Annotated Bibliography

Primary Sources
"Alfred Gilman Photo." Medicine.yale.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Mar. 2013. <http://medicine.yale.edu/images/ysm200/162x100410_76374bv_ss_chemo_gilman_4.jp g>. We found a picture of Alfred Gilman wearing a lab coat on this source; we used this photo on our website. Altman, Lawrence K. "Dr. Louis S. Goodman, 94, Chemotherapy Pioneer, Dies." The New York Times. The New York Times, 28 Nov. 2000. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://www.nytimes.com/2000/11/28/us/dr-louis-s-goodman-94-chemotherapy-pioneerdies.html>. On this source there was information on Dr. Louis Goodman's medical endeavors as well as how he helped create chemotherapy. We learned about some of his experiments that he performed and how he passed away. "A Tribute to Senator Edward M. Kennedy." A Tribute to Senator Edward M. Kennedy. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Apr. 2013. <http://www.archives.gov/legislative/features/kennedy/cancer.html>. On this source we found a picture of the National Cancer Act. "Bicentennial Voices: The Birth of Chemotherapy." Chemo V YSM Bicentennial. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://medicine.yale.edu/ysm200/news/chemotherapy.aspx>. This source had a video that we used on our website. The video describes how chemotherapy was invented at Yale. Cotton, Clare M. "Cancer Chemicals: Scientists Speed Hunt For Chemical Mixture To Control Cancer." Wall Street Journal [NYC] 8 Feb. 1956: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. This newspaper article helped us understand the public opinion of chemotherapy when it was still relatively new. "Goodman & Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, Eleventh Edition." Amazon.co.uk. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. <http://www.amazon.co.uk/Goodman-Gilmans-Pharmacological-TherapeuticsEleventh/dp/0071422803>.

This website had a full version of Goodman and Gilman's The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics eleventh edition on it. Goodman and Gilman primarily researched pharmacology, not chemotherapy. "History of Chemotherapy." Coloncancerresource.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.coloncancerresource.com/history-of-chemotherapy.html>. This source helped us understand the general history of chemotherapy and combination chemotherapy. "Louis Goodman." Medicine.yale.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 30 Jan. 2013. <http://medicine.yale.edu/publications/Images/pubArticleFull417_59590cap_goodman_L IVE.jpg>. We used a picture from this source showing Louis Goodman in a suit jacket and tie. "National Cancer Act of 1971." Dtp.nci.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://dtp.nci.nih.gov/timeline/noflash/milestones/M4_Nixon.htm>. This website helped us understand the National Cancer Act of 1971 better. We also used a quote by President Nixon from this website in our project. Nelson, Harry. "Chemicals Eyed as Cancer Killer: Many Scientists Believe Hope of Future Lies in Chemotherapy." Los Angeles Times 12 Oct. 1959: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. This newspaper article explained about how people thought of chemotherapy and the testing that was going on. "Quotes." Healingcancernaturally.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 24 Feb. 2013. <http://www.healingcancernaturally.com/chemotherapy-cancer-treatment.html>. This website had some insightful quotes on chemotherapy. We used some of these quotes on our website. Spencer, Steven M. "Can Chemicals Conquer Cancer?" Saturday Evening Post 30 June 1956: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. This newspaper article described how testing was being done to see if using chemicals to treat cancer was a good idea. "Surgery." Nlm.nih.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/aframsurgeons/images/bprovident1.jpg>. On this source we found a picture taken mid-surgery that we used on our website. It

helped show that surgery was a common way to get rid of cancer before chemotherapy and is still used today. Wallace, Weldon. "Fighting Cancer 1,200 Ways." The Sun [Baltimore] 21 Apr. 1957: n. pag. ProQuest Historical Newspapers. Web. 16 Apr. 2013. This newspaper article helped us understand the way that people thought about chemotherapy when it was first invented.

