1980 HandbookOfLunarMaterials

NASA
Reference
Publication
1057
Handbook
of Lunar
Materials
C g S _ F IL g _ COPY
FEBRUARY 1980
NASA
Reference
Publication
1057
Handbook
of
Lunar
Materials
_aitea
Richard Lyudon Houston, James Lockheed Houston,
6),
J. Williams Space Center B. Johnson Texas j. Jadwick Electronics Texas Co., Inc.
NI A
National Aeronautics and Space Administration Scientific and Technical Information Office 1980
Contents
Section 1. GENERAL LUNAR CRATER LUNAR APOLLO OTHER
.
Page INFORMATION SURFACE ........................ 1 2 5 ............... 6 11 11 17 ................. 19 19 21 22 24 ............... 24 25 26 27 ................. 27 27 31 31 31 32 ........................ ....................... 33 34 34 ............... 35 38 39 39
................................ .......................... TIME SITES SCALE
MORPHOLOGY GEOLOGICAL LANDING INFORMATION MINERALS INFORMATION
.......................... .................
SOURCES ............................... SOURCES
LUNAR OTHER
PYROXENE Density X-Ray Thermal and
...................................... Molar Volume Data ........................ .......................
Crystallographic Expansion and
............................... Elastic Constants
Compressibility Seismic Strength Viscosity Melting Velocities and
................................ .............................
Ductility
........................................ and Transformation Properties Points
Thermodynamic Electrical Thermal Magnetic OLIVINE Density X-Ray Thermal
........................
Properties Conductivity Properties
............................... ............................. ...............................
......................................... and Molar Volume Data
Crystallographic Expansion
............................... Constants
Compressibility Seismic Strength Viscosity Velocities
and Elastic
................................ .............................
and Ductility
........................................
iii
Section MeltingandTransformation Points ................. Thermodynamic Properties ........................ Electrical Properties ............................... Thermal Conductivity............................. Magnetic Properties ............................... PLAGIOCLASE FELDSPAR........................ Density andMolarVolume ........................ X-RayCrystallographic Data ....................... Thermal Expansion ............................... Compressibility andElastic Constants ............... Seismic Velocities ................................ Strength andDuctility ............................. Viscosity........................................ Melting andTransformation Points ................. Thermodynamic Properties........................
Electrical Thermal Magnetic ILMENITE Density X-Ray Thermal and Properties Conductivity Properties ............................... ............................. ...............................
Page 39 40 42 43 43 44 45 46 46 47 48 48 49 49
50 51 52 52 53 54 54 55
........................................ Molar Volume Data ........................ .......................
............................... Constants ...............
Compressibility Seismic Strength Viscosity Melting Velocities and
and Elastic
55 55 55 55
................................ .............................
Ductility
........................................ and Transformation Properties Points .................
55 56 57 57 57 58
Thermodynamic Electrical Thermal Magnetic REFERENCES
........................
Properties Conductivity Properties
............................... ............................. ...............................
....................................
iv
Section 3. LUNAR REGOLITH Lunar Color Grain Particle Maturity IGNEOUS Mare MATERIALS .............................
Page 59 59 61 63 63 ............. 65 66 72 72 74 76 76 78 84 85 87 87 88 90 92 93 93 96 96 97 98 ............... 100 102 ................. 104 104 107 108
....................................... ..............................
Soil Densities
........................................... Size Characteristics Types and Relative Soils .......................... Abundance ...........................
of Lunar ROCKS
.................................
Basalts Rocks
..................................... ................................... ..............................
Plutonic Pyroclastic Granite Synthetic BRECCIAS
Materials Glasses Lunar
.................................. Sample ...........................
........................................ Breccias Breccias Anorthosites Breccias Breccias ............................. ............................. ........................... ........................ .........................
Vitric-Matrix Light-Matrix Cataclastic
Crystalline-Matrix Granulitic-Matrix REFERENCES

.
.................................... ....................................... ......................................
ELEMENTS HYDROGEN SILICON Density X-Ray Thermal AND and
SILICA Molar
............................. ........................ .......................
Volume Data
............................... Constants
Compressibility Strength Melting and
and Elastic Ductility
............................. Points
and Transformation Properties
Thermodynamic Electrical Thermal
........................
Properties Conductivity
............................... .............................
Section ALUMINUM ...................................... TITANIUM ....................................... IRON ............................................. CALCIUM ........................................ MAGNESIUM..................................... OXYGEN ......................................... VOLATILEELEMENTS ........................... REFERENCES .................................... APPENDIX A--GLOSSARY........................
Page 109 1l0 ll0 111 112 112 113 116 ll7
vi
Tables
Table 1-1 2-I 2-II 2-III 2-IV 2-V 2-VI 2-VII 2-VIII 2-IX 3-I 3-1I 3-III 3-1V 3-V 3-VI 3-VII 3-VII1 3-IX 3-X 3-XI 3-XII 3-XIII
Page Bulk Lunar Lunar Properties ........................ 1 18 ................ .......... 20 20 32 33 ... 44 45 53 54 60
Minerals
............................. Pyroxene Lunar Olivine Lunar
Abundance Analyses Abundance Analyses Abundance Analyses Abundance Analyses Mean
of Lunar of Typical of Lunar of Typical
Pyroxenes .................. Olivine in Lunar Plagioclase
............. Materials ......... ......
of Plagioclase of Typical Lunar
of Ilmenite of Typical
in Lunar
Materials ............
Lunar
Ilmenite .....................
Regolith
Thickness
Summary Studies
of Results From Lunar ...................................
Soil Density 61 11 Soil 10084,853 64
Grain Size Fractions for Apollo (Old Soil) ................................
Petrography of a Series of Size Fractions From 71061,1 (a Typical Apollo 17 Mare Soil) ...... Petrography of a Series of Size Fractions 72441,7 (a Typical South Massif Soil) Compilation Range of Maturity Element Basalts Indices Chemistry .................... (vol.%) ........... for Major .............. ........... From ........
67 68 69 72 73 75
of Major
Chemistry Range
of Mare
of Modal
Mineralogy
Ranges of Chemical Minerals (wt.%) Modal Mineral Chemistry Samples Mineralogy Chemistries
Compositions ........................... of Plutonic of Plutonic
75 (vol.%) (wt.%) ... .. 76 77
Rocks Rocks
of Plutonic
and Pyroclastic 78
..................................
vii
Table 3-XIV 3-XV 3-XVI Chemical Chemistry Composition of Breccias of SLS ................
Page 79 86 From ............. Mineralogy Breccias for 89
........................
Chemical Composition of Minerals Cataclastic Anorthosites (wt.%) Chemical Composition and Modal Minerals From Crystalline-Matrix (wt.%) ...................................
88
3-XVII
3-XVIII
Chemical Composition of Minerals From Granulitic-Matrix Breccias (wt.%) ........... Abundance Materials Ranges Indigenous ................................. of Lunar
91
4-I 4-1I
94 of 94 .......... of 109 97
Typical Solar-Wind Gas Concentrations Lunar Fines .............................. X-Ray Crystallographic Data for SiO2
4-III 4-IV
Condensed Table of Physical Properties Aluminum ...............................
Figures
Figure 1-1 Lick Observatory photograph L4