Documente Academic
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ECONOMIE
GEORGIANA POPESCU
Forma de nvmnt: ID, anul I, semestrul I
CUPRlNS
MATLMATlClAPLlCATLlNLCONOMlL
CUIRINS Iagina
lNTRODUCLRL
Unltuteu de nt]ure MLTODA DL LLlMlNARL A LUl
GAUSS
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
DescriereaaIgorilmuIuiIuiGaussenlrusludiereasislemeIor
deecua[iiIiniare
CazuridecomalibiIilale
AIgorilmuI Iui Gauss enlru delerminarea inversei unei
malrici
MelodadiagonaIizriicomIele
RezoIvareamalriceaIasislemeIordeecua[iiIiniare
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c|ucrua|c
Uniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
Unltuteudent]ureSP|||V|CTO||I|
No[iuneadesa[iuvecloriaI
Deenden[iindeenden[Iiniar
azidimensiuneaunuisa[iuvecloriaI
Sislemdegeneralorienlruunsa[iuvecloriaI
Izomorfismdesa[iivecloriaIe
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c|ucrua|c
Uniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
Unltuteudent]ureOP||TO||I|N|||
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
Ncjiunca!ccpcraicr|iniar
Mairiccaiaaiunuicpcraicr|iniar
Opcraicri|iniariintcrsa|i|i
Ocicrninarcaunuicpcraicr|iniar
CUPRlNS
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c|ucrua|c
Uniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
Unltuteudent]urelORMLPTRATlCL
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
No[iuneadeformlralic
Malricealaaluneiformelralice
Iormacanonicauneiformelralice
AducereaIaformacanonicauneiformelralicerin
melodaIui}acobi
AducereaIaformacanonicauneiformelralicerin
melodavecloriIorivaIoriIorroriimelodavecloriIor
orlogonaIi
AducereaIaformacanonicauneiformelralicerin
melodaIuiGaussmelodagruriilraleIor
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c|ucrua|c
Uniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
Unltuteu de nt]ure (/(0(17( '( 7(25,$
352%$%,/,7,/25
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
No[iunigeneraIe
Defini[iacIasicarobabiIil[ii
SchemerobabiIislicecIasice
SchemaIuiernouIIi
SchemabiIeinerevenile
SchemaIuiIoisson
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c|ucrua|c
Uniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
CUPRlNS
Comelen[eIeUnil[iideinv[are
No[iuniinlroduclive
Icua[iidiferen[iaIeIiniaredeordinsuerioromogene
Icua[iidiferen[iaIeIiniaredeordinsueriorneomogene
CazuIderezonan[
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
Unltuteu de nt]ure lUNCTll DL MAl MULTL
VARlABlLL
Comelen[eIeUnil[iideinv[are
Iunc[iidemaimuIlevariabiIe
Derivalear[iaIe
IxlremeIocaIeenlrufunc[iidemaimuIlevariabiIe
Derivareafunc[iiIorcomuse
DerivaleIear[iaIedeordinsuerioraIefunc[iiIor
comuse
AroximareanumericaafuncliiIor
InlegraIadubIModdecaIcuI
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
BlbIlogruflerecomundutpentrucurs
INTRODUCIRI
5
INTRODUCERE
CursuIMaicnaiicaap|icaiaincccncnicseadreseazsluden[iIor
de Ia seciaIizriIe economice i nu numai II rerezinl un
inslrumenl subslan[iaI in arcurgerea in[eIegerea i insuirea
no[iuniIor de malemalic eIemenlar sau suerioar ScouI
rinciaI aI cursuIui esle de a conduce Ia erfec[ionarea
comelen[eIor sluden[iIor formarea unei gndiri Iogice asura
fenomeneIormalemaliceidobndireauneiinlerrelriconlienlea
mecanismeIorrofunde dindomeniuIabslraclAceslsuorldecurs
esle un inslrumenl re[ios de formare dar i o caIe sre refIexie
soIu[ia execi[iiIor fiind resuus a slra sludenluI e caIea cea
bun i nu a conslrnge Iiberlalea de refIexie i de inlerrelare a
acesluia Lucrarea ofer ubIicuIui un con[inul modern i uliI care
face aeI Ia un sel minimaI de cunolin[e dar conduce Ia rogrese
subslan[iaIerinarcurgereaexerci[iiIorrouse
OblectlteIecursuIul
CursuIurmrelecaobieclive
INTRODUCIRI
6
Comelen[eIesecificeaIedisciIineisunl
Cnmpctcn[cprivindcunnatcrcain[c!cgcrca
cunoalereaiuliIizareaadecvalano[iuniIorsecifice
disciIinei
cunoaslerea reguIiIor de baza rivind aIicarea
eIemenleIor de aIgebra si anaIiza malemalica in
economie
Cnmpctcn[cndnmcniu!cxp!icriiiIntcrprctrii
exIicareanoliuniIorleorelicesiinlerrelareacaIilaliva
sicanlilalivaaunordale
caacilaleadeaexIicaconlinuluriIeleorelicesi
racliceaIedisciIinei
Cnmpctcn[cinstrumcnta!app!icativc
uliIizarearoriuzisaamelodeIoroferiledeaIgebrasi
anaIizamalemalicaineconomie
inlocmirea unui referal resecland normeIe de
redaclareaunorIucrarisliinlifice
Cnmpctcn[catitudina!c
INTRODUCIRI
7
ModuIdeconcepereucursuIul
InconceereacursuIuiamarcursurmloareIeelae
a 5tabi!ircaUnit[i!nrdcnv[arc
Unitatca dc nv[arc esle o arle comonenl a
moduIuIuidesludiucareareurmloareIecaraclerislici
Inlegreazcomelen[esecifice
DelermindezvoIlareaunuianumilcomorlamenlaI
cursanluIuigeneraldeformareacomelen[eIorvizale
Isleunilardinuncldevederelemalic
Sedesfoarinmodconlinuueoerioaddelim
SefinaIizeazrinevaIuare
Cnnstruircacnmpctcn[c!nrspcciIicc
Comelen[eIe sunl ansambIuri slruclurale de
cunolin[e i derinderi dobndile rin inv[are aceslea
ermil idenlificarea i rezoIvarea in conlexle diverse a unor
robIemecaraclerisliceunuianumildomeniu
Ienlru cursuI de fa[ comelen[eIe au fosl conslruile
e de o arle din erseclive comelen[eIor malemalice
generaIe i e de aIl arle din ersecliva comelen[eIor
generaIe vizale de domeniuI de sludiu in cazuI de fa[
|ccncnic
Din uncl de vedere aI dezvoIlrii malemalice
necesare am caraclerizal aclivilalea economisluIui rin
urmloareIe formuIri sinlelice i!cniijic siruciuri rc|ajii
ccnsianic cic in ccnicxic !aic prcccscaz !aic jc|cscic a|gcriini
cxprin irsiuri gcncra|izcaz prcpriciji nc!c|caz siiuajii
Iornind de aici am formuIal enlru fiecare unilale de
inv[are din acesl moduI un anumil numr de comelen[e
Iormarea Ior esle urmril sislemalic e arcursuI fiecrei
unil[i de inv[are enlru a delermina graduI de formare a
comelen[eIorsecificeIasfriluIfiecreiunil[ideinv[are
sunl revzule lesle de auloevaIuare iar Ia sfriluI fiecrei
sec[iunideinv[arelesledeevaIuare
INTRODUCIRI
8
5tabi!ircacnn[inuturi!nr
Cnn[inuturi!c sunl informa[iiIe de diverse liuri
lransmise rin inlermediuI lexluIui liril aI bibIiografiei
recomandaleaIaIlorformedelransmilereInlernelcaseleaudio
sauvideoCDuri
Con[inuluriIe aceslui curs au fosl aIese aslfeI incl s
rsund comelen[eIor secifice anlerior formuIale UIlerior
con[inuluriIeaufoslordonaleinlroslruclurcaresalisfaceIogica
inlernamalemalicii
5tudiuindividua!
Idenlifica[i cu a|uloruI curinsuIui unil[iIede inv[are aIe
cursuIui aoi cili[i lilIuriIe comelen[eIe secifice i
lilIuriIesubsec[iuniIoraceslora
Dc!imitarcasccvcn[c!nrunit[i!nrdcnv[arc
Evncarc o Celiude|a
Fami!iarizarc
Prnb!cmatizarc o CumexIorez
5istcmatizarc o Cumorganizez
5tructurarc
Cnnccptua!izarc o Ceesleesen[iaI
AprnIundarc o CumaIic
Ap!icarc
TransIcr o CumdezvoIl
Fn!nsi[ictmaidcsaccstcspa[iia!bcE!caurn!u!sv
a|utcnnv[arc
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Idenlifica[i sarciniIe de Iucru formuIale in aginiIe
anlerioareCeroIcrede[icauinaceaslinlroducere
|c|csijispajiu||i|cr!cnaijcspcnirurspunsuri
ImaginiIeaIluralesunlasocialeuneiaIlesarcinideIucru
5tudiuindividua!
Rsfoi[iaginiIecursuIuiiobserva[ifrecven[acucareaar
sarciniIedeIucrurouse
AcoIoundesarciniIedeIucrunecesilunrsunsamIsalun
sa[iu in care ule[i scrie Dac acesl sa[iu esle rea mic in
comara[iecunecesil[iIedumneavoaslrformuIa[irsunsuriIee
uncaielseciaIsauefoidehrlieinseraleinlrefoiIecursuIuiIsle
uliI s rsunde[i cu consecven[ Ia inlrebriIe formuIale imedial
du ce a[i arcurscon[inuluriIe lemaliceIn acesl feI v va fi muIl
mai uor s sinleliza[i maleria arcurs i s v regli[i enlru a
rsundeIalesleIedeauloevaIuareIalesleIedeevaIuarerecumi
IaexamenuIdeevaIuarefinaI
INTRODUCIRI
10
Dacave[inecIaril[iinIeglurcusarciniIedeIucrurouse
ule[i foIosi sugesliiIe de rezoIvare aIe aceslora care se afI Ia
sfriluI fiecrei unil[i de inv[are Ienlru a idenlifica mai uor
rsunsuriIe am numerolal sarciniIe de Iucru aIe fiecrei unil[i de
inv[are cu numere succesive ornind de fiecare dal de Ia In
cazuI in care necIaril[iIe ersisl esle indical s Iua[i Ieglura cu
luloreIesauliluIaruIdecurssausiiadresa[iinlrebriIaunadinlre
inlIniriIerevzulerinrogram
Infiecaresecven[aunil[iIordeinv[aresunlformuIaleunuI
sau mai muIle Tcstc dc autncva!uarc IIe sunl anun[ale rin
simboIuriililIurisecificedeliuIceIordemai|os
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
AIege[irsunsuIcorecl
ClelesledeauloevaIuaresegsescinaceslcurs
abcde
Acesldesen
IocaIizeaz
rsunsuIIa
lesleIede
evaIuare
RsunsuriIeIaacesleleslesegsescIasfriluIunil[ii
de inv[are reseclive i sunl asociale simboIuIui
aIlural
CumscvaIacccva!uarca
ncccnnstcva!uarcacnntinu
IvaIuareaconlinuesleomodaIilale deareciereaaclivil[ii
cursanluIuiearcursuIinlreguIuisemeslruIvaIuareaconlinuva
fifculinrinciaIebazaTcstc!nrdccva!uarcnntatcdctutnrc
isautitu!ardccursAceslelesleIanumarsegsescIasfriluI
INTRODUCIRI
11
unil[iIor de inv[are aIe moduIuIui i sunl anun[ale in Cuprins
Ienlru o mai bun areciere a rogresuIui reaI aI sludenl[iIor ne
rezervm dreluI de a modifica acesle lesle Iund in considerare
sladiuIconcrelaIcunolin[eIorindividuaIeidegruaIecursan[iIor
TesleIenoisaumodificalevorfiafialesearaleIalformaonIinei
sunl anun[ale din lim sludenl[iIor Irin lesleIe de evaIuare esle
verifical graduI de indeIinire a comelen[eIor secifice fiecrei
unil[i de inv[are Ilemii de evaIuare din care sunl formale lesleIe
coresund comelen[eIor secifice unil[ii de inv[are aceasl
coresonden[ esle eviden[ial rin moduI de aezare in agin
exIicilalmai|os
Amrcuit
Competentspeclflc
ltemdeetuIuure
5tudiuindividua!
Idenlifica[i lesleIe de evaIuare nolale de lulore e care va
lrebuisIerezoIva[iIoIosi[isa[iuIIiberdemai|osenlru
anolaaginiIeIacaresegsescaceslelesle
ncccnnstcva!uarcaIina!
Cumscacnrdnnta
Nuczita[is!ua[i!cgturacututnrc!cpcntruanb[inca!tc
indica[ii sau prccizri sau pcntru a dcpi cvcntua!c!c
b!nca|cnnv[arc
5ucccs
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
13
UNITATEADENV|ARE
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
Curins Iagina
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
DescriereaaIgorilmuIuiIuiGaussenlrusludierea
sislemeIordeecua[iiIiniare
CazuridecomalibiIilale
AIgorilmuI Iui Gauss enlru delerminarea inversei unei
malrici
MelodadiagonaIizriicomIele
RezoIvareamalriceaIasislemeIordeecua[iiIiniare
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
TLSTDLLVALUARLnotutdetutoretltuIurcurs
|n!icajii sugcsiii !c rczc|tarc rspunsuri pcniru Sarcini|c !c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
14
COMPETEN|ELEUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Dupstudiu!accstciunit[idcnv[arcvc[ircui
svnsui[ia!gnritmu!!uiGausspcntrurczn!varcai
sistcmc!nrdcccua[ii!iniarc
sn[c!cgc[imndu!ncarccstcncccsarsscana!izczc
unsistcm!iniarcccnn[incparamctripcntruaputcas!
ncadra[i n cazu! dc cnmpatibi!itatc cnrcspunztnr i
pcntrua!rczn!vaatuncicndcstcncccsar
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
15
Dcscricrcaa!gnritmu!ui!uiGausspcntrustudicrcasistcmc!nr
dcccua[ii!iniarc
Unsislemdeecua[iiIiniareesleunsislemdeforma
( )
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
P Q PQ P P
Q Q
Q Q
E [ D [ D [ D
E [ D [ D [ D
E [ D [ D [ D
6
...
...... .......... .......... .......... ..........
...
...
:
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 1 21
1 1 2 12 1 11
1
Un sislem Iiniar ( )
2
6 cu aceIai numr de necunoscule ca i
( )
1
6 senumeleechivaIenlcu ( )
1
6 dacceIedousislemeauaceIeai
soIu[ii
Meloda de eIiminare a Iui Gauss consl in a aduce sislemuI
ini[iaI ( )
1
6 Ia un sislem echivaIenl de form lriunghiuIar ( )
2
6
form in care rima ecua[ie a sislemuIui va fi scris in raorl cu
loalenecunosculeIexxxnceadeadouaecua[ievafiraorlalIa
necunosculeIe x xxn n Ia uIlima ecua[ie a sislemuIui care va
avea doar necunoscula xn rin inlermediuI unor lransformri
eIemenlare
( )
=
= + +
= + + +
P Q PQ
Q Q
Q Q
E [ F
E [ F [ F
E [ F [ F [ F
6
...... .......... .......... .......... ..........
...
...
:
2 2 2 22
1 1 2 12 1 11
2
Mai exacl aii e care ii roune Gauss enlru sludierea
sislemeIordeecua[iiIiniaresunlurmlorii
se aIcluiele un labeI cu dou coIoane in coIoana din arlea
slng a labeIuIui se lrec in ordine coeficien[ii necunosculeIor
aIlfeIsusmalriceaalaalsislemuIuiiarincoIoanadinarlea
drealselreclermeniiIiberi
se efeclueaz lransformri eIemenlare asura IiniiIor labeIuIui
cuscouIdeaob[inesubdiagonaIarinciaIalabeIuIuinumai
eIemenlenuIe
se scrie sislemuI coresunzlor labeIuIui i se rezoIv acesla
orninddeIauIlimaecua[ieinsrerimaIormalriunghiuIara
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
16
sislemuIui ob[inul in urma rocedeuIui face ca rezoIvarea
acesluiasfieimedial
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Acesle lransformri sunl de|a cunoscule Iule[i indica in
cadruIcrorsilua[iia[imaiIucralcueIe
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Crede[i c acesle lransformri se ol aIica i coIoaneIor
Dece
|xcnp|u
Ienlru exemIificarea aIgorilmuIui s considerm urmloruI
sislem
= +
= + +
= +
2 3 3
5 2 2
3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
17
Vom aIclui labeIuI cu dou coIoane unnd in slnga
coeficien[ii Iui
3 2 1
, , [ [ [ coresunzlori fiecrei ecua[ii iar in arlea
drealcoIoanalermeniIorIiberi
Obscrva[ic
In mod ideaI in ob[inerea zerouriIor e coIoana n se
uliIizeazivoluInadicIinianivo[iisunleIemenleIedee
diagonaIarinciaIadicivoluIeslea
S inmuI[im rima Iinie cu 2 i rezuIlaluI s iI adunm Ia
Iiniaadoua
Adic
InaceslmomenlloaleeIemenleIedesubdiagonaIarinciaI
sunl egaIe cu deci conform aIgorilmuIui Iui Gauss vom ori
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
18
caIcuIeIe in labeI i vom scrie sislemuI coresunzlor uIlimei elae
dinlabeIAceslavafi
=
= +
= +
4 2
11 4 3
3 2
3
3 2
3 2 1
[
[ [
[ [ [
|xcnp|u
SserezoIvesislemuI
= + +
= + +
= +
2 3 2 3
5 2
1 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
VomrocedacaIaexemIuIrecedenldecivominceerin
inlocmirealabeIuIuicoresunzlorsislemuIui
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Incerca[i s idenlifica[i o lransformare care s duc Ia
ob[inerea vaIorii e ozi[ia a labeIuIui Iinia
coIoana Isle Ia feI de simIu ca Ia exemIuI recedenl
Dece
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
19
VominceerinaschimbaIiniacuIinia
5tudiuindividua!
Conlinua[iexemIuIidelermina[inecunosculeIe
|xcnp|u
SserezoIvesislemuI
= +
= +
= +
3 4 3 5
2 2 3
4 2 2 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
IrocedndcaIaexemIeIerecedenleob[inemsislemuI
=
= +
=
19 0
13 2 4
5
3 2
2 1
[ [
[ [
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
20
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Inainle de a cili ceIe ce urmeaz incerca[i s v
gndi[iIaceoaleinsemnareIa[ia
Nuexislniciocombina[iedenumere
3 2 1
, , [ [ [ aslfeIinclceIe
lrei ecua[ii aIe sislemuIui ob[inul s fie indeIinile deci sislemuInu
aresoIu[iesunemcsislemuIesleincomalibiI
|xcnp|u
SserezoIvesislemuI
=
= +
= +
1 2 6
2 3 4
1 2 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
AIicndaIgorilmuIob[inem
=
=
= +
0 0
4 7 7
1 2 3 2
3 2
3 2 1
[ [
[ [ [
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
RezoIva[iaceslsislemCeconcIuzieule[ilrage
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
21
Cazuridccnmpatibi!itatc
AslfeI
dacsislemuIob[inulcon[ineoreIa[ieimosibiIdeexemIu
elc alunci sislemuI esle incomalibiI deci nu
admilesoIu[ii
dac sislemuI ob[inul nu con[ine reIa[ii imosibiIe alunci eI
va fi comalibiI Ienlru a vedea dac esle comalibiI
delerminal sau comalibiI nedelerminal anaIizm silua[ia
aslfeI
R dac numruI ecua[iiIor ob[inule du eIiminarea
reIa[iiIor de forma coincide cu numruI
necunosculeIor alunci sislemuI esle comalibiI
delerminalsoIu[ieunicivomrocedaIadelerminarea
soIu[ieiorninddeIauIlimaecua[ieinsrerima
R dac numruI ecua[iiIor ob[inule du eIiminarea
reIa[iiIor de forma esle mai mic decl numruI
necunosculeIor alunci sislemuI va fi comalibiI
nedelerminal Ienlru rezoIvare va lrebui s considerm
uneIe necunoscule secundare adic s Ie nolm cu
5 5 e e | o , elciarceIeIaIlenecunosculeIevomcaIcuIain
func[ie de aceli 5 5 e e | o , ornind lol de Ia uIlima
ecua[ieinsrerimaNumruIdenecunosculesecundare
esle dal de diferen[a dinlre numruI de necunoscule i
numruIdeecua[ii
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
22
|xcnp|u
S se discule i in caz de comalibiIilale s se rezoIve
sislemuI
= +
= +
= +
P [ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3
2 2 2
1 3 2
5 Pe
SislemuI echivaIenl ob[inul in urma aIicrii aIgorilmuIui Iui
Gaussesle
=
=
= +
1 0
4 8 5
1 3 2
3 2
3 2 1
P
[ [
[ [ [
AvemurmloareIecazuri
CazuI 1 = P Inaceaslsilua[ie 1 0 = P eslefaIsdecisislemuI
esleincomalibiI
CazuI 1 = P In aceasl silua[ie uIlima reIa[ie ar deveni 0 0 =
decieaarfiadevraldarinuliISislemuIob[inulinaceslcaz
esle
=
= +
4 8 5
1 3 2
3 2
3 2 1
[ [
[ [ [
SoIu[iasislemuIuivafi
5
3
1
+
=
o
[
5
8 4
2
o +
= [ 5 [ e = o
3
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
CumesleunsislemdacinurmaaIicriiaIgorilmuIuis
auob[inulrinlreaIlereIa[iiireIa[iiIe
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
23
A!gnritmu!!uiGausspcntrudctcrminarcainvcrsciunci
matrici
Ienlru a delermina inversa malricei ( ) 5
Q
0 $e sau enlru a
concIuziona c malricea nu esle inversabiI Gauss ne roune
urmloruIaIgorilm
|xcnp|u
Ssedelermineinversamalricei
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 0 3
1 1 2
2 2 1
$
4
14
4
7
4
3
4
6
4
5
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
24
CuminarleaslngalabeIuIuiamob[inulmalriceaunilale
rezuIlcceeacesegseleindrealaesleexacl
1
$
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
5
4
6
4
3
4
7
4
14
4
5
3 4 2
1
$
Mctndadiagnna!izriicnmp!ctc
MelodadiagonaIizriicomIeleesleovarianlaaIgorilmuIui
Iui Gauss de rezoIvare a sislemeIor de ecua[ii Iiniare Diferen[a
consl in faluI c in cazuI aceslei varianle se dorele ca rin
aIicarealransformriIoreIemenlareinarleaslngamalriceisse
ob[inzerourisubdiagonaIarinciaIzerourideasuradiagonaIei
rinciaIeiarediagonaIarinciaIloalevaIoriIesfieegaIecu
ca incazuIdelerminriiinverseiuneimalricirezenlalanleriorIn
aceasl silua[ie vaIoriIe ob[inule in arlea dreal a labeIuIui vor
rerezenlaexaclsoIu[iasislemuIui
|xcnp|u
SserezoIvesislemuI
= +
= +
= +
2 5 4
1 3 2
2 2
3 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
Sc|ujic
ScriemlabeIuIirocedmcaIainversauneimalrici
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
25
=
=
=
2
1
3
3
2
1
[
[
[
Rczn!varcamatricca!asistcmc!nrdcccua[ii
!iniarc
= + + +
= + + +
= + + +
Q Q QQ Q Q
Q Q
Q Q
E [ D [ D [ D
E [ D [ D [ D
E [ D [ D [ D
...