Secondary Sources
"A History of Cancer Chemotherapy." Cancerres.aacrjournals.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 26 Feb. 2013. <http://cancerres.aacrjournals.org/content/68/21/8643.long>. We found a timeline of the main events in the field of chemotherapy on this source. It also told us generally about the history of chemotherapy. "Alfred G. Gilman." Alfred G. Gilman. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nndb.com/people/136/000133734/>. This source was mainly about Alfred Goodman Gilman, who is Alfred Gilman's son, but also talked about how Alfred Gilman and Louis Goodman wrote a textbook together. "Alfred Gilman." Nap.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 09 Feb. 2013. <http://www.nap.edu/html/biomems/agilman.html>. We learned about Alfred Gilman's work with chemotherapy and pharmacology from this website. "Are We Winning the War on Cancer?" Ascopost.com. N.p., 15 Jan. 2013. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ascopost.com/issues/january-15-2013/are-we-winning-the-war-oncancer.aspx>. We used some information from this website about the Cancer Act of 1971 and how President Nixon signed it and what happened following the act. Cathy. "Interview With a Chemotherapy Activist." Personal interview. 23 Jan. 2013. This interview helped us understand what chemotherapy is today and how it has changed since it was invented. We also got more information on some side effects of chemotherapy. "Chemo Brain as a Side Effect of Chemotherapy." Lungcancer.about.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://lungcancer.about.com/od/livingwithlungcancer/a/chemobrain.htm>.

On this source we found information about chemo brain as a side effect of chemotherapy and how to cope with it. "Chemotherapy." Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/chemotherapy>. On this website we found the definition of chemotherapy that we used in our project. "Chemotherapy Bottles." Wikimedia.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 13 Feb. 2013. <http://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Chemotherapy_bottles_N CI.jpg/220px-Chemotherapy_bottles_NCI.jpg>. We used a picture of several bottles of chemotherapy drugs from this website. It shows one way that chemotherapy drugs can be transported and administered. "Chemotherapy Drugs." Pancreaticcanceraction.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://pancreaticcanceraction.org/pancreatic-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/>. "Chemotherapy Drugs." Pancreaticcanceraction.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Jan. 2013. <http://pancreaticcanceraction.org/pancreatic-cancer/treatment/chemotherapy/>. On this source we found a picture of some chemotherapeutic drugs that were ready to be administered intravenously that we used in our website. The bottle had a label on it that said to dispose of properly, a reminder of how toxic chemotherapy can be. "Chemotherapy Statistics." National Cancer Institute. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <www.cancer.gov>. On this source we found lots of insightful statistics that told us about death rates. "Chemotherapy Timeline." Nature.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 15 Mar. 2013. <http://www.nature.com/nrc/journal/v5/n1/images/nrc1529-i1.jpg>. We found a picture of a timeline on this website and it helped us understand the major accomplishment in the field of chemotherapy. Christakis, Panos. "Abstract." Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine, 30 Nov. 2005. Web. 20 Feb. 2013. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3117414/>. This website explained how chemotherapy was "born" at Yale. It had some statistics about death rates of cancer. The information that we found on this website helped us write about the National Cancer Act of 1971. Deb. "Interview With a Chemotherapy Patient." Personal interview. 20 Jan. 2013.

This interview helped us understand that chemotherapy is important in some people's lives and why all of the side effects and pain are worth it. "Diseases Treated By Chemotherapy." Ranker.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ranker.com/list/diseases-treated-with-chemotherapy/reference>. On this source we found list of diseases that could be treated by chemotherapy. It was very helpful because it showed how many different diseases could be affected by chemotherapy Dr. Blaes. "Interview With an Oncologist." Personal interview. 1 Feb. 2013. This interview helped us understand how chemotherapy was first invented and helped us understand chemotherapy from a doctor's perspective. We also got some statistics about cancer survival rates since chemotherapy was invented and information on more recent discoveries in the field of chemotherapy. "Evolution of Cancer Treatments: Chemotherapy." M.cancer.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <http://m.cancer.org/cancer/cancerbasics/thehistoryofcancer/the-history-of-cancercancer-treatment-chemo>. This source explained the general history of chemotherapy. It helped us find new events and new people to research. It explained how mustard gas was used during wartime and could cause cancer and how it became something that could cure cancer. "From Weapon to Wonder Drug." The-hospitalist.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Jan. 2013. <http://www.thehospitalist.org/details/article/243771/From_Weapon_to_Wonder_Drug.html>. This article told us about how mustard gas went from being a destructive war weapon to being nitrogen mustard, a cure for cancer. It explained that even though nitrogen mustard can still cause leukemia, it is used to cure leukemia, too. It told us how mustard gas caused horrific side effects and leaves a victim screaming in pain. "George Winston - Winter into Spring." YouTube. YouTube, 30 Sept. 2011. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. <http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BpdW3PkD0NE>. We used music (George Winston - Winter Into Spring) from this source on our website. "Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast and Lung." American Cancer Society | Information and Resources for Cancer: Breast and Lung. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://www.cancer.org/>. From this source we found graphs that we used on our website. The graphs show cancer death rates in multiple countries.

