Cold Weather Ops by Airbus

OLM FBW 2006 Toulouse 26-28 September 2006
Presented by Zidan REN Flight Operations Engineer
Cold Weather Operations

Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch
Contents
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics Dispatch Consideration On Ground and In Flight Procedures Conclusion
3
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Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch
OLM FBW 2006
Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

The Fuel System will trigger low temperature alerts when the
fuel in the tanks is colder than certain temperature thresholds.
The low temperature thresholds are defined with the

consideration of:
Fuel
freezing point; margin; temperature accuracy error.
Engine
Overall
OLM FBW 2006

Fuel Freezing Point
ASTM International standard:

The temperature at which the wax crystals in the fuel, formed previously when the fuel was cooled, completely disappear when the fuel is warmed.
Fuel Freezing Point

Specification Specification values values
JetA JetA JP5 JetA1 JetA1 / JP8 TS-1 / RT JetB TH JP4
40 C 46 C 47 C 50 C 50 C 53 C 58 C
OLM FBW 2006

Fuel Freezing Point
Mixed fuel:
Experiments
have shown that fuel mixtures do not behave as ideal fluids; the resulting freezing point is commonly adversely affected. common practice* to evaluate JetA/JetA1 mixtures: Fuel Freezing Point:
JetA JetA1
>90%
JetA less than 10% in the mixture:

JetA1
Fuel Freezing Point:
JetA more than 10% in the mixture:

JetA1
>10%
JetA
JetA
* Not an approved method

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 6 OLM FBW 2006

Engine Margin
The temperature margin

that ensures the required fuel viscosity at engine inlet.
Engine Engine Margin Margin

PW RR GE IAE CFM - A320F CFM - A340 0 C 0 C 3 C 4 C 4 C 5 C
Different engine system

architectures lead to different temperature margins over the fuel freezing point.
OLM FBW 2006

Fuel System
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Short- to medium-haul flights.

Less
exposed to extremely cold atmosphere. fuel from engine returns to the outer (wing) tank.
Fuel recirculation system IDG oil cooling.

Warmed
OLM FBW 2006

Fuel System
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
A318/A319/A320 System Display - FUEL -40 C -38 -38 C -40
Fuel Low Temperature

alert thresholds:
Advisory: 40C
TAT SAT A318/A319/A320 Engine/Warning Display

42 C 67 C
GW 05H20
KG
FUEL < < <
L R L R
OUTER OUTER INNER INNER
TK LO TEMP > > >
Caution:
45C
A321 Engine/Warning Display FUEL L WING TK LO TEMP < R WING >
OLM FBW 2006

Fuel System
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Long-haul flights. No fuel movement

in the outer tanks before the transfer to the inner tanks. Outer tanks
are more prone to low temperature alerts.
Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch 10 OLM FBW 2006

Fuel System
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Alert thresholds
Inner Tanks
Engine Engine margin margin Inner
A330 A330
Outer/Trim 40C 37C
JetA
Freezing Freezing Point Point (Specification) (Specification)
A330 A340 -500 -600
GE RR
3C 5C 0C
A340 -200 -300 CFM
A340 -200/-300 A340-200/-300

Inner 35C Outer/Trim 40C
40C
Outer Tanks & Trim Tank

No No engine engine margin margin
A330/A340 Engine/Warning Display FUEL FUEL LO TEMP
A340 -500/-600 A340-500/-600

First trigger of the

ECAM caution:
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OLM FBW 2006

Fuel System
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Alert thresholds
Inner Tanks
Engine Engine margin margin Inner
A330 A330
Outer/Trim 47C 44C
JetA1
Freezing Freezing Point Point (Specification) (Specification)
A330 A340 -500 -600
GE RR
3C 5C 0C
A340 -200 -300 CFM
A340 -200/-300 A340-200/-300

47C
Outer Tanks & Trim Tank

No No engine engine margin margin
A330/A340 Engine/Warning Display FUEL FUEL LO TEMP
A340 -500/-600 A340-500/-600

Recall of the
ECAM caution:
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OLM FBW 2006

Influencing Factors of Fuel Temperature
Initial fuel temperature Outside Air Temperature Mach number Fuel quantity (tank full / not full)
Size and shape of the fuel tank Day flight / night flight (solar heat)
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OLM FBW 2006
Contents
3
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OLM FBW 2006
Dispatch Consideration
Flight Planning
FTP Fuel Temperature Prediction software