...... .......... .......... .......... ..........
...
...
2 2 1 1
2 2 2 22 1 21
1 1 2 12 1 11
ulemscrie
E
E
E
%
[
[
[
;
D D D
D D D
D D D
$
Q Q QQ Q Q
Q
Q
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
... ..
,
2
1
2
1
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
iarsislemuIoalefiscrissubformasamalriceaI
% $; =
Dac malricea a sislemuIui esle inversabiI alunci soIu[ia
sislemuIuivafi
% $ ;
1
=
unde
1
$ esle inversa malricei care oale fi delerminal cu
aIgorilmuIIuiGauss
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
26
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
IoIosindaIgorilmuIIuiGausssserezoIvesislemeIe
= +
= +
= +
6 2 2
2 4 3
2 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
= +
= + +
= + +
2 2
4 2 3
2 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
= + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
3
1 5 4 4
1 4 3 2
1 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
SsedisculeiincazdecomalibiIilalesserezoIve
sislemuI
= +
= + +
= + +
= + +
1 2 5
6 4 2 4
2 2 3
2 3 2 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
[ [ [ [
S [ [ [ [
P [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
5 S P e ,
Ssedelermineinversamalricei
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
$
IoIosindmelodadiagonaIizriicomIeleirezoIvarea
malriceaIsserezoIvesislemuI
= +
= + +
=
8 2 3 -
14 2 4
9 3 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
27
5tudiuindividua!
IoIosind aIgorilmuI Iui Gauss s se rezoIve
sislemeIedeecua[iiIiniare
= + +
= +
= +
1 2 2
1 2 4
2 2 3 3
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
= + +
= +
= + +
11 2 5
6 3
9 4
3 2 1
2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [
[ [ [
= + +
= +
=
2 7 5
1 3
0 2 2 2
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
5 4 3 2 1
[ [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [ [
= +
=
= +
=
3 2
2 3
3 2
2 3
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
[ [
[ [
[ [
[ [
= + +
= +
= + +
= + +
1 2 3 3
3
10 2 5 3 4
0 4 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
= + +
= +
= + +
P [ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 3
2 2
1 2 2
= +
= +
= + +
= + +
1 2 5
3 4 2
4 6 8 2 4
3 2 3
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
[ [ [ [
S [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
P [ [ [ [
= + + +
= +
= + + +
= + +
S [ [ [ [
Q [ [ [ [
P [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 6 2 4
6 9 3 3
2 3 2
2 2 3
= +
= +
= +
= + +
S [ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
P [ [ [ [
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
5 3 3 7
4 3 2 5
1 2 2 2
3
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
28
SsedelermineinverseIemalriciIor
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 5 3
1 1 3
2 1 1
$
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 5 1
4 9 3
3 7 2
$
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
6 2 0 1
1 1 1 1
2 1 3 2
4 3 2 1
$
IoIosind meloda diagonaIizrii comIele i
rezoIvareamalriceaIsserezoIvesislemuI
= + +
= +
= +
7 3 5
5 2 2
4 2 3
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
= + +
= +
= + +
= + +
1 2 3 3
3
10 2 5 3 4
0 4 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
29
REZUMATULUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Inunilaleadeinv[areaufoslarcurseurmloareIeasecle
- afoslrezenlalaIgorilmuIIuiGaussderezoIvareasislemeIor
- au fosl rezenlale cazuriIe de comalibiIilale in conformilale
cuaIgorilmuIIuiGauss
- a fosl rezenlal aIgorilmuI Iui Gauss enlru delerminarea
inverseiuneimalrici
- afoslrezenlalmelodadiagonaIizriicomIele
- a foslrezenlalrezoIvareamalriceaIa sislemeIor deecua[ii
Iiniare
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
30
TE5TDEEVALUAREnntatdctutnrctitu!arcurs
IiesislemuI
= + + +
= + +
= + +
= + +
10
9 4
0 4 3 2 3
5 2
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
4 3 2 1
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
RezoIva[iaceslsislem
foIosindmelodeIedinIiceuCramer
foIosindaIgorilmuIIuiGauss
foIosindmelodadiagonaIizriicomIele
foIosindrezoIvareamalriceaI
Comara[i rezoIvriIe Care vi se are mai uoar
Argumenla[irsunsuI
|n cta|uarc tcr ji ana|izaic a|gcriinu| |ui Gauss pncic!a !in |iccu p ncic!a
!iagcna|izariiprczc|tarcanairicca|apana|izaccnparajiaiarguncniajiaSc
accr!p!incjiciu
IoIosind aIgorilmuI Iui Gauss s se discule i in caz de
comalibiIilalesserezoIvesislemuI
= + +
= + +
= + +
1
1
1
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
[ [ [
[ [ [
[ [ [
5 e
|ncta|uarctcrjiana|izaicrczc|tarcaccrccip!iscujiaccrccipScaccr!p!in
cjiciu
Gsi[iomodaIilaledeadelerminaranguIuneimalricifoIosind
aIgorilmuIIuiGaussAIica[ioeunexemIu
|ncta|uarctcrjiana|izaicgsircanc!a|iijiipap|icarcapccxcnp|upScaccr!
p!incjiciu
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
31
INDICA|II 5UGE5TII DE REZOLVARE R5PUN5URI
PENTRU 5ARCINILE DE LUCRU $I TE5TELE DE
AUTOEVALUAREALEUNlTJllDLNVJARL
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
La delerminan[i roriel[i i caIcuI de
delerminan[i
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Daccilimcualen[ieseoalevedeaclransformriIe
seaIicslriclasuraIiniiIornuiasuracoIoaneIor
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
In exemIuI recedenl am reuil s ob[inem foarle
uor zerouriIe de e rima coIoan deoarece e rima
ozi[ie ozi[ia aveam vaIoarea e care o uleam
inmuI[i cu vaIoarea necesar In cazuI exemIuIui de acum
nu iI mai avem e e ozi[ia dar ulem s iI ob[inem
rinschimbareaIinieicuIinia
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SislemuI esle comalibI simIu nedelerminal
deoareceamob[inulmaiu[inereIa[iideclceIenecesare
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SislemuI esle incomalibiI deoarece dac o reIa[ie
eslefaIsceIeIaIlereIa[inumaiconleaz
Tcstdcautncva!uarcpag
23
30
1
= [
23
50
2
= [
23
64
3
= [ sislem comalibiI
nedelerminal
5
3 6
1
o
= [
5
2
2
o
= [ o =
3
[ 5 e o
sislemuIesleincomalibiII 4 = S sislemincomalibiIII
4 = S sislem comalibiI nedelerminal 5 e = D [
4
36
19 13
1
+
=
D P
[
36
16 28 16
2
+
=
D P
[
36
25 55 7
3
+
=
D P
[
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
1 2 2
2 1 2
2 2 1
9
1
1
$ R 2
1
= [ 1
2
= [ 8
3
= [
MLTODADLLLlMlNARLALUlGAUSS
32
BIBLIOGRAFIE RECOMANDAT PENTRU UNlTATLA DL
NVJARL
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
33
UNITATEADENV|ARE
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
Curins Iagina
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
No[iuneadesa[iuvecloriaI
Deenden[iindeenden[Iiniar
azidimensiuneaunuisa[iuvecloriaI
Sislemdegeneralorienlruunsa[iuvecloriaI
Izomorfismdesa[iivecloriaIe
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajii sugcsiii !c rczc|tarc rspunsuri pcniru Sarcini|c !c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
34
COMPETEN|ELEUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Dupstudiu!accstciunit[idcnv[arcvc[ircui
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
35
Nn[iuncadcspa[iuvcctnria!
DcIini[ic
Iie V o muI[ime nevid i KuncorIe V se definele o Iege
decomozi[ieinlernnolaladiliv
y x J, (x,y), J ".J " + +
i o Iege de comozi[ie exlern nolal muIliIicaliv numil
inmuI[irecuscaIari
x J, (, ( J ".K "
Vsenumelespa[iu!iniarsauspa[iuvcctnria!eslecoruIK
isenoleaz K J / saumaisimIuVdac
J y x x y y x e + = + , , eslecomulaliv
( ) ( ) J : y x : y x : y x e + + = + + , , , esleasocialiv
J e e - aslfeI incl J x x x e e x e = + = + , admile eIemenl
neulruc
J x J x e - e ' , aslfeIincl e x x x x = + = + ' ' eIemenleIeIuiVsunl
simelrizabiIeinraorlcu
x x = 1 J x e unde esle eIemenluI neulru Ia inmuI[ire
dincoruIK
( ) ( )x ab bx a = K b a e , J x e
( ) bx ax x b a + = + K b a e , J x e
( ) ay ax y x a + = + K ae J y x e ,
DcIini[ic
IIemenleIe J x e adic eIemenleIe sa[iuIui vecloriaI V se
numescvcctnriIIemenleIecoruIuiKsenumescsca!ari
IxemIudesa[iuvecloriaI
MuI[imea ( )
= e = =
i n
n
,n i R, ,x ,...,x ,x x x x R 1
2 1
inraorlcuoera[iiIe
adunareafieveclorii
n
R y x e , ( )
n
x x x ,...,
1
= ( )
n
y y y ,...,
1
= Alunci
( ) ( ) ( )
n n n n
y x y x y y x x y x + + = + = + ,..., ,..., ,...,
1 1 1 1
inmuI[ireacuscaIarifievecloruI
n
R x e ( )
n
x x x ,...,
1
= ifie R a e un
scaIarAlunci
( ) ( )
n n
ax ax x x a x a ,..., ,...,
1 1
= =
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
36
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Arla[icmuI[imea
3
R definilcaIaexemIuIrecedenl
esleunsa[iuvecloriaIinraorlcuoera[iiIedemaisus
eslecoruIdescaIari R
Indica[ieverfica[iceIeaxiomedindefini[ie
Dcpcndcn[iindcpcndcn[!iniar
DcIini[ic
Iie VK sa[iu vecloriaI Iie veclorii V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v i fie
scaIarii K a a a
n
e ,..., ,
2 1
Aluncioriceexresiedeforma
n n
v a v a v a + + + ...
2 2 1 1
senumelecnmbina[ic!iniaravecloriIor V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v
DcIini[ic
Iie VK sa[iu vecloriaI Iie veclorii V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v i fie
reIa[ia
0 ...
2 2 1 1
= + + +
n n
v a v a v a K a a a
n
e ,..., ,
2 1
eslevecloruIadiceIemenluIneulruIaadunareaIsa[iuIuiV
veclorii V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v se numesc !iniar indcpcndcn[i dac
reIa[ia 0 ...
2 2 1 1
= + + +
n n
v a v a v a aresoIu[ieunic
in caz conlrar veclorii V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v se numesc !iniar
dcpcndcn[i
|xcnp|u
S se verifice dac veclorii ( ) 3 , 2 , 1
1
= v ( ) 4 , 1 , 2
2
= v ( ) 1 , 2 , 4
3
= v
din
3
R sunlIiniarindeenden[i
Avem
0
3 3 2 2 1 1
= + + v a v a v a ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 1 , 2 , 4 4 , 1 , 2 3 , 2 , 1
3 2 1
= + + a a a
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , 2 , 4 4 , , 2 3 , 2 ,
3 3 3 2 2 2 1 1 1
= + + a a a a a a a a a
( ) ( ) 0 , 0 , 0 4 3 , 2 2 , 4 2
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
= + + + + + a a a a a a a a a
Ob[inemurmloruIsislem
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
37
= + +
= +
= + +
0 4 3
0 2 2
0 4 2
3 2 1
3 2 1
3 2 1
a a a
a a a
a a a
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Verifica[iunicilaleasoIu[ieisislemuIuidemaisusfoIosind
aIgorilmuIIuiGauss
Prnprict[i
IieVKsa[iuvecloriaIifieveclorii V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v Alunci
a Dac V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v sunlIiniardeenden[ialunciuneIemenlaI
Iorseoaleexrimacaocombina[ieIiniaraceIorIaIleeIemenle
d Dac V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v sunl Iiniar indeenden[i alunci orice
submuI[ime V ,..., ,
2 1
e
p
v v v pnesleIiniarindeendenl
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
38
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Demonslra[iroril[iIedemaisus
Bazidimcnsiuncaunuispa[iuvcctnria!
DcIini[ic
Numim dimcnsiunc a sa[iuIui vecloriaI V numruI maxim
devecloriIiniarindeenden[iaisa[iuIuiNolm n J = dim
Prnprictatc
Ienlrusa[iuI
n
R definilanlerioravem n R
n
= dim
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Demonslra[ic 3 dim
3
= R
|n!icajicccnjcrn!cjinijiciirc|uicsariajiccxisiatccicri
|iniar in!cpcn!cnji !ar c cricarc sau nai nu|ji tccicri ai
spajiu|uisuni|iniar!cpcn!cnji
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
39
DcIini[ic
Iie V un sa[iu vecloriaI esle coruI de scaIari K Veclorii
V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v formeazobazasa[iuIuiVdac
- n R
n
= dim numruI vecloriIor esle egaI cu dimensiunea
sa[iuIui
- veclorii
n
v v v ,..., ,
2 1
sunlIiniarindeenden[i
|xcnp|u
S se verifice dac veclorii ( ) 4 , 3 , 1
1
= v ( ) 1 , 1 , 2
2
= v ( ) 2 , 2 , 3
3
= v
formeazobazasa[iuIui
3
R
Avemvecloriicum 3 dim
3
= R rezuIlcrimacondi[ieesle
indeIinil
AIicnd reIa[ia de Ia defini[ia deenden[eiindeenden[ei
Iiniaresea|ungeIaunsislemcudelerminanluI
0 28
2 2 4
2 1 3
3 2 1
= =
decivecloriisunlIiniarindeenden[i
Veclorii ( ) 4 , 3 , 1
1
= v ( ) 1 , 1 , 2
2
= v ( ) 2 , 2 , 3
3
= v formeaz o baz a
sa[iuIui
3
R
Tcnrcm
Iie VK sa[iu vecloriaI i } ,..., ,
2 1 n
v v v o baz a Iui V
AluncioriceveclorxdinVsescrieinlrunmoduniccaocombina[ie
IiniardevecloriibazeiadicexislscaIarii K a a a
n
e ,..., ,
2 1
aslfeIincl
n n
v a v a v a x + + + = ...
2 2 1 1
iarscriereaesleunic
Obscrva[ic
ScaIarii K a a a
n
e ,..., ,
2 1
senumesccoordonaleIevecloruIuitin
raorlcubaza
|xcnp|u
S se verifice dac veclorii ( ) 0 , 2 , 1
1
= v ( ) 1 , 3 , 2
2
= v ( ) 1 , 4 , 2
3
= v
formeazo bazasa[iuIui
3
R IncazafirmalivssescrievecloruI
( ) 1 , 3 , 0 = x caocombina[ieIiniaravecloriIoracesleibaze
IacndcaIcuIeIevomob[ine
2
3
= a 3
2
= a 2
1
= a
Inseamn c vecloruI x oale fi scris in func[ie de baza
consideralsubforma
3 2 1
2 3 2 v v v x + =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Sseverificedacveclorii ( ) 0 , 0 , 1
1
= e ( ) 0 , 1 , 0
2
= e ( ) 1 , 0 , 0
3
= e
formeaz o baz a sa[iuIui
3
R In caz afirmaliv s se
scrie vecloruI ( )
3 2 1
, , x x x x = ca o combina[ie Iiniar a
vecloriIoracesleibaze
DcIini[ic
aza de Ia lema de refIec[ie se numele buzu cunonlc a
sa[iuIui
3
R
5istcmdcgcncratnripcntruunspa[iuvcctnria!
DcIini[ic
IieVKsa[iuvecloriaIifieveclorii V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v Sunem
c muI[imea { }
n
v v v ,..., ,
2 1
consliluie un sislem de generalori enlru
sa[iuI V dac orice eIemenl din V oale fi scris ca o combina[ie
Iiniar a vecloriIor din { }
n
v v v ,..., ,
2 1
adic J x e K a a a
n
e - ,..., ,
2 1
aslfeI
incl
n n
v a v a v a x + + + = ...
2 2 1 1
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
41
IorninddeIano[iuneadesislemdegeneraloriulemoferio
aIl defini[ie numil defini[ie echivaIenl enlru no[iunea de|a
rezenlaldebazaunuisa[iuvecloriaI
DcIini[ic
O muI[ime de eIemenle V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v formeaz o baz
enlruVdac
V ,..., ,
2 1
e
n
v v v sunlIiniarindeenden[i
{ }
n
v v v ,..., ,
2 1
esleunsislemdegeneralorienlruV
|xcnp|u
Iie veclorii ( ) 1 , 2 , 0 , 1
1
= v ( ) 1 , 1 , 1 , 2
2
= v ( ) 2 , 2 , 1 , 1
3
= v ( ) 0 , 1 , 2 , 0
4
= v
S se arale c aceli veclori formeaz o baz in
4
5 foIosind noua
defini[ieaacesleino[iuni
Indeenden[aIiniaravecloriIorseverificuor
S verificm acum dac { }
4 3 2 1
, , , v v v v esle un sislem de
generalorienlrusa[iuI
4
R
Iie
4
R x e ( )
4 3 2 1
, , , x x x x x = Trebuiesverificmdacxoalefi
scriscaocombina[ieIiniaravecloriIor
4 3 2 1
, , , v v v v adicsubforma
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
v a v a v a v a x + + + =
IacndcaIcuIeIeseob[ineunsislemcomalibiIdelerminal
DeciexislscaIarii
4 3 2 1
, , , a a a a aslfeIincloriceveclor
4
R x e s
oalfiscrissubforma
4 4 3 3 2 2 1 1
v a v a v a v a x + + + =
{ }
4 3 2 1
, , , v v v v formeazobazenlrusa[iuIvecloriaI
4
R
IznmnrIismdcspa[iivcctnria!c
Teoremudelzomorflsm
Iie V i V dou sa[ii vecloriaIe finil generale esle aceIai
cor K Alunci V i V sunl izomorfe dac i numai dac
dimVdimV
Obscrva[ii
Dac dou sa[ii vecloriaIe V i V sunl izomorfe alunci
roriel[iIe unuia dinlre eIe sunl roriel[i i enlru
ceIIaIl
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
42
Dalorilleoremeideizomorfismoricarearfisa[iuIvecloriaI
V cu n J = dim exisl sa[iuI vecloriaI
n
R cu n R
n
= dim care
vafiizomorfcusa[iuIV
|xcnp|u
Sseverificedacveclorii
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 6
0 2
,
1 3
0 1
,
2 1
1 2
,
1 2
1 1
4 3 2 1
v v v v in
) ( M
2 , 2
5 sunlIiniarindeenden[ifoIosindleoremadeizomorfism
Unui veclor
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
a c
b a
v din ) ( M
2 , 2
5 ii ulem alaa un veclor
( ) a c b a J , , , = din
4
R IulemfaceaceslIucrudeoarecesa[iiIe ) ( M
2 , 2
5
i
4
R sunl izomorfe Vom ulea aslfeI s verificm indeenden[a
vecloriIor considera[i rin inlermediuI vecloriIor coresunzlori Ior
din
4
R adic
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , 6 , 0 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 0 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 1
4 3 2 1
= = = = J J J J
Se verifica uor c aceli alru veclori sunl indeenden[i in
4
R deciivecloriicoresunzloridin ) ( M
2 , 2
5
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 6
0 2
,
1 3
0 1
,
2 1
1 2
,
1 2
1 1
4 3 2 1
v v v v
vorfilolIiniardeenden[i
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
S se verifice dac veclorii 1 , 1 2 2 , 2
2
3
2
2
2
1
= + = + = t v t t v t t v
formeaz o baz a sa[iuIui ( ) 5 |, |
2
t P aI oIinoameIor de
gradceImuIlfoIosindleoremadeizomorfism
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
43
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
Sseverificedacveclorii
( ) ( ) ( ) 1 , 1 , 3 , 2 , 1 , 5 , 4 , 2 , 1
3 2 1
= = = v v v
formeaz o baz enlru sa[iuI
3
5 In caz
afirmaliv s se scrie vecloruI ( ) 3 , 0 , 1 = x ca o
combina[ieIiniaravecloriIorbazei
In sa[iuI ( ) R M
2 , 2
se dau veclorii
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 2
3 1
1
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 1
2 1
2
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 4
0 3
3
A
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2
5 0
4
A
i
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 3
0 1
B S se verifice dac B aar[ine
sa[iuIui general de veclorii
4 3 2 1
, , , A A A A R B
aar[ine sa[iuIui general de veclorii
4 3 2 1
, , , A A A A
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
44
5tudiuindividua!
