomiting. No:1141 - necrolysis (necro- + Gr. lysis dissolution) separation or exfoliation of tissue due to necrosis. No:1142 - necrosis (Gr. nekrosis deadness) the sum of the morphological changes indicative of cell death and caused by the progressive degradative action of enzymes; it may affect groups of cells or part of a structure or an organ. No:1143 - negative not affirming the presence of the organism or condition in question <a negative diagnosis>

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No:1144 - neonatal (neo- + L. natus born) pertaining to the first four weeks after birth. No:1145 - neoplastic pertaining to or like a neoplasm (= any new and abnormal growth); pertaining to neoplasia (= the formation of a neoplasm). No:1146 - nephritis (Gr. nephros kidney + -itis) inflammation of the kidney; a focal or diffuse proliferative or destructive process which may involve the glomerulus, tubule, or interstitial renal tissue. No:1147 - nephrolith (nephro- + Gr. lithos stone) a renal calculus; gravel in a kidney. No:1148 - nephropathy (nephro- + Gr. pathos disease) disease of the kidneys. No:1149 - nephrotic pertaining to, resembling, or caused by nephrosis. No:1150 - nephrotoxic toxic or destructive to kidney cells. No:1151 - nervousness excessive excitability and irritability, with mental and physical unrest. No:1152 - neural (L. neuralis; Gr. neuron nerve) 1. pertaining to a nerve or to the nerves. 2. situated in the region of the spinal axis, as the neutral arch. No:1153 - neuralgia (neur- + -algia) paroxysmal pain which extends along the course of one or more nerves. Many varieties of neuralgia are distinguished according to the part affected or to the cause, as brachial, facial, occipital, supraorbital, etc., or anaemic, diabetic, gouty, malarial, syphilitic, etc. No:1154 - neuritis (neur- + -itis) inflammation of a nerve, a condition attended by pain and tenderness over the nerves, anaesthesia and paraesthesias, paralysis, wasting, and disappearance of the reflexes. In practice, the term is also used to denote noninflammatory lesions of the peripheral nervous system; see neuropathy. No:1155 - neurodermatitis (neuro- + dermatitis) an extremely variable eczematous dermatosis presumed to be a cutaneous response to prolonged vigorous scratching, rubbing, or pinching to relieve intense pruritus, having the potential to produce polymorphic lesions at the same or different times, and varying in severity, course, and morphologic expression in different individuals. It is believed by some authorities to be a psychogenic disorder. The term is also used to refer to lichen simplex chronicus (circumscribed n.) and sometimes to atopic dermatitis (disseminated n.). No:1156 - neuroleptanalgesia

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(neuro- + Gr. lpsis a taking hold + analgesia) a state of quiescence, altered awareness, and analgesia produced by the administration of a combination of a narcotic analgesic and a neuroleptic agent. No:1157 - neuroleptic (neuro- + Gr. lpsis a taking hold, a seizure) a term coined to refer to the effects on cognition and behaviour of antipsychotic drugs, which produce a state of apathy, lack of initiative, and limited range of emotion and in psychotic patients cause a reduction in confusion and agitation and normalization of psychomotor activity. No:1158 - neurologic pertaining to neurology or to the nervous system. No:1159 - neuromuscular pertaining to muscles and nerves. No:1160 - neuronal pertaining to a neuron or neurons (= conducting cells of the nervous system). No:1161 - neuropathy a general term denoting functional disturbances and/or pathological changes in the peripheral nervous system. The etiology may be known e.g. arsenical n., diabetic n., ischemic n., traumatic n.) or unknown. Encephalopathy and myelopathy are corresponding terms relating to involvement of the brain and spinal cord, respectively. The term is also used to designate noninflammatory lesions in the peripheral nervous system, in contrast to inflammatory lesions (neuritis). No:1162 - neurotic 1. pertaining to or characterized by neurosis. 2. a person affected with a neurosis. No:1163 - neurotoxic poisonous or destructive to nerve tissue. No:1164 - neurotransmitter any of a group of substances that are released on excitation from the axon terminal of a presynaptic neuron of the central or peripheral nervous system and travel across the synaptic cleft to either excite or inhibit the target cell. Among the many substances that have the properties of a neurotransmitter are acetylcholine, norepinephrine, epinephrine, dopamine, glycine, y-aminobutyrate, glutamic acid, substance P, enkephalins, endorphins, and serotonin. No:1165 - neurovegetative pertaining to the vegetative (autonomic) nervous system. No:1166 - neutralization an act or process of neutralizing. No:1167 - neutropenia leukopenia in which the decrease in white blood cells is chiefly in neutrophils. No:1168 - neutrophil (of a cell or cell part) having an affinity for neutral dyes. No:1169 - nidation (L. nidus nest) implantation of the conceptus in the endometrium. No:1170 - nil 92

nothing, zero. No:1171 - nocturia (L. nox night + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) excessive urination at night. No:1172 - nocturnal (L. nocturnus) pertaining to, occurring at, or active at night. No:1173 - nodose (L. nodosus) having nodes or projections. No:1174 - nonspecific 1. not due to any single known cause, as to a particular pathogen. 2. not directed against a particular agent, but rather having a general effect, as nonspecific therapy. No:1175 - normalization the process of bringing or restoring to the normal standard. No:1176 - normotensive 1. characterized by normal tone, tension, or pressure, as by normal blood pressure. 2. a person with normal blood pressure. No:1177 - nosocomial (nosa- + Gr. komeion to take care of) pertaining to or originating in the hospital, said of an infection not present or incubating prior to admittance to the hospital, but generally occurring 72 hours after admittance; the term is usually used to refer to patient disease, but hospital personnel may also acquire nosocomial infection. Cf. iatrogenic. No:1178 - nulliparous having never given birth to a viable infant. No:1179 - nummular (L. nummularis) coin-sized and coin-shaped. No:1180 - nutrient (L. nutriens) 1. nourishing, affording nutriment. 2. a nutritious substance; food, or a component of food. No:1181 - nystagmus (Gr. nystagmos drowsiness, from nystazein to nod) an involuntary, rapid, rhythmic movement of the eyeball, which may be horizontal, vertical, rotatory, or mixed, i.e., of two varieties. No:1182 - obesity (L. obesus fat) an increase in body weight beyond the limitation of skeletal and physical requirement, as the result of an excessive accumulation of fat in the body. No:1183 - objective (L. objectivus) 1. perceptible to the external senses. 2. the lens or system of lenses in a microscope (or telescope) that is nearest to the object under examination. No:1184 - observation

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an act or the faculty of observing or taking notice : an act of seeing or fixing the mind upon something; an act of recognizing and noting measurement of some magnitude with suitable instruments. No:1185 - obsession (L. obsessio) a recurrent, persistent thought, image, or impulse that is unwanted and distressing (ego-dystonic) and comes involuntarily to mind despite attempts to ignore or suppress it. Common obsessions involve thoughts of violence, contamination, and self-doubt. No:1186 - obstetric, obstetrical (L. obstetricius) pertaining to obstetrics (= branch of surgery that deals with pregnancy, labour and puerperium. No:1187 - obstipation (L. obstipatio) intractable constipation. No:1188 - obstruction (L. obstructio) 1. the act of blocking or clogging. 2. the state or condition of being clogged. No:1189 - occasional appearing or occurring irregularly and according to no fixed or certain scheme. No:1190 - occlusion (L. occlusio) 1. the act of closure or state of being closed. 2. the relationship between all of the components of the masticatory system in normal function, dysfunction, and parafunction. 3. momentary complete closure of some area in the vocal tract, causing stoppage of the breath and accumulation of pressure. No:1191 - occult obscure; concealed from observation, difficult to understand. No:1192 - ocular (L. ocularis, from oculus eye) 1. of, pertaining to, or affecting the eye. 2. eyepiece. No:1193 - oculogyric pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oculogyration (circular movements of the eyeballs, as in an oculogyric crisis). No:1194 - oculomucocutaneous pertaining to or affecting the mucous membrane and the skin around the eyes. No:1195 - odour a volatile emanation that is perceived by the sense of smell. No:1196 - oedema (Gr. oidema swelling) the presence of abnormally large amounts of fluid in the intercellular tissue spaces of the body; usually applied to demonstrable accumulation of excessive fluid in the subcutaneous tissues. Edema may be localized, due to venous or lymphatic obstruction or to increased vascular permeability, or it may be systemic due to heart failure or renal disease. Collections of edema fluid are designated according to the site, e.g. ascites

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(peritoneal cavity), hydrothorax (pleural cavity), and hydropericardium (pericardial sac). Massive generalized edema is called anasarca. No:1197 - oesophagitis (esophagus + -itis) inflammation of the esophagus. No:1198 - oestrogen a generic term for oestrus-producing steroid compounds; the female sex hormones. In humans, oestrogen is formed in the ovary, possibly the adrenal cortex, the testis, and the foetoplacental unit; it has various functions in both sexes. It is responsible for the development of the female secondary sex characteristics, and during the menstrual cycle it acts on the female genitalia to produce an environment suitable for the fertilization, implantation, and nutrition of the early embryo. Oestrogen is used in oral contraceptives and as a palliative in cancer of the breast after menopause and cancer of the prostate; other uses include the relief of the discomforts of menopause, inhibition of lactation, and treatment of osteoporosis, threatened abortion, and various functional ovarian disorders. No:1199 - oligoelement a chemical substance, minute amounts of which can be found in living organisms. No:1200 - oligomenorrhoea (oligo- + Gr. mn month + rhoia flow) markedly diminished menstrual flow; relative amenorrhea. No:1201 - oliguria (oligo- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) secretion of a diminished amount of urine in relation to the fluid intake. Called also hypouresis and oligouresis. No:1202 - oncolytic pertaining to, characterized by, or causing oncolysis (= the lysis or destruction of tumour cells). No:1203 - oncotic pertaining to, caused by, or marked by swelling. No:1204 - oophorectomy (oophor- + Gr. ektom excision) the removal of an ovary or ovaries; called also ovariectomy. No:1205 - opalescent showing a milky iridescence, like an opal. No:1206 - ophthalmic pertaining to the eye. No:1207 - ophthalmologic pertaining to ophthalmology (= the branch of medicine dealing with the eye). No:1208 - opiate a remedy containing or derived from opium; also any drug that induces sleep. No:1209 - opisthotonos (opistho- + Gr. tonos tension) a form of spasm in which the head and the heels are bent backward and the body bowed forward. 95

No:1210 - opportunistic 1. denoting a microorganism that does not ordinarily cause disease but that, under certain circumstances (e.g. impaired immune responses resulting from other disease or drug treatment), becomes pathogenic. 2. denoting a disease or infection caused by such an organism. No:1211 - optic (Gr. optikos of or for sight) of or pertaining to the eye. No:1212 - optimal the best; the most favourable. No:1213 - oral pertaining to the mouth, taken through or applied in the mouth, as an oral medication or an oral thermometer. No:1214 - orbital pertaining to the orbit (= the bony cavity that contains the eyeball). No:1215 - orchitis (orchio- + -itis) inflammation of a testis. The disease is marked by pain, swelling, and a feeling of weight. It may occur idiopathically, or it may be associated with conditions such as mumps, gonorrhoea, filarial disease, syphilis, or tuberculosis. No:1216 - organism any individual living thing, whether animal or plant. No:1217 - orgasm (Gr. orgasmos swelling, or organ to swell, to be lustful) the apex and culmination of sexual excitement. No:1218 - orientation awareness of one's environment, with reference to p lace, time, and people. No:1219 - orofacial of or relating to the mouth and face. No:1220 - orthopaedic (ortho- + Gr. pais child) pertaining to the correction of deformities of the musculoskeletal system; pertaining to orthopaedics. No:1221 - orthostatic (ortho- + Gr. statikos causing to stand) pertaining to or caused by standing erect. No:1222 - osmolality the concentration of osmotically active particles in solution expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per kilogram of solvent. The osmolality is directly proportional to the colligative properties of solutions; osmotic pressure, boiling point elevation, freezing point depression, and vapour pressure lowering. No:1223 - osmolarity the concentration of osmotically active particles expressed in terms of osmoles of solute per litre of solution. No:1224 - osmotic

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pertaining to or of the nature of osmosis (= the passage of pure solvent from a solution of lesser to one of greater solute concentration when the two solutions are separated by a membrane which selectively prevents the passage of solute molecules, but is permeable to the solvent). No:1225 - ossicle (L. ossiculum) a small bone. No:1226 - ossification (L. ossificatio) the formation of bone or of a bony substance; the conversion of fibrous tissue or of cartilage into bone or a bony substance. No:1227 - osteoarthritis (osteo- + Gr. arthron joint + -itis) noninflammatory degenerative joint disease occurring chiefly in older persons, characterized by degeneration of the articular cartilage, hypertrophy of bone at the margins, and changes in the synovial membrane. It is accompanied by pain and stiffness, particularly after prolonged activity. No:1228 - osteodystrophy defective bone formation. No:1229 - osteolysis (osteo- + Gr. lysis dissolution) dissolution of bone; applied especially to the removal or loss of the calcium of bone. No:1230 - osteomalacia (osteo- + Gr. malakia softness) a condition marked by softening of the bones (due to impaired mineralization, with excess accumulation of osteoid), with pain, tenderness, muscular weakness, anorexia, and loss of weight, resulting from deficiency of vitamin D and calcium. No:1231 - osteomyelitis (osteo- + Gr. myelos marrow) inflammation of bone caused by a pyogenic organism. It may remain localized or may spread through the bone to involve the marrow, cortex, cancellous tissue, and periosteum. No:1232 - osteoporosis (osteo- + Gr. poros passage + -osis) reduction in the amount of bone mass, leading to fractures after minimal trauma. No:1233 - osteotomy (osteo- + Gr. temnein to cut) the surgical cutting of a bone. No:1234 - otitis (ot- + -itis) inflammation of the ear, which may be marked by pain, fever, abnormalities of hearing, hearing loss, tinnitus, and vertigo. No:1235 - otorhinolaryngology (oto- + Gr. rhis nose + larynx larynx + -logy) that branch of medicine concerned with medical and surgical treatment of the head and neck, including the ears, nose and throat. No:1236 - otorrhea (oto- + Gr. rhoia to flow) a discharge from the ear, especially a purulent one.