Part
of Airbus performance programs package WinPEP prediction of fuel temperature in each tank
Accurate Takes
into account actual weather with airline flight planning system
Interfaces
15
OLM FBW 2006
Flight Planning
FTP Fuel Temperature Prediction software
SUMMARY SUMMARY OF OF OUTPUT OUTPUT NO NO FUEL FUEL FREEZING FREEZING ISSUES ISSUES ENCOUNTERED ENCOUNTERED NORMAL FUEL MANAGEMENT NORMAL FUEL MANAGEMENT MINIMUM MINIMUM OAT OAT OF OF -68 -68 OCCURRED OCCURRED AT AT WAYPOINT WAYPOINT GOPTA GOPTA
MINIMUM MINIMUM TEMPERATURES TEMPERATURES OF OF ALL ALL TANKS TANKS TANK TANK TEMPERATURE TEMPERATURE WAYPOINT WAYPOINT L_OTR BD L_OTR -37 -37 BD INR_1 BU INR_1 -34 -34 BU INR_2 -31 YBL INR_2 -31 YBL CT -30 BRT CT -30 BRT INR_3 YBL INR_3 -32 -32 YBL INR_4 -34 BU INR_4 -34 BU R_OTR BU R_OTR -37 -37 BU RCT -31 AGEMA RCT -31 AGEMA TT -35 KENTA TT -35 KENTA
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OLM FBW 2006
Actual Fuel Freezing Point
Knowing the actual freezing point of the fuel loaded on the

aircraft may allow the flight crew to delay the fuel low temperature procedures.
May be determined by means of a fuel freeze analysis

program
Provided
a monitoring program, including maintenance, dispatch, and flight crew procedures, has been set up and accepted by the authorities.
Jet Jet Fuel Fuel Quality Quality Analyzer Analyzer
17
OLM FBW 2006
Actual Fuel Freezing Point
Operators that often face low fuel temperature situations are

encouraged to determine the fuels actual freezing point before the flight.
Example:
Based on a survey at several major US airports over a given period of time, the measured freezing point of JetA fuel is 3C (conservative average) lower than the specification value.
JetA Freezing Point New York Los Angeles Chicago San Francisco
Average
Range
45.2C 50.9C 43.2C 52.2C
44.1C ~ 46.0C 46.8C ~ 58.2C 42.4C ~ 44.7C 48.6C ~ 56.1C
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OLM FBW 2006
Contents
3
19
OLM FBW 2006
On Ground and In Flight Procedures

Advisory and/or caution will be triggered on the ECAM
when the temperature in the tanks drops below the defined threshold.
Application of the ECAM procedure can be delayed

considering:
The The
actual fuel type; actual freezing point measured prior to the flight.
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OLM FBW 2006

Before Take-off
All Aircraft Types
If the fuel low temperature

caution is triggered before the flight, the take-off shall be delayed until all temperatures are within the limits.
Engine/Warning Display FUEL <...> LO TEMP -DELAY T.O
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OLM FBW 2006

In Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321
A318/A319/A320 Engine/Warning Display FUEL < < < L R L R OUTER OUTER INNER INNER TK LO TEMP > > >
A330/A340-200/-300
A340-500/-600
Caution is triggered for

crew awareness
A321 Engine/Warning Display FUEL L WING TK LO TEMP < R WING >
22
OLM FBW 2006

In Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Principle of the fuel low temperature

procedures:
Outer
tank low temperature: tank low temperature:
Outer to inner transfer.

Inner
Center to inner transfer.

Trim
tank low temperature:
Trim tank transfer forward.
23
OLM FBW 2006

In Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
A330 (FWC K8) and A340-200/-300 (FWC L10) EWD FUEL FUEL LO TEMP IF JET A FUEL: -OUTR TK XFR.........ON IF NECESSARY: -TAT...........INCREASE
First trigger of the ECAM

caution
Application
of procedure can be delayed if:

Fuel onboard is not JetA;
(fuel with lower freezing point)
or
IF JET A FUEL: -CTR TANK XFR.......MAN IF JET A FUEL: -T TANK MODE........FWD
Actual freezing point is lower than 40C.
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OLM FBW 2006

In Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
A330 (FWC K8) and A340-200/-300 (FWC L10) EWD FUEL FUEL LO TEMP -OUTR TK XFR.........ON IF NECESSARY: -TAT...........INCREASE
Recall of the ECAM

caution
Application
of procedure can be further delayed if:

-CTR TANK XFR.......MAN
-T TANK MODE........FWD
25
OLM FBW 2006

In Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
A340-500/-600 (FWC W4) Engine/Warning Display FUEL LO TEMP -FUEL FREEZE PT...CHECK IF JET A FUEL: MAX SPEED.........305KT -OUTR TK XFR........MAN IF NECESSARY: -TAT...........INCREASE
First trigger of the ECAM

caution
Application
of procedure can be delayed if:

Fuel onboard is not JetA;
(fuel with lower freezing point)
or
IF JET A FUEL: -CTR TO INR XFR.....MAN IF JET A FUEL: -T TK XFR...........FWD
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OLM FBW 2006

In Flight
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340-200/-300 A340-500/-600
A340-500/-600 (FWC W4) Engine/Warning Display FUEL LO TEMP -FUEL FREEZE PT...CHECK MAX SPEED.........305KT -OUTR TK XFR........MAN IF NECESSARY: -TAT...........INCREASE
Recall of the ECAM

caution
Application
of procedure can be further delayed if:

-CTR TO INR XFR.....MAN
-T TK XFR...........FWD
27
OLM FBW 2006

After Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
To benefit the subsequent flight, a manual fuel transfer from

outer to inner tanks may be performed just after landing, if it has not been done during the last flight.
Considerations shall be based on:

Wing surface icing before the next take-off FUEL LO TEMP caution during the subsequent flight
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OLM FBW 2006

After Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Manual transfer after landing:

Ensures
a better mix of the cooled reserve fuel with the warmer refueling truck fuel. exposure to condensation frost on wing surfaces.
Reduces
No manual transfer after landing:

Keeps Keeps
normal wing load for the subsequent flight, if no refueling is planned at this airport. the fuel with lower freezing point in the outer tanks for the subsequent flight.
29
OLM FBW 2006

After Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
Wing surface icing consideration:

The
worst scenario is a short transit at a warm humid airport (no de-icing equipment).
No
Refueling Refueling planned planned at at this this airport? airport?
Yes
No No manual manual outer outer to to inner inner transfer transfer
Manual Manual outer outer to to inner inner transfer transfer
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OLM FBW 2006

After Landing
A318/A319/A320/A321 A330/A340
FUEL LO TEMP consideration for the subsequent flight:

No
Refueling Refueling planned planned at at this this airport? airport?
Yes JetA
Refueling Refueling fuel fuel is is JetA JetA or or JetA1 JetA1
JetA1
Yes
Outer Outer tanks tanks No are completely are completely full full with with JetA1 JetA1 fuel fuel Manual Manual outer outer to to inner inner transfer transfer
No No manual manual outer outer to to inner inner transfer transfer
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OLM FBW 2006
Contents
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32
OLM FBW 2006
Conclusion
Fuel low temperature alerts may be encountered on longhaul flights in extremely cold atmosphere. Outer tanks on Long Range aircraft are the most affected.
Software tool is available for predictive flight planning when

operating cold weather routes.
ECAM procedures can be delayed if the actual fuel

freezing point measured before the flight is lower than the specification value.
Selective manual fuel transfer from the outer to the inner

wing tanks after landing may benefit the subsequent flight in cold atmosphere.
33
OLM FBW 2006

Cold Weather Ops by Airbus

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OLM FBW 2006 Toulouse 26-28 September 2006

Presented by Zidan REN Flight Operations Engineer

Cold Weather Operations

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

The low temperature thresholds are defined with the

freezing point; margin; temperature accuracy error.

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

ASTM International standard:

Fuel Freezing Point

JetA JetA JP5 JetA1 JetA1 / JP8 TS-1 / RT JetB TH JP4

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

JetA less than 10% in the mixture:

JetA more than 10% in the mixture:

* Not an approved method

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

The temperature margin

Engine Engine Margin Margin

Different engine system

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

Short- to medium-haul flights.

Fuel recirculation system IDG oil cooling.

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

Fuel Low Temperature

TAT SAT A318/A319/A320 Engine/Warning Display

FUEL < < <

OUTER OUTER INNER INNER

TK LO TEMP > > >

A321 Engine/Warning Display FUEL L WING TK LO TEMP < R WING >

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

Long-haul flights. No fuel movement

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

A330 A340 -500 -600

A340 -200 -300 CFM

A340 -200/-300 A340-200/-300

Outer Tanks & Trim Tank

A340 -500/-600 A340-500/-600

First trigger of the

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

A330 A340 -500 -600

A340 -200 -300 CFM

A340 -200/-300 A340-200/-300

Outer Tanks & Trim Tank

A340 -500/-600 A340-500/-600

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Fuel and Fuel System Characteristics

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006

Cold Weather Operations: Impact on the Fuel System and Dispatch

OLM FBW 2006