MuI[imeaoIinoameIordegradmaxim | | ) , (
3
R t P
MuI[imea { } Z y y x Z x B
y
e + = e = , 4 2
( ) ( ) ( ) 2 , 3 , 2 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 1 , 2 , 1
3 2 1
= = = v v v in
3
5
) 7 , 0 , 0 , 1 ( ), 1 , 4 , 2 , 1 ( ), 3 , 2 , 1 , 1 (
3 2 1
= = = v v v in
4
5
3 , 6 2 4 2 , 6
2 3
3
2 3
2
2
1
+ = + + = + = t t v t t t v t t v in
( ) 5 |, |
3
t P
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 8 -
3 - 7 -
v ,
4 - 2 -
3 2
v ,
2 4
1 - 1
v
3 2 1
in ) ( M
2 , 2
5
) 1 , 2 , 2 ( ), 4 , 3 , 1 ( ), 2 , 1 , 3 (
3 2 1
= = = v v v in
3
R ( ) 9 , 4 , 0 = x
( ) ( ) ( ) 0 , 4 , 3 , 1 , 1 , 2 , 1 , 3 , 1
3 2 1
= = = v v v in
3
5 ( ) 2 , 1 , 1 = x
. 1 , 2 , 2 , 2
2 3
4 3
2
2
2 3
1
+ = + = + = + = X X X v X v X X v X X v in
( ) 5 |, |
3
X P 1 2 2
2 3
+ + + = X X X x
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 1
1 1
,
2 1
2 4
,
1 2
0 2
,
2 0
1 1
4 3 2 1
v v v v in
) (
2 , 2
5 M
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2
3 6
x
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
45
5tudiuindividua!
In sa[iuI | | ) , (
3
R t P se consider veclorii
1 3 2
2 3
1
+ + = t t t v 4 2
2 3
2
+ + = t t t v 1 2
2 3
3
+ = t t v
5 2 3
3
4
+ = t t v
t t t v + + =
2 3
5
2 1 3
3
6
+ = t v S se verifice
dac
5
v
6
v aar[in sa[iuIui general de veclorii
| | ( ) R t P v v v v , , , ,
3 4 3 2 1
e
In sa[iuI ( ) R M
3 , 2
se consider veclorii
|
|
.
|
\
|
+
=
1 3 1 2 0
1 2
x x
x
B
x
5 , 1 = x
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 1 3
0 2 1
A
S se
verificedac { }
5 4 3 2 1
, , , , B B B B B Ae sa[iugeneral
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
46
5tudiuindividua!
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
47
REZUMATULUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Inunilaleadeinv[areaufoslarcurseurmloareIeasecle
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
48
TE5TDEEVALUAREnntatdctutnrctitu!arcurs
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2
3 4
,
2 1
2 3
,
3 2
1 2
,
4 3
2 1
4 3 2 1
v v v v din sa[iuI
) (
2 , 2
5 M Sseverificedacacelivecloriformeazobaziincaz
afirmalivssescrievecloruI
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 2
3 6
x infunc[iedecoordonaleIe
bazeiRezoIva[iaceslexerci[iuinurmloareIevarianle
a foIosind rima defini[ie a bazei cu dimensiunea fr a aIica
leoremadeizomorfism
bfoIosindadouadefini[ieabazeicusislemdegeneralorifra
aIicaleoremadeizomorfism
c foIosind leorema de izomorfism enlru una din ceIe dou
defini[iiIaaIegere
AnaIiza[i ceIe lrei varianle de rezoIvare idenlificnd ceI u[in cle
unavanla|[iundezavanla|enlrufiecaremelod
|ncta|uarctcrjiana|izaicpunciu|appunciu||ppunciu|cpana|izap
Scaccr!p!incjiciu
In sa[iuI numereIor comIexe ) , , ( + C se consider veclorii
i : 3 2
1
+ = i : 2 1
2
+ = i : 3 2
3
= S se verifice dac
3
: aar[ine
sa[iuIui general de
2 1
, : : i dac
2
: aar[ine sa[iuIui general de
3 1
, : : RezoIva[iaceslexerci[iuindouvarianle
afrafoIosileoremadeizomorfism
bfoIosindleoremadeizomorfism
AnaIiza[iceIedouvarianlederezoIvareidenlificndceIu[incle
unavanla|[iundezavanla|enlrufiecaremelod
|n cta|uarc tcr ji ana|izaic punciu| a p punciu| | p ana|iza p Sc accr! p
!incjiciu
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
49
INDICA|II 5UGE5TII DE REZOLVARE R5PUN5URI
PENTRU 5ARCINILE DE LUCRU $I TE5TELE DE
AUTOEVALUAREALEUNlTJllDLNVJARL
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
AIicndaIgorilmuIIuiGaussseob[inesislemuI
=
=
= + +
0 33
0 12
0 4 2
3
3 2
3 2 1
a
a a
a a a
SPAJllVLCTORlALL
50
OPLRATORlLlNlARl
Curins Iagina
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
Ncjiunca!ccpcraicr|iniar
Mairiccaiaaiunuicpcraicr|iniar
Opcraicri|iniariintcrsa|i|i
Ocicrninarcaunuicpcraicr|iniar
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajii sugcsiii !c rczc|tarc rspunsuri pcniru Sarcini|c !c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
52
COMPETEN|ELEUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Dupstudiu!accstciunit[idcnv[arcvc[ircui
sidcntiIica[iisvcriIica[i!iniaritatcaunuinpcratnr
saataainmatriccunuinpcratnr!iniar
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
53
Nn[iuncadcnpcratnr!iniar
DcIini[ic
Iie ' ,9 9 dou sa[ii vecloriaIe esle aceIai cor K O func[ie
' : 9 9 I senumelenpcratnr
DcIini[ic
Iie ' : 9 9 X unoeralorSunemcuesleadilivdac
( ) ( ) ( ) \ X [ X \ [ X + = + 9 \ [ e ,
DcIini[ic
Iie ' : 9 9 X unoeralorSunemcuesleomogendac
( ) ( ) [ X D D[ X = 9 [ e . D e
DcIini[ic
Iie ' : 9 9 X un oeralor Sunem c u esle oeralor Iiniar
daceIesleadiliviomogenadicdac
( ) ( ) ( ) \ X [ X \ [ X + = + 9 \ [ e ,
( ) ( ) [ X D D[ X = 9 [ e . D e
Prnprictatc
Unoeralor ' : 9 9 X esleIiniardacinumaidac
( ) ( ) ( ) \ X E [ X D E\ D[ X + = + 9 \ [ e , . E D e ,
|xcnp|u
SseverificedacoeraloruI
3 3
: 5 5 X
( ) ( )
2 3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1
2 , 2 , , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + =
esleunoeralorIiniar
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = + = +
3 2 1 3 2 1
, , , , \ \ \ [ [ [ X \ [ X ( ) = + + + =
3 3 2 2 1 1
, , \ [ \ [ \ [ X
( )
2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
2 2 , 2 2 , \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ + + + + + + + =
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) = + = +
3 2 1 3 2 1
, , , , \ \ \ X [ [ [ X \ X [ X
( )
2 2 3 3 2 2 1 1 2 2 1 1
2 2 , 2 2 , \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ \ [ + + + + + + + =
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
54
Amob[inulaslfeI
( ) ( ) ( ) \ X [ X \ [ X + = +
3
, 5 \ [ e
RezuIlcoeraloruIconsideraleslea!iiit
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Verifica[i Iiniarilalea oeraloruIui de mai sus foIosind
rorielalearezenlalanlerior
Matriccataatunuinpcratnr!iniar
\
|
=
PQ P P
Q
Q
D D D
D D D
D D D
$
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
2 1
2 22 21
1 12 11
|xcnp|u
SsescriemalriceaalaaloeraloruIui
2 3
: 5 5 X
( ) ( )
3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1
2 , 3 2 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + =
\
|
=
2 1 1
0 3 2
$
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
S se scrie oeraloruI Iiniar
P Q
5 5 X : care are alaal
malricea
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
3 2
0 1
2 1
$
Opcratnri!iniariinvcrsabi!i
Prnprictatc
UnoeralorIiniaresleinversabiIdacinumaidacmalricea
alaalesleinversabiIOeraloruIinversvaaveaalaalmalricea
1
$
|xcnp|u
IieoeraloruIIiniar
3 3
: 5 5 X
( ) ( )
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
2 3 , 2 2 , 2 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + + + =
S se verifice dac oeraloruI u esle inversabiI i in caz
afirmalivssedelermine
1
X
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
56
Conform roriel[ii de mai sus lim c un oeralor esle
inversabiIdacmalriceaalaalIuiesleinversabiIValrebuidecis
verificmaceslIucru
MalriceaalaaloeraloruIuiesle
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 3 1
2 1 2
1 2 1
$ IoIosind
aIgorilmuIIuiGaussseoalearlacesleomalriceinversabiIi
cinversasaesle
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
3
5
15
1
15
7
0
15
3
15
6
15
5
15
7
15
4
1
$
Cum malricea esle inversabiI rezuIl c i oeraloruI u
esleinversabiI
MailrebuiesdelerminmexresiaIui
1
X ConformaceIeiai
roriel[i
1
X esle oeraloruI care are alaal malricea
1
$ deci
ceea ce lrebuie s facem esle s scriem oeraloruI coresunzlor Iui
1
$
( ) |
.
|
\
|
+ + =
3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
1
15
5
15
1
15
7
,
15
3
15
6
,
15
5
15
7
15
4
, , \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ X
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
S se verifice dac oeraloruI urmlor esle inversabiI i
daceslecazuIssedelermineoeraloruIinvers
( ) ( )
3 2 1 3 2 3 2 1 3 2 1
, , 2 2 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + + =
3 3
: 5 5 X
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
57
Dctcrminarcaunuinpcratnr!iniar
( )
Q QQ Q Q Q
H D H D H D H X + + + = ...
2 2 1 1
alunci malricea oeraloruIui va fi malricea conslruila cu coeficien[ii
aceslorexresiiscriiecoIoane
( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
! ! !
=
QQ Q Q
Q
Q
Q
D D D
D D D
D D D
H X H X H X
$
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
...
2 1
2 22 12
1 21 11
2 1
|xcnp|u
S se delermine un oeralor Iiniar
3 3
: 5 5 X liind c
( )
L L
\ [ X = 3 , 1 e L unde
( ) 1 , 2 , 1
1
= [ ( ) 0 , 2 , 2
2
= [ ( )
3
3
1 , 1 , 0 5 e = [
( ) 1 , 2 , 1
1
= \ ( ) 0 , 2 , 2
2
= \ ( )
3
3
1 , 1 , 0 5 e = \
Cum ( )
L L
\ [ X = inseamnculemscriesislemuI
( )
( )
( )
=
=
=
3 3
2 2
1 1
\ [ X
\ [ X
\ [ X
=
= +
+ = + +
3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
H H H H X
H H H H X
H H H H H H X
=
= +
+ = + +
3 2 3 2
2 1 2 1
3 2 1 3 2 1
2 2 2 2
2 2
H H H X H X
H H H X H X
H H H H X H X H X
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 0 0
1 0 1
0 0 1
$
deundeob[inemexresiaexIicilaacesluia
( ) ( ) ( )
3 3 1 1 3 2 1
, , , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SsedelermineunoeralorIiniarcareslransforme
veclorii
L
[ in
L
\ Q L , 1 e unde
( ) 1 , 1 , 0
1
= [ ( ) 0 , 1 , 1
2
= [ ( )
3
3
3 , 0 , 1 5 e = [ i ( ) 1 , 2 , 1
1
= \
( ) 2 , 4 , 1
2
= \ ( )
3
3
1 , 1 , 0 5 e = \
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
59
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
SseverificeindoumoduridacoeraloruI
2 3
: 5 5 X ( ) ( )
3 1 1 3 2 1
2 , , , [ [ [ [ [ [ X =
esleIiniar
|n!icajic sc jc|cscic !cjinijia i sc jc|cscic
prcpriciaicaccnita|cni
( ) 1 , 1 , 3
1
= [ ( ) 2 , 4 , 2
2
= [ ( )
3
3
1 , 1 , 1 5 e = [
i
( ) 1 , 1 , 2
1
= \ ( ) 0 , 2 , 1
2
= \ ( )
3
3
1 , 1 , 1 5 e = \
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
60
5tudiuindividua!
SseverificedacurmloriioeralorisunlIiniari
2 3
: 5 5 X ( ) ( )
3 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
3 2 , 3 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + + =
3 3
: 5 5 X
( ) ( )
3 2 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
3 , 2 , 2 2 1 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + + + + =
SsescriemalriceaalaalurmloriIoroeraloriIiniari
3 3
: 5 5 X
( ) ( )
3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
2 4 , 3 2 2 , , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + + + =
4 2
: 5 5 X ( ) ( )
2 2 1 1 2 1 2 1
3 , 4 , 2 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
1 3 0 2
1 1 1 1
$
7.
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
2 1 3 0
1 2 0 3
1 0 1 2
0 4 2 1
$ ;
S se verifice care dinlre oeralorii urmlori sunl
inversabiIi i acoIo unde esle cazuI s se delermine
oeraloruIinvers
8. ( ) ( )
2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1 3 2 1
, 3 2 , , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + + = ,
3 3
: 5 5 X ;
9. ( ) ( ). , , , , , ,
3 2 1 4 2 1 4 3 1 4 3 2 4 3 2 1
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + + + + + + + = ,
4 4
: 5 5 X ;
SsedelermineunoeralorIiniarcareslransforme
veclorii
L
[ in
L
\ Q L , 1 e unde
( ) 3 , 2 , 1
1
= [ ( ) 2 , 1 , 1
2
= [ ( )
3
3
1 , 4 , 2 5 e = [ i ( ) 4 , 2 , 0
1
= \
( ) 0 , 4 , 2
2
= \ ( )
3
3
3 , 1 , 5 5 e = \
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
61
5tudiuindividua!
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
62
5tudiuindividua!
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
63
REZUMATULUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Inunilaleadeinv[areaufoslarcurseurmloareIeasecle
- afosldefiniloeraloruIIiniar
- sarezenlalmalriceaalaaloeraloruIuiIiniar
- sa inlrodus o modaIilale de verificare a inversabiIil[ii
oeraloruIuiIiniarbazaleizomorfismeIeidenlificale
- sa oferil o modaIilale de delerminare a exresiei unui
oeralorIiniarorninddeIareIa[iicunoscule
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
64
TE5TDEEVALUAREnntatdctutnrctitu!arcurs
( ) 2 , 1 , 1
1
= [ ( ) 3 , 1 , 2
2
= [ ( )
3
3
1 , 2 , 3 5 e = [
i
( ) 4 , 2 , 1
1
= \ ( ) 0 , 3 , 2
2
= \ ( )
3
3
4 , 5 , 3 5 e = \
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
65
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Se verific adilivilalea i omogenilalea resecliv
rorielaleaechivaIenl
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
OeraloruIesle
3 2
: 5 5 X cuexresia
( ) ( )
2 1 1 2 1 2 1
3 2 , , 2 , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X + + =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
OeraloruIunuesleinversabiI
Tcmc!cdcrcI!cc[ic
OeraloruIareexresia
( ) |
.
|
\
|
+ =
3 2 3 2 2 3 2 1
4
1
, 2
4
7
, , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
oeraloruInuesleIiniar
uesleinversabiI
( ) |
.
|
\
|
+ + + + =
3 2 1 2 1 3 2 1
3
4
3
4
3
1
,
1
1
1
1
3
1
,
6
1
6
1
3
2
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ X
23(5$725,/,1,$5,
66
BIBLIOGRAFIE RECOMANDAT PENTRU UNlTATLA DL
NVJARL
FORMEPTRATICE
67
UNITATEADENV|ARE
IORMIITRATICI
Cuprins Pagina
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
No[iuneadeformlralic
Malricealaaluneiformelralice
Iormacanonicauneiformelralice
AducereaIaformacanonicauneiformelralicerin
melodaIui}acobi
AducereaIaformacanonicauneiformelralicerin
meloda vecloriIor i vaIoriIor rorii meloda vecloriIor
orlogonaIi
AducereaIaformacanonicauneiformelralicerin
melodaIuiGaussmelodagruriilraleIor
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajii sugcsiii !c rczc|tarc rspunsuri pcniru Sarcini|c !c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
FORMEPTRATICE
68
COMIITIN|ILIUNIT|IIDIINV|ARI
Dupstudiu!accstciunit[idcnv[arcvc[ircui
srccunnatc[iis!ucra[icuInrmcptraticc
sataa[iunciInrmcptraticcnmatriccptratic
FORMEPTRATICE
69
Nn[iuncadcInrmptratic
DcIini[ic
Iie V un sa[iu vecloriaI esle coruI de scaIari K i fie
Q 9 = dim Numimformlralicofunc[ie . 9 4 : deforma
( )
2
3 3
2
3 33
2 2 3 2 23
2
2 22
1 1 3 1 13 2 1 12
2
1 11 2 1
....... .......... ......
...
...
... ,..., ,
Q QQ
Q P
Q Q
Q Q Q
[ D
[ [ D [ D
[ [ D [ [ D [ D
[ [ D [ [ D [ [ D [ D [ [ [ 4
+
+ + + +
+ + + + +
+ + + + + =
|xcnp|u
5 5 4
3
: ( )
2
3 3 2
2
2 3 1 2 1
2
1 3 2 1
2 2 4 2 2 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + = esle o
formlralicdeoareceeaesledeformacerulrindefini[ie
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
5 5 4
3
: ( )
2
3 3 2
2
2 3 1 2 1 2
2
1 3 2 1
2 2 4 2 2 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
esleoformlralic
MatriccataatunciInrmcptraticc
eozi[iasimelric ( ) L M,
FORMEPTRATICE
70
|xcnp|u
S se scrie malricea alaal formei lralice 5 5 4
3
:
( )
2
3 3 2
2
2 3 1 2 1
2
1 3 2 1
2 2 4 2 2 , , [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
\
|
=
1 1 2
1 2 1
2 1 2
$
FnrmacannnicaunciInrmcptraticc
Prnprictatctcnrcma!ui5y!vcstcr
Unei forme lralice ii ol coresunde mai muIle forme
canonice Oricle forme canonice am gsi ins enlru o aceeai
form lralic avem urmloruI rezuIlal numruI coeficien[iIor
slricl ozilivi slricl negalivi i nuIi esle aceIai enlru loale formeIe
canoniceaIeuneiformelraliceconsiderale
_
unde 1
0
= A
11 1
D = A
22 12
12 11
2
D D
D D
= A
QQ Q Q
Q
Q
Q
D D D
D D D
D D D
...
... ... ... ...
...
...