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No:1237 - otosclerosis (oto- + Gr. sklrosis hardening) a pathological condition of the bony labyrinth of the ear, in which there is formation of spongy bone (otospongiosis), especially in front of and posterior to the footplate of the stapes; it may cause bony ankylosis of the stapes, resulting in conductive hearing loss. Cochlear otosclerosis may also develop, resulting in sensorineural hearing loss. No:1238 - ototoxic having a deleterious effect upon the eighth nerve, or upon the organs of hearing and balance. No:1239 - ovarian pertaining to an ovary or ovaries (= female gonad). No:1240 - overdosage 1. the administration of an excessive dose. 2. the condition resulting from an excessive dose. No:1241 - overdose 1. to administer an excessive dose. 2. an excessive dose. No:1242 - ovulation the discharge of a secondary oocyte from a vesicular follicle of the ovary. No:1243 - ovum 1. the female reproductive cell which, after fertilization, develops into a new member of the same species (von Baer, 1827); an egg. 2. the human ovum : a round cell about 0.1 mm. in diameter, produced in the ovary, where there is deposited around it a noncellular covering (oolemma; zona pellucida; zona radiata). It consists of protoplasm which contains some yolk, enclosed by a thin cell wall (vitelline membrane). There is a large nucleus (germinal vesicle), within which is a nucleolus (germinal spot). By extension, the word is also used to designate any early stage of the conceptus, when the embryo itself constitutes a tiny and insignificant part of the whole. No:1244 - oxidation the act of oxidizing or state of being oxidized. Chemically it consists in the increase of positive charges on an atom or the loss of negative charges. Most biological oxidations are accomplished by the removal of a pair of hydrogen atoms (dehydrogenation) from a molecule. Such oxidations must be accompanied by reduction of an acceptor molecule. Univalent o. indicates loss of one electron; divalent o., the loss of two electrons. No:1245 - oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1245 - oxygenation the process of supplying, treating, or mixing with oxygen. No:1246 - oxytocic 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting oxytocia (= rapid labour). 2. an agent that hastens evacuation of the uterus by stimulating contractions of the myometrium. No:1247 - pacemaker

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an object or substance that influences the rate at which a certain phenomenon occurs; often used alone to indicate the natural cardiac pacemaker or an artificial cardiac pacemaker. In biochemistry, a substance whose rate of reaction sets the pace for a series of interrelated reactions. No:1248 - paediatric of or relating to the care and medical treatment of children; belonging to or concerned with paediatrics. No:1249 - palliative (L. palliatus cloaked) 1. affording relief, but not cure. 2. an alleviating medicine. No:1250 - palpebra eyelid; either of the two movable folds that protect the anterior surface of the eyeball. No:1251 - palpitation (L. palpitatio) a subjective sensation of an unduly rapid or irregular heart beat. No:1252 - pancreatitis acute or chronic inflammation of the pancreas, which may be asymptomatic or symptomatic, and which is due to autodigestion of a pancreatic tissue by its own enzymes. It is caused most often by alcoholism or biliary tract disease; less commonly it may be associated with hyperlipaemia, hyperparathyroidism, abdominal trauma (accidental or operative injury), vasculitis, or uraemia. No:1253 - pancytopenia (pan- + cyto- + -penia) deficiency of all cell elements of the blood; aplastic anaemia. No:1254 - panniculitis (panniculus + -itis) an inflammatory reaction of the subcutaneous fat, which may involve the connective tissue septa between the fat lobes, the septa lobules and vessels, or the fat lobules, characterized by the development of single or multiple cutaneous nodules. No:1255 - papillary pertaining to or resembling papilla, or nipple. No:1256 - papillitis (papilla + -itis)- inflammation of the optic papilla (disk). No:1257 - papilloedema choked disk, edema of the optic disk (papilla), most commonly due to increased intracranial pressure, malignant hypertension, or thrombosis of the central retinal vein : called also choke disk. No:1258 - papule (L. papula) a small circumscribed, superficial, solid elevation of the skin. No:1259 - paracentesis (para- + Gr. kentsis puncture) surgical puncture of the abdominal cavity for the aspiration of peritoneal fluid. No:1260 - paradoxical occurring at variance with the normal rule. 99

No:1261 - paraesthesia (para- + Gr. aisthsis perception) morbid or perverted sensation; an abnormal sensation, as burning, prickling, formication, etc. No:1262 - parallel 1. pertaining to straight lines or planes that do not intersect. 2. pertaining to electric circuit components connected 'in parallel' so that the current flow divides, each branch passing through one component, and rejoins; applied by extension to any similar parallel circuit, e.g. the systemic circulation to the various organs. No:1263 - paralysis (para- + Gr. lyein to loosen) loss or impairment of motor function in a part due to lesion of the neural or muscular mechanism; also by analogy, impairment of sensory function (sensory paralysis). In addition to the types named below, paralysis is further distinguished as traumatic, syphilitic, toxic, etc., according to its cause; or as obturator, ulnar, etc., according to the nerve part, or muscle specially affected. No:1264 - parameter (para- + meter) a variable whose measure is indicative of a quantity or function that cannot itself be precisely determined by direct methods; e.g., blood pressure and pulse rate are parameters of cardiovascular function, and the level of glucose in blood and urine is a parameter of carbohydrate metabolism. No:1265 - paranoia (Gr. 'madness, delirium, a mind 'beside itself'', from para- + noein to think) a psychotic disorder marked by persistent delusions of persecution or delusional jealousy and behaviour like that of the paranoid personality, such as suspiciousness, mistrust, and combativeness. It differs from paranoid schizophrenia, in which hallucinations or formal thought disorder are present, in that the delusions are logically consistent and that there are no other psychotic features. The designation in DSM III-R is delusional (paranoid) disorders, with five types : persecutory, jealous, erotomanic, somatic, and grandiose. No:1266 - paraplegia (para- + Gr. plg stroke + -ia) paralysis of the legs and lower part of the body. No:1267 - parasitic (Gr. parasitikos) pertaining to, of the nature of, or caused by a parasite. No:1268 - parasympathomimetic (parasympathetic + Gr. mimtikos imitative) 1. producing effects resembling those of stimulation of the parasympathetic nerve supply to a part. 2. an agent that produces effects similar to those produced by stimulation of the parasympathetic nerves. Called also cholinergic. No:1269 - parathyroid (para- + thyroid) 1. situated beside the thyroid gland. 2. one of the parathyroid glands. 3. a sterile preparation of the water-soluble principle(s) of the parathyroid glands, ad-ministered parenterally as an antihypocalcaemic, especially in the treatment of acute hypoparathyroidism with tetany. No:1270 - paravenous 100

beside a vein. No:1271 - parenchyma (Gr. 'anything poured in beside') the essential elements of an organ; used in anatomical nomenclature as a general term to designate the functional elements of an organ, as distinguished from its framework, or stroma. No:1272 - parenteral (para- + Gr. enteron intestine) not through the alimentary canal but rather by injection through some other route, as subcutaneous, intramuscular, intraorbital, intracapsular, intraspinal, intrasternal, intravenous, etc. No:1273 - paresis (Gr. 'relaxation') slight or incomplete paralysis. No:1274 - parietal (L. parietalis) 1. of or pertaining to the walls of a cavity. 2. pertaining to or located near the parietal bone, as the parietal lobe. No:1275 - parkinsonism a group of neurological disorders characterized by hypokinesia, tremor, and muscular rigidity. No:1276 - paronychia (para Gr. onyx nail + -ia) inflammation involving the folds of tissue surrounding the nail. Called also perionychia. No:1277 - parotitis inflammation of the parotid gland. Called also parotiditis. No:1278 - paroxysmal recurring in paroxysms (= spasms or seizures). No:1279 - particle (L. particula, dim. of pars part) a tiny mass of material. No:1280 - parturition (L. parturitio) the act or process of given birth to a child. No:1281 - passage 1. an evacuation of the bowels. 2. the introduction of a catheter, probe, sound, or bougie through a natural channel such as the urethra. No:1282 - passive (L. passivus) neither spontaneous nor active; not produced by active efforts. No:1283 - pathogen (patho- + Gr. gennan to produce) any disease-producing microorganism. No:1284 - pathologic 1. indicative of or caused by a morbid condition. 2. pertaining to pathology (= branch of medicine that treats the essential nature of the disease, especially the structural and functional changes in tissues and organs of the body caused by the disease). No:1285 - patient

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1. a person who is receiving medical treatment, especially in a hospital; 2. a person who is registered with a doctor, dentist, etc and is treated by him when necessary. No:1286 - peak flow the maximum amount of air breathed out; the power needed to produce this amount. No:1287 - pediculosis (pediculus + -osis) infestation with lice of the family Pediculidae, especially infestation with Pediculus humanus. No:1288 - pelvic pertaining to the pelvis. No:1289 - pemphigus (Gr. pemphix blister) a group of chronic, relapsing, sometimes fatal skin diseases characterized clinically by the development of successive crops of vesicles and bullae, histologically by acantholysis, and immunologically by serum autoantibodies directed against antigens in the intracellular zones of the epidermis. The specific disease is usually indicated by a modifying term; but the term pemphigus is often used alone to designate pemphigus vulgaris. No:1290 - penetration (L. penetratio) the act of piercing or entering deeply. No:1291 - penicillinase penicillin amino--lactamhydrolase : an enzyme produced by certain bacteria which converts penicillin to an inactive product and thus increases resistance to the antibiotic. A purified preparation from cultures of a strain of Bacillus cereus is used in treatment of reactions to penicillin. No:1292 - penis the male organ of copulation and of urinary excretion, comprising a root, body, and extremity, or glans penis. The root is attached to the descending portions of the pubic bone by the crura, the latter being the extremities of the corpora cavernosa, and beneath them the corpus spongiosum, through which the urethra passes. The glans is covered with mucous membrane and ensheathed by the prepuce, or foreskin. The penis is homologous with the clitoris in the female. No:1293 - peptic (Gr. peptikos) pertaining to pepsin or to digestion; related to the action of gastric juices. No:1294 - peptic ulcer an ulcer in the wall of the stomach or duodenum resulting from the digestive action of the gastric juice on the mucous membrane when the latter is rendered susceptible to its action. No:1295 - perception (L. percipere to take in completely) the conscious mental registration of a sensory stimulus. No:1296 - percutaneous

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(per- + L. cutis) performed through the skin, as injection of radiopacque material in radiological examination, or the removal of tissue for biopsy accomplished by a needle. No:1297 - perennial (L. perennis, from per through + annus year) lasting through the year of for several years. No:1298 - perforation (L. perforare to pierce through) 1. the act of boring or piercing through a part. 2. a hole made through a part or substance. No:1299 - perfusion 1. the act of pouring over or through, especially the passage of a fluid through the vessels of a specific organ. 2. a liquid poured over or through an organ or tissue. No:1300 - perianal (peri- + L. anus anus) located around the anus. No:1301 - periarthritis inflammation of the tissues around a joint. No:1302 - pericarditis (pericardium + -itis) inflammation of the pericardium. No:1303 - peridural around or external to the dura mater. No:1304 - perinatal (peri- + L. natus born) pertaining to or occurring in the period shortly before and after birth; variously defined as beginning with completion of the twentieth to twenty-eighth week of gestation and ending 7 to 28 days after birth. No:1305 - perineal pertaining to the perineum. No:1306 - periodic (Gr. periodikos) recurring at regular intervals of time. No:1307 - perioperative pertaining to the period extending from the time of hospitalization for surgery to the time of discharge. No:1308 - perioral (peri- + L. os mouth) situated or occurring around the mouth. No:1309 - periorbital situated around the orbit, or eye socket. No:1310 - peripheral pertaining to or situated at or near the periphery; situated away from a centre or central structure. No:1311 - peristalsis (peri- + Gr. stalsis contraction) the wormlike movement by which the alimentary canal or other tubular organs provided with both longitudinal and circular muscle