Kille. "Interview with an Oncology Nurse." Personal interview. 1 Feb. 2013. This personal interview helped us understand what some hopes and goals are for the future of chemotherapy. It also helped us understand what information is given to patients when they are first given the option of chemotherapy. "Louis Goodman." Biblioteca.universia.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 03 Feb. 2013. <http://biblioteca.universia.net/html_bura/ficha/params/title/louis-s-goodman-md/id/45110096.html>. On this source we found information on where Louis Goodman received his education and where he worked. It told us about what he researched and when he was born. "Louis Goodman." Science.kukuchew.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://science.kukuchew.com/tag/louis-s-goodman/>. This source explained all of Louis Goodman's accomplishments in chemotherapy along with his family life. It told us about the awards that he received and how he worked with Alfred Gilman during the war to make nitrogen mustard. Mayo, Clinic. "Chemotherapy." Mayo Clinic Family Health Book. N.p.: Little Brown &, 2009. N. pag. Print. This book helped us understand how chemotherapy works and the treatment techniques used to administer chemotherapeutic drugs. It told us about other cancer treatments that are available today. "Mustard Gas." Bris.ac.uk. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://www.bris.ac.uk/Depts/Chemistry/MOTM/mustard/mustard.htm>. This source was extremely helpful on the scientific side of mustard gas. It explained how it works and what Louis Goodman and Alfred Gilman did to change mustard gas and make it into nitrogen mustard. It also gave a detailed account of the how nitrogen mustard works. "Mustard Gas." Ncbi.nlm.nih.gov. U.S. National Library of Medicine, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18974103>. This website gave us a very general, basic understanding of how mustard gas was used in the war and how it was turned into nitrogen mustard during war research programs. It tells about how it was tested on rodents with transplanted tumors before it was tested on humans. "Mustard Gas." Science.howstuffworks.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 18 Dec. 2012. <http://science.howstuffworks.com/mustard-gas2.htm>.

On this source we learned about how mustard gas works and the side effects of mustard gas. It also helped us learn about how mustard gas can do a lot of damage to the human body. It told us how mustard gas, a lethal warfare weapon, became nitrogen mustard, a life-saving chemical. "Nitrogen Mustard." Chemocare.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 02 Jan. 2013. <http://www.chemocare.com/chemotherapy/drug-info/nitrogen-mustard.aspx>. This source gave us a recent view on what nitrogen mustard is and how it is used today. It explained how it can be administered and what it is used for. It also told us that it is not commonly used today because of its tendency to cause leukemia. "Nitrogen Mustard." Tirgan.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Dec. 2012. <http://www.tirgan.com/nitrmusd.htm>. On this source we found out about some of the side effects of mustard gas. It explained to us how it is still evolving and dangerous, so it is not often used today. Parascandola, John. "The Theoretical Basis of Paul Ehrlich's Chemotherapy." Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences. A Quarterly Volume ed. Vol. XXXVI. N.p., 1981. 19-43. Print. This book helped us understand Paul Ehrlich's work with chemotherapy. It also told us how he coined the word chemotherapy and his other medical endeavors. Paul. "Interview With a Chemotherapy Patient." Personal interview. 17 Jan. 2013. This personal interview helped us understand that some people do not get as many side effects of chemotherapy as others. It helped us understand how different cancers need different chemotherapeutic drugs that can have different amounts of side effects. "Personalized Medicine and Molecular Testing." Lung Cancer Research and Awareness. N.p., n.d. Web.10 Feb. 2013. On this website we found a picture of a target that we used in our website. It is related to chemotherapy because chemotherapy has advanced to the point where we can have targeted therapies. Targeted therapies are chemotherapy drugs that are less harmful to healthy cells and focus on unhealthy cancerous cells which leads to fewer side effects. "President Nixon and Doctor Letton on The War On Cancer." Thenewnixon.org. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Feb. 2013. This source had information about The National Cancer Act and how it affected cancer research. It made it possible for researchers to do more research and more detailed research.