2 1
2 22 12
1 12 11
= A
0 = A
L
Q L , 1 e
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Crede[i c meloda Iui }acobi oale fi aIical
oricndDece
|xcnp|u
SseaducIaoformcanonicformalralic
5 5 4
3
: ( )
3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
4 4 4 6 5 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
Malriceaalaalesle
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 0 2
0 6 2
2 2 5
$
TrebuieacumscaIcuImminoriicareaarinformuIaecare
dorimsoaIicm ( )
2
3
3
2 2
2
2
1 2
1
1
0
\ \ \ [ 4
A
A
+
A
A
+
A
A
=
Avem 1
0
= A rindefini[ie 5
1
= A
26
6 2
2 5
2
=
= A
80
4 0 5
0 6 2
2 2 5
3
=
= A
Ob[inem
( )
2
3
2
2
2
1
80
26
26
5
5
1
\ \ \ [ 4 + + =
adic
FORMEPTRATICE
72
( )
2
3
2
2
2
1
40
13
26
5
5
1
\ \ \ [ 4 + + =
In uneIe silua[ii esle necesar o schimbare inlermediar a
bazeiMaiexaclsevafaceoschimbaredeforma
M L L
] ] [ + =
M L M
] ] [ = ,
N N
] [ = enlru L N = M N =
unde
M L
[ [ esle un lermen aI formei lralice care are coeficienl
diferilde
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Crede[i c esle osibiI ca forma lralic s nu
con[in un lermen
M L
[ [ cu coeficienl diferil de
Dece
|xcnp|u
SseaducIaoformcanonicformalralic
5 5 4
3
: ( )
3 2 3 1 2 1
2 2 2 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
Malriceaalaalesle
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
0 1 1
1 0 1
1 1 0
$
Observm c 0
1
= A Cum acesl minor rinciaI are vaIoarea
rezuIlcnuulemfoIosimelodaIui}acobienlruexresiadala
formeilralice
VomfaceoschimbareinlermediarabazeiAIegemlermenuI
2 1
[ [ decivomfacenola[iiIe
=
=
+ =
3 3
2 1 2
2 1 1
] [
] ] [
] ] [
Iormalralicdevine
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( ) = + + + + =
3 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1
2 2 2 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] [ 4
3 1
2
2
2
1 3 2 3 1 3 2 3 1
2
2
2
1
4 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] + = + + + =
AIicmmelodaIui}acobiia|ungemIa
( )
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
2
1
2
1
\ \ \ [ 4 =
FORMEPTRATICE
73
IieQoformlralicdefinilesa[iuIvecloriaI
Q
5 ifie
malriceaalaalOformcanonicaIuiQesle
2 2
2 2
2
1 1
... ) (
Q Q
[ [ [ [ 9 + + + =
unde
Q
,..., ,
2 1
sunl vaIoriIe rorii aIe malricei adic soIu[iiIe
ecua[iei
( ) 0 det = , $
|xcnp|u
SseaducIaoformcanonicformalralic
5 5 4
3
: ( )
3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
4 4 4 6 5 [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
VomaIicadeaceasldalmelodavaIoriIorroriiMalricea
alaalesle
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
4 0 2
0 6 2
2 2 5
$
Se delermin vaIoriIe rorii coresunzloare adic se
rezoIvecua[ia ( ) 0 det = , $
( ) 0 det = , $ 0
4 0 2
0 6 2
2 2 5
=
CaIcuIndacesldelerminanlob[inemecua[ia
0 80 66 15
2 3
= + +
Aceasl ecua[ie are soIu[iiIe 2
1
= 5
2
= i 8
3
= O form
canonicaformeilraliceconsideraleesle
2
3
2
2
2
1
8 5 2 ) ( \ \ \ [ 4 + + =
Aduccrca !a Inrma cannnic a unci Inrmc ptraticc prin
mctnda!uiGaussmctndagrupriiptratc!nr
IieQoformlralicIenlruaoaduceIaoformcanonic
GaussrouneurmloruIaIgorilm
FORMEPTRATICE
74
seaIegeunlermencareaareinexresieIaulereaadouas
resuunem c acesla esle
2
1
[ dac
2
1
[ nu aare in exresie
ulemaIege
2
2
[ sau
2
3
[ elc
se grueaz inlro aranlez lo[i lermenii care iI con[in e
1
[
deoarece
1
[ afosllermenuIaIesanleriordacamfiaIes
2
2
[ Ia
asuIrecedenlalunciamfigrualinaranlezlo[ilermenii
careiIcon[ine
2
[
foIosind lermenii din aranlez adic lo[ii lermenii care iI
con[in e
1
[ lrebuie s se formeze un lral aslfeI incl in
exresiaIuiQsnumaiaar
1
[ evidenlinafardelraluI
locmaiformal
se aIege un aIl lermen care aare Ia ulerea a doua fie eI
2
2
[
se reel rocedeuI de mai sus formnd din nou un lral
aslfeI incl e
2
[ s nu iI mai regsim in afara lraleIor
formale
se reel rocedeuI n cnd exresia va con[ine numai
lrale in acesl momenl se scrie forma canonic inIocuind
exresiiIeIalralcunoiIecoordonale
Q
\ \ \ ,..., ,
2 1
|xcnp|u
SseaducIaoformcanonicformalralic
5 5 4
2
: ( )
2 1
2
2
2
1
4 2 [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
Scriem
( ) ( )
2
2 2 1
2
1
2 4 [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
( ) ( ) | |
2
2
2
2
2
2 1
2 4 2 [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
adic
( ) ( )
2
2
2
2 1
2 2 [ [ [ [ 4 =
IxresiaaslfeIob[inulcon[inenumailraledecinemairmnes
facemnola[iiIe
2 1 1
2[ [ \ = adicexresiadinaranlezIalral
2 2
[ \ =
Ob[inemaslfeIformacanonic
( )
2
2
2
1
2\ \ [ 4 =
FORMEPTRATICE
75
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SseaducIaoformcanonicformalralic
5 5 4
3
: ( )
3 2 3 1 2 1
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
|xcnp|u
SseaducIaoformcanonicformalralic
5 5 4
3
: ( )
3 2 3 1 2 1
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
=
=
+ =
3 3
2 1 2
2 1 1
] [
] ] [
] ] [
Iormalralic ( )
3 2 3 1 2 1
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + = vadeveni
( ) ( )( ) ( ) ( )
3 2 1 3 2 1 2 1 2 1
] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] [ 4 + + + =
( )
3 2
2
2
2
1
2 ] ] ] ] [ 4 =
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
2
3 2
2
1 3 2
2
2
2
1 3 2
2
2
2
1
2 2 ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] ] [ 4 + + = + = =
Nolm
1 1
] \ = rimuIlral
3 2 2
] ] \ + = exresiadinaranlez
3 3
[ \ =
Cuaceslenoinola[iiob[inemformacanonic
( )
2
3
2
2
2
1
\ \ \ [ 4 + =
MailrebuieinssrecizmexresiiIeenlru
3 2 1
, , \ \ \ infunc[iede
coordonaleIeini[iaIe
3 2 1
, , [ [ [
limc
1 1
] \ = rimuIlral
3 2 2
] ] \ + = exresiadinaranlez
3 3
[ \ =
ic
FORMEPTRATICE
76
=
=
+ =
3 3
2 1 2
2 1 1
] [
] ] [
] ] [
DinaceslereIa[iidelerminm
=
+
=
+
=
3 3
3
2 1
2
2 1
1
2
2
[ \
[
[ [
\
[ [
\
FORMEPTRATICE
77
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 4 2 5 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + + + + =
3 1
2
3
2
2
2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 4 2 5 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + + + + =
3 1 3 2 2 1
2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
UliIizndmelodavaIoriIorroriisseaducIaoform
canonic
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 2 6 5 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + + =
; 2 2 2 2 2 ) (
4 2 3 2 4 1 3 1 2 1
2
2
2
1
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + + + + + =
FORMEPTRATICE
78
5tudiuindividua!
UliIizndmelodaIuiGausssseaducIaoformcanonic
urmloareIefunc[ionaIelralice
2
3 3 2
2
2 2 1
2
1
4 5 4 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
3 6 4 2 2 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 3 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
+ + + + =
4 3 4 1 3 1 2 1
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
14 4 6 4 5 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4
4 3 4 2
14 10 [ [ [ [
; 3 2 4 3 2 5 2 ) (
4 3 4 2 3 2 4 1 3 1 2 1
2
4
2
3
2
2
[ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + + + + =
4 3 4 2 2 1
4 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
UliIizndmelodaIui}acobisseaducIaoformcanonic
urmloareIeformelralice
2
3 3 2
2
2 2 1
2
1
4 5 4 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
4 2 2 3 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + + + =
+ + + + =
4 1 3 1 2 1
2
4
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 4 2 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 ; 2 2 4
4 3 4 2 3 2
[ [ [ [ [ [ + +
3 1
2
3
2
2
2 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
3 1 3 2 2 1
2
2
2 6 4 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
4 4 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + =
2 1
2
3
4 ) ( [ [ [ [ 4 + =
3 1
2
3
2
2
8 6 2 ) ( [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + =
FORMEPTRATICE
79
5tudiuindividua!
FORMEPTRATICE
80
5tudiuindividua!
FORMEPTRATICE
81
REZUMATULUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Inunilaleadeinv[areaufoslarcurseurmloareIeasecle
FORMEPTRATICE
82
TE5TDEEVALUAREnntatdctutnrctitu!arcurs
SsedelerminevaIoriIearamelruIuiaeRaslfeIinclfunc[ionaIa
lralic
Qx
3 2 3 1 2 1
2
3
2
2
2
1
6 2 4 7 [ [ [ [ [ [ D[ [ [ + + + =
saibnumaicoeficien[islriclnegalivi
FORMEPTRATICE
83
INDICA|II 5UGE5TII DE REZOLVARE R5PUN5URI
PENTRU 5ARCINILE DE LUCRU $I TE5TELE DE
AUTOEVALUAREALEUNlTJllDLNVJARL
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
nu esle o form lralic deoarece rimuI lermen
2
2
1
2 [ [ nureseclformacerulrindefini[ie
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Meloda Iui }acobi se oale aIica numai in cazuI
in care lo[i minorii rinciaIi din malricea formei
lralice sunl diferi[i de deoarece acesle vaIori aar
canumiloraIunorfunc[ii
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Dac nu exisl nici un lermen mixl cu coeficienl
nenuI alunci forma lralic esle de|a canonic In
aceasl silua[ie nu mai esle nevoie de schimbarea
inlermediardebaz
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Isle necesar o schimbare inlermediar de
baz
=
=
+ =
3 3
2 1 2
2 1 1
] [
] ] [
] ] [
Ob[inem forma canonic
( )
2
3
2
2
2
1
\ \ \ [ 4 + = unde
=
+
=
+
=
3 3
3
2 1
2
2 1
1
2
2
[ \
[
[ [
\
[ [
\
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
2
3
2
2
2
1
3
1
2
2
1
) ( \ \ \ [ 4 + + = se va considera
3 1 1
] ] [ + =
3 1 3
] ] [ =
2 2
] [ =
2
3
2
2
2
1
4
1
) ( \ \ \ [ 4 + = grund
du
2
[ ini[iaI ob[inem
( ) ( ) ( )
2
3
2
3 1
2
3 1 2
3[ [ [ [ [ [ [ 4 + + + + + = ( )
2
3
2
2
2
1
3\ \ \ [ 4 + + =
2
3
2
2
2
1
2
1
2 2 ) ( \ \ \ [ 4 + =
2
3
2
2
2
1
2 3 6 ) ( \ \ \ [ 4 + =
( )
2
2
2
1
) 5 1 ( ) 5 1 ( \ \ [ 4 + + =
FORMEPTRATICE
84
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
85
UNITATEADENV|ARE
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
Curins Iagina
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
No[iunigeneraIe
Defini[iacIasicarobabiIil[ii
SchemerobabiIislicecIasice
Schema lui Bernoulli
Schema bilei nerevenite
SchemaIuiIoisson
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajiisugcsiii!crczc|tarcrspunsuripcniruSarcini|c!c|ucrua|c
Uniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
86
COMPETEN|ELEUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Dupstudiu!accstciunit[idcnv[arcvc[ircui
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
87
Nn[iunigcncra!c
SenumeleetenlmentslgurunevenimenlcaresereaIizeazIa
fiecare efecluare a exerien[ei Numim etenlment lmposlblI aceI
evenimenl desre care se lie c nu se oale inlmIa Ia nici o
efecluare a exerien[ei IvenimenleIe care nu sunl nici sigure nici
imosibiIe adic aceIe evenimenlecareol s se reaIizezesaunu Ia
sfriluI unei exerien[e se numesc etenlmente uIeutoure
ntmpItoure
Numim etenlment contrur unui evenimenl nolal aceI
evenimenl care consl in nereaIizarea Iui Nolm evenimeluI
conlrarcu $
De exemIu dac inlro urn sunl biIe aIbe i biIe negre i
considerm evenimenluI se exlrage o biI aIb Ia o exlragere
oarecare evenimenluI conlrar va fi evenimenluI se exlrage o biI
neagr
DacdoueIemenleiBseolreaIizaIaaceeaiefecluarea
exerien[eialuncievenimenleIeiBsenumesccomputlblIeDac
eIe nu se ol ins reaIiza simuIlan alunci i B se numesc
lncomputlblIe
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
88
|xcnp|u
SresuunemcinlrournsunlbiIedediversecuIoriis
considermevenimeleIe
seexlrageobiIroiesauobiIgaIben
BseexlrageobiIneagrsauobiIroie
CseexlrageobiIaIbaslr
ObservmcevenimenleIeiBseolreaIizasimuIlandac
Ia o exlragere se ob[ine o biI roie RezuIl c i B sunl
comalibiIe IvenimenluI C ins esle incomalibiI cu ambeIe
evenimele B deoarece nu exisl nici o osibiIilale ca i C
reseclivBiCsfiesimuIlanreaIizale
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
DaiexemIedeevenimenlecomalibiIeiincomalibiIe
Obsertu]le
IvenimenleIe conlrare sunl incomalibiIe Reciroc nu esle
ins adevral adic nu loale evenimenleIe incomalibiIe sunl
conlrare
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
89
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
InexemIuIconsideralmaisusconsidermievenimenluI
O se exlrage o biI roie S se verifice vaIoarea de
adevrenlrureIa[iiIe
$ ' c DimIicA
% ' c DimIic
& ' c DimIicC
NumimprobrezuIlaluIuneiexerien[eaIealoare
DalorilacesleiIegluriecareoulemfaceinlreevenimenle
i muI[imi avem Ia disozi[ie leoria muI[imiIor i ulem defini
oera[iicuevenimele
Iie i B dou evenimenle Numim reunluneu ceIor dou
evenimenle evenimenluI care se reaIizeaz dac i numai dac se
reaIizeaz ceI u[in unuI din ceIe dou adic evenimenluI se
reaIizeazsauBNolmreuniuneaevenimenleIor % $
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
90
Numim lntersec]lu ceIor dou evenimenle aceI evenimenl
care se reaIizeaz dac i numai dac se reaIizeaz all cl i B
adic evenimenluI se reaIizeaz i B Nolm inlersec[ia
evenimenleIorcu % $
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Iie o urn cu biIe numerolale de Ia Ia Considerm
evenimenleIe
seexlragebiIacunumruIsau
BseexlragebiIacunumruIsau
CseexlragebiIacunumruIsau
OseexlragebiIacunumruI
Delermina[i reuniunea i inlersec[ia enlru loale
combina[iiIe de cle dou evenimenle CaIcuIa[i reuniunea
ceIor evenimenle Sa ob[inul in vreun caz evenimenluI
sigurCareesleacesla
Deflnl]le
NumimcmpdeetenlmentecuIuI ( ) . , O unde
O esle o muI[ime nevid aceasl muI[ime se numele i
muI]lmeuetenlmenteIoreIementure
( ) O _ 3 . esle un cor boreIian ( ) O 3 fiind muI[imea r[iIor Iui
O
Proprletute
Iie ( ) . , O un cm finil de evenimenle Alunci muI[imea
evenimenleIor cmuIui esle
O
2 unde O rerezinl numruI de
eIemenledinmuI[imea O
|xcnp|u
Se consider o urn cu biIe numerolale cu S
considermcaexerien[exlragereauneibiIedinurn
IvenimenleIeeIemenlareenlruaceaslsilua[iesunl
seexlragebiIa
seexlragebiIa
seexlragebiIa
Iie
L
$ evenimenluI se exlrage biIa i Alunci muI[imea
aceslorevenimenleeIemenlareoalefiscrissubforma
{ } 3 , 1 = = O L $
L
Am fi ulul s scriem aceasl muI[ime i indicnd ur i
simIuceIeevenimenleeIemenlare
{ } 3 , 2 , 1 ELOD H[WUDJH VH ELOD H[WUDJH VH ELOD H[WUDJH VH = O
CmuI de evenimenle va avea conform roriel[ii de mai
sus 8 2
3
= evenimenle deoarece muI[imea { } 3 , 1 = = O L $
L
are
eIemenleeIemenlare
S enumerm acesle evenimenle i s vedem dac ob[inem
exacl
se exlrage biIa acesla esle evenimenluI imosibiI deoarece
biIa nu se gsele in urn am fi ulul aici s unem orice
numrenlrubiIinafardeaceslIucrunuinseamnc
avem oinfinilaledeevenimenleimosibiIeciUNevenimenl
imosibiIcareoalefiscrisinlroinfinilaledevarianle
seexlragebiIa
seexlragebiIa
seexlragebiIa
seexlragebiIasaubiIa
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
92
seexlragebiIasaubiIa
seexlragebiIasaubiIa
seexlragebiIasaubiIasaubiIaaceslaesleevenimenluI
sigurdeoareceeIvafiinloldeaunareaIizal
Observm c inlradevr am ob[inul evenimenle aa cum
neaindicalirorielaleaaIicalanlerior
Dac am fi foIosil Ieglura cu leoria muI[imiIor am fi ulul
sune c muI[imea evenimenleIor eIemenlare fiind { } 3 , 1 = = O L $
L
aluncimuI[imear[iIor
Iui OadicmuI[imeaKvafimuI[imea
{ }
3 2 1 3 2 3 1 2 1 3 2 1
, , , , , , , $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ $ . O/ =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Se consider o urn cu biIe una aIb una roie
una verde i una neagr S considerm ca exerien[
exlragereauneibiIedinurn
Idenlifica[i evenimenleIe eIemenlare enlru aceasl
silua[ie Cle evenimenle va avea cmuI de evenimenle
Inumera[ievenimenleIeiverifica[icla[iob[inul
Deflnl]le
ProbublIltuteu unui evenimenl Iegal de o exerien[ cu un
numr finil de cazuri egaI osibiIe esle raorluI dinlre numruI
cazuriIorfavorabiIeinumruIlolaIdecazuriaIeexerien[eicazuri
osibiIe
( )
posibile cazuri nr.
Iavorabile cazuri nr.
= $ 3
|xcnp|u
S considerm ca mai sus aruncarea unui zar Care esle
robabiIilaleadeaseob[inefa[aDarofa[imar
Sc|ujic
Dacnolm
L
$ evenimenluIseob[inefa[ai
ob[inemmuI[imeaevenimenleIoreIemenlare
{ } 6 , 1 = = O L $
L
NumruIcazuriIorosibiIevafiaslfeI
Considerm evenimenluI se ob[ine fa[a Cle din
evenimenleIe eIemenlare duc Ia reaIizarea aceslui evenimenl UnuI
singurVomaveaaslfeIrobabiIilalea
6
1
= 3
Ienlru a caIcuIa robabiIilalea de a se ob[ine o fa[ imar
vomavea
2
1
6
3
= = 3
Ctcvaprnprict[ia!cprnbabi!it[i!nr
robabiIilaleaunuievenimenlesleunnumrdininlervaIuI
| | 1 , 0 ( ) 1 0 s s $ 3 acesl Iucru esle evidenl dac ne uilm Ia
defini[ia de mai sus NumruI de cazuri favorabiIe esle ceI
u[iniceImuIlegaIcunumruIdecazuriosibiIe
( ) 1 = O 3 unde OesleevenimenluIsigur
( ) 0 = O/ 3 unde O/ esleevenimenluIimosibiI
( ) ( ) ( ) % 3 $ 3 % $ 3 = daciBsunlindeendenle
( ) ( ) ( ) $ % 3 $ 3 % $ 3 \ = daciBsunldeendenle
( ) ( ) ( ) % 3 $ 3 % $ 3 + = dac O/ = % $
( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) % $ 3 % 3 $ 3 % $ 3 + = dac O/ = % $
( ) ( ) $ 3 $ 3 =1
DcIini[ic
Iie . , (O P un cm finil de robabiIilale i fie . e cu
P> Se numele probublIltuteu condl]lonut de etenlmentuI A u
etenlmentuIulB . e nolalrin ) (% 3
$
raorluI
( )
( ) $ 3
% $ 3
% 3
$
= ) (
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
95
TcnrcmInrmu!aprnbabi!it[iitnta!c
Iie
Q
$ $ $ ,..., ,
2 1
un sislem comIel de evenimenle cu
, 1 , 0 ) ( Q L $ 3
L
= = AluncioricarearfiX . e avem
( )
_
=
=
Q
L
$ L
; 3 $ 3 ; 3
L
1
) ( ) (
TcnrcmInrmu!a!uiBaycs
Iie
Q
$ $ $ ,..., ,
2 1
un sislem comIel de evenimenle cu
, 1 , 0 ) ( Q L $ 3
L
= = AluncioricarearfiX . e cuPX>avem
( ) ( )
( ) ( )
_
=
=
Q
L
$ L
$ N
N ;
; 3 $ 3
; 3 $ 3
$ 3
L
N
1
) (
5chcmcprnbabi!isticcc!asicc
5chcma!uiBcrnnu!!i
VomrezenlaaceaslschemenlrudoucazuriMaiinlivom
considerauncazarlicuIaraoivomfacegeneraIizarea
a 5chcma!uiBcrnnu!!icudnustri
IieournUincaresegsescbiIeaIbeibiIenegreDorims
facem n exlrageri succesive unnd de fiecare dal biIa exlras
inaoi in urn Iresuunem cunoscule robabiIil[iIe p i q ca Ia o
exlrageresob[inemobiIaIbreseclivneagr
In acesle condi[iirobabiIilalea ca in n exlrageri succesive s
ob[inem de k ori cle o biI aIb esle dal de reIa[ia
( )
N Q N N
Q Q
T S & N 3
=
SemaiobservdeasemeneacevenimenluIseexlrageobiI
neagr esle evenimenluI conlrar evenimenluIui se exlrage o biI
aIbAvem 1 = + T S ireIa[iademaisusdevine
( ) ( )
N Q N N
Q Q
S S & N 3
= 1
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
96
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
IvenimenleIe desre care se vorbele in cazuI schemei Iui
ernouIIi de mai sus sunl deendenle sau indeendenle
Argumenla[irsunsuI
|xcnp|u
Un oslar are in raionuI de care se ocu mese
IrobabiIilaleacainlruninlervaIdelimsfiechemalIaomasesle
deaceeaienlruloalemeseIeSecererobabiIilaleaca
a. in inlervaIuI de lim consideral oslaruI s fie chemal Ia
mese
b. sfiechemalIaceIu[inmese
c. sfiechemalIaceImuIlmeseiceIu[inmese
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Ce roriel[i aIe robabiIil[iIor sau foIosil in rezoIvarea
deIauncluIb
5tudiuindividua!
RezoIva[iuncluIcdeIaexemIuIdemaisus
b 5chcma!uiBcrnnu!!icumaimu!tcstri
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
98
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Demonslra[iobserva[ia
|xcnp|u
La un magazin aIimenlar se vnd liuri de a mineraI
4 3 2 1
, , , D D D D In erioada recedenl din voIumuI lolaI aI vnzriIor
deamineraIceIesorlimenleauavulurmloareIeonderi
resecliv Se consider cumrlori i se
anlicieazsoIicilriIeacesloraCareeslerobabiIilaleaca
a s cumere sorlimenluI
1
D sorlimenluI
2
D sorlimenluI
3
D iresluIdesorlimenluI
4
D
b scumeresorlimenluI
4
D
c scumere
1
D sau
2
D
d snufiecumralesorlimenleIe
1
D sau
2
D
Considerm evenimenleIe
L
$ un cIienl s cumere din
sorlimenluI
L
D 4 , 1 = L i nolm ( )
L L
S $ S = 4 , 1 = L Avem 3 , 0
1
= S
2 , 0
2
= S 1 , 0
3
= S 4 , 0
4
= S Isle verifical reIa[ia
1
4 3 2 1
= + + + S S S S
a IrobabiIilalea cerul se caIcuIeaz imedial foIosind schema Iui
ernouIIi cu mai muIle slri enlru 100 = Q 4 = P 25
1
= Q
40
2
= Q 15
3
= Q 20
4
= Q adic
20 15 40 25
4 , 0 1 , 0 2 , 0 3 , 0
! 20 ! 15 ! 40 ! 25
! 100
= 3
b IvenimenluI a crui robabiIilale o culm esle B s
cumere sorlimenluI
4
D In acesl caz evenimenleIe care duc Ia
reaIizarea evenimenluIui B sunl ceIe de forma cumr
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
99
sorlimenluI
4
D
1
[ cumr sorlimenluI
1
D
2
[ sorlimenluI
2
D i
resluI de
2 1
40 [ [ sorlimenluI
3
D cu 40 , 0
1
= [
1 2
40 , 0 [ [ =
IrobabiIilalea reaIizrii Iui B va fi deci suma robabiIil[iIor
evenimenleIordeformarecizalVomaveaaslfeI
( )
( )
_ _
=
=
=
40
0
40
0
60 40
2 1 2 1 1
1
2
2 1 2 1
4 , 0 1 , 0 2 , 0 3 , 0
! 60 ! 40 ! !