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fibres propel their contents. It consists of a wave of contraction passing along the tube for variable distances. No:1312 - peritonitis inflammation of the peritoneum; a condition marked by exudations in the peritoneum of serum, fibrin, cells, and pus. It is attended by abdominal pain and tenderness, constipation, vomiting, and moderate fever. No:1313 - perivascular situated around a vessel. No:1314 - permanent continuing or enduring (as the same state, status, place) without fundamental or marked change : not subject to fluctuation or alteration : fixed or intended to be fixed : lasting, stable. No:1315 - permeability the property or state of being permeable. No:1316 - pernicious (L. perniciosus) tending to a fatal issue. No:1317 - peroral (L. per through + os, oris the mouth) performed through or administered through the mouth. No:1318 - persistent continuing to exist in spite of interference or treatment; tending to recur. No:1319 - perspiration (L. perspirare to breathe through) sweating; the functional secretion of sweat. No:1320 - pertussis (L. per intensive + tussis cough) an acute, highly contagious infection of the respiratory tract, most frequently affecting young children, usually caused by Bordetella pertussis; a similar illness has been associated with infection by B. parapertussis and B. bronchiseptica. It is characterized by a catarrhal stage, beginning after an incubation period of about two weeks, with slight fever, sneezing, running at the nose, and a dry cough. In a week or two the paroxysmal stage begins, with the characteristic paroxysmal cough, consisting of a deep inspiration, followed by a series of quick, short coughs, continuing until the air is expelled from the lungs; the close of the paroxysm is marked by a long-drawn, shrill, whooping inspiration, due to spasmodic closure of the glottis. This stage lasts three to four weeks, after which the convalescent stage begins, in which paroxysms grow less frequent and less violent, and finally cease. Called also whooping cough. No:1321 - perversion (L. per through + versio a turning) a turning aside from the normal course; a morbid alteration of function which may occur in emotional, intellectual, or volitional fields. In psychiatry, sexual deviation. No:1322 - pessary

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(L. pessarium) 1. an instrument placed in the vagina to support the uterus or rectum or as a contraceptive device. 2. a medicated vaginal suppository. No:1323 - petechia a pinpoint, nonraised, perfectly round, purplish red spot caused by intradermal or submucous haemorrhage. Cf. ecchymosis. No:1324 - petit mal (Fr. 'little illness') see under epilepsy. No:1325 - pH the symbol relating the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration or activity of a solution to that of a given standard solution. Numerically the pH is approximately equal to the negative logarithm of H+ concentration expressed in molarity. pH 7 is neutral; above it alkalinity increases and below it acidity increases. No:1326 - phagocytosis endocytosis of particulate material, such as microorganisms or cell fragments. The material is taken into the cell in membrane-bound vesicles (phagosomes) that originate as pinched off invaginations of the plasma membrane. Phagosomes fuse with lysosomes, forming phagolysosomes in which the engulfed material is killed and digested. No:1327 - phallic (Gr. phallikos) pertaining to the phallus, or penis. No:1328 - pharmaceutical 1. pertaining to pharmacy or to drugs. 2. a medicinal drug. No:1329 - pharmacodynamics (pharmaco + Gr. dynamis power) the study of the biochemical and physiological effects of drugs and the mechanisms of their actions, including the correlation of actions and effects of drugs with their chemical structure; also, such effects on the actions of a particular drug or drugs. No:1330 - pharmacokinetics the action of drugs in the body over a period of time, including the processes of absorption, distribution, localization in tissues, biotransformation, and excretion. No:1331 - pharmacologic pertaining to pharmacology or to the properties and reactions of drugs. No:1332 - pharmacon (Gr. pharmakon) a drug. No:1333 - pharyngitis (pharyngo- + -itis) inflammation of the pharynx. No:1334 - phase (Gr. phasis an appearance) any one of the varying aspects or stages through which a disease or process may pass. No:1335 - phenomenon (Gr. phainomenon thing seen) any sign or objective symptom; any observable occurrence or fact. No:1336 - phlebitis 105

(phleb- + -itis) inflammation of a vein. The condition is marked by infiltration of the coats of the vein and the formation of a thrombus. The disease is attended by edema, stiffness, and pain in the affected part, and in the septic variety by pyemic symptoms. No:1337 - phlebography (phlebo- + Gr. graphein to write) 1. roentgenography of a vein or veins by use of contrast medium. 2. the graphic recording of the venous pulse. No:1338 - phobia (Gr. phobos fear + -ia) a persistent, irrational, intense fear of a specific object, activity, or situation (the phobic stimulus), fear that is recognized as being excessive or unreasonable by the individual himself. When a phobia is a significant source of distress or interferes with social functioning, it is considered a mental disorder; phobic disorder (or neurosis). In DSM III phobic disorders are subclassified as agoraphobia, social phobias, and simple phobias. Used as a word termination denoting irrational fear of or aversion to the subject indicated by the stem to which it is affixed. No:1339 - photophobia (photo- + phobia) abnormal visual intolerance of light. No:1340 - photosensitivity (photo- + sensitivity) an abnormal cutaneous response involving the interaction between photosensitizing substances and sunlight or filtered or artificial light at wavelengths of 280-400 mm. There are two main types : photoallergy and photoxicity. No:1341 - photosensitization the development of abnormally heightened reactivity of the skin to sunlight. No:1342 - physical pertaining to the body, to material things, or to physics. No:1343 - physicochemical pertaining to physics and chemistry. No:1344 - physiologic normal; not pathologic; characteristic of or conforming to the normal functioning or state of the body or a tissue or organ; physiological. No:1345 - pigmentation 1. the deposition of colouring matter; the coloration or discoloration of a part by pigment. 2. coloration, especially abnormally increased coloration, by melanin. No:1346 - piloerection (pilo- + erection) erection of the hair. No:1347 - pityriasis (Gr. pityron bran + -iasis) a name originally applied to a group of skin diseases characterized by the formation of fine, branny scales, but now used only with a modifier. No:1348 - placebo

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(L. 'I will please') any dummy medical treatment; originally, a medicinal preparation having no specific pharmacological activity against the patient's illness or complaint given solely for the psychophysiological effects of the treatment; more recently, a dummy treatment administered to the control group in a controlled clinical trial in order that the specific and nonspecific effects of the experimental treatment can be distinguished - i.e., the experimental treatment must produce better results than the placebo in order to be considered effective. No:1349 - placenta (L. 'a flat cake') an organ characteristic of true mammals during pregnancy, joining mother and offspring, providing endocrine secretion and selective exchange of soluble, but not particulate, blood-borne substances through an apposition of uterine and trophoblastic vascularized parts. According to species, the area of vascular apposition may be diffuse, cotyledonary, zonary or discoid; the nature of apposition may be labyrinthine or villous; the intimacy of apposition may vary according to what layers are lost of those originally interposed between maternal and fetal blood (maternal endothelium, uterine connective tissue, uterine epithelium, chorion, extraembryonic mesoderm, and endothelium of villous capillary). The chorion may be joined by and receive blood vessels from either the yolk sac or the allantois, and the uterine lining may be largely shed with the chorion at birth (deciduate) or may separate from the chorion and remain (nondeciduate). The human placenta is discoid, villous, haemochorial, chorioallantoic, and deciduate. After birth, it weighs about 600 gm. and is about 16 cm. in diameter and 2 cm. thick, discounting a principal functional part, the maternal blood in the intervillous space (which leaks out at birth) into which the chorionic villi dip. The villi are grouped into adjoining cotyledons making about 20 velvety bumps on the side of the placenta facing outward to the uterus; the inner side of the placenta facing the fetus is smooth, being covered with amnion, a thin avascular layer that continues past the edges of the placenta to line the entire hollow sphere of chorion except where it is reflected to cover the umbilical cord, which joins fetus and placenta. The cord usually joins the placenta near the centre but may insert at the edge, on the nonplacental chorion, or on an accessory placenta. No:1350 - plasma expander artificial plasma extender. No:1351 - plasma protein one of the hundreds of different proteins present in blood plasma, including carrier proteins ( such albumin, transferrin, and haptoglobin), fibrinogen and other coagulation factors, complement components, immunoglobulins, enzyme inhibitors, precursors of substances such as angiotension and bradykinin, and many other types of proteins. No:1352 - plasminogen the inactive precursor of plasmin (=enzyme that catalyses the hydrolysis of peptide bonds at the carbonyl end of lysine or arginine residues). No:1353 - pleurisy

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(Gr. pleuritis) inflammation of the pleura, with exudation into its cavity and upon its surface. It may occur as either an acute or a chronic process. In acute pleurisy the pleura becomes reddened, then covered with an exudate of lymph, fibrin, and cellular elements (the dry stage); the disease may progress to the second stage, in which a copious exudation of serum occurs (stage of liquid effusion). The inflamed surfaces of the pleura tend to become united by adhesions, which are usually permanent. The symptoms are a stitch in the side, a chill, followed by fever and a dry cough. As effusion occurs there is an onset of dyspnea and a diminution of pain. The patient lies on the affected side. No:1354 - plexus (L. 'braid) a network or tangle; (NA) a general term for a network of lymphatic vessels, nerves, or veins. No:1355 - pneumonia (Gr. pneumonia) inflammation of the lungs with consolidation. No:1356 - pneumonopath (pneumono- + Gr. pathos disease) any disease of the lung. No:1357 - poliomyelitis (polio- + Gr. myelos marrow + -itis) an acute viral disease, occurring sporadically and in epidemics, and characterized clinically by fever, sore throat, headache, and vomiting, often with stiffness of the neck and back. In the minor illness these may be the only symptoms. The major illness, which may or may not be preceded by the minor illness, is characterized by involvement of the central nervous system, stiff neck, pleocytosis in the spinal fluid, and perhaps paralysis. There may be subsequent atrophy of groups of muscles, ending in contraction and permanent deformity. The major illness is called acute anterior p., infantile paralysis and Heine-Medin disease. The disease is now largely controlled by vaccines. No:1358 - polyarthritis (poly- + Gr. arthron joint + -itis) an inflammation of several joints together. No:1359 - polydipsia (poly- + Gr. dipsa thirst + -ia) chronic excessive thirst, as in diabetes mellitus or diabetes insipidus. No:1360 - polymorphic (poly- + Gr. morph form) occurring in several or many forms; appearing in different forms at different stages of development. No:1361 - polyneuritis (poly- + Gr. neuron nerve + -itis) inflammation of many nerves at once; multiple or disseminated, neuritis. No:1362 - polypeptide (poly- + peptide) a peptide which on hydrolysis yields more than two amino acids; called tripeptides, tetrapeptides, etc. according to the number of amino acids contained. No:1363 - polytherapy a therapy which uses more than one drug.

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No:1364 - polyuria (poly- + Gr. ouron urine + -ia) the passage of a large volume of urine in a given period, a characteristic of diabetes. No:1365 - polyvalent having more than one valence. No:1366 - population (L. populatio, from populus people) 1. in genetics, a stable group of randomly interbreeding individuals. 2. in statistics, the set of objects or individuals from which a random sample is drawn. No:1367 - porphyria a pathological state in man and some lower animals that is often due to genetic factors, is characterized by abnormalities of porphyrin metabolism, and results in the excretion of large quantities of porphyrins in the urine and in extreme sensitivity to light. No:1368 - positive (L. positivus) having a value greater than zero; indicating existence or presence of a condition, organism, etc. as chromatin positive or Wassermann positive; characterized by affirmation or cooperation. No:1369 - posterior (L. 'behind'; neut. posterius) situated in back of, or in the back part of, or affecting the back or dorsal surface of the body. In lower animals, it refers to the caudal end of the body. No:1370 - postmenopausal occurring after the menopause. No:1371 - postnatal occurring after birth, with reference to the newborn. Cf. postpartum. No:1372 - postoperative occurring after a surgical operation. No:1373 - post partum after childbirth, or after delivery. No:1374 - postprandial occurring after dinner, or after a meal; postcibal. No:1375 - post-traumatic occurring as a result of or after injury. No:1376 - postural pertaining to posture or position. No:1377 - potency (L. potentia power) power, especially (1) the ability of the male to perform sexual intercourse, (2) the power of a medicinal agent to produce the desired effects (3) the ability of an embryonic part to develop and complete its destiny. No:1378 - potential (L. potential power) existing and ready for action but not yet active.

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No:1380/1379 - potentialization, potentiation the synergistic action of two drugs, being greater than the sum of the effects of each used alone. No:1381 - precipitation (L. praecipitatio) the act or process of precipitating. No:1382 - preclinical before a disease becomes clinically recognizable. No:1383 - precordial pertaining to the precordium (= region over the heart and lower part of the thorax). No:1384 - precursor (L. praecursor a forerunner) something that precedes. In biological processes, a substance from which another, usually more active or mature substance is formed. In clinical medicine, a sign or symptom that heralds another. No:1385 - predisposition (pre- + L. disponere to dispose) a latent susceptibility to disease which may be activated under certain conditions, as by stress. No:1386 - preeclampsia a toxaemia of late pregnancy characterized by hypertension, edema, and proteinuria, when convulsions and coma are associated, it is called eclampsia. No:1387 - preliminary lying before : leading to : being at the threshold of. No:1388 - preload the tension in the heart muscle at the end of diastole (before the contraction). No:1389 - premature (L. praematurus early ripe) 1. occurring before the proper time. 2. a premature infant. No:1390 - premedication preliminary medication, particularly internal medication to produce narcosis prior to inhalation anaesthesia. No:1391 - premenstrual occurring before menstruation. No:1392 - prenatal (pre- + L. natalis natal) existing or occurring before birth, with reference to the fetus. No:1393 - preoperative preceding an operation. No:1394 - preparation (L. praeparatio) 1. a medicine made ready for use. 2. an anatomic or pathologic specimen made ready and preserved for study. No:1395 - prepuce a covering fold of skin; often used alone to designate the preputium penis.