"Progress Against Cancer." Cancerprogress.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 21 Feb. 2013. <http://www.cancerprogress.net/>. On this website we found lots of timelines and graphs of how chemotherapy has evolved and how the survival rate has increased since it was invented. It helped us understand the impact of chemotherapy. "Setting the Record Straight: The Birth of Chemotherapy at Yale." News.yale.edu. N.p., n.d. Web. 23 Feb. 2013. <http://news.yale.edu/2011/02/22/setting-record-straight-birthchemotherapy-yale>. This source helped us understand what role Yale played in the invention of chemotherapy. It told us about the first patient that chemotherapy was tested on and showed diagrams of his tumors. "Sidney Farber." Whonamedit.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 19 Jan. 2013. <http://www.whonamedit.com/doctor.cfm/468.html>. This website had a biography on Sidney Farber and explained why he is thought to be the "father of modern chemotherapy." Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Chemo-Brain." Mayoclinic.com. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 09 Oct. 2010. Web. 21 Jan. 2013. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chemo-brain/DS01109>. This website gave us a detailed view of what chemo brain is and how to deal with it. It tells us what some of the causes might be and how researchers are not completely sure about all the details of chemo brain. It talked about how it is a possibility that there are causes of chemo brain other than chemotherapy. Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Definition." Mayoclinic.com. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 02 Feb. 2013. Web. 14 Apr. 2013. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chemobrain/DS01109>. This source gave us a basic definition of chemo brain and how researchers are unsure of whether chemotherapy actually causes chemo brain. Staff, Mayo Clinic. "Definition." Mayoclinic.com. Mayo Foundation for Medical Education and Research, 05 May 2011. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://www.mayoclinic.com/health/chemotherapy/MY00536/DSECTION=why-itsdone>. From this source we learned about other diseases that chemotherapy can treat or cure. Stewart, Gail B. Weapons of War. San Diego, CA: Lucent, 2002. 35. Print.

This book put mustard gas in the context of war. We can now understand how the gas affected many soldiers and some of the side effects it caused. It told us who started using mustard gas first and why gas masks would not fully protect people from the effects of mustard gas. "Targeted Therapies." Cancer.gov. N.p., n.d. Web. 27 Feb. 2013. <http://www.cancer.gov/cancertopics/factsheet/Therapy/targeted>. We used information from this site about targeted therapies. It explained how they are new chemotherapeutic drugs that are targeted to cancerous cells and not healthy cells. "The History of Chemotherapy." Articlesbase.com. Studentscholarships.org, n.d. Web. 17 Dec. 2012. <http://www.articlesbase.com/technology-articles/history-of-chemotherapystudentscholarshipsorg-1682274.html>. On this source we learned about the general history of chemotherapy. It explained how cancer was treated before chemotherapy was invented, which helped us understand why there was need for another cancer treatment option. The World Book Encyclopedia Volume 3. Chicago, IL: World Book, 2006. 406-07. Print. This encyclopedia gave us a general understanding of what chemotherapy is and some of its uses. It explained some general side effects that a person might get from chemotherapy.

"Types of Chemotherapy." Chemocare.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 12 Feb. 2013. <http://chemocare.com/chemotherapy/what-is-chemotherapy/types-ofchemotherapy.aspx>. This source explained some of the more recent scientific aspects of chemotherapy which helped us understand chemotherapy better. "VPR Archive." VPR Archive. N.p., n.d. Web. 1 Apr. 2013. <http://www.vpr.net/episode/52659/40-years-after-national-cancer-act/>. On this source we found a picture of President Nixon. "Who Invented Chemotherapy?" Life123.com. N.p., n.d. Web. 07 Feb. 2013. <http://www.life123.com/health/medical-tests/chemotherapy/who-inventedchemotherapy.shtml>. This website explained how Goodman and Gilman worked together during World War II. It helped us understand how they accidentally discovered nitrogen mustard while doing tests with mustard gas.

"Who Invented Chemotherapy?" Whoinventedit.net. N.p., n.d. Web. 14 Dec. 2012. <http://www.whoinventedit.net/who-invented-chemotherapy.html>. On this source we learned about how Alfred Gilman and Louis Goodman invented chemotherapy. It told us about how they worked together during the war to create nitrogen mustard.