! 100
[
[
[
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
% 3
5tudiuindividua!
RezoIva[iuncleIecsiddeIaexemIuIdemaisus
5chcmabi!cincrcvcnitc
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
100
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
IvenimenleIe desre care se vorbele in cazuI aceslei
scheme sunl deendenle sau indeendenle Argumenla[i
rsunsuI
|xcnp|u
InlrunIoldeieseaudefecleremediabiIeiesesunl
rebuluri iar resluI sunl in conformilale cu normeIe slandard Din
acesle iese se iau Ia inlmIare iese Se cere s se afIe
robabiIilaleacadinacesleasaibdefecleremediabiIeunuIsfie
rebuliarresluIsfiebune
NeincadrminiolezeIeschemeicubiIanerevenilcuslri
IrobabiIilaleaculalvafi 086 , 0
10
100
7
90
2
6
1
4
~ =
&
& & &
3
5tudiuindividua!
CaIcuIa[ienlrurobIemademaisusrobabiIilaleacaceI
muIldoudinceIeiesesfierebuluri
5chcma!uiPnissnn
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Scrie[ioIinomuIdacloalerobabiIil[iIe
L
S sunlegaIecu
aceeaivaIoarepCeseob[ineinaceaslsilua[ie
|xcnp|u
Inlrun aleIier sunl maini Irima d rebuluri a doua
rebuluri i a lreia rebuluri Se ia Ia inlmIare cle o ies
de Ia fiecare main Se cere robabiIilalea ca ies s fie bun i
dourebuluri
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Ienlru robIema recedenl caIcuIa[i robabiIilalea ca ceI
u[inoiessfiebun
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
102
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
OinlrerinderealealliruricumalerierimTiruriIe
nusosescinloldeaunaIalimIrobabiIil[iIeenlrufiecarelir
de a a|unge Ia lim sunl resecliv Care esle
robabiIilaleaca
a loaleliruriIesa|ungIalim
b ceIu[inunlirsinlrzie
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
103
5tudiuindividua!
DinlrunIoldedeIozuriseexlragIainlmIare
Iozuri liind c in medie dinlre Iozuri au cliguri in
vaIoaredeesleIeiaucliguriden
Ia Iei iar resluI sunl necligloare s se afIe
robabiIilaleadeaob[ine doucligurideesle
IeiuncligmaimicdeIeiiunIoznecliglor
InlroinlrerinderesunlverificaleuliIa|ecareroduc
rebuluriinroor[iedereseclivSeaIege
Ia inlmIare cle un rodus aI fiecrui uliIa| Care esle
robabiIilaleadeagsi
a rebuluri
b ceIu[inrebuluri
c ceImuIlunrebul
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
106
REZUMATULUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Inunilaleadeinv[areaufoslarcurseurmloareIeasecle
- aufoslinlroduseno[iuniIedebazaIeleorieirobabiIil[iIor
- sau bus bazeIe leorelice aIe eIemenleIor de baz din leoria
grafuriIordefini[iileoremeroriel[i
- afoslinlrodusdefini[iacIasicarobabiIil[ii
- aufosleviden[ialeroriel[iIedebazaIerobabiIil[iIor
- sauinlrodusSchemeIerobabiIislicecIasice
- au fosl fcule o serie de anaIize de silua[ii care au roIuI de a
a|ula cursanluI s in[eIeag comIexilalea informa[iiIor i
no[iuniIor ce ol fi rezoIvale cu a|uloruI leoriei
robabiIil[iIor
- au fosl rezoIvale diverse silua[ii secifice leoriei
robabiIil[iIorinscouIdeaa|ulasludenluIsin[eIeagmai
uormoduIincareno[iuniIeroriel[iIeischemeIeindicale
olfiaIicale
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
107
TE5TDEEVALUAREnntatdctutnrctitu!arcurs
Amrcuit Ixisl vreo silua[ie in care o robIem s oal fi
rezoIval rin oricare dinlre schemeIe ernouIIi
resecliv Schema iIei nerevenile Argumenla[i
rsunsuI Comune[i robIeme cu enun[uri
reaIisle nu in Iimba| de urne i biIe una enlru biIa
nerevenil una enlru schema Iui ernouIIi Moliva[i
de ce se aIege in fiecare dinlre silua[ii o anumil
schemnuceaIaIlRezoIva[irobIemeIerouse
|n cta|uarc tcr ji ana|izaic raspunsu| si arguncniajia |a
inirc|arca iniiia| p ccnpuncrca cc|cr prc||cnc
prczc|tarca cc|cr prc||cnc p nciitarca a|cgcrii nic!c|cr
pcrigina|iiaicacnuniuri|crprc||cnc|crpScaccr!p!in
cjiciu
Comune[i o robIem care s oal fi rezoIval
foIosinddouschemerobabiIislicediferileRezoIva[i
robIemainceIedouvarianleArgumenla[ide cea[i
aIes aceasl combina[ie de scheme in defavoarea
ceIorIaIle combina[ii Care dinlre ceIe dou scheme o
refera[ienlruaceaslrobIemconcrel
|n cta|uarc tcr ji ana|izaic cnunju| prc||cnci p rczc|tarca
prc||cnc in nc!uri p arguncniarca a|cgcri|cr p Sc
accr!p!incjiciu
Un furnizor lrebuie s Iivreze Ia o Iibrrie manuaIe
de AIgebr Limba francez Limba romn i Islorie
fiecare in cle de exemIare Dinlre manuaIeIe de
AIgebr sunl necoresunzloare dilre ceIe de
Irancez i ceIe de Islorie cle iar rinlre ceIe de
Romn Un Iol esle accelal de beneficiar dac in
urma examinrii a exemIare se conslal c aceslea
sunlloalecoresunzloare
SseafIerobabiIilaleaca
a IoluIdeAIgebrsfieaccelal
b IoluIdeIsloriesnufieaccelal
c IoluriIedeAIgebriIrancezsfieaccelale
d ceI u[in dou dinlre ceIe liuri de manuaIe
sfieaccelale
|ncta|uarctcrjiana|izaicpcnirujiccarc!inprinc|csu|puncic
scacccr!cicppcnirupunciua|!scacccr!pScaccr!p
!incjiciu
sn[c!cgmndu!
incarctrcbuic
privitcdivcrsc!c
c!cmcntca!c
rca!itatiidin
punctu!dcvcdcrc
a!tcnrici
prbabi!itati!nr
scnmpar
mnda!it[iadccvatc
dcintcrprctarca
situa[ii!nrcnncrctc
sisaidcntiIic
variantc!ccc!cmai
pcntruuncnntcxt
dat
simpartn
prnb!cmacnmp!cxa
inprnb!cmcmai
simp!csisacnmbin
apniinInrmatii!c
nbtinutcpcntrua
gasiastIc!
rczn!varcasarcinii
initia!c
sminsucsc
nntiuni!cdcbaza
a!ctcnrici
prnbabi!itati!nr
prccumsi
schcmc!cc!asicc
dcprnbabi!itatc
VDana!izczn
situaticgcncra!asi
sagascscascmanari
darmaia!cs
dcnscbiridcInnd
dinpunctdcvcdcrc
a!tcnrici
prnbabi!itati!nr
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
108
INDICA|II 5UGE5TII DE REZOLVARE R5PUN5URI
PENTRU 5ARCINILE DE LUCRU $I TE5TELE DE
AUTOEVALUAREALEUNlTJllDLNVJARL
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
AdevralAdevralIaIs
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
IvenimenleIe eIemenlare sunl in numr de
alru Se exlrage o biI aIb roie verde neagr in
lolaI
evenimenle
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
IrobabiIilaleacarimuIcoiIsinlroducobiI
Iin esle
10
6
1
= S IrobabiIilalea ca aI doiIea coiI s
Ioveasc deinde de ce a Iovil rimuI Dac rimuI a
inlrodus o biI Iin alunci din ceIe biIe rmase
mai sunl Iine i coIorale deci vom avea
9
5
2
= S
Daca rimuI a inlrodus o biI coIoral alunci
9
4
2
= S
IvenimenleIenusunlindeendenlecideendenle
Tcmc!cdcrcI!cc[ic
Sunl indeendenle deoarece biIa exlras fiind
reinlrodus in urn con[inuluI urnei rmne idenlic
enlru fiecare exlragere indiferenl de cuIoarea biIei
exlraseIaunmomenldal
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Irorielalea conform creia
( ) ( ) ( ) % 3 $ 3 % $ 3 + = dac O/ = % $ aa cum se
inlmIincazuIanaIizal
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Dac 2 = P adic biIe de numai dou cuIori
robabiIilalea ca in ceIe n exlrageri s se ob[in
1
Q biIe
de cuIoarea
1
F i
2
Q biIe de cuIoarea
2
F va fi
( )
2 1
2 1
2 1
2 1
! !
!
,
Q Q
Q
S S
Q Q
Q
Q Q 3 = i cum Q Q Q = +
2 1
rezuIl
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
109
( )
( )
1 1
2 1
1 1
2 1
! !
!
,
Q Q Q
Q
S S
Q Q Q
Q
Q Q 3
= adic
( )
1 1 1
2 1 2 1
,
Q Q Q Q
Q Q
S S & Q Q 3
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Sunl indeendenle deoarece biIa exlras fiind
reinlrodus in urn con[inuluI urnei rmne idenlic
enlru fiecare exlragere indiferenl de cuIoarea biIei
exlraseIaunmomenldal
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SchemaIuiernouIIicudouslri
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
CoeficienluI Iui x coeficienluI Iui x
coeficienluIIuix
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
a
1 3
3
4
15
11
15
4
C |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
b
2 2
2
4
15
11
15
4
C |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
N
N
N
N
&
=
_ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
4
1
4
15
11
15
4
d
N
N
N
N
&
=
_ |
.
|
\
|
|
.
|
\
|
4
2
0
4
15
4
15
11
ernouIIigeneraIizala ( ) ( )
3 3 4
) 15 , 0 ( 65 , 0 2 , 0
! 3 ! 3 ! 4
! 10
b
_ _
= =
10
4
1
0
10
2 1 2 1 1 2
2 1 2 1
; ) 15 , 0 ( ) 65 , 0 ( ) 2 , 0 (
)! 10 ( ! !
! 10
[ [
[ [ [ [
[ [ [ [
c
2
2
2
10
10
0 2 2
) 15 , 0 ( ) 65 , 0 (
)! 10 ( !
! 10
[
[
[
[ [
=
_
iIanerevenil 086 , 0
10
100
7
90
2
6
1
4
~ =
&
& & &
3
Ioisson a coeficienluI Iui x
b coeficienluI Iui
0
[
adiclermenuIIibercoeficienluIIui [ coeficienluIIui
2
[
(/(0(17('(7(25,$352%$%,/,7,/25
110
BIBLIOGRAFIE RECOMANDAT PENTRU UNlTATLA DL
NVJARL
ILIOGRAIIIRICOMANDAT
BIBLIOGRAFIERECOMANDATPENTRU
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
111
UNITATEADENV|ARE
Cuprins Pagina
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
No[iuniinlroduclive
Icua[ii diferen[iaIe Iiniare de ordin suerior
omogene
CazuIderezonan[
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajii sugcsiii !c rczc|tarc rspunsuri pcniru Sarcini|c !c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
112
COMPETEN|ELEUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Dupstudiu!accstciunit[idcnv[arcvc[ircui
sidcntiIicaticazuri!cspecluIecarcncccsitamndiIicari
a!cmnda!itatiidcrczn!varccazu!dcrcznnanta
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
113
Nn[iuniintrnductivc
|xcnp|c!cccuajii!ijcrcnjia|c
( )
[ [
H \\ H = + ' 1
[\
[ \
\
2 2
'
+
=
0 ' = + [ \ [H [\
[
\
[ \
[
[
\ sin
cos
sin 2
' '
2
2
=
( ) 1 ' 2 ' ' 3
2 2
+ = [ H \ \ \
[
...
1
1 0
unde ( ) Q L [ S
L
, 0 , = sunl func[ii conlinue se numesc ccua[ii
diIcrcn[ia!c !iniarc dc nrdinu! n Dac ( ) 0 = [ ) alunci ecua[ia se
numelenmngcn
Mairecisvomdisculadesreecua[iiIediferen[iaIeIiniarecu
coeficien[i conslan[i adic aceIe ecua[ii care sunl de forma de mai
sus dar in care ( ) Q L [ S
L
, 0 , = nu deind de x ci sunl conslanle
Q L S
L
, 0 , =
( ) ( )
( ) [ ) \ S \ S \ S
Q
Q Q
= + + +
...
1
1 0
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
114
Ecua[iidiIcrcn[ia!c!iniarcdcnrdinsupcrinrnmngcnc
VominceesludiuIaceslorecua[iicuecua[iiIeomogeneadic
ceIedeforma
( ) ( )
0 ...
1
1 0
= + + +
\ S \ S \ S
Q
Q Q
SoIu[iauneiecua[iiomogene
( ) ( )
0 ...
1
1 0
= + + +
\ S \ S \ S
Q
Q Q
esleexresiadeforma
Q Q
\ F \ F \ F \ + + + = ..
2 2 1 1 0
unde Q L F
L
, 1 , = sunl conslanle arbilrare In ceIe ce urmeaz vom
rezenlamoduIdedelerminareavaIoriIor Q L \
L
, 1 , =
Q
Q Q
S U S U S
SerezoIvecua[iacaraclerislicisedelerminceIenrdcini
aIe saIe
Q
U U U ,..., ,
2 1
Iiecare dinlre acesle n rdcini ne va indica una
din vaIoriIe Q L \
L
, 1 , = AIlfeI sus fiecrei rdcini ii va coresunde
un q din soIu[ia de forma
Q Q
\ F \ F \ F \ + + + = ..
2 2 1 1 0
ModuI in care
scriem e
L
\ coresunzlor rdcinii
L
U deinde de liuI rdcinii
dacaceaslaeslereaIcomIexdaceslesimIdubIelc
Dac rdciniIe ecua[iei caraclerislice sunl reaIe i
dislinclealuncifiecreirdcini
L
U iivacoresundeun
L
\
de forma
[ U
L
L
H \ = adic vom avea soIu[ia
[ U
Q
[ U [ U
Q Q
Q
H F H F H F \ F \ F \ F \ + + + = + + + = .. ..
2 1
2 1 2 2 1 1 0
DacrinlrerdciniIeecua[ieicaraclerisliceexislo
rdcincomIexsimI LE D U + = aluncifiecreierechi
de rdcini con|ugale LE D U =
2 , 1
ii va coresunde erechea
( )
( )
=
=
E[ H \
E[ H \
D[
D[
cos
sin
2
1
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
115
Dac rinlre rdciniIe ecua[iei caraclerislice exisl o
rdcinereche de rdcini
L
U / | o L U = muIliI de
ordinuI k reaI sau comIex alunci aceslei rdcini
erechederdciniiivorcoresundekvaIorierechide
vaIori N L \
L
, 1 , = deforma
[ U
L
L
H \ =
1
[ U
L
L
[H \ =
2
[ U N
L
L
S
H [ \ =
resecliv
( ) [ H \
[
L
|
o
sin
1
= ( ) [ [H \
[
L
|
o
sin
2
= ( ) [ H [ \
[ N
L
S
|
o
sin
1
=
( ) [ H \
[
M
|
o
cos
1
= ( ) [ [H \
[
M
|
o
cos
2
= ( ) [ H [ \
[ N
M
S
|
o
cos
1
=
|xcnp|u
SserezoIveecua[ia
0 2 ' 3 ' ' = + \ \ \
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SserezoIveecua[ia
0 2 ' ' ' 2 ' ' ' = + \ \ \ \
|xcnp|u
SserezoIveecua[ia
0 2 ' 2 ' ' = + \ \ \
Icua[iacaraclerisliccoresunzloarevafi
0 2 2
2
= + U U
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
116
curdciniIe L U + =1
1
L U =1
2
adic
=
=
[ H \
[ H \
[
[
cos
sin
2
1
Ob[inem
[ H F [ H F \
[ [
sin sin
2 1 0
+ =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SserezoIveecua[ia
0 2 ' ' ' 2 ' ' ' = + \ \ \ \
|xcnp|u
SserezoIveecua[ia
( ) ( )
0 ' ' ' ' ' 3 3 = + \ \ \ \
,9 9
Avem
0 3 3
2 3 4 5
= + U U U U
care oale fi scris sub forma ( ) 0 1 3 3
2 3 2
= + U U U U adic ( ) 0 1
3 2
= U U
cusoIu[iiIe 0
1
= U 0
2
= U 1
3
= U 1
4
= U 1
5
= U iob[inemsoIu[ia
[ [ [
H [ F [H F H F [ F F \
2
5 4 3 2 1 0
+ + + + =
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
117
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SserezoIveecua[ia
( )
0 ' ' 2 = + + \ \ \
,9
Ecua[iidiIcrcn[ia!c!iniarcdcnrdinsupcrinrncnmngcnc
\ S \ S \ S
Q
Q Q
...
1
1 0
...
1
1 0
arcurgemurmloriiai
- se scrie ecua[ia omogen alaal adic
( ) ( )
0 ...
1
1 0
= + + +
\ S \ S \ S
Q
Q Q
se rezoIv aceasl ecua[ie i se
delermin
0
\
- sedelerminsoIu[iaarlicuIar
S
\
- sescriesoIu[iageneraIaecua[iei
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
118
MctndacncIicicn[i!nrncdctcrmina[i
AceaslmelodseoaleaIicanumaiincazuIincarefunc[ia
din membruI aI doiIea ( ) [ ) con[ine oIinoame exonen[iaIe
sinusuricosinusuriicombina[iiaIeaceslorasumeisauroduse
Vom aIege soIu[ia arlicuIar
S
\ du forma func[iei ( ) [ )
adicafunc[ieidinmembruIdrelaIecua[ieiSevaIuaenlru
S
\
oexresiecucoeficien[inedelermina[ideaceeaiformcu ( ) [ ) De
exemIu dac ( ) [ ) esle un oIinom de grad doi alunci vom Iua
enlru
S
\ forma generaI a oIinomuIui de grad doi adic vom
scrie F E[ D[ \
S
+ + =
2
Cum
S
\ esle soIu[ie enlru ecua[ia ini[iaI
inseamnceaverificegaIilalea
( ) ( )
( ) [ ) \ S \ S \ S
Q
Q Q
= + + +
...