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No:1396 - prescription (L. praescriptio) a written direction for the preparation and administration of a remedy. A prescription consists of the heading or superscription - that is, the symbol R or the word Recipe, meaning 'take'; the inscription, which contains the names and quantities of the ingredients; the subscription, or directions for compounding; and the signature, usually introduced by the sign S. for signa, 'mark', which gives the directions for the patient which are to be marked on the receptacle. No:1397 - presentation (L. praesentatio) in obstetrics; (a) the relationship of the long axis of the fetus to that of the mother (called also lie); (b) the presenting part, i.e., that portion of the fetus which is touched by the examining finger through the cervix, or during labour, is bounded by the girdle of resistance. No:1398 - presynaptic situated proximal to a synapse, or occurring before the synapse is crossed. No:1399 - prevention a going before : state of being before : precedence; anticipation, forestalment, preventive, precaution. No:1400 - priapism (L. priapismus; Gr. priapismos) persistent abnormal erection of the penis, usually without sexual desire, and accompanied by pain and tenderness. It is seen in diseases and injuries of the spinal cord, and may be caused by vesical calculus and certain injuries to the penis. No:1401 - primary (L. primarius) principal; primus first) first in order or in time of development; principal. No:1402 - primary vaccination first or principal vaccination ( = introduction of a vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity). No:1403 - procedure (L. procedere, from pro forward + cedere move) a series of steps by which a desired result is accomplished. No:1404 - procreation (L. procreatio) the entire process of bringing a new individual into the world. No:1405 - proctitis (proct- + -itis) inflammation of the rectum. No:1406 - production the act or process of producing, bringing forth, or making. No:1407 - productive producing or forming; said especially of an inflammation that produces new tissue or of a cough that brings forth sputum or mucus. No:1408 - progestogen a term applied to any substance possessing progestational activity. 111

No:1409 - prognosis (Gr. prognosis foreknowledge) a forecast as to the probable outcome of an attack of disease; the prospect as to recovery from a disease as indicated by the nature and symptoms of the case. No:1410 - progressive advancing; going forward; going from bad to worse; increasing in scope or severity. No:1411 - prolapse (L. prolapsus; pro before + labi to fall) 1. the falling down, or sinking, of a part or viscus; procidentia. 2. to undergo such displacement. No:1412 - proliferation (L. proles offspring + ferre to bear) the reproduction or multiplication of similar forms, especially of cells and morbid cysts. No:1413 - prophylaxis (Gr. prophylassein to keep guard before) the prevention of disease; preventive treatment. No:1414 - proportional being in proportion : corresponding in size, degree, or intensity, having the same or a constant ratio; of, relating to, or used in determining proportions. No:1415 - proptosis forward projection or displacement especially of the eyeball : exophthalmos. No:1416 - propulsive tending or having power to propel; driving onward or forward; impelling to action or motion. No:1417 - prostaglandin (prostate gland + -in because they were originally discovered in semen) any of a group of components derived from unsaturated 20-carbon fatty acids, primarily arachidonic acid, via the cyclooxygenase pathway that are extremely potent mediators of a diverse group of physiologic processes. The abbreviation for prostaglandin is PG; specific compounds are designated by adding one of the letters A through I to indicate the type of substituents found on the hydrocarbon skeleton and a subscript (1, 2 or 3) to indicate the number of double bonds in the hydrocarbon skeleton e.g., PGE2. The predominant naturally occurring prostaglandins all have two double bonds and are synthesized from arachidonic acid (5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic acid) by the pathway shown in the illustration. The 1 series and 3 series are produced by the same pathway with fatty acids having one fewer double bond (8,11,14-eicosatrienoic acid or one more double bond (5,8,11,14,17-eicosapentaenoic acid) than arachidonic acid. The subscript a or indicates the configuration at C-9 (a denotes a substituent below the plane of the ring, , above the plane). The naturally occurring PGF's have the a configuration, e.g., PGF2a. All of the prostaglandins act by binding to specific cell-surface receptors causing an increase in the level of the intracellular second messenger cyclic AMP (and in some cases cyclic GMP also). The effect produced by the cyclic AMP increase depends on the specific cell type. In some cases there 112

is also a positive feedback effect. Increased cyclic AMP increases prostaglandin synthesis leading to further increases in cyclic AMP. No:1418 - prostatism a symptom complex resulting from compression or obstruction of the urethra, due most commonly to hyperplasia of the prostate; symptoms include diminution in the calibre and force of the urinary stream, hesitancy in initiating voiding, inability to terminate micturition abruptly (with postvoiding dribbling), a sensation of incomplete bladder emptying, and, occasionally, urinary retention. No:1419 - prostatitis inflammation of the prostate. No:1420 - prosthesis (Gr. 'a putting to') an artificial substitute for a missing body part, such as an arm or leg, eye or tooth, used for functional or cosmetic reasons, or both. No:1421 - protease proteinase (= any enzyme that catalyses the splitting of interior peptide bonds in a protein). No:1422 - protective (L. protegere to cover over) an agent that affords defense against a deleterious influence, such as a substance applied to the skin (skin p.) to avoid the effects of the sun's rays (solar p.) or other noxious influences; called also screen. No:1423 - protein (Gr. protos first) any of a group of complex organic compounds which contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and usually sulphur, the characteristic element being nitrogen, and which are widely distributed in plants and animals. Proteins, the principal constituents of the protoplasm of all cells, are of high molecular weight and consist essentially of combinations of a-amino acids in peptide linkages. Twenty different amino acids are commonly found in proteins, and each protein has a unique, genetically defined amino acid sequence which determines its specific shape and function. They serve as enzymes, structural elements, hormones, immunoglobulins, etc., and are involved in oxygen transport, muscle contraction, electron transport, and other activities throughout the body, and in photosynthesis. No:1424 - proteolytic 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting proteolysis. 2. an enzyme that promotes proteolysis (= the splitting of proteins by hydrolysis of the peptide bonds with formation of smaller polypeptides). No:1425 - prothrombin (pro + Gr. thrombos cloth -in chemical suffix) Factor II. No:1426 - protozoan 1. any individual of the protozoa; protozoon. 2. of or pertaining to the protozoa; protozoal. No:1427 - protrusion (L. protrudere to push forward) the state of being trust forward or laterally, as in masticatory movements of the mandible. 113

No:1428 - proximal (L. proximus next) nearest; closer to any point of reference; opposed to distal. No:1429 - pruritic pertaining to or characterized by pruritus. No:1430 - pruritus (L. from prurire to itch) 1. itching; an unpleasant cutaneous sensation that provokes the desire to rub or scratch the skin to obtain relief. 2. any of various conditions marked by itching, the specific site or type being indicated by a modifying term. No:1431 - pseudomenbranous marked by or pertaining to a pseudomembrane. No:1432 - pseudotumour an enlargement that resembles a tumour. No:1433 - psoriasis (Gr. psoriasis) a common chronic, squamous dermatosis, marked by exacerbations and remissions and having a polygenic inheritance pattern. The most distinctive histological findings in well-developed psoriasis are Munro microabscesses and spongiform pustules. It is characterized clinically by the presence of rounded, circumscribed, erythematous, dry scaling patches of various sizes, covered by greyish white or silvery white, umbilicated, and lamellar scales, which have a predilection for the extensor surfaces, nails, scalp, genitalia, and lumbosacral region. Central clearing and coalescence of the lesions produce a wide variety of clinical configurations, including annular or circinate, discoid or nummular, figurate, and gyrate arrangements. Called also p. vulgaris No:1434 - psychiatric pertaining to or within the purview of psychiatry. No:1435 - psychic pertaining to the psyche or to the mind; mental. No:1436 - psychogenic produced or caused by psychic or mental factors rather than organic factors. No:1437 - psycholeptic of or relating to psycholepsy; that is an attack of hopelessness and mental inertia especially following elation and occurring typically in psychasthenic (= characterologically weak) patients. No:1438 - psychologic, psychological pertaining to psychology. No:1439 - psychomotor pertaining to motor effects of cerebral or psychic activity. No:1440 - psychosis (psych- + -osis) a mental disorder characterized by gross impairment in reality testing as evidenced by delusions, hallucinations, markedly incoherent speech, or disorganized and agitated behaviour without apparent awareness on the part of the patient of the incomprehensibility of his behaviour; the term is also used in a more 114

general sense to refer to mental disorders in which mental functioning is sufficiently impaired as to interfere grossly with the patient's capacity to meet the ordinary demands of life. Historically, the term has been applied to many conditions, e.g. manic-depressive psychosis, that were first described in psychotic patients, although many patients with the disorder are not judged psychotic. No:1441 - psychosomatic (psycho- + Gr. soma body) pertaining to the mind-body relationship; having bodily symptoms of psychic, emotional, or mental origin; called also psychophysiologic. No:1442 - psychotropic (psycho- + Gr. trop a turning) exerting an effect upon the mind; capable of modifying mental activity; usually applied to drugs that effect the mental state. No:1443 - ptosis (Gr. ptosis fall) 1. prolapse of an organ or part. 2. drooping of the upper eyelid from paralysis of the third nerve or from sympathetic innervation. No:1444 - puberty (L. pubertas) the period during which the secondary sex characteristics begin to develop and the capability of sexual reproduction is attained. No:1445 - puerperium the period or state of confinement after labour. No:1446 - pulmonary (L. pulmonarius) pertaining to the lungs. No:1447 - pulsation (L. pulsatio) a throb or rhythmical beat, as of the heart. No:1448 - puncture (L. punctura) 1. the act of piercing or penetrating with a pointed object or instrument. 2. a wound so made. No:1449 - pupillary dilation the action of stretching or enlarging the pupil e.g. by atropine. No:1450 - purgative (L. purgativus) 1. cathartic (def. 1); causing evacuation of the bowels. 2. a cathartic, particularly one that stimulates peristaltic action. No:1451 - purpura 1. a small haemorrhage (up to about 1 cm in diameter) in the skin, mucous membrane, or serosal surface, which may be caused by various factors, including blood disorders, vascular abnormalities, and trauma. Purpuric lesions may be associated with inflammation, in which case they present as papular purpura, or the haemorrhage may not be accompanied by inflammation, in which case they are macular. The term also comprises a group of haemorrhagic diseases characterized by the presence of purpuric lesions , ecchymoses, and a tendency to bruise easily, which may be caused by decreased platelet counts, the presence of abnormal platelets, vascular defects, or reactions to certain drugs. No:1452 - purulent

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(L. purulentus) consisting of or containing pus; associated with the formation of or caused by pus. No:1453 - pustular pertaining to or of the nature of a pustule; consisting of pustules (= a visible collection of pus within or beneath the epidermis). No:1454 - pyelitis (pyel- + -itis) inflammation of the pelvis of the kidney. It is attended by pain and tenderness in the loins, irritability of the bladder, remittent fever, bloody or purulent urine, diarrhoea, vomiting, and a peculiar pain on flexion of the thigh. No:1455 - pyelonephritis (pyelo- + Gr. nephros kidney + -itis) inflammation of the kidney and its pelvis, beginning in the interstitium and rapidly extending to involve the tubules, glomeruli, and blood vessels; due to bacterial infection. No:1456 - pylorus (Gr. pyloros gatekeeper) the opening in a vertebrate from the stomach into the intestine. No:1457 - pyoderma (pyo- + Gr. derma skin) any purulent skin disease. Called also pyodermia. No:1458 - pyogenic producing pus; pyopoietic (= liquid inflammation product made up of cells and a thin fluid called liquor puris). No:1459 - pyrexia (Gr. pyressein to be feverish) a fever, or a febrile condition; abnormal elevation of the body temperature. No:1460 - pyrogenic (pyro- + Gr. gennan to produce) inducing fever. No:1461 - pyrosis (Gr. pyrosis burning) heartburn. No:1462 - QRS complex usually cap Q & R & S : the deflections in an electrocardiographic tracing and represent ventricular activity of the hearth. No:1463 - interval (inter- + L. vallum rampart) the space between two objects or parts; the lapse of time between two recurrences or paroxysms. No:1464 - qualitative, qualitive (L. qualitativus) pertaining to quality. No:1465 - quantitative (L. quantitativus) denoting or expressible as quantity; relating to the proportionate quantities or to the amount of the constituents of a compound. No:1466 - quaternary (L. quaternarius, from quattuor four) 1. fourth in order. 2. containing four elements or groups.