1
1 0
Ienlru
aceasla va fi nevoie s caIcuIm loale derivaleIe Iui
S
\ n Ia
ordinuI n i vom inIocui in ecua[ie e q cu
S
\ Din reIa[ia care va
rezuIla vom ob[ine coeficien[ii Iui
S
\ in cazuI exemIuIui de mai
suscuoIinomuIvomdelerminaaslfeIa|cdecivomob[ineaslfeI
exresia
S
\ necesarenlrudelerminareaIui
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
|xcnp|u
SserezoIveecua[ia
3 2 6 ' 5 ' '
2
+ = + [ [ \ \ \
E D[ \
S
+ = 2 '
D \
S
2 ' ' =
InIocuim acum acesle vaIori in egaIilalea 3 2 6 ' 5 ' '
2
+ = + [ [ \ \ \
S S S
i
vomob[ine
( ) ( ) 3 2 6 2 5 2
2 2
+ = + + + + [ [ F E[ D[ E D[ D
IacemcaIcuIeIeirezuIl
3 2 6 6 6 5 10 2
2 2
+ = + + + [ [ F E[ D[ E D[ D
adic
( ) 3 2 6 5 2 6 10 6
2 2
+ = + + + + [ [ F E D [ E D D[
Ienlru a delermina coeficien[ii a | c vom egaIa coeficien[ii Iui
N
[
din arlea slng cu coeficien[ii Iui
N
[ din arlea dreal ob[innd
sislemuI
= +
= +
=
3 6 5 2
2 6 10
1 6
F E D
E D
D
ideci
=
=
=
108
43
18
1
6
1
F
E
D
Cumavem F E[ D[ \
S
+ + =
2
ob[inemsoIu[iaarlicuIarculal
108
43
18
1
6
1
2
+ = [ [ \
S
SoIu[ia generaI a ecua[iei considerale esle
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
Am
vzulc
[ [
H F H F \
3
2
2
1 0
+ = i
108
43
18
1
6
1
2
+ = [ [ \
S
decivomavea
S
\
\
[ [
*
[ [ H F H F \
108
43
18
1
6
1
2 3
2
2
1
0
+ + + =
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
120
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SsedelerminesoIu[iageneraIaecua[iei
1 10 ' 2 ' '
3
= + [ \ \ \
|xcnp|u
SsedelerminesoIu[iageneraIaecua[iei
[
H \ \ \ \
2
4 3 ' 5 ' ' ' ' ' =
Sc|ujic
Icua[ia omogen alaal esle 0 3 ' 5 ' ' ' ' ' = \ \ \ \ cu ecua[ia
caraclerisliccusoIulia
[ [ [
H F H F H F \
3
3 2 1 0
+ + =
Darrimiidoilermeni
ai soIu[iei coincid deci va lrebui s inmuI[im unuI dinlre ei cu x
ob[inndaslfeI
[ [ [
H F [H F H F \
3
3 2 1 0
+ + =
S delerminm acum
S
\ MembruI drel aI ecua[iei
[
H \ \ \ \
2
4 3 ' 5 ' ' ' ' ' = esleofunc[ieexonen[iaIdecii
S
\ valrebuis
fie lol o func[ie exonen[iaI cu un coeficienl nedelerminal adic
vom avea
[
S
DH \
2
= Ienlru a delermina coeficienluI a vom roceda
ca Ia exemIeIe recedenle adic vom inIocui
[
S
DH \
2
= in ecua[ia
[
H \ \ \ \
2
4 3 ' 5 ' ' ' ' ' = Ienlru aceasla avem nevoie s delerminm
derivaleIedeordinuIiaIeIui
S
\
[
S
DH \
2
=
[
S
DH \
2
2 ' =
[
S
DH \
2
4 ' ' =
[
S
DH \
2
8 ' ' ' =
InIocuind acum acesle exresii in ecua[ia
[
H \ \ \ \
2
4 3 ' 5 ' ' ' ' ' =
vomob[ineegaIilalea
( ) ( )
[ [ [ [ [
H DH DH DH DH
2 2 2 2 2
4 3 2 5 4 8 =
adic
9
4
= D
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
121
Ob[inem aslfeI
[ [
S
H DH \
2 2
9
4
= = deci soIu[ia generaI a
ecua[ieiconsideraledeforma
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
vafi
[ [ [ [
*
H H F [H F H F \
2 3
3 2 1
9
4
+ + =
|xcnp|u
SsedelerminesoIu[iageneraIaecua[iei
[ [ \ \ \ cos 2 sin 3 ' 2 ' ' + = +
Sc|ujic
Icua[iaomogenalaalesle 0 3 ' 2 ' ' = + \ \ \ cu
[ [
H F H F \
3
2 1 0
+ =
S lrecem acum Ia delerminarea soIu[iei arlicuIare
S
\ a
ecua[iei [ [ \ \ \ cos 2 sin 3 ' 2 ' ' + = +
IxresiadinmembruIdrelesleocombina[ieinlresinicos
ambeIecuaceIaiargumenlxVomconsideraenlru
S
\ loloaslfeI
de exresie cu coeficien[i nedelermina[i adic [ E [ D \
S
cos sin + =
VomcaIcuIaacumderivaleIedeordinuIienlru
S
\
[ E [ D \
S
cos sin + =
[ E [ D \
S
sin cos ' =
[ E [ D \
S
cos sin ' ' =
i vom inIocui acesle vaIori in ecua[ia consideral
[ [ \ \ \ cos 2 sin 3 ' 2 ' ' + = + Ob[inem
( ) ( ) [ [ [ E [ D [ E [ D [ E [ D cos 2 sin cos sin 3 sin cos 2 cos sin + = + +
adic
( ) ( ) [ [ [ E D [ E D cos 2 sin cos 4 2 sin 2 4 + = +
Vom egaIa acum coeficienluI Iui sinx din slnga cu
coeficienluI Iui sinx din dreala Ia feI i enlru cosx i ob[inem
sislemuI
=
=
2 4 2
1 2 4
E D
E D
adic
=
=
2
1
0
E
D
ideci [ E [ D \
S
cos sin + = vafi [ [ \
S
cos
2
1
sin 0 = adic [ \
S
cos
2
1
=
SoIu[iageneraIaecua[ieivafi
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
adic
[ H F H F \
[ [
*
cos
2
1
3
2 1
+ =
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
122
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SsedelerminesoIu[iageneraIaecua[iei
[ \ \ 2 sin 2 ' 4 ' ' ' =
...
1
1 0
unde ( ) [ ) esle o sum de oIinoame func[ii exonen[iaIe func[ii
lrigonomelricesincos
In aceasl silua[ie ulem considera func[ia ( ) [ ) ca fiind o
sum de forma ( ) ( ) ( ) ( ) [ ) [ ) [ ) [ )
N
+ + + = ...
2 1
unde fiecare ( ) [ )
L
esle fie
oIinomfieexonen[iaIfiefunc[ielrigonomelricsincosadic
( ) ( )
( ) ( ) ( ) [ ) [ ) [ ) \ S \ S \ S
N Q
Q Q
+ + + = + + +
... ...
2 1
1
1 0
Inaceaslsilua[iesoIu[iaarlicuIar
S
\ oalefiscrisieaca
o sum de liuI
SN S S S
\ \ \ \ + + + = ...
2 1
fiecare
SL
\ coresunznd unei
func[ii ( ) [ )
L
Ienlru delerminarea fiecrui
SL
\ se va considera
ecua[ia
( ) ( )
( ) [ ) \ S \ S \ S
L Q
Q Q
= + + +
...
1
1 0
Iund in arlea dreal numai
func[ia coresunzloare Iui
SL
\ Du ce se delermin lo[i
SL
\ se
oalescrie
S
\ aoiseoaledelermina
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
123
|xcnp|u
SsedelerminesoIu[iageneraIaecua[iei
1 4 ' 3 ' '
2
+ = + [ H \ \ \
[
Sc|ujic
Icua[iaomogenalaalesle 0 4 ' 3 ' ' = + \ \ \ cu
[ [
H F H F \
4
2 1 0
+ =
Ienlru a delermina i soIu[ia arlicuIar
S
\ s anaIizm
membruI drel aI ecua[iei 1 4 ' 3 ' '
2
+ = + [ H \ \ \
[
Observm c acesla
esleosuminlreofunc[ieexonen[iaI
[
H
2
iunoIinomdegraduI
inli 1 [ Aluncii
S
\ vafiosuminlreofunc[ieexonen[iaIiun
oIinomdegraduIinliVomscrie
S
\ subforma
2 1 S S S
\ \ \ + =
Vom delermina mai inli
1 S
\ coresunzlor exonen[iaIei
Ienlru aceasla ornim de Ia ecua[ia 1 4 ' 3 ' '
2
+ = + [ H \ \ \
[
dar
considerm in arlea dreal numai exonen[iaIa ignorm
oIinomuIvomaveaaslfeIecua[ia
[
H \ \ \
2
4 ' 3 ' ' = +
SoIu[ia arlicuIar
1 S
\ a aceslei ecua[ii va fi o exonen[iaI
decivomavea
[
S
DH \
2
1
= Ob[inem
[
S
H \
2
1
6
1
=
Revenim acum Ia ecua[ia ini[iaI 1 4 ' 3 ' '
2
+ = + [ H \ \ \
[
i
delerminm soIu[ia
2 S
\ coresunzloare oIinomuIui de grad
1 [ Caimaisusvomconsiderainarleadrealaecua[ieinumai
oIinomuIignorndexonen[iaIaAvemdeciecua[ia
1 4 ' 3 ' ' = + [ \ \ \
cu soIu[ia arlicuIar
2 S
\ 1 [ esle aa cum am recizal de|a un
oIinom de graduI inli deci enlru
2 S
\ vom Iua exresia generaI
F E[ \
S
+ =
2
nuamIual E D[ + deoareceincadruIexerci[iuIuiamfoIosil
de|aIileraa
Oblinem
16
1
4
1
2
+ = + = [ F E[ \
S
Am delerminal aslfeI
[
S
H \
2
1
6
1
= i
16
1
4
1
2
+ = [ \
S
i cum
2 1 S S S
\ \ \ + = inseamncvomavea
16
1
4
1
6
1
2
+ = [ H \
[
S
Iulem deci scrie soIu[ia generaI a ecua[iei ini[iaIe
1 4 ' 3 ' '
2
+ = + [ H \ \ \
[
care esle de forma
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
unde
[ [
H F H F \
4
2 1 0
+ = i
16
1
4
1
6
1
2
+ = [ H \
[
S
16
1
4
1
6
1
2 4
2 1
+ + + =
[ H H F H F \
[ [ [
*
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
124
In ceIe ce urmeaz vom vedea cum rezoIvm o ecua[ie
diferen[iaIIiniarneomogendeforma
( ) ( )
( ) [ ) \ S \ S \ S
Q
Q Q
= + + +
...
1
1 0
unde ( ) [ ) esle un rodus inlre o exonen[iaI i un oIinom sau o
exonen[iaIiofunc[ielrigonomelricsincos
In aceasl silua[ie
S
\ va fi lol un rodus inlre func[iiIe
reseclivescrisecucoeficien[inedelermina[iDeexemIudac ( ) [ )
esleunrodusinlreoexonen[iaIiunoIinomaluncii
S
\ vafi
rodusinlreoexonen[iaIiunoIinom
|xcnp|u
S se scrie forma soIu[iei arlicuIare enlru o ecua[ie
diferen[iaIneomogenenlrucare ( ) ( ) 1 3 2
2 2
+ =
[ [ H [ )
[
Sc|ujic
Iunc[ia ( ) [ ) eslerodusinlreoexonen[iaIiunoIinomde
graduI doi Aceasl form o vom considera i enlru soIu[ia
arlicuIarcoresunzloareadic ( ) F E[ D[ H \
[
S
+ + =
2 2
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
ConlinualirezoIvareaexemIuIuidemaisus
Cazu!dcrcznnan[
|xcnp|u
SsedelerminesoIu[iageneraIaecua[iei
[
H \ \ \ 2 4 ' 5 ' ' = +
Sc|ujic
Icua[ia omogen coresunzloare esle 0 4 ' 5 ' ' = + \ \ \
[ [
H F H F \
4
2 1 0
+ =
Ienlru
S
\ lrebuie s considerm o exonen[iaI deoarece
aceaslaesleformaexresieidinmembruIdrelaIecua[ieiVomavea
aslfeI
[
S
DH \ = DerivaleIeIui
S
\ sunl
[
S
DH \ =
[
S
DH \ = '
[
S
DH \ = '
iinIocuindinexresiaecua[iei
[
H \ \ \ 2 4 ' 5 ' ' = + ob[inem
[ [ [ [
H DH DH DH 2 4 5 = +
adic
[
H 2 0 =
ceeaceesleimosibiI
SrevenimIaexemIuInoslruadicecua[ia
[
H \ \ \ 2 4 ' 5 ' ' = + Ia
momenluI in care am scris exresia Iui
S
\
[
S
DH \ = Gsisem de|a
[ [
H F H F \
4
2 1 0
+ = DacarfisscrieminaceslmomenlmoduIincarear
arla soIu[ia generaI a ecua[iei de forma
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
am ob[ine
[ [ [
*
DH H F H F \ + + =
4
2 1
Observm c aI lreiIea lermen ceI care rerezinl
S
\
coincide cu rimuI lermen rovenil din
0
\ Va fi necesar s
eIiminm aceasl asemnare inmuI[ind exresia consideral
enlru
S
\ cuxadicvomconsidera
[
S
D[H \ = Inaceaslsilua[ieam
avea
[ [ [
*
D[H H F H F \ + + =
4
2 1
i observm c de aceasl dal lo[i
lermeniisunldiferi[iAceaslavafideciexresiaenlru
S
\
[
S
D[H \ =
Mai dearle vom roceda ca i n acum caIcuInd derivaleIe Iui
S
\ iinIocuindacesleexresiiinecua[iadal
[
S
D[H \ =
[ [
S
DH D[H \ + = '
[ [
S
DH D[H \ 2 ' ' + =
iconsiderndexresia
[
H \ \ \ 2 4 ' 5 ' ' = + vomob[ine
( ) ( )
[ [ [ [ [ [
H D[H DH D[H DH D[H 2 4 5 2 = + + +
adic
[ [
H DH 2 3 = de unde
3
2
= D deci soIu[ia arlicuIar
[
S
D[H \ = va fi
[
S
[H \
3
2
=
SoIu[iageneraIaecua[ieiconsiderale
S *
\ \ \ + =
0
vafideci
[ [ [
*
[H H F H F \
3
2
4
2 1
+ + =
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
127
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
0 6 11 6
' ' ' ' ' '
= + \ \ \ \
0 4 5
' '
= + \ \ \
,9
0 9 8
' '
= + \ \ \
,9
[
H \ \ \
3
8 2 ' ' ' =
[
H [ \ \ \ \
SseinlegrezeurmloareIeecua[iineomogene
( )
[
H [ [ \ \ \ 7 10 3 2 ' 3 ' '
2
+ = +
[
H \ \ \ \
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
128
5tudiuindividua!
0 9 8
' '
= + \ \ \
,9
2. 0 32 16 16 8 2
' ' ' ' ' '
= + + \ \ \ \ \ \
,9 9
;
0 5 19 28 20 7
' ' ' ' ' '
= + + \ \ \ \ \ \
,9 9
;
3.
[ [
H H \ \ \
3
4 2 9 ' 6 ' '
= + + ;
4. [ \ \ \ cos 2 1 9 ' 6 ' ' + = + + ;
5. [ H \ \ \
[
cos 2 ' 2 ' ' + = + +
;
6. 1 6 2
9
1
'
3
2
' '
3
+ = + [ H \ \ \
[
;
7.
[ 9
H [ [ \ \ \ 2 cos 1 2 ' 4 ' ' ' 3
2
+ + = +
8. [ H \ \ \ \
[ ,9
2 12 ' ' ' 3 ' ' ' 3 = +
9. [ H \ \ \ \ \
[ ,9
cos 4 8 ' 2 ' ' 2 ' ' ' 2 + = + +
10. ( ) 1 4 6 ' ' ' 4 ' ' '
2
= + + [ H \ \ \ \
[
;
11. ( ) 2 5 ' 4 ' ' = + [ H \ \ \
[
;
12. ( ) 2 12 9 ' 6 ' '
2 3
+ = + [ H \ \ \
[
;
13.
[
[H \ \
2
8 ' ' ' = ;
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
129
5tudiuindividua!
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
130
5tudiuindividua!
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
131
REZUMATULUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Inunilaleadeinv[areaufoslarcurseurmloareIeasecle
- afoslinlrdusno[iuneaecualiediferenliaIa
- au fosl rezenlale ecualiiIe diferenliaIe Iiniare de ordin
suerior
- sa rezenlal moduI de rezoIvare a ecualiiIor diferenliaIe
omogeneafoslinlrodusanoliuneadeecualiecaraclerislica
- sa oferil o meloda de rezoIvare a ecualiiIor neomogene
aceasla meloda fiind rezenlala si exIicala e o serie de
exemIe diferileenlru a faciIila inleIegerea de calresludenl
aasiIorcelrebuieurmali
- sa disculal desre cazuI de rezonanla acesla fiind exIical
inlro forma mai ulin malemalizala cu scouI de a a|ula
sludenluIindemersuIsau
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
133
INDICA|II 5UGE5TII DE REZOLVARE R5PUN5URI
PENTRU 5ARCINILE DE LUCRU $I TE5TELE DE
AUTOEVALUAREALEUNlTJllDLNVJARL
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
[ [ [
H F H F H F \
2
3 2 1 0
+ + =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
[ F [ F H F \
[
cos sin
3 2
2
1 0
+ + =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
[ [ F [ [ F [ F [ F \ cos sin cos sin
4 3 2 1 0
+ + + =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
( ) ( )
1250
149
250
9
50
3
10
1
3 cos 3 sin
2 3
2 1
+ + + = [ [ [ [ H F [ H F \
[ [
*
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
[ H F H F F \
[ [
*
2 cos
8
1
2
3
2
2 1
+ + =
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
[ [ [
H F H F H F \
3
3
2
2 1 0
+ + =
[ [ [ [
[H F H F [H F H F \
2
4
2
3 2 1 0
+ + + =
[ F [ F H F H F \
[ [
3 cos 3 sin
4 3 2 1 0
+ + + =
[ [ [
*
H H F H F \
3 2
2 1
2 + + =
[ [ [ [
*
H [ H F H F H F \
+ + + + = ) 2 (
3
3
2
2 1
1 8 2 sin cos
2
3 2 1
+ + + + + = [ [ [ H F [ H F H F \
[ [ [
*
[ [ [ F [ F H F \
[
*
2 cos 2 sin 2 cos sin
3 2 1
+ + + =
( )
[ [ [
*
H [ [ [ H F H F \ 3 2
2 2
2 1
+ + + =
[ [ [ [
*
[H H F H F H F \
+ + + =
12
5
3
3
2
2 1
( ) |
.
|
\
|
+ + + + = [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ [ H \
[
*
cos
6
1
sin
2
1
cos sin cos sin
2
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
134
BIBLIOGRAFIE RECOMANDAT PENTRU UNlTATLA DL
NVJARL
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
135
UNITATEADENV|ARE
FUNC|IIDEMAIMULTEVARIABILE
Cuprins Pagina
Ccnpcicnjc|cUniijii!cintjarc
Iunc[iidemaimuIlevariabiIe
Derivalear[iaIe
IxlremeIocaIeenlrufunc[iidemaimuIlevariabiIe
Derivareafunc[iiIorcomuse
DerivaleIe ar[iaIe de ordin suerior aIe func[iiIor
comuse
AroximareanumericaafuncliiIor
InlegraIadubIModdecaIcuI
Tcsi!cauiccta|uarc
|czunaiu|Uniijii!c|ntjarc
T|STO||VIU||nciai!ciuicrciiiu|arcurs
|n!icajii sugcsiii !c rczc|tarc rspunsuri pcniru Sarcini|c !c
|ucrua|cUniijii!c|ntjarc
Bi||icgrajicrcccnan!aipcniruUniiaica!cintjarc
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
136
COMPETEN|ELEUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Dupstudiu!accstciunit[idcnv[arcvc[ircui
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
137
Func[iidcmaimu!tcvariabi!c
Deflnl]le
Numim func[ie reaI de mai muIle variabiIe reaIe o
coresonden[ inlre o muI[ime
n
X 5 c i o muI[ime 5 c Y aslfeI
incl fiecrui eIemenl din X s ii coresund un eIemenl i unuI
singur din Y X se numele domeniuI de defini[ie aI func[iei iar Y
muI[imeaincarejiavaIori
Obsertu]ll
VomfoIosiurmloareIenola[ii
Y X f :
sau dac nolm cu ( )
n
x x x x ,..., ,
2 1
= un eIemenl din X i cu q un
eIemenldinY
( )
n
x x x f y ,..., ,
2 1
=
InarlicuIarenlru n vom nola coordonaleIeunuiuncl din
2
5 decidinIancu ( ) y x, iarvaIoriIefunc[ieicu 5 e : ivomscrie
zjxqsauzjPcu ( ) y x P , ivomsuneczeslefunc[iededou
variabiIe ( ) y x,
Iiinddalofunc[ie ( )
n
x x x f ,..., ,
2 1
denvariabiIeulemob[inedin
aceaslanfunc[iidecleosingurvariabiIecareIeulemnumi
func[iiIesaIear[iaIe
( )
n
x x x f x f ..., , :
2 1 1 1
( )
n
x x x f x f ..., , :
2 1 2 2
( )
n n n
x x x f x f ..., , :
2 1
Iunc[iiIe ar[iaIe aIe unei func[ii dale de n variabiIe se ob[in
slrnd fixe vaIoriIe a n din variabiIe i Isnd s varieze una
singurOb[inemaslfeInfunc[iiar[iaIedecleosingurvariabiI
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
138
Dcrivatcpar[ia!c
Ienlruaexlindeno[iuneadederivabiIilaledeIafunc[iiIedeo
variabiIIafunc[iiIedemaimuIlevariabiIevominlroducemaiinli
no[iunea de derival ar[iaI Considera[iiIe Ie vom face enlru
simIificarea scrisuIui enlru func[ii de dou variabiIe
generaIizareaIafunc[iiIedenvariabiIefcnduseimedial
Iie ) , ( y x f ofunc[iereaIdedouvariabiIereaIedefinileo
muI[ime
2
5 c X Am vzul c aceslei func[ii i se ol alaa dou
func[ii ar[iaIe de cle o singur variabiI du cum slrm fix
una sau ceaIaIl variabiI Iie ( )
0 0
, y x un uncl inlerior Iui X CeIe
dou func[ii ar[iaIe enlru
0
y y = i aoi enlru
0
x x = vor fi
( )
0
, y x f i ( ) y x f ,
0
Dacfunc[iiIe ( )
0
, y x f i ( ) y x f ,
0
sunlderivabiIe
in uncluI
0
x resecliv uncluI
0
y vom numi acesle derivale
derivaleIear[iaIeaIefunc[iei ) , ( y x f inuncluI ( )
0 0
, y x
Deflnl]le
Sunem c func[ia ) , ( y x f are in uncluI ( )
0 0
, y x derival
ar[iaIinraorlcuxdacexisl
( ) ( )
0
0 0 0
, ,
lim
0 x x
y x f y x f
x x
ieslefinilAceaslIimilsenumelederivalaar[iaIinraorlcu
xafunc[iei ) , ( y x f inuncluI ( )
0 0
, y x isenoleazcu
( )
0 0
, ' y x f
x
sau
( )
0 0
, y x
x
f
c
c
dacIimilaexislieslefinil
O func[ie de dou variabiIe oale admile dou derivale
ar[iaIe una in raorl cu x i una in raorl cu q O func[ie de n
variabiIe ( )
n
x x x f ,..., ,
2 1
oale admile n derivale ar[iaIe inlrun
unclinraorlcufiecarevariabiI
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
139
Deflnl]le
Sunem c func[ia ) , ( y x f are derival ar[iaI in raorl cu x
resecliv cu q e o muI[ime X A c dac are derival ar[iaI in
raorlcuxreseclivcuqinfiecareuncl ( ) A y x e ,
Iraclicderivalaar[iaIauneifunc[iidenvariabiIesecaIcuIeaz
considernd n variabiIe conslanle i derivnd func[ia ca o func[ie
deosingurvariabiI
|xcnp|u
SsecaIcuIezederivaleIear[iaIeaIefunc[iei ( )
4 2
, y x y x f =
Obsertu]le
DeoarecederivaleIear[iaIeaIeuneifunc[iidemaimuIle
variabiIesunlderivaleIefunc[iiIorsaIear[iaIecaresunlfunc[iideo
singurvariabiIrezuIlcreguIiIedederivareasumeidiferen[ei
rodusuIui cluIui elc sunl aceIeai ca i enlru func[ii de o
variabiI
Deasemenealoaleroriel[iIereIaliveIaderivaleIear[iaIe
aIe func[iiIor reaIe de dou variabiIe rmn adevrale i enlru
derivaleIear[iaIeaIefunc[iiIorreaIedemaimuIlevariabiIe
Dcrivatcpar[ia!cdcnrdinsupcrinr
Iie ( ) y x f , definil enlru ( )
2
, 5 c e X y x Dac func[ia
( ) y x f , admilederivalear[iaIeinraorlcuxiinraorlcuqenlru
( ) X y x e , alunciaceslederivale
x
f ' i
y
f ' sunlieIefunc[iidedou
variabiIedeciseoaleunerobIemaexislen[eiderivaleIorar[iaIe
aIe Iui
x
f ' i
y
f ' Vom numi func[iiIe
x
f ' i
y
f ' !critaic parjia|c !c
cr!inu| inii aIe func[iei ( ) y x f , Dac exisl derivale ar[iaIe aIe
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
140
func[iiIor
x
f ' i
y
f ' eIe se numesc !critaic parjia|c !c cr!inu| !ci aIe
func[iei ( ) y x f ,
2
2
x
f
x
f
x
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
derivalainraorlcuxaIui
x
f
c
c
x
f
c
c
x y
f
x
f
y c c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
derivalainraorlcuqaIui
x
f
c
c
y x
f
y
f
x c c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
derivalainraorlcuxaIui
y
f
c
c
y
f
c
c
2
2
y
f
y
f
y
c
c
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
derivalainraorlcuqaIui
y
f
c
c
derivale ar[iaIe de
ordinuIdoiiingeneraIn
k
derivalear[iaIedeordinuIk
In generaI in derivaleIe ar[iaIe de ordin suerior ordinea de
derivare conleaz adic
II
xy
f nu esle egaI cu
II
yx
f sau
III
xy:
f nu esle
egaIcu
III
y x
f
2
sau
III
xy
f
2
Ixislloluicazuricndordineadederivarenuconleazdeci
oarledinderivaleIear[iaIedeordinsueriorsunlegaIeinlreeIe
CrlterluIIulSchuurz
Dac func[ia ) , ( y x f admile derivale ar[iaIe
II
xy
I
y
I
x
f f f , , i dac
II
xy
f esleconlinuinuncluI ( )
0 0
, y x alunciexisli
II
yx
f
in ( )
0 0
, y x iavem ( ) ( )
0 0 0 0
, , y x f y x f
II
yx
II
xy
=
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
141
Obsertu]le
Re[inemdecicavemdecaIcuIalnumailreiderivalear[iaIe
deordinuIdoienlruofunc[iededouvariabiIeinuncleIeincare
derivala mixl e care am caIcuIalo esle conlinu Irorielalea
rmneadevralienlruderivaledeordinsuerior
Ienlru func[iiIe de mai muIle variabiIe rezuIlaluI acesla
rmneadevral
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
S se scrie care ar fi derivaleIe de ordinuI lrei enlru o
funclie cu doua variabiIe Cale ali oblinul Cale dinlre
acesleasunldislincle
GeneraIizali rasunsuI enlru derivaleIe arliaIe de
ordinuI n conlinue in cazuI unei funclii de doua
variabiIe indicali cale derivale arliaIe de ordinuI n
sunlsicaledinacesleasunldislincle
|xcnp|u
SsecaIcuIezederivaleIear[iaIedeordinuIinliiaIdoiIeaenlru
func[ia ( (( ( ) )) )
y
x y x f = == = ,
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
x
f
x x
f
2
2
adic
2
2
x
f
c
c
va fi derivala
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
142
ar[iaI in raorl cu x a func[iei
1
=
c
c
y
x y
x
f
Ob[inem
( ) ( )
2 1
2
2
1
=
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y y
x y y x y
x x
f
x
x
f
Irocednd anaIog i aIicnd
crileriuI Iui Schvarz ob[inem ( ) x x
x y
f
y x
f
y
ln 1
1
2 2
+ =
c c
c
=
c c
c
i
x x
y
f
y 2
2
2
ln =
c
c
Extrcmc!nca!cpcntruIunc[iidcmaimu!tcvariabi!c
Iie c D f : R
n
R i D x e
0
IuncluI
0
x esle un uncl de
minimIocaIenlrufunc[iafdacexisloinlreagvecinlaleVaIui
0
x aslfeIinclfx>f
0
x enlruoricexeVIuncluI
0
x esleununcl
demaximIocaIenlrufunc[iafdacexisloinlreagvecinlaleVa
Iui
0
x aslfeIinclfxsf
0
x enlruoricexeV
|gcriin!c!cicrninarcapuncic|cr!ccxircn|cca|
SecaIcuIeazloalederivaleIear[iaIedeordinuIinliaIefunc[ieij
denvariabiIe ( )
n
x x x f ,..., ,
2 1
n
x
f
x
f
x
f
c
c
c
c
c
c
,..., ,
2 1
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
0
... ..........
0
0
2
1
n
x
f
x
f
x
f
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
143
SecaIcuIeazloalederivaleIear[iaIedeordinuIdoiaIefunc[ieij
2
1
2
x
f
c
c
2
2
2
x
f
c
c
2
2
n
x
f
c
c
2 1
2
x x
f
c c
c
3 1
2
x x
f
c c
c
1 1
2
x x
f
n
c c
c
SedelerminvaIoriIeaceslorderivalear[iaIecaIcuIaleinuncluI
sla[ionar ( ) D x x x x
n
e =
0 0
2
0
1 0
,..., , ( )
0 0
2
0
1
2
1
2
,..., ,
n
x x x
x
f
c
c
( )
0 0
2
0
1
2
2
2
,..., ,
n
x x x
x
f
c
c
Sescriemalriceadeforma
( ) ( ) ( )
( )
( )
( )
( ) ( ) ( )
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c
c
=
0 0
2
0
1
2
2
0 0
2
0
1
2 1
2
0 0
2
0
1
1
2
0 0
2
0
1
2
2
2
2
0 0
2
0
1
2
0 0
2
0
1
2 1
2
0 0
2
0
1
1
2
0 0
2
0
1
2 1
2
0 0
2
0
1
2
1
2
,..., , ... ,..., , ,..., ,
... ... ... ...
,..., , ...
,..., ,
,..., ,
,..., , ... ,..., , ,..., ,
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n
n n
x x x
x
f
x x x
x x
f
x x x
x x
f
x x x
x x
f
x
x x x f
x x x
x x
f
x x x
x x
f
x x x
x x
f
x x x
x
f
A
SecaIcuIeazminoriirinciaIiaimalriceidemaisus n k
k
, 1 , = A i
seanaIizeazvaIoriIeaceslora
- dac 0 > A
k
|xcnp|u
SsedelermineuncleIedeexlremIocaIaIefunc[iei
R R f
2
: xy y x y x f 4 ) , (
4 4
+ =
VominceerinacaIcuIaderivaleIear[iaIedeordinuIinli
Avem y x
x
f
4 4
3
=
c
c
x y
y
f
4 4
3
=
c
c
VomscrieirezoIvaaoisislemuIob[inulrinegaIareacua
exresiiIoraceslorderivalear[iaIe
=
=
0 4 4
0 4 4
3
3
x y
y x
Avndinvederecfunc[iaesledefinile
2
R inseamncne
vor inleresa numai soIu[iiIe reaIe aIe aceslui sislem Aceslea sunl
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
144
0 , 0 = = y x 1 , 1 = = y x 1 , 1 = = y x Vom Iua e rnd fiecare dinlre
acesle uncle sla[ionare enlru a verifica dac rinlre eIe avem
uncledeminimsaumaximIocaIInainledeaIeanaIizainsunuI
cle unuI vom caIcuIa derivaleIe ar[iaIe de ordinuI doi enlru
func[iaconsideral
Avem
x
x
f
12
2
2
=
c
c
y
y
f
12
2
2
=
c
c
4
2 2
=
c c
c
=
c c
c
x y
f
y x
f
Dac am dori s scriem malricea coresunzloare e caz
generaIamob[ine
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
|
|
|
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c c
c
c c
c
c
c
=
y
x
y
f
y x
f
y x
f
x
f
A
12 4
4 12
2
2 2
2
2
2
\
|
=
0 4
4 0
0 , 0 A
iar minorii rinciaIi 16 det , 0
2 1
= = A = A A Verificm cazuriIe
rezenlale in cadruI aIgorilmuIui i se observ c acesl uncl
sla[ionar ( ) 0 , 0 nu esle nici uncl de minim nici uncl de maxim
IocaI
Vom reela rocedeuI enlru urmloruI uncl sla[ionar
1 , 1 = = y x Ienlru acesle vaIori ob[inem malricea ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
12 4
4 12
1 , 1 A iar
minorii rinciaIi vor fi 128 det , 12
2 1
= = A = A A Cum ambii minori au
vaIori slricl ozilive rezuIl c uncluI 1 , 1 = = y x esle uncl de
minimIocaIenlrufunc[iaj
S verific acum i uIlimuI uncl sla[ionar 1 , 1 = = y x Vom
avea malricea ( )
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
12 4
4 12
1 , 1 A deci minorii rinciaIi vor fi
128 det , 12
2 1
= = A = A A Cum semneIe aIlerneaz incend cu semnuI
minus enlru rimuI minor inseamn c uncluI 1 , 1 = = y x esle
uncldemaximIocaI
Amob[inulaslfeIdouuncledeexlrem IocaIenlrufunc[ia
anaIizal 1 , 1 = = y x minimIocaI 1 , 1 = = y x maximIocaI
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
145
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SsedelermineuncleIedeexlremIocaIenlrufunclia
R R f
2
: 20 12 15 3 ) , (
2 3
+ + = y x xy x y x f
DcrivarcaIunc[ii!nrcnmpusc
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
146
y
v
v
f
y
u
u
f
y
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
|xcnp|u
S se caIcuIeze derivaleIe ar[iaIe de ordinuI inli enlru
func[ia comus ( ) ( ) v u v u f + =
2
ln , unde ( )
2
,
y x
e y x u
+
= i
( ) y x y x v + =
2
,
Iunc[iajfiindofunc[iecomusformuIeIeenlruderivaleIe
deordinuIinlivorfi
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
f
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
i
y
v
v
f
y
u
u
f
y
f
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
Avem ( (( ( ) )) )
2
,
y x
e y x u
+ ++ +
= == = deciderivaleIesaIear[iaIeinraorlcux
iqvorfi
2
y x
e
x
u
+
=
c
c
2
2
y x
ye
y
u
+
=
c
c
Ienlru ( ) y x y x v + =
2
, vomob[inederivaleIear[iaIe
x
x
v
2 =
c
c
1 =
c
c
y
v
( ) v u v
f
+
=
c
c
2
ln
1
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
f
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
( ) ( )
x
y u
e
y u
u
x
f
y x
2
ln
1
ln
2
2 2
2
+
+
+
=
c
c
+
y
v
v
f
y
u
u
f
y
f
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
( ) ( ) y u
ye
y u
u
y
f
y x
+
+
+
=
c
c
+
2 2
ln
1
2
ln
2 2
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
147
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
S se scrie formuIeIe de caIcuI aIe derivaleIor arliaIe
enlruofuncliedevariabiIe|dalrininlermediuI
alreifunc[iiutu
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
S se scrie formuIeIe de caIcuI aIe derivaleIor arliaIe
enlruofuncliedevariabiIe|dalrininlermediuI
adouafunc[iiut
Dcrivatc!cpar[ia!cdcnrdinsupcrinra!cIunc[ii!nrcnmpusc
y
v
v
f
y
u
u
f
y
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
iderivmincodalinraorlcuxicuq[inndconlc
u
f
c
c
i
v
f
c
c
sunlfunc[iicomusedexiqiar
x
u
c
c
y
u
c
c
x
v
c
c
y
v
c
c
deinddirecldexi
q
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
148
Orim derivalesle
2
2
x
F
c
c
Aceaslaoalefiscrissubforma
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
x
F
x x
F
2
2
adic avem derivala in raorl cu x a Iui
x
F
c
c
Cum
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
rezuIl c derivala e care dorim s o caIcuIm
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
x
F
x x
F
2
2
eslederivalainraorlcuxaIui
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
adicvomuleascrie
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x x
F
x x
F
2
2
aminIocuil
x
F
c
c
cuexresiaeidaldeformuIarecizal
Ceea ce avem deci de caIcuIal esle derivala in raorl cu x a
exresiei din aranlez Dar exresia din aranlez esle o sum de
func[iilimdinIiceucenlruaderivaosumdefunc[iifoIoseam
formuIa ( ) ' ' ' g f g f + = + adic derivala sumei esle egaI cu suma
derivaleIor ceIor dou sau mai muIle func[ii Acesl rezuIlal iI vom
foIosiinoiinconlinuareVomob[ineaslfeI
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
x
v
v
f
x x
u
u
f
x x
F
2
2
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
am foIosil enlru |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
x
v
x x
u
x
, scrierea simIifical de forma
2
2
2
2
,
x
v
x
u
c
c
c
c
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
149
Ir[iIe din exresia ob[inul care mai un robIeme sunl
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
u
f
x
careseregseleincadruIrimuIuilermen i |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
v
f
x
in
cadruI lermenuIui lrei Vom Iua acesle derivale i Ie vom caIcuIa
searal
S inceem cu |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
u
f
x
Cum func[ia j esle dal rin
inlermediuIIuiuitinseamnciderivalasa
u
f
c
c
vafilolofunc[ie
dal rin inlermediuI Iui u i t AslfeI caIcuIuI derivalei noaslre
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
u
f
x
sereducedefalIaderivareauneifunc[iicomuseIenlru
a in[eIege mai uor cum caIcuIm aceasl derival |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
u
f
x
s
nolmfunc[iadinaranlezcugadicsnolm
u
f
g
c
c
= RezuIlc
ulem scrie derivala |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
u
f
x
sub forma
x
g
g
x c
c
=
c
c
g fiind aa cum
amvzulmaisusofunc[iedefinilrininlermediuIfunc[iiIoruit
Va lrebui deci s foIosim formuIa de derivare a func[iiIor comuse
adic
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
Cum in cazuI noslru func[ia esle g
rezuIlcvalrebuisfoIosimaceaslformuIfoIosindginIocdej
adic vom avea
x
v
v
g
x
u
u
g
x
g
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
Aceasl exresie ulem s o
scriem i sub forma
x
v
g
v x
u
g
u
g
x c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
am scris func[ia g in
conlinuarea Iiniei de derivare Cum ins func[ia g era
u
f
g
c
c
=
inseamn c ulem s scriem in exresia aslfeI ob[inul
u
f
c
c
in Ioc
deg
x
v
u
f
v x
u
u
f
u u
f
x c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
adic
x
v
u v
f
x
u
u
f
u
f
x c
c
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
2
2
Amob[inulaslfeIexresiaculalenlruderivala |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
u
f
x
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
v
I
x u
I
x x
v
v
f
x
v
x
u
u
f
x
u
x
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
amscriscucaraclereuoringroaleceIedouderivaleecareIeam
caIcuIalsearalCum
x
v
u v
f
x
u
u
f
u
f
x c
c
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
2
2
i
x
v
v
f
x
u
v u
f
v
f
x c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c c
c
= |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
2
2 2
inseamncvomaveainIocuindacesleexresiimaisusexresia
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
x
u
u
f
x
u
x
v
u v
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
2
2
2
2 2
x
v
v
f
x
v
x
v
v
f
x
u
v u
f
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c c
c
+
Icnd caIcuIeIe adic inmuI[iriIe necesare eIiminrii aranlezeIor
vomob[ineformuIadecaIcuIenlruderivalaconsideral
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
+ |
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
x
v
v
f
x
v
x
u
v u
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
2
2
2
2
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c
c
=
c c
c
=
c c
c
y
v
x
v
v
f
x
v
y
u
y
v
x
u
v u
f
y
u
x
u
u
f
x y
F
y x
F
2
2 2
2
2 2 2
y x
v
v
f
y x
u
u
f
c c
c
c
c
+
c c
c
c
c
+
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2 2
2
2
2
2
2
2
y
v
v
f
y
u
u
f
y
v
v
f
y
v
y
u
v u
f
y
u
u
f
y
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
c c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
f
v y
v
u y
u
f
v y
v
u y
u
y
F
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
|
|
.
|
\
|
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
151
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
SsereaIizezecaIcuIuIenlru
y x
F
c c
c
2
si
2
2
y
F
c
c
AprnximarcanumcricaaIunctii!nr
In raclic exisl o muIliludine de silua[ii in care nu se
cunoale exresia func[iei cu care se Iucreaz ci numai vaIoriIe
aceslei func[ii inlrun numr de uncle In acesle silua[ii se oale
incerca delerminarea exresiei unei func[ii care s oal duce Ia
ob[inerea de vaIori cl mai aroiale de ceIe delerminale rin
msurlori Acesl Iucru esle exlrem de imorlanl deoarece duce Ia
osibiIilalea anaIizei i redic[iei lrenduIui viilor enlru asecleIe
sludiale
IrobIemacareseunevafiurmloarea
- func[ii exonen[iaIe ( )
x b
i
i
e x g = in aceasl silua[ie func[ia
de aroximare g esle o combina[ie Iiniar de func[ii
exonen[iaIeadic
( )
x b x b
x b
p
x b
p
e a e a e a e a x g
p p 0 1 1
0 1 1
... + + + + =
- func[ii lrigonomelrice ( ) x b x a x g
i
i
i
i i
cos sin + = ne
reaminlimdeIaecua[iidiferen[iaIediscu[iaconformcreia
func[iiIe sin i ccs lrebuie considerale imreun Iunc[ia
dearoximaregvaaveainaceaslsilua[ieforma
( ) + + + + + =
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
153
Mctndacc!nrmaimiciptratc
Iie o func[ie | | R b a f , : o func[ie enlru care se cunosc
vaIoriIe ( ) n i y x f
i i
1 , = = cu | | n i b a x
i
, 1 , , = e Se cere s se delermine
oIinomuIdegradp
( )
0 1
1
1
... a x a x a x a x g
p
p
p
p
+ + + + =
carc s aroximeze func[ia j aslfeI inclsuma lraleIor diferen[eIor
dinlre vaIoriIe aroximale i ceIe cunoscule in ceIe n uncle s fie
minim
caresaroximezefunc[iajaslfeIinclsumalraleIordiferen[eIor
dinlre vaIoriIe aroximale i ceIe cunoscule in ceIe n uncle s fie
minim
CuaIlecuvinleavemcunosculevaIoriIedeforma
i
x
1
x
2
x
n
x
( )
i i
y x f = ( )
1 1
y x f = ( )
2 2
y x f =
( )
n n
y x f =
Darfunc[iagesleunoIinomdegradp
( )
0 1
1
1
... a x a x a x a x g
p
p
p
p
+ + + + =
VomaveaaslfeI
( )
0 1
1
1
... a x a x a x a x g
i
p
i p
p
i p i
+ + + + =
InIocuindinexresiaIui|avem
| |
_
=
+ + + + =
n
i
i i
p
i p
p
i p
y a x a x a x a E
1
2
0 1
1
1
...
Aceaslexresieesleofunc[iecuvariabiIeIe
p
a a a ,..., ,
1 0
chiar
dacasunlemobinui[icaxqsfiervariabiIeincazuInoslruaceslea
sunlcunosculeAvemaslfeI o func[iede pvariabiIe carevrems
fieminim
In aragrafuI am rezenlal moduI de caIcuI enlru
uncleIe de exlrem aIe unei func[ii cu mai muIle variabiIe AceI
rocedeuiIvomaIicaenlrufunc[ia ( )
p
a a a E ,..., ,
1 0
IuncleIesla[ionareIedelerminamrinegaIareacualuluror
derivaleIor ar[iaIe aIe func[iei in cazuI noslru avem p variabiIe
decivomaveapderivalear[iaIeVomavea
=
c
c
=
c
c
=
c
c
0
...
0
0
1
0
p
a
E
a
E
a
E
adic
| |
| |
| |
= + + + + =
c
c
= + + + + =
c
c
= + + + + =
c
c
_
_
_
=
0 ...
...
0 ...
0 ...