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No:1467 - quiescent (L. quiescent pres. part. of quiescere, to be silent) marked by a state of inactivity or repose. No:1468 - radioactivity the quality of emitting or the emission of corpuscular or electromagnetic radiations consequent to nuclear disintegration, a natural property of all chemical elements of atomic number above 83, and possible of induction in all other known elements. No:1469 - radiography (radio- + Gr. graphein to write) the making of film records (radiographs) of internal structures of the body by passage of x-rays or gamma rays through the body to act on specially sensitized film. No:1470 - radiologic, radiological pertaining to radiology. No:1471 - radiotherapy (radio- + Gr. therapeia cure) the treatment of disease by ionizing radiation. No:1472 - raucousness (L. raucus hoarse) the quality or state of being raucous. No:1473 - Raynaud's phenomenon (Maurice Raynaud, French physician, 1834-1881) intermittent bilateral attacks of ischemia of the fingers or toes and sometimes of the ears or nose, marked by severe pallor, and often accompanied by paraesthesia and pain; it is brought on characteristically by cold or emotional stimuli and relieved by heat, and is due to an underlying disease or anatomical abnormality. When the condition is idiopathic or primary it is termed Raynaud's disease. No:1474 - reabsorption 1. the act or process of absorbing again, as the selective absorption by the kidneys of substances (glucose, proteins, sodium, etc.) already secreted into the renal tubules, and their return to the circulating blood. 2. resorption. No:1475 - reaction (re- + L. agere to act) 1. the phenomena caused by the action of chemical agents; a chemical process in which one substance is transformed into another substance or substances. 2. in psychology, the mental and/or emotional state elicited in response to any particular situation. No:1476 - reactivation the restoration of activity to something that has been inactivated. No:1477 - reactivity the process or property of reacting. No:1478 - reagent (re- + L. agere to act) a substance employed to produce a chemical reaction so as to detect, measure, produce, etc., other substances. No:1479 - rebound effect

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the characteristic of a drug to produce reverse effects when either the effect of the drug has passed, or when the patient no longer responds to the drug. No:1480 - receptor 1. a molecular structure within a cell or on the surface characterized by (1) selective binding of a specific substance and (2) a specific physiologic effect that accompanies the binding, e.g., cell-surface receptors for peptide hormones, neurotransmitters, antigens, complement fragments, and immunoglobulins and cytoplasmic receptors for steroid hormones. 2. a sensory nerve terminal that responds to stimuli of various kinds. No:1481 - recidivist (Fr. rcidiviste from L. recidere to fall back) one who tends to relapse. No:1482 - recipient one who receives, as blood in transfusion, or a tissue or organ graft. No:1483 - recombinant 1. a cell or an individual with a new combination of genes not found together in either parent; usually applied to linked genes. No:1484 - reconstitution 1. a type of regeneration in which a new organ forms by the rearrangement of tissues rather than from new formation at an injured surface. 2. the restoration to original form of a substance previously altered for preservation and storage, as the restoration to a liquid state of blood serum or plasma that has been dried and stored. No:1485 - reconvalescence renewed convalescence; complete convalescence. No:1486 - rectal pertaining to the rectum (= distal portion of the large intestine). No:1487 - recuperation (L. recuperatio) the recovery of health and strength. No:1488 - recurrent (L. recurrens returning) returning after intermissions. No:1489 - reduction (L. reductio) the correction of a fracture, dislocation, or hernia. No:1490 - reference the act of referring or consulting; something that refers to something else. No:1491 - reflective capable of throwing back light, images, sound waves : reflecting. No:1492 - reflex (L. reflexus) 1; reflected. 2. a reflected action or movement; the sum total of any particular involuntary activity. No:1493 - reflux (re- + L. fluxus flow) a backward or return flow. No:1494 - refractory

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(L. refractorius) not readily yielding to treatment. No:1495 - regeneration (re- + L. generare to produce, bring to life) the natural renewal of a structure, as of a lost tissue or part. No:1496 - region a plane area with more or less definite boundaries. No:1497 - regional pertaining to, limited to, or affecting a certain region or regions. No:1498 - regression (L. regressio a return) 1. a return to a former or earlier state. 2. a subsidence of symptoms or of a disease process. 3. a return to earlier, especially to infantile, patterns of thought or behaviour, a characteristic of many mental disorders also exhibited by normal persons in many situations, e.g. feelings of helplessness and dependency in a patient with a serious physical illness. No:1499 - regulation (L. regula rule) 1. in biology, the adaption of form or behaviour of an organism to changed conditions. 2. the power of a pregastrula stage to form a whole embryo from a part. No:1500 - regurgitation (re- + L. gurgitare to flood) a backward flowing, as the casting up of undigested food, or the backward flowing of blood into the heart, or between the chambers of the heart when a valve is incompetent. No:1501 - rehydration the restoration of water or of fluid content to a body or to substance which has become dehydrated. No:1502 - reinfection a second infection by the same pathogenic agent, or a second infection of an organ such as the kidney by a different pathogenic agent. No:1503 - relaxant (L. relaxare to loosen) 1. lessening or reducing tension. 2. an agent that lessens tension. No:1504 - relevant (L. relevare to raise up, lift up) bearing upon or properly applying to the matter at hand; affording evidence tending to prove or disprove the matters at issue or under discussion. No:1505 - remission (L. remissio) a diminution or abatement of the symptoms of a disease; also the period during which such diminution occurs. No:1506 - renal pertaining to the kidney; nephric. No:1507 - renin an enzyme of the hydrolase class that catalyses cleavage of the leucine-leucine bond in angiotensin to generate angiotensin. 1. The enzyme is synthesized as 119

inactive prorenin in the kidney and released into the blood in the active form in response to various metabolic stimuli. Not to be confused with rennin (chymosin). No:1508 - renovascular of or pertaining to the blood vessels of the kidneys. No:1509 - repetitive containing repetition; repetitions. No:1510 - replication (L. replicatio a fold backwards) 1. a turning back of a part so as to form a duplication. 2. the process of duplicating or reproducing, as the replication of an exact copy of a polynucleotide strand of DNA or RNA. No:1511 - reproduction (L. re- again + productio production) the production of offspring by organized bodies. No:1512 - research careful a diligent search; a close searching; studious inquiry or examination. No:1513 - resection excision of a portion or all of an organ or other structure. No:1514 - reservoir (Fr. rservoir from rserver to reserve) 1. a place or cavity for storage; for anatomical structures serving as a storage space for fluids. 2. reservoir host or reservoir of infection; an alternate or passive host or carrier that harbours pathogenic organisms, without injury to itself, and serves as a source from which other individuals can be infected. No:1515 - residual (L. residuus) remaining or left behind. No:1516 - resistant making or having powers of resistance; resisting. No:1517 - resorption (L. resorbere to swallow again) the loss of substance through physiologic or pathologic means, such as loss of dentin and cementum of a tooth, or of the alveolar process of the mandible or maxilla. No:1518 - respiratory (re- + L. spirare to breathe) pertaining to respiration. No:1519 - respond to say something in return; make an answer; to show some reaction to a force or stimulus; to render satisfaction. No:1520 - response (L. respondere to answer, reply) an action or movement due to the application of a stimulus. No:1521 - restless legs legs characterized by or showing inability to remain at rest. No:1522 - resuscitation

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(L. resuscitare to revive) the restoration to life or consciousness of one apparently dead; it includes such measures as artificial respiration and cardiac massage. No:1523 - retard characterized by retarded action, said of a drug when it is supposed to exercise its maximum effect later in the cycle. No:1524 - retardation (L. retardare to slow down, impede) delay; hindrance; delayed development. No:1525 - retention (L. retentio, from retentare to hold firmly back) 1. the persistent keeping within the body of matters normally excreted. 2. in cavity preparation, the prevention of displacement of a restoration. 3. in orthodontic therapy, the period during which the patient is wearing an appliance(s) to maintain and stabilize the teeth in the position into which they were moved. No:1526 - retinal 1. pertaining to the retina. 2. the aldehyde of retinol, derived by the oxidative enzymatic splitting of absorbed dietary carotene, and having vitamin A activity. In the retina, retinal combines with opsins to form visual pigments. One isomer, 11-cis retinal combines with opsin in the rods (scotopsin) to form rhodopsin, or visual purple. Another, all-trans retinal (trans-r.); visual yellow; xanthopsin) results from the bleaching of rhodopsin by light, in which the 11-cis form is converted to the all-trans form. Retinal also combines with opsins in the cones (photopsins) to form the three pigments responsible for colour vision. Called also retinal, and retinene1. No:1527 - retinopathy (retina + -pathy) 1. retinitis (= inflammation of the retina). 2. retinosis (= degenerative, noninflammatory condition of the retina). No:1528 - retraction (L. retrahere to draw back) 1. the act of drawing back; the condition of being drawn back. 2. distal movement of teeth, usually accomplished with an orthodontic appliance. No:1529 - retrobulbar (retro- + L. bulbus bulb) behind the pons. No:1530 - retrograde (retro- + L. gradi to step) 1. moving backward or against the usual direction of flow. 2. degenerating, deteriorating, or catabolic. No:1531 - retrosternal (retro- + sternum) situated or occurring behind the sternum. No:1532 - revaluation a revised or new evaluation or estimate : reappraisal; the act or process of revaluating. No:1533 - reversible capable of going through a series of changes in either direction, forward or backward, as a reversible chemical reaction.

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No:1534 - revulsive (L. re- back + vellere to draw) 1. effecting revulsion. 2. an agent causing revulsion; a counterirritant. No:1535 - rhagades (pl. of Gr. rhagas rent) fissures, cracks, or fine linear scars in the skin, especially such lesions around the mouth or other regions subjected to frequent movement. No:1536 - rheumatoid (Gr. rheuma flux + eidos form) resembling rheumatism. No:1537 - rhinitis (rhin- + -itis) inflammation of the mucous membrane of the nose. No:1538 - rhinopharyngitis inflammation of the nasopharynx. No:1539 - rhinorrhea (rhino- + Gr. rhoia flow) the free discharge of a thin nasal mucus. No:1540 - rhonchus (L.; Gr. rhonchos a snoring sound) a rattling in the throat; also a dry, coarse rale in the bronchial tubes, due to a partial obstruction. No:1541 - rickets (thought to be a corruption of Gr. rhachitis a spinal complaint) a condition caused by deficiency of vitamin D, especially in infancy and childhood, with disturbance of normal ossification. The disease is marked by bending and distortion of the bones under muscular action, by the formation of nodular enlargements on the ends and sides of the bones, by delayed closure of the fontanelles, pain in the muscles, and sweating of the head. Vitamin D and sunlight together with an adequate diet are curative, provided that the parathyroid glands are functioning properly. No:1542 - rigidity (L. rigiditas; rigidus stiff) stiffness or inflexibility, chiefly that which is abnormal or morbid; rigor. No:1543 - risk factor a clearly defined occurrence or characteristic that has been associated with the increased rate of a subsequently occurring disease No:1544 - risk patient patient who is at risk, because of his/her behaviour or because of the type of person he/she is. No:1545 - routinely usual, habitual, regular No:1546 - rubella (L., from rubellus reddish, from ruber red) an acute, usually benign, infectious disease caused by a togavirus and most often affecting children and nonimmune young adults, in which the virus enters the respiratory tract via droplet nuclei and spreads to the lymphatic system. It is characterized by a slight cold, sore throat, 122

and fever, followed by enlargement of the postauricular, suboccipital, and cervical lymph nodes, and the appearances of a fine pink rash that begins on the head and spreads to become generalized. Called also German measles, roetln, rteln, and three-day measles, and rubeola in French and Spanish. No:1547 - rupture 1. forcible tearing or disruption of tissue. 2. a hernia. No:1548 - salicylism a group of commonly occurring toxic effects of excessive dosage with salicylic acid or its salts, usually marked by tinnitus, nausea, and vomiting. No:1549 - saline (L. salinus; sal salt) salty; of the nature of a salt; containing a salt or salts. No:1550 - salivation (L. salivatio) 1. the secretion of saliva. 2. ptyalism (= excessive flow of saliva). No:1551 - salpingitis (salpingo- + itis inflammation) 1. inflammation of the uterine tube. 2. inflammation of the auditory tube. No:1552 - saluric (MISPRINT! replace by: saluretic.) No:1552 - saluretic pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting saluresis (= the excretion of sodium and chloride ions in the urine). No:1553 - saprophyte (sapro- + Gr. phyton plant) a saprophytic (= whose nutrition involves uptake of dissolved organic material from decaying plant or animal matter) organism. No:1554 - sarcoma (sarco- + -oma) a tumour made up of a substance like the embryonic connective tissue; tissue composed of closely packed cells embedded in a fibrillar or homogeneous substance. Sarcomas are often highly malignant. No:1555 - scabies (L., from scabere scratch) a contagious dermatitis of humans and various wild and domestic animals caused by the itch mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, transmitted by close contact, and characterized by a papular eruption over tiny, raised sinuous burrows (cuniculi) produced by digging into the upper layer of the epidermis by the egglaying female mite, which is accompanied by intense pruritus and sometimes associated with eczema from scratching and secondary bacterial infection. Called also the itch and seven-year itch. No:1556 - scarlatina (L. 'scarlet') scarlet fever. No:1557 - schizophrenia (schizo + Gr. phrn mind + -ia) (DSM III-R) a mental disorder or heterogeneous group of disorders (the schizophrenias or schizophrenic disorders) comprising most major psychotic disorders and characterized by disturbances in form and content of thought (loosening of associations, delusions, and hallucinations) mood (blunted, flattened, or inappropriate affect), sense of self and relationship to the

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external world (loss of ego boundaries, dereistic thinking, and autistic withdrawal), and behaviour (bizarre, apparently purposeless, and stereotyped activity or inactivity). The definition and clinical application of the concept of the concept of schizophrenia have varied greatly. The DSM III-R criteria emphasize marked disorder of thought (delusions, hallucinations, or other thought disorder accompanied by disordered affect or behaviour), deterioration from a previous level of functioning, and chronicity (duration of more than 6 months), thus excluding from this classification conditions referred to by others as acute, borderline, simple, or latent schizophrenia. Originally called dementia praecox and characterized as a psychosis with adolescent onset and a chronic course ending in deterioration. The term schizophrenia was introduced by Bleuler because neither early onset nor terminal deterioration is an essential feature; he emphasized the splitting and lack of personality integration seen in the disorder. No:1558 - sciatica a syndrome characterized by pain radiating from the back into the buttock and into the lower extremity along its posterior or lateral aspect, and most commonly caused by prolapse of the intervertebral disk; the term is also used to refer to pain anywhere along the course of the sciatic nerve. No:1559 - sclera (L.; Gr. skleros hard) (NA) the tough white outer coat of the eyeball, covering approximately the posterior five-sixths of its surface, and continuous anteriorly with the cornea and posteriorly with the external sheath of the optic nerve. No:1560 - sclerosis (Gr. sklrosis hardness) a induration, or hardening; especially hardening of a part from inflammation and in diseases of the interstitial substance. The term is used chiefly for such a hardening of the nervous system due to hyperplasia of the connective tissue or to designate hardening of the blood vessels. No:1561 - scotoma (Gr. skotoma) 1. an area of lost or depressed vision within the visual field, surrounded by an area of less depressed or of normal vision. 2. mental s. No:1562 - seborrhoea (L. sebum suet + Gr. rhoia flow) 1. excessive secretion of sebum; called also hypersteatosis 2. seborrhoeic dermatitis. No:1563 - secondary (L. secundarius; secundus second) second or inferior in order of time, place, or importance; derived from or consequent to a primary event or thing. No:1564 - secretion (L. secretio, from secernere to secrete) 1. the process of elaborating a specific product as a result of the activity of a gland; this activity may range from separating a specific substance of the blood to the elaboration of a new chemical substance. 2. any substance produced by secretion. No:1565 - sedative

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(L. sedativus) 1. allaying activity and excitement. 2. an agent that allays excitement. No:1566 - sedentary (L. sedentarius) 1. sitting habitually; of inactive habits. 2. pertaining to a sitting posture. No:1567 - sediment (L. sedimentum) a precipitate, especially one that is formed spontaneously. No:1568 - sedimentation the act of causing the deposit of sediment, especially by the use of a centrifugal machine. No:1569 - segment (L. segmentum a piece cut off) a portion of a larger body or structure, set off by natural or arbitrarily established boundaries. No:1570 - selectivity in pharmacology, the degree to which a dose of a drug produces the desired effect in relation to adverse effects. No:1571 - semisynthetic produced by chemical manipulation of naturally occurring substances. No:1572 - senility old age; the physical and mental deterioration associated with old age. No:1573 - sensitization 1. administration of antigen to induce a primary immune response; priming; immunization. 2. exposure to allergen that results in the development of hypersensitivity. 3. the coating of erythrocytes with antibody so that they are subject to lysis by complement in the presence of homologous antigen, the first stage of a complement fixation test. No:1574 - sensory (L. sensorius) pertaining to or subserving sensation. No:1575 - septic (septic + Gr. sptikos) produced by or due to decomposition by microorganisms; putrefactive. No:1576 - septicemia (septic + Gr. haima blood + -ia) systemic disease associated with the presence and persistence of pathogenic microorganisms or their toxins in the blood. Called also blood poisoning. No:1577 - septum a dividing wall or partition; (NA) a general term for such a structure. The term is often used alone to refer to the septal area or to the septum pellucidum. No:1578 - sequela any lesion or affection following or caused by an attack of disease. No:1579 - sequestrum a piece of dead bone that has become separated during the process of necrosis from the sound bone. 125

No:1580 - seroconversion the change of a serologic test from negative to positive, indicating the development of antibodies in response to infection or immunization. No:1581 - serologic, serological pertaining to serology. No:1582 - serum (L. 'whey') the clear portion of any body fluid; the clear fluid moistening serous membranes. 2. blood serum; the clear liquid that separates from blood on clotting. 3. immune serum; blood serum from an immunized animal used for passive immunization; an antiserum; antitoxin, or antivenin. No:1583 - shock 1. a sudden disturbance of mental equilibrium. 2. a condition of profound haemodynamic and metabolic disturbance characterized by failure of the circulatory system to maintain adequate perfusion of vital organs; it may result from inadequate blood volume (hypovolaemic shock); inadequate cardiac function (cardiogenic shock), or inadequate vasomotor tone (neurogenic shock, septic shock). No:1584 - shunt 1. to turn to one side; to divert; to bypass. 2. a passage or anastomosis between two natural channels, especially between blood vessels. Such structures may be formed physiologically (e.g. to bypass a thrombosis) or they may be structural anomalies. 3. a surgically created anastomosis; also, the operation of forming a shunt. No:1585 - side effect a consequence other than the one(s) for which an agent or measure is used, as the adverse effects produced by a drug, especially on a tissue or organ system other than the one sought to be benefited by its administration. No:1586 - sigmoid (Gr. sigmoeids, from the letter sigma + eidos form) 1. shaped like the letter S or the letter C. 2. the sigmoid colon. No:1587 - significant in statistics, probably resulting from something other than chance. No:1588 - simultaneous existing or occurring at the same time : coincident, concurrent. No:1589 - singultus hiccup. No:1590 - sinusal pertaining to the sinus. No:1591 - sinusitis inflammation of a sinus. The condition may be purulent or nonpurulent, acute or chronic. Depending on the site of involvement it is known as ethmoid, frontal, maxillary, or sphenoid sinusitis. No:1592 - skeletal 126

pertaining to the skeleton. No:1593 - solution (L. solutio) 1. a homogeneous mixture of one or more substances (solutes) dispersed molecularly in a sufficient quantity of dissolving medium (solvent). The solute may be gas, liquid, or solid; the solvent is usually liquid, but may be solid, as in a solid solution of copper in silver (sterling silver). In pharmacology, a liquid preparation containing one or several soluble chemical substances usually dissolved in water and not, for various reasons, falling into another category. 2. the process of dissolving. 3. a loosening or separation. No:1594 - solvent (L. solvens) 1. dissolving; effecting a solution. 2. a liquid that dissolves or that is capable of dissolving; the component of a solution that is present in greater amount. No:1595 - somatic (Gr. somatikos) 1. pertaining to or characteristic of the soma or body. 2. pertaining to the body wall in contrast to the viscera. No:1596 - somatotrophin growth hormone; somatotropin. No:1597 - somnambulism (L. somnus sleep + ambulare to walk) sleepwalking; rising out of bed and walking about during an apparent state of sleep, usually occurring in the first third of the night and lasting a few minutes to a half hour. No:1598 - somnolence (L. somnolentia sleepiness) sleepiness; also unnatural drowsiness. No:1599 - soporific (L. soporificus) 1. causing or inducing profound sleep. 2. a drug or other agent which induces sleep. No:1600 - soufffle (Fr. 'a puff'; L. sufflare to blow) a soft, blowing, auscultatory sound; called also bruid de soufflet and bellows murmur. No:1601 - spasm (L. spasmus; Gr. spasmos) 1. a sudden, violent, involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles, attended by pain and interference with function, producing involuntary movement and distortion. 2. a sudden but transitory constriction of a passage, canal or orifice. No:1602 - spasmodic (Gr. spasmods) of the nature of a spasm. No:1603 - spasmolytic checking spasms; antispasmodic. No:1604 - spastic (Gr. spastikos) 1. of the nature of or characterized by spasms. 2. hypertonic, so that the muscles are stiff and the movements awkward. 3. a person exhibiting spasticity, such as occurs in spastic paralysis or in cerebral palsy.

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No:1605 - spasticity a state of hypertonicity, or increase over the normal tone of a muscle, with heightened deep tendon reflexes. No:1606 - species a taxonomic category subordinate to a genus (or subgenus) and superior to a subspecies or variety, composed of individuals possessing common characters distinguishing them from other categories of individuals of the same taxonomic level. In taxonomic nomenclature, species are designated by the genus name followed by a Latin or Latinized adjective or noun. No:1607 - specific (L. specificus) 1. pertaining to a species. 2. produces by a single kind of microorganism. 3. a remedy specially indicated for any particular disease. 4. in immunology, pertaining to the special affinity of antigen for the corresponding antibody. No:1608 - spectrum (L. 'image') a charted band of wavelengths of electromagnetic vibrations obtained by refraction and diffraction. By extension, a measurable range of activity, such as the range of bacteria affected by an antibiotic (antibacterial s.) or the complete range of manifestations of a disease. No:1609 - spermatogenesis (spermato- + Gr. genesis production) the process of formation of spermatozoa, including spermatocytogenesis and spermiogenesis. No:1610 - spermicide an agent that is destructive to spermatozoa. No:1611 - sphincter (L.; Gr. sphinktr that which binds tight) a ringlike band of muscle fibres that constricts a passage or closes a natural orifice; called also musculus sphincter (NA). No:1612 - spinal (L. spinalis) pertaining to a spine or to the vertebral column. No:1613 - splenomegaly (spleno- + Gr. megas large) enlargement of the spleen. No:1614 - spondylitis inflammation of the vertebrae. No:1615 - sporadic (Gr. sporadikos scattered; L. sporadicus) neither endemic nor epidemic; occurring occasionally in a random or isolated manner. No:1616 - spotting a slight discharge of blood via the vagina, especially as a side-effect of oral contraceptives. No:1617 - spray a liquid minutely divided or nebulized as by a jet of air of steam. No:1618 - sputum 128

matter ejected from the lungs, bronchi, and trachea, through the mouth. No:1619 - squamous (L. squamosus scaly) scaly, or platelike. No:1620 - stability the quality of maintaining a constant character in the presence of forces which threaten to disturb it; resistance to change. No:1621 - stabilization the creation of a stable state. No:1622 - standard dosing an established model of administering medication. No:1623 - standardize to compare with or conform to a standard; to establish standards. No:1624 - stasis (Gr. 'a standing still') a word termination indicating the maintenance of (or maintaining) a constant level; preventing increase or multiplication. No:1625 - statistic (back formation from statistics) any function computed from the values of a random sample, such as the sample mean or median, when considered as a random variable with a known probability distribution. No:1626 - status state or condition. No:1627 - steady state (L. status state : the crisis, or the turning point of an attack of disease) dynamic equilibrium. No:1628 - steatorrhoea (steato- + Gr. rhoia a flow) excessive amounts of fats in the feces, as in malabsorption syndromes. No:1629 - steatosis fatty degeneration. No:1630 - stenosis (Gr. stenosis) narrowing or stricture of a duct or canal. No:1631 - sterility (L. sterilitas) 1. the inability to produce offspring, i.e., the inability to conceive (female s.) or to induce conception (male s.). 2. the state of being aseptic, or free from microorganisms. No:1632 - sterilization 1. the complete destruction or elimination of all living microorganisms, accomplished by physical methods (dry or moist heat), chemical agents (ethylene oxide, formaldehyde, alcohol), radiation (ultraviolet, cathode), or mechanical methods (filtration). 2. any procedure by which an individual is made incapable of reproduction, as by castration, vasectomy, or salpingectomy. No:1633 - steroid

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a group name for lipids that contain a hydrogenated cyclopentanoperhydrophenanthrene ring system. Some of the substances included in this group are progesterone, adrenocortical hormones, the gonadal hormones, cardiac aglycones, bile acids, sterols (such as cholesterol), toad poisons, saponins, and some of the carcinogenic hydrocarbons. No:1634 - stimulant (L. stimulans) 1. producing stimulation; especially producing stimulation by causing tension on muscle fibre through the nervous tissue. 2. an agent or remedy that produces stimulation. No:1635 - stomatitis inflammation of the oral mucosa, due to local or systemic factors which may involve the buccal and labial mucosa, palate, tongue, floor of the mouth, and the gingivae. No:1636 - stomatological pertaining to stomatology. No:1637 - strabismus (Gr. strabismos a squinting) deviation of the eye which the patient cannot overcome. The visual axes assume a position relative to each other different from that required by the physiological conditions. The various forms of strabismus are spoken of as tropias, their direction being indicated by the appropriate prefix, as cyclo tropia, esotropia, exotropia, hypertropia, and hypotropia. Called also cast, heterotropia, manifest deviation, and squint. No:1638 - stress 1. forcibly exerted influence; pressure. In dentistry, the pressure of the upper teeth against the lower in mastication. 2. the sum of the biological reactions to any adverse stimulus, physical, mental, or emotional, internal or external, that tends to disturb the organism's homeostasis; should these compensating reactions be inadequate or inappropriate, they may lead to disorders. The term is also used to refer to the stimuli that elicit the reactions. No:1639 - stria (L. 'a furrow, groove') 1. a streak, or line. 2. a narrow bandlike structure; (NA) a general term for such longitudinal collections of nerve fibres in the brain. No:1640 - structural pertaining to or affecting the structure. No:1641 - struma goitre. No:1642 - stupor partial or nearly complete unconsciousness, manifested by the subject's responding only to vigorous stimulation. Also, in psychiatry, a disorder marked by reduced responsiveness. No:1643 - subacute somewhat acute; between acute and chronic. No:1644 - subarachnoid

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situated or occurring between the arachnoid and the pia mater. No:1645 - subcapsular situated below a capsule. No:1646 - subclinical without clinical manifestations; said of the early stage(s) of an infection or other disease or abnormality before symptoms and signs become apparent or detectable by clinical examination or laboratory tests, or of a very mild form of an infection or other disease or abnormality. No:1647 - subconjunctival situated or occurring beneath the conjunctiva. No:1648 - subcuticular situated beneath the epidermis, subepidermal. No:1649 - subjective (L. subjectivus) pertaining to or perceived only by the affected individual, not perceptible to the senses of another person. No:1650 - sublingual located beneath the tongue. No:1651 - substance (L. substantia) the material constituting an organ or body; called also substantia (NA). No:1652 - substitution (L. substitutio, from sub under + statuere to place) 1. the act of putting one thing in the place of another, especially the chemical replacement of one element or radical by some other. 2. a defense mechanism, operating unconsciously, in which an unattainable or unacceptable goal, emotion, or object is replaced by one that is attainable or acceptable. No:1653 - substrate (L. sub under + stratum layer) a substance upon which an enzyme acts. No:1654 - superinfection a new infection complicating the course of antimicrobial therapy of an existing infectious process, and resulting from invasion by bacteria or fungi resistant to the drug(s) in use. It may occur at the site of the original infection or at a remote site. No:1655 - supervision the act, process, or occupation of supervising : direction, inspection, and critical evaluation: oversight, superintendence. No:1656 - supination (L. supinatio) the act of assuming the supine position, or the state of being supine. Applied to the hand, the act of turning the palm forward (anteriorly) or upward, performed by lateral rotation of the forearm. Applied to the foot, it generally implies movements resulting in raising of the medial margin of the foot, hence of the longitudinal arch. No:1657 - supplement