1
0 1
1
1
1
0 1
1
1
1
1
0 1
1
1
0
n
i
i i
p
i p
p
i p
p
i
p
n
i
i i
p
i p
p
i p i
n
i
i i
p
i p
p
i p
y a x a x a x a x
a
E
y a x a x a x a x
a
E
y a x a x a x a
a
E
In generaI enlru func[ia g se refer o varianl cl mai
simI In func[ie de daleIe care se anaIizeaz se aIege de ceIe mai
muIleorifiefunc[iadegraduIinli ( )
0 1
a x a x g + = cazincaresunem
c avem dea face cu aroximare Iiniar fie func[ia de graduI doi
( )
0 1
2
2
a x a x a x g + + = caz in care sunem c avem dea face cu
aroximarearaboIic
CumanumeaIegemformaIuigRerezenlmgraficdaleIede
inlrareiincercmebazadesenuIuisaIegemfunc[iadegraduI
inlidacavaIoriIearafimaidegrabasocialeuneidreleresecliv
func[iadegraduIdoidacdesenuIindicmaidegraboaraboI
Isle evidenl c in reaIilale rerezenlarea grafic ne oale
indicaiaIlefunc[iidarnevomrezumainaceaslrezenlareIaceIe
doumen[ionale
|xcnp|u
Iie o func[ie j enlru care se cunosc vaIoriIe in clva uncle
conformlabeIuIui
i
x
( )
i i
y x f =
Ssegseascofunc[ieIiniar ( ) b ax x g + = caresaroximeze
func[iaj
Vomscriemaiinlifunc[iacareindicsumalraleIoreroriIor
( ) | |
_
=
=
7
1
2
i
i i
y x g E
Iunc[iagesleIiniariareforma ( ) b ax x g + = deci
| |
_
=
+ =
7
1
2
i
i i
y b ax E
CulmacumvaIoriIeai|enlrucafunc[ia|saibvaIoare
minimadicvomcaIcuIaderivaleIear[iaIeaIeIui|inraorlcua
resecliv|iIevomegaIacu
| |
| |
= + =
c
c
= + =
c
c
_
_
=
=
0 2
0 2
7
1
7
1
i
i i
i
i i i
y b ax
b
E
y b ax x
a
E
Ob[inemaslfeIsislemuI
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
157
| |
| |
= +
= +
_
_
=
=
0
0
7
1
7
1
i
i i
i
i i i
y b ax
y b ax x
adic
| |
| |
= +
= +
_
_
=
=
0
0
7
1
7
1
2
i
i i
i
i i i i
y b ax
x y bx ax
= +
= +
_ _ _
_ _ _
= = =
= = =
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
2
i
i
i i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
y b ax
x y bx ax
= +
= +
_ _
_ _ _
= =
= = =
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
2
7
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
y b x a
x y x b x a
AceslaeslesislemuIIiniarrinrezoIvareacruiavomob[inevaIoriIe
Iuiai|IncadruIsislemuIuiobservmcavemdeafacecuoserie
desumeIenlruauuramoduIincareIecaIcuImiIerivimvom
aIcluiunlabeIdeforma
i
x
i
y
2
i
x i i
y x ( )
i
x g ( )
i i
y x g
( ) | |
2
i i
y x g
_
=
7
1 i
i
x
i
y
2
i
x i i
y x ( )
i
x g ( )
i i
y x g
( ) | |
2
i i
y x g
_
=
7
1 i
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
158
IeuIlimaIiniealabeIuIuivomlrecevaIoriIesumeIorcaIcuIale
e coIoana resecliv De exemIu e uIlima Iinie coresunzloare
Iui
i
x vom aduna vaIoriIe de e coIoan i vom ob[ine
_
=
= + + + + + + =
7
1
28 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
i
i
x Irocednd Ia feI enlru coIoana Iui
i
y caIcuInd suma ob[inem vaIoarea Trecem acesle vaIori in
labeI
i
x
i
y
2
i
x
i i
y x ( )
i
x g ( )
i i
y x g ( ) | |
2
i i
y x g
_
=
7
1 i
i
x
i
y
2
i
x
i i
y x ( )
i
x g ( )
i i
y x g ( ) | |
2
i i
y x g
_
=
7
1 i
CeIeIaIlecoIoanevorficomIelaleducesevadelerminafunc[iag
ivorfifoIosileenlruanaIizaeroriIorSrevenimacumIasislem
= +
= +
_ _
_ _ _
= =
= = =
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
7
1
2
7
i
i
i
i
i
i i
i
i
i
i
y b x a
x y x b x a
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
159
InIocuim in ecua[iiIe sislemuIui sumeIe cu vaIoriIe coresunzloare
acesloracurinseinlabeI
= +
= +
140 7 28
728 28 140
b a
b a
i
x
i
y
2
i
x
i i
y x ( )
i
x g ( )
i i
y x g ( ) | |
2
i i
y x g
_
=
7
1 i
Sumaenlru ( )
i
x g nuammaicaIcuIalodeoareceeanuofer
nici o informa[ie uliI VaIoriIe enlru ( )
i i
y x g au fosl caIcuIale
enlru a ulea a|unge Ia lraluI diferen[eIor ( ) | |
2
i i
y x g Suma
lraleIor diferen[eIor lrebuie s fie cl mai mic Cu cl aceasl
vaIoareeslemaimiccuallfunc[iagaroximeazmaibinefunc[ia
j
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Iie o func[ie j enlru care se cunosc vaIoriIe in clva
uncleconformlabeIuIui
i
x
( )
i i
y x f =
a S se gseasc o func[ie Iiniar ( ) b ax x g + = care s
aroximezefunc[iaj
b Ssegseascofunc[iearaboIic ( ) c bx ax x g + + =
2
caresaroximezefunc[iaj
c S se comare ceIe dou rezuIlale i s se decid
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
160
care dinlre ceIe dou func[ii esle mai olrivil
Argumenla[irsunsuI
|n!icajic
Ienlru func[ia ( ) c bx ax x g + + =
2
va fi nevoie s se caIcuIeze
derivale ar[iaIe in raorl cu a | c SislemuI ob[inul rn
egaIarea aceslora cu va con[ine mai muIle sume decl ceIe
de Ia exemIuI recedenl Ienlru fiecare dinlre acesle sume
se va aduga o coIoan in labeI CauI de labeI va fi in
aceaslsilua[iedeforma
i
x
i
y
2
i
x
3
i
x
4
i
x
i i
y x
i i
y x
2
( )
i
x g
( )
i i
y x g
( ) | |
2
i i
y x g
_
=
n
i 1
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
161
Intcgra!adub!Mnddcca!cu!
InlegraIa dubI esle inlegraIa caIcuIal enlru o func[ie de dou
variabiIeCumofunc[iededouvariabiIeesledefinileomuI[ime
de forma
2
R sau o submuI[ime a Iui
2
R vom nola domeniuI de
defini[iecu
2
5 c D ivomnumieOdomeniuIecaresecaIcuIeaz
inlegraIa
DomeniuIOareformaunuidrelunghideforma | | | | a c b a , ,
\
|
=
b
a
a
c D
ax ay y x f axay y x f ) , ( ,
sauinordineinvers
( )
) ) ))
|
.
|
\
|
=
a
c
b
a D
ay ax y x f axay y x f ) , ( ,
y
d
D
c
O a b x
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
162
|xcnp|u
S se caIcuIeze ( )
))
+
D
axay y x
3 2
domeniuI O fiind
| | | | 1 , 1 1 , 0 = D
\
|
+ = +
1
0
1
1
3 2 3 2
+
1
1
3 2
ay y x
Aceasl inlegraI esle o inlegraI simI in raorl cu variabiIa q
VomconsideraexdrelconslanlaacumfceamiIaderivaleIe
ar[iaIeVomob[ineaslfeI
( )
2
1
1
4
2
1
1
3 2
2
4
x
y
y x ay y x
y
y
=
|
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +
=
=
)
Revenind Ia inlegraIa dubI e care doream s o caIcuIm
vomob[ine
( ) ( )
3
2
2
1
0
2
1
0
1
1
3 2 3 2
= = |
.
|
\
|
+ = +
) ) ) ))
ax x ax ay y x axay y x
D
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +
1
1
1
0
3 2 3 2
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
CaIcuIaliinlegraIademaisusinordineainversa
DomeniuIOeslesimIuinraorlcuaxaOqAceslaeslecazuI
incarererezenlareagraficaIuiOesledeforma
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
163
y
2
x y =
D
O x
4
2
+ = x y
In aceasl silua[ie observm c x variaz inlre vaIoriIe a i |
adic avem | | b a x , e VaIoriIe a i | sunl fie cunoscule din descrierea
domeniuIuiOfieolfidelerminaledeaici
IrobIema in acesl caz aare deoarece q nu variaz inlre nile
vaIori cIare Mai exacl vaIoriIe Iui q deind de vaIoriIe Iui x In
aceasl silua[ie vom considera ( ) ( ) | | x y x y y
2 1
, e Am consideral Iimila
inferioarenlruqcafiindfunc[ia ( ) x y
2
iIimilasuerioarcafiind
( ) x y
1
deoareceaaneindicgraficuIIenlruqvaIoriIeceIemaimici
sunlrerezenlalesubceIemaimariadicqiavaIoride|osinsus
IenlruunaslfeIdedomeniuOvomavea
( )
( )
( )
) ) ))
|
.
|
\
|
=
b
a
x y
x y D
ax ay y x f axay y x f
2
1
) , ( ,
|xcnp|u
S se caIcuIeze ( )
))
D
axay y x domeniuI O fiind dal de
reIa[iiIe
2
x y = x y =
Ienlru rerezenlarea Iui O va fi nevoie s rerezenlm e
aceeaiaxdecoordonaleceIedoureIa[ii
2
x y = 4
2
+ = x y
Vomob[inegraficuIurmlor
y
( ) x y
1
D
( ) x y
2
O a b x
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
164
DomeniuI O se observ c esle sa[iuI care rerezinl
inlersec[iaceIordoucurbe
Ienlru a vedea care sunl vaIoriIe inlre care variaz x va fi
nevoie s gsim coordonaleIe ceIor dou uncle de inlersec[ie
IenlruaceaslaeslenevoiesrezoIvmsislemuI
=
=
x y
x y
2
Vom ob[ine dou soIu[ii 2 = x 2 = y 2 = x 2 = y
TrecemaceslevaIoriegrafic
AslfeIamgsilvaIoriIeinlrecare variazxadic | | 2 , 2 e x
IenlruvariabiIaqob[ineminlervaIuI | | 4 ,
2 2
+ e x x y
AslfeI ( )
))
D
axay y x oalefiscrissubforma
( ) ( )
) ) ))
+
|
.
|
\
|
=
2
2
4
2
2
ax ay y x axay y x
x
x D
VomcaIcuIamaiinliinlegraIadincadruIaranlezei
( ) 8 4 4 2
2
2 3 4
4
2
4
2
2
2
2
+ + =
|
|
.
|
\
|
=
+ =
=
+
)
x x x x
y
xy ay y x
x y
x y
x
x
Vomob[inedeci
( ) ( ) =
|
.
|
\
|
=
) ) ))
+ 2
2
4
2
2
ax ay y x axay y x
x
x D
( )
15
2 184
8 4 4 2
2
2
2 3 4
= + + =
)
ax x x x x
y
2
x y =
( ) 2 , 2 D ( ) 2 , 2
O x
4
2
+ = x y
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
165
y
x y
2
1
=
( ) 2 , 4
( ) 0 , 0
O x
2
y x =
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Ienlru exemIuI de mai sus se oale caIuIa inlegraIa in ordinea
inversaArgumenla[irsunsuI
DomeniuIOeslesimIuinraorlcuaxaOxAceslaeslecazuI
incarererezenlareagraficaIuiOesledeforma
\
|
=
a
c
y x
y x D
ay ax y x f axay y x f
2
) , ( ,
|xcnp|u
S se caIcuIeze ( )
))
+
D
axay y x domeniuI O fiind definil de
reIa[iiIe
2
y x =
2
x
y =
y
c
( ) y x
1
D
( ) y x
2
d
O x
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
166
CeIe dou uncle de inlersec[ie Ieam delerminal rezoIvnd
sislemuI
=
=
2
2
x
y
y x
VaIoriIeinlrecarevariazqininlerioruIdomeniuIuiOsunl
iadic | | 2 , 0 e y Ienlruxobservmcaceslavariazinlrecurba
rerezenlal cu Iinie conlinu cu exresia
2
y x = i dreala
rerezenlalcu Iinieunclal
2
x
y = Trebuies iI delerminm e x
din aceasl ecua[ie a drelei adic vom avea y x 2 = Iulem aslfeI
sunecIimilainferioarenlruxesle
2
y x = iarceasuerioaresle
y x 2 = adic | | y y x 2 ,
2
e VomuleadeciscrieinlegraIasubforma
( ) ( )
) ) ))
|
.
|
\
|
+ = +
2
0
2
2
ay ax y x axay y x
y
y D
( ) ( )
15
148
4
2
2
0
2 3
2
0
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ = |
.
|
\
|
+ = +
) ) ) ))
ay y y
y
ay ax y x axay y x
y
y D
Dctcrminarcaarii!nrIn!nsindintcgra!adub!
|xcnp|u
SsedelermineariadomeniuIuiOdefinilde
>
= +
0
4
2 2
x
y x
IenlruadelerminaaceaslarievalrebuiscaIcuIm
))
D
axay
Vomob[ineurmloarearerezenlaregraficacercuIui 4
2 2
= + y x
Y
( ) 2 , 0
( ) 0 , 2 ( ) 0 , 2
x
( ) 2 , 0
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
167
DomeniuI ins esle condi[ional i de reIa[ia 0 > x deci O va fi
rerezenlaldesemicercuIozi[ionaldeasuraaxeiOx
Dingraficseobservc | | 2 , 2 e x IenlruqobservmcIimila
sa inferioar esle dreala 0 = y adic axa Ox iar Iimila suerioar
esledaldereIa[ia 4
2 2
= + y x
Din 4
2 2
= + y x ob[inem
2
4 x y = Dar din desen se
observ c ne inlereseaz slricl vaIoriIe ozilive aIe Iui q deci vom
aIege
2
4 x y = Am ob[inul aslfeI IimileIe inlre care variaz q
| |
2
4 , 0 x y e
RezuIldeaicic
) ) ))
|
.
|
\
|
= =
2
2
4
0
2
aria ax ay axay D
x
D
LumsearalinlegraIadinaranleziavem
2
4
0
4
0
4
2
2
x y ay
x
x
= =
)
|ctcnin!|aca|cu|u|aricitcnc|jinc
) ) ) ))
= |
.
|
\
|
= =
2
2
2
2
2
4
0
4 aria
2
ax x ax ay axay D
x
D
ScaIcuImsearal
)
= ax x I
2
4 adicrimiliva
=
= =
) ) ) )
ax
x
x
ax
x
ax
x
x
ax x I
2
2
2 2
2
2
4 4
4
4
4
4
( )
)
+ = ax x x
x
' 4
2
arcsin 4
2
iinlegrndrinr[i
)
+ = ax x x x
x
I
2 2
4 4
2
arcsin 4
adic
Y
( ) 2 , 0
( ) 0 , 2 ( ) 0 , 2
x
( ) 2 , 0
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
168
I x x
x
I + =
2
4
2
arcsin 4 deci
2
4
2
arcsin 4 2 x x
x
I + = deunde
2
4
2 2
arcsin 2 x
x x
I + =
Noiaveamins
= = |
.
|
\
|
= =
) ) ) ))
2
2
2
2
2
4
0
4 aria
2
ax x ax ay axay D
x
D
2
2
2
4
2 2
arcsin 2
|
.
|
\
|
+ = x
x x
deunderezuIl
t 2 4
2 2
arcsin 2 aria
2
2
2
= |
.
|
\
|
+ =
x
x x
D
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
169
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
( ) : y x xy y x : y x f 3 2 2 2 ) , , (
2 2
+ + + + + =
Ssegseasc
a o func[ie Iiniar ( ) b ax x g + = care s aroximeze
func[iaj
b o funclie de graduI doi ( ) c bx ax x g + + =
2
care s
aroximezefunc[iaj
c anaIizali care dinlre ceIe doua varianle esle mai
aroialadefuncliaj
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
170
5tudiuindividua!
R R f
2
: ( (( ( ) )) )
4 2 3
2 2 , y y x xy y x f + ++ + = == =
R R* R f : ( (( ( ) )) )
y
x
xy y x f + ++ + = == = ,
R R f
2
: ( (( ( ) )) )
2
,
y x
e y x f
+ ++ +
= == =
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) y x y x f y x F + ++ + = == = 2 , 2 ,
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) )
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |
\ \\ \
| || |
= == = xy arctg
y
x
f y x F , ln ,
( (( ( ) )) ) ( (( ( ) )) ) xy y x xy f y x F ln , , ,
2
= == =
( (( ( ) )) )
| || |
| || |
. .. .
| || |
\ \\ \
| || | + ++ +
= == =
y:
: y
e f : y x F
xy:
ln , , ,
SsedelermineuncleIedeexlremIocaIaIefunc[iiIor
R R f
2
: xy y x y x f 4 ) , (
4 4
+ =
: f
(
t
2
, 0
2
, 0 R ) cos( cos sin ) , ( y x y x y x f + + =
: f
(
t
2
, 0
2
, 0 R ) sin( sin sin ) , ( y x y x y x f + + + =
: f R
+
3
R
2 2 2 2
1
) , , (
:
:
y
y
x
x
: y x f + + + =
Iieofunc[iejenlrucaresecunoscvaIoriIeinclva
uncleconformlabeIuIui
i
x
( )
i i
y x f =
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
171
5tudiuindividua!
Iieofunc[iejenlrucaresecunoscvaIoriIeinclva
uncleconformlabeIuIui
i
x
( )
i i
y x f =
Ssegseasc
d o func[ie Iiniar ( ) b ax x g + = care s aroximeze
func[iaj
e o funclie de graduI doi ( ) c bx ax x g + + =
2
care s
aroximezefunc[iaj
f anaIizali care dinlre ceIe doua varianle esle mai
aroialadefuncliaj
SsecaIcuIezeariadomeniuIuiOdinIandefinilaslfeI
( ) { } 4 , 2 1 ; 5 , 2 0 ,
2
s s s s e = x y y x D 5
( )
s s s s e =
5
13
8
1
; 3 1 ,
2
2 2
y
x y y y x D 5
SsecaIcuIezeurmloareIeinlegraIedubIe
)) )) )) ))
+ ++ +
D
axay
y
x
2
2
1
unde O esle drelunghiuI delerminal
de 0 = == = x 1 = == = x 0 = == = y 1 = == = y
axay
y x
x
D
)) )) )) ))
+ ++ +
2 2
2
unde O esle Iimilal de 0 = == = x 1 = == = y
3
2 = == = y x y = == =
)) )) )) ))
D
axay
y
x
2
2
unde O esle domeniuI Iimilal de curbeIe
2
x y = == =
2
y x = == =
))
D
yaxay unde D esle domeniuI Iimilal de curbeIe
2 , 0 2 , 2
2 2 2
= = + = x x y x x y
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
172
5tudiuindividua!
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
173
5tudiuindividua!
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
174
5tudiuindividua!
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
175
REZUMATULUNIT|IIDENV|ARE
Inunilaleadeinv[areaufoslarcurseurmloareIeasecle
- afoslinlrodusno[iuneadefuncliecumaimuIlevariabiIe
- afoslrezenlalmoduIdecaIcuIaIderivaleIorarliaIeenlru
funcliiIedemaimuIlevariabiIeeIemenlaresaucomuse
- sarezenlalmoduIdedelerminareaexlremeIoruneifunclii
- saoferilomelodade delerminareafuncliiIordearoximare
enlru seluri de dale exerimenlaIe mai exacl meloda ceIor
maimicialrare
- sa disculal desre inlegraIeIe dubIe si au fosl indicale
modaIilali de caIcuIenlru aceslearecumsi Iegalura dinlre
inlegraIadubIasiariauneisurafele
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
176
TE5TDEEVALUAREnntatdctutnrctitu!arcurs
|ncta|uarctcrjiana|izaicjiccarcsu|puncipScaccr!p!incjiciu
SsecaIcuIeze
))
+
D
axay
x
y
2
1
1
undeOesledomeniuImarginilde
curbeIe x x y 3
2
+ = si
2
x
y =
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
177
INDICA|II 5UGE5TII DE REZOLVARE R5PUN5URI
PENTRU 5ARCINILE DE LUCRU $I TE5TELE DE
AUTOEVALUAREALEUNlTJllDLNVJARL
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Ofunc[iededouvariabiIeadmilederivalear[iaIede
ordinuInconlinueordineadederivarenuconleazi
avemdinceIe
n
derivalear[iaIenumaindislincle
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
minimIocaImaximIocaI
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
x
w
w
f
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y
w
w
f
y
v
v
f
y
u
u
f
y
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
x
v
v
f
x
u
u
f
x
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
y
v
v
f
y
u
u
f
y
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
:
v
v
f
:
u
u
f
:
F
c
c
c
c
+
c
c
c
c
=
c
c
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
( ) 21 11 . 6 + = x x g ( ) 71 . 19 11 . 6 32 . 0
2
+ + = x x x g suma
alraleIoreroriIoreslemaimicainadouasilualie
TcmdcrcI!cc[ic
Daca rivim inlegraIa in ordinea inversa nu ne mai
incadraminsilualiaanaIizala
Tcstdcautncva!uarc
( ) 8 , 5 , 3 uncldeminim
IUNC|IIDIMAIMULTIVARIAILI
178
BIBLIOGRAFIE RECOMANDAT PENTRU UNlTATLA DL
NVJARL
ICUA|IIDIIIRIN|IALILINIARIDIORDINSUIIRIORCU
COIIICIIN|ICONSTAN|I
132
TE5TDEEVALUAREnntatdctutnrctitu!arcurs
a
( )
[ [ \ \
,9
3 cos 65 sin 34 16 =
b ( ) ( ) 16 24 11 sin 8 18 2 cos 8 ' 12 ' ' 6 ' ' '
2 2
+ + + + = + [ [ [ [ [ [ \ \ \ \
c ( ) 1 2 2 4 10 8 ' 2 ' '
2 3
+ + + = [ [ H \ \ \
[
|ncta|uarctcrjiana|izaicrczc|tarcaccrcciaajiccaruisu|puncipSc
accr!p!incjiciu
Iie ecua[ia ) ( 4 ' 3 ' ' [ ) \ \ \ = + S se delermine ( ) [ ) liind c
( ) [ [ H \
[
S
3 cos 3 sin
2
+ = esle o soIu[ie arlicuIar a ecua[iei
DelerminaliaoisoIuliaecualieiomogenealasalesisoIuliageneraIa
aecualieirouse
|ncta|uarctcrjiana|izaic!cicrninarcancn|ru|uisianga|ccuaiicip
!cicrninarcancn|ru|ui!rcpia|ccuaiicipjina|izarcaccuaiicipSc
accr!p!incjiciu
IncadruIacesluicailoIafoslconsideralexemIuI
S se scrie forma soIu[iei arlicuIare enlru o ecua[ie diferen[iaI
neomogenenlrucare ( ) ( ) 1 3 2
2 2
+ =
[ [ H [ )
[
agina
In soIulia rousa am consideral ( ) F E[ D[ H \
[
S
+ + =
2 2
De ce nu sa
referal ( ) F E[ D[ GH \
[
S
+ + =
2 2
avand un rodus inlre o exonenliaIa
siunoIinomDemonslraliaceslasecl