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something that supplies a want or make an addition : something that completes, adds a finishing touch, or brings closer to completion or a desired state. No:1658 - suppository (L. suppositorium) a medicated mass adapted for introduction into the rectal, vaginal, or urethral orifice of the body, suppository bases are solid at room temperature but melt or dissolve at body temperature. Commonly used bases are cocoa butter, glycerinated gelatin, hydrogenated vegetable oils, polyethylene glycols of various molecular weights, and fatty acid esters of polyethylene glycol. No:1659 - suppressive tending to suppress : effecting suppression; specifically : serving to suppress activity, function, symptoms. No:1660 - suppuration (L. sub under + puris pus) the formation of pus; the act of becoming converted into and discharging pus. No:1661 - supraventricular situated or occurring above the ventricles, especially in an atrium or atrioventricular node. No:1662 - surdity (L. surditas) deafness. No:1663 - surgical of, pertaining to, or correctable by surgery. No:1664 - suspension (L. suspensio) 1. a condition of temporary cessation, as of animation, of pain, or of any vital process. 2. a preparation of a finely divided drug intended to be incorporated (suspended) in some suitable liquid vehicle before it is used, or already incorporated in such a vehicle. No:1665 - sympathetic (Gr. sympathtikos) 1. pertaining to, caused by, or exhibiting sympathy. 2. a sympathetic nerve or the sympathetic nervous system. No:1666 - sympathomimetic (sympathetic + Gr. mimtikos imitative) 1. mimicking the effects of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. 2. an agent that produces effects similar to those of impulses conveyed by adrenergic postganglionic fibres of the sympathetic nervous system. Called also adrenergic. No:1667 - symptom (L. symptoma; Gr. symptoma anything that has befallen one) any subjective evidence of disease or of a patient's condition, i.e. such evidence as perceived by the patient; a change in a patient's condition indicative of some bodily or mental state. No:1668 - symptomatic (Gr. symptomatikos) 1. pertaining to or of the nature of a symptom. 2. indicative (of a particular disease or disorder). 3. exhibiting the symptoms of a particular

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disease but having a different cause. 4. directed at the allying of symptoms, as symptomatic treatment. No:1669 - symptomatology 1. that branch of medicine with treats of symptoms; the systematic discussion of symptoms. 2. the combined symptoms of a disease. No:1670 - synaptic pertaining to or affecting a synapse (= site of functional apposition between neurons, at which an impulse is transmitted from one neuron to another by electrical or chemical means); pertaining to synapsis (= pairing off in point-forpoint association of homologous chromosomes from the male and female pronuclei during the early prophase of meiosis). No:1671 - syncope a temporary suspension of consciousness due to generalized cerebral schemia, a faint or swoon. No:1672 - syndrome (Gr. syndrom concurrence) a set of symptoms which occur together; the sum of signs of any morbid state; a symptom complex. In genetics, a pattern of multiple malformations thought to be pathogenetically related). No:1673 - synergistic acting together; enhancing the effect of another force or agent. No:1674 - synovial (L. synovialis) of pertaining to, or secreting synovia. No:1675 - synovitis inflammation of a synovial membrane. It is usually painful, particularly on motion, and is characterized by a fluctuating swelling due to effusion within a synovial sac. Synovitis is qualified as fibrinous, gonorrhoeal, hyperplastic, lipomatous, metritic, puerperal, rheumatic, scarlatinal, syphilitic, tuberculous, urethral, etc. No:1676 - synthesis (Gr. 'a putting together, composition') 1. the artificial building up of a chemical compound, by the union of its elements or from other suitable starting materials. 2. in psychiatry, the integration of the various elements of the personality; the opposite of analysis. No:1677 - systematic (Gr. systmatikos) pertaining or according to a system. No:1678 - systemic pertaining to or affecting the body as a whole. No:1679 - systolic (of blood pressure) indicating the maximum arterial pressure during contraction of the left ventricle of the heart. No:1680 - tachyarrhythmia (tachy- + a neg. + Gr. rhythmos rhythm) tachycardia associated with an irregularity in the normal heart rhythm.

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No:1681 - tachycardia (tachy- + Gr. kardia heart) excessive rapidity in the action of the heart; the term is usually applied to a heart rate above 100 per minute and may be qualified as atrial, junctional (nodal), or ventricular, and as paroxysmal. No:1682 - tachyphylaxis (tachy- + Gr. phylaxis protection) 1. rapid immunization against the effect of toxic doses of an extract or serum by previous injection of small doses. 2. rapidly decreasing response to a drug or physiologically active agent after administration of a few doses. No:1683 - tardive (Fr. 'tardy, late') marked by lateness, late; said of a disease in which the characteristic lesion is late in appearing. No:1684 - telangiectasia (tele-(1) + ectasia) permanent dilation of preexisting blood vessels (capillaries, arterioles, venules), creating small focal red lesions, usually in the skin or mucous membranes. Called also telangiectasis. No:1685 - tendency a presumptive course of future behaviour in continuation of observed acts and attitudes. No:1686 - tendinitis inflammation of tendons and of tendon-muscle attachments. No:1687 - tenesmus (L.; Gr. teinesmos) straining, especially ineffectual and painful straining at stool or in urination. No:1688 - tenosynovitis inflammation of a tendon sheath. No:1689 - tensio-active having an effect on surface tension. No:1690 - tension (L. tensio; Gr. tonos) 1. the act of stretching. 2. the condition of being stretched or strained; the degree to which anything is stretched or strained. 3. voltage. 4. the partial pressure of a gas in a fluid, e.g., of oxygen in blood. No:1691 - teratogenic tending to produce anomalies of formation, or teratism (= anomaly of formation or development : condition of a monster). No:1692 - teratologic, teratological pertaining to teratology (= division of embryology and pathology which deals with abnormal development and congenital malformations. No:1693 - terminal (L. terminalis) 1. forming or pertaining to an end; placed at the end. 2. a termination, end, or extremity. No:1694 - test 1. a significant chemical reaction. 2. a reagent. For specific test. 134

No:1695 - testicular pertaining to a testis. No:1696 - tetanus (Gr. tetanos, from tenein to stretch) 1. an acute, often fatal infectious disease caused by the anaerobic, spore-forming bacillus Clostridium tetani; the agent most often enters the body through contaminated puncture wounds(e.g. those caused by metal nails, wood splinters, or insect bites), although other portals of entry include burns, surgical wounds, cutaneous ulcers, injections sites of drug abusers, the umbilical stump of neonates (t; neonatorum), and the postpartum uterus. 2. physiological tetanus; a state of sustained muscular contraction without periods of relaxation caused by repetitive stimulation of the motor nerve trunk at frequencies so high that individual muscle twitches are fused and cannot be distinguished from one another; called also tonic spasm and tetany. No:1697 - tetany 1. hyperexcitability of nerves and muscles due to decrease in concentration of extracellular ionized calcium, which may be associated with such conditions as parathyroid hypofunction, vitamin D deficiency, and alkalosis or result from ingestion of alkaline salts; it is characterized by carpopedal spasm, muscular twitching and cramps, laryngospasm with inspiratory stridor, hyperreflexia and choreiform movements. 2. tetanus. No:1698 - thalamus (L.; Gr. thalamos inner chamber) (NA) either of two large, ovoid masses, consisting chiefly of grey substance, situated one on each side of and forming part of the lateral wall of the third ventricle. It is divided into two major parts : dorsal and ventral, each of which contains many nuclei. No:1699 - theoretical of, pertaining to, or consisting in theory; not practical (distinguished from applied). No:1700 - therapeutic (Gr. therapeutikos inclined to serve) 1. pertaining to therapeutics, or to the art of healing. 2. curative. No:1701 - therapy (Gr. therapeia service done to the sick) the treatment of disease; therapeutics. No:1702 - thermal pertaining to or characterized by heat. No:1703 - thermoregulation heat regulation. No:1704 - thoracic (L. thoracicus; Gr. thorakikos) pertaining to or affecting the chest. No:1705 - thrombocytopenia (thrombocyte + Gr. penia poverty) decrease in the number of blood platelets. No:1706 - thrombocytosis increased numbers of platelets in the peripheral blood.

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No:1707 - thromboembolism obstruction of a blood vessel with thrombotic material carried by the blood stream from the site of origin to plug another vessel. No:1708 - thrombolytic 1. dissolving or splitting up a thrombus. 2. a thrombolytic agent. No:1709 - thrombophlebitis (thrombo- + Gr. phleps vein + -itis) inflammation of a vein associated with thrombus formation. No:1710 - thrombosis (Gr. thrombosis) the formation, development, or presence of a thrombus. No:1711 - thrombus (Gr. thrombos clot) an aggregation of blood factors, primarily platelets and fibrin with entrapment of cellular elements, frequently causing vascular obstruction at the point of its formation. Some authorities thus differentiate thrombus formation from simple coagulation or clot formation. Cf. embolism. No:1712 - thyrostatic antithyroid agent. No:1713 - thyrotoxicosis the condition resulting from presentation to the tissues of excessive quantities of the thyroid hormones, whether the excess results from overproduction by the thyroid gland (as in Graves' disease), originated outside the thyroid, or is due to loss of storage function and leakage from the gland. No:1714 - tic an involuntary compulsive, repetitive, stereotyped movement, resembling a purposeful movement because it is coordinated and involves muscles in their normal synergistic relationships; tics usually involve the face and shoulders. No:1715 - tinea pedis tinea involving the feet, particularly the interdigital spaces and soles, most often caused by Trichophyton rubrum, T. mentagrophytes, or Epidermophyton floccosum, and characterized by intensely pruritic lesions varying from mild, chronic, and scaling to acute exfoliative, pustular and bullous. No:1716 - tinnitus (L. 'a ringing') a noise in the ears, as ringing, buzzing, roaring, clicking, etc. Such sounds may at times be heard by others than the patient. No:1717 - titre (Fr. titre standard) the quantity of a substance required to produce a reaction with a given volume of another substance, or the amount of one substance required to correspond with a given amount of another substance. No:1718 - tolerance (L. tolerantia) 1. the ability to endure unusually large doses of a drug or toxin. 2. acquired drug tolerance; a decreasing response to repeated constant doses of a drug or the need for increasing doses to maintain a constant response. No:1719 - tomography 136

(tomo- + Gr. graphein to write) the recording of internal body images at a predetermined plane by means of the tomograph; called also body section roentgenography. No:1720 - tone (Gr. tonos; L. tonus) 1. the normal degree of vigour and tension; in muscle, the resistance to passive elongation or stretch; tonus. 2. a particular quality of sound or of voice. 3. to make permanent, or to change, the colour of silver stain by chemical treatment, usually with a heavy metal. No:1721 - tonic (Gr. tonikos) 1. producing and restoring the normal tone. 2. characterized by continuous tension. 3. a term formerly used for a class of medicinal preparations believed to have the power of restoring normal tone to tissue. No:1722 - tonsillitis (L. tonsilla tonsil + -itis) inflammation of the tonsils, especially the palatine tonsils. No:1723 - tophus (L. 'porous stone') a chalky deposit of sodium urate occurring in gout; tophi form most often around joints in cartilage, bone, bursae, and subcutaneous tissue and in the external ear, producing a chronic foreign-body inflammatory response. No:1724 - topical (Gr. topikos) pertaining to a particular surface area, as a topical anti-infective applied to a certain area of the skin and affecting only the area to which it is applied. No:1725 - torsades de pointes (Fr. 'fringe of pointed tips') an atypical rapid ventricular tachycardia with periodic waxing and waning of amplitude of the QRS complexes on the electrocardiogram; it may be self-limited or may progress to ventricular fibrillation. No:1726 - torsion (L. torsio, from torquere to twist) 1. a type of mechanical stress, whereby the external forces (load) twist an object about its axis. 2. in ophthalmology any rotation of the vertical corneal meridians. No:1727 - torticollis (L. tortus twisted + collum neck) wryneck; a contracted state of the cervical muscles, producing twisting of the neck and an unnatural position of the head. No:1728 - toxaemia (toxin + Gr. haima blood + -ia) 1. the condition resulting from the spread of bacterial products (toxins) by the bloodstream. 2. a condition resulting from metabolic disturbances, e.g. toxaemia of pregnancy. No:1729 - toxic pertaining to, due to, or of the nature of a poison or toxin; manifesting the symptoms of severe infection. No:1730 - toxicity

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the quality of being poisonous, especially the degree of virulence of a toxic microbe or of a poison. No:1731 - toxicologic pertaining to toxicology. No:1732 - toxicomania (NL, Fr. toxic + mania) addiction to a drug (as opium or cocaine). No:1733 - toxin (Gr toxikon arrow poison, from Gr. toxikos of or for a bow) a poison; frequently used to refer specifically to a protein produced by some higher plants, certain animals, and pathogenic bacteria, which is highly toxic for other living organisms. Such substances are differentiated from the simple chemical poisons and the vegetable alkaloids by their high molecular weight and antigenicity. No:1734 - toxoplasmosis (toxo- + plasma + -osis) an acute or chronic, widespread disease of animals and humans caused by the obligate intracellular protozoon Toxoplasma gondii, transmitted by oocysts containing the pathogen in the feces of cats (the definitive host), usually by contaminated soil, direct exposure to infected feces, tissue cysts in infected meat, or tachyzoites (proliferating forms) in blood. No:1735 - tracheitis inflammation of the trachea. No:1736 - trachoma (Gr. trachoma roughness) a chronic infectious disease of the conjunctiva and cornea, producing photophobia, pain, and lacrimation, caused by an organism once thought to be a virus but now classified as a strain of the bacteria Chlamydia trachomatis. No:1737 - tract (L. tractus) a region, principally one of some length; specifically a collection or bundle of nerve fibres having the same origin, function, and termination (tractus (NA)), or a number of organs, arranged in series, subserving a common function. No:1738 - tranquillizer (L. tranquillus quiet, calm + -ize verb ending meaning to make + - er agent) a drug with a calming, soothing effect. No:1739 - transaminase aminotransferase (= a subclass of enzymes of the transferase class that catalyse the transfer of an amino group from a donor (generally an amino acid) to an acceptor (generally 2-keto acid). Most of these enzymes are pyridoxal-phosphateproteins. No:1740 - transcutaneous transdermal. No:1741 - transdermal entering through the dermis, or skin, as in administration of a drug applied to the skin in ointment or patch form. No:1742 - transfer

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(trans- + L. ferre to carry) the conveyance of something from one place to another. No:1743 - transformation (trans- + L. formatio formation) change of form or structure; conversion from one form to another. In oncology, the change that a normal cell undergoes as it becomes malignant. In eukaryotes, the conversion of normal cells to malignant cells in cell culture. No:1744 - transfusion (L. transfusio) the introduction of whole blood or blood component directly into the blood stream. Cf. infusion. No:1745 - transit an act, process, or instance of passing or journeying across, through, or over. No:1746 - transitory marked by the quality of passing away : evanescent, transient; of brief duration : existing momentarily : temporary. No:1747 - transmission (trans- + L. missio a sending) 1. a passage or transfer, as of a disease from one individual to another, or of neutral impulses from one neuron to another. 2. the communication of inheritable qualities from parent to offspring No:1748 - transplantation (trans- + L. plantare to plant) the grafting of tissues taken from the patient's own body or from another. No:1749 - transurethral performed through the urethra. No:1750 - traumatic (L. traumaticus from Gr. traumaticos, from trauma wound + -ikos - ic) : of, relating to, or resulting from a trauma ( = wound or injury, whether physical or psychic). No:1751 - tremor (L.; from tremere to shake) an involuntary trembling or quivering. No:1752 - tricyclic containing three fused rings or closed chains in the molecular structure. No:1753 - trigger zone dolorogenic zone (= producing or causing pain). No:1754 - trismus (Gr. trismos grating, grinding) motor disturbance of the trigeminal nerve, especially spasm of the masticatory muscles , with difficulty in opening the mouth; a characteristic early symptom of tetanus. Called also lockjaw. No:1755 - trivalent (tri- + L. valens powerful) having a valence of three. No:1756 - trophic (Gr. trophikos) of or pertaining to nutrition.

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No:1757 - tube (L. tubus) an elongated hollow cylindrical organ or instrument. No:1758 - tubercular of, pertaining to, or resembling tubercles or nodules. No:1759 - tuberculostatic inhibiting the growth of Mycobacterium tuberculosis. No:1760 - tubular (L. tubularis) shaped like a tube; of or pertaining to a tubule. No:1761 - tumour (L.; from tumere to swell) 1. swelling, one of the cardinal signs of inflammations; morbid enlargement. 2. a new growth of tissue in which the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled and progressive; called also neoplasm. No:1762 - turnover the movement of something into, through, and out of a place; the rate at which a thing is depleted and replaced. No:1763 - tympanum (L.; Gr. tympanon drum) 1. loosely, the tympanic membrane (membrana tympani (NA)). 2. the tympanic cavity (cavitas tympanica (NA)). No:1764 - ulcer (L. ulcus; Gr. helkosis) a local defect, or excavation, of the surface of an organ or tissue; which is produced by the sloughing of inflammatory necrotic tissue. No:1765 - ulceration (L. ulceratio) 1. the formation or development of an ulcer. 2. an ulcer. No:1766 - ulcerogenic causing ulceration; leading to the production of ulcers. No:1767 - ulcus cruris ulcer of the foot No:1768 - uniform marked by lack of variation, diversity, change in form, degree, or character in all occurrences or manifestations. No:1769 - unilateral (uni- + L. latus side) affecting but one side. No:1770 - unitdose occurring in, or using a single dose, seen as a standard of measurement. No:1771 - uraemia (Gr. ouron urine + haima blood + -ia) 1. an excess in the blood of urea, creatinine, and other nitrogenous end products of protein and amino acids metabolism; more correctly referred to as azotemia. 2. in current usage the entire constellation of signs and symptoms of chronic renal failure, including nausea, vomiting anorexia, a metallic taste in the mouth, a uraemic odour of the breath, pruritus, uraemic frost on the skin, neuromuscular disorders, pain and twitching in

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the muscles, hypertension, edema, mental confusion, and acid-base and electrolyte imbalances. No:1772 - urethritis inflammation of the urethra. No:1773 - urgency the sudden compelling urge to urinate. No:1774 - uricosuric 1. pertaining to, characterized by, or promoting uricosuria (= the excretion of uric acid in the urine). 2. an agent that promotes uricosuria. No:1775 - urinary pertaining to the urine; containing or secreting urine. No:1776 - urogenital pertaining to the urinary and genital apparatus; genitourinary. No:1777 - urography roentgenography of a part of the urinary tract which has been rendered opaque by some opaque medium. No:1778 - urticaria Pathology: a transient condition of the skin, usually caused by an allergic reaction, characterized by pale or reddened irregular, elevated patches and severe itching; hives. No:1779 - uterus (L.; Gr. hystera) (NA) the hollow muscular organ in female mammals in which the fertilized ovum normally becomes embedded and in which the developing embryo and fetus is nourished. In the nongravid human, it is a pear-shaped structure; about 3 inches in length, consisting of a body, fundus, isthmus, and cervix. Its cavity opens into the vagina below, and into the uterine tube on either side at the cornu. It is supported by direct attachment to the vagina and by indirect attachment to various other nearby pelvic structures. Called also metra. No:1780 - uveitis an inflammation of part or all of the uvea, the middle (vascular) tunic of the eye, and commonly involving the other tunics (the sclera and cornea, and the retina). No:1781 - vaccination (L. vacca cow) the introduction of vaccine into the body for the purpose of inducing immunity. Coined originally to apply to the injection of smallpox vaccine, the term has come to mean any immunizing procedure in which vaccine is injected. No:1782 - vaccine (L. vaccinus) a suspension of attenuated or killed microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, or rickettsiae), administered for the prevention, amelioration or treatment of infectious diseases. No:1783 - vaccinia (L., from vacca cow) the cutaneous and sometimes systemic reactions associated with vaccination with smallpox vaccine.

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No:1784 - vagal pertaining to the vagus nerve. No:1785 - vaginal 1. of the nature of a sheath; ensheathing. 2. pertaining to the vagina. 3. pertaining to the tunica vaginalis testis. No:1786 - vagolytic having an effect resembling that produced by interruption of impulses transmitted by the vagus nerve; parasympatholytic. No:1787 - vagotonia (vagus + Gr. tonos tension + -ia) hyperexcitability of the vagus nerve; a condition in which the vagus nerve dominates in the general functioning of the body organs. It is marked by vasomotor instability, constipation, sweating, and involuntary motor spasms with pain. No:1788 - validity 1. the extent to which a measurement, test, or study measures what it purports to measure. 2. occasionally, accuracy (q.v.). No:1789 - valvula (L., dim of valva) a small valve; once used in official nomenclature as a general term to designate a valve, such as in the heart, but in NA restricted to designation of a cusp of the aortic valve of the valve of the pulmonary trunk, or the valves of the anus, foramen ovale, navicular fossa, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, or of the lymphatic vessels and veins. No:1790 - variability the state of being variable. No:1791 - variation in genetics, deviation in characters in an individual from those typical of the group to which it belongs; also, deviation in characters of the offspring from those of its parents. No:1792 - varicella chicken pox. No:1793 - varicose vein an abnormal swelling and tortuosity especially of the superficial veins of the legs. No:1794 - vascular pertaining to blood vessels or indicative of a copious blood supply. No:1795 - vasculitis (L. vasculum vessel + -itis) inflammation of a vessel, angiitis. No:1796 - vasoactive exerting an effect upon the calibre of blood vessels. No:1797 - vasoconstriction the diminution of the calibre of vessels, especially constriction of arterioles leading to decreased blood flow to a part. No:1798 - vasodilatation

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a state of increased calibre of the blood vessels. No:1799 - vasomotor (vaso- + L. motor mover) 1. affecting the calibre of a vessel, especially of a blood vessel. 2. any element or agent that effects the calibre of a blood vessel. No:1800 - vasopressor 1. stimulating contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries. 2. an agent that stimulates contraction of the muscular tissue of the capillaries and arteries. No:1801 - vegetative 1. concerned with growth and with nutrition. 2. functioning involuntarily or unconsciously, as the vegetative nervous system. 3. resting; denoting the portion of a cell cycle during which the cell is not involved in replication. 4. of, pertaining to, or characteristic of plants. No:1802 - vehicle (L. vehiculum) 1. an excipient. 2. any medium through which an impulse is propagated. No:1803 - venereal (L. venereus) pertaining or related to or transmitted by sexual contact. No:1804 - venous (L. venosus) of or pertaining to the veins. No:1805 - ventilation (L. ventilatio) 1. in respiratory physiology, the process of exchange of air between the lungs and the ambient air. Pulmonary ventilation (usually measured in litres per minute) refers to the total exchange, whereas alveolar ventilation refers to the effective ventilation of the alveoli, in which gas exchange with the blood takes place. 2. in psychiatry, verbalization of one's emotional problems. No:1806 - ventral (L. ventralis) 1. pertaining to the belly or to any venter. 2. denoting a position more toward the belly surface than some other object of reference; same as anterior in human anatomy. No:1807 - ventricular pertaining to a ventricle. No:1808 - vertebral (L. vertebralis) of or pertaining to a vertebra. No:1809 - vertigo (L. vertigo) an illusion of movement; a sensation as if the external world were revolving around the patient (objective vertigo) or as if he himself were revolving in space (subjective vertigo). The term is sometimes erroneously used to mean any form of dizziness. No:1810 - vesicular (L. vesicula a little bladder) 1. composed of or relating to small, saclike bodies. 2. pertaining to or made up of vesicles on the skin. No:1811 - vestibular 143

(L. vestibularis) pertaining to or toward a vestibule. In dental anatomy, used to refer to the tooth surface directed toward the vestibule of the mouth. No:1812 - vial (Gr. phial) a small bottle. No:1813 - vigilance (L. vigilantia) wakefulness; watchfulness; arousal. No:1814 - viral pertaining to, caused by, or of the nature of virus. No:1815 - virilization the induction or development of male secondary sec characters, especially the induction of such changes in the female, including enlargement of the clitoris, growth of facial and body hair, development of a hairline typical of the male forehead, stimulation of secretion and proliferation of the sebaceous glands (often with acne), and deepening of the voice. Called also masculinization) No:1816 - visceral (L. visceralis), from viscus a viscus) pertaining to a viscus. No:1817 - viscosity a physical property of fluids that determines the internal resistance to shear forces. No:1818 - vision (L. visio, from vidre to see) 1. the act or faculty of seeing; sight. 2. an apparition; a subjective sensation of vision not elicited by actual visual stimuli. 3. visual acuity; symbol V. No:1819 - visual (L. visualis, from videre to see) pertaining to vision or sight. No:1820 - vital capacity the volume of gas that can be expelled from the lungs from a position of full inspiration, with no limit to the duration of expiration; it is equal to the inspiratory capacity plus the expiratory reserve volume. No:1821 - vitreous glasslike or hyaline; often used alone to designate the vitreous body of the eye (corpus vitreum (NA)). No:1822 - voluntary (L. voluntas will) accomplished in accordance with the will. No:1823 - vomitus 1. vomiting. 2. matter vomited. No:1824 - vulval, vulvar pertaining to the vulva. No:1825 - vulvovaginitis inflammation of the vulva and vagina, or of the vulvovaginal glands. No:1826 - withdrawal 1. a pathological retreat from interpersonal contact and social involvement, as may occur in schizophrenia, depression, or schizoid avoidant and schizotypal

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personality disorders. 2. (DSM III-R) a substance-specific organic brain syndrome that follows the cessation of use or reduction in intake of a psychoactive substance that had been regularly used to induce a state of intoxication. No:1827 - xanthoma (xanth- + -oma) a tumour composed of lipid-laden foam cells, which are histiocytes containing cytoplasmic lipid material. Called also xanthelasma. No:1828 - xanthopsia (xantho- + Gr. opsis vision + -ia) a form of chromatopsia in which objects looked at appear yellow. No:1829 - xerophthalmia (xero- + Gr. ophthalmos eye + -a) dryness of the conjunctiva and cornea due to vitamin A deficiency. The condition begins with night blindness and conjunctival xerosis and progresses to corneal xerosis, and, in the late stages, to keratomalacia. No:1830 - xerostomia (xero- + Gr. stoma mouth + -ia) dryness of the mouth from salivary gland dysfunction, as in Sjgren's syndrome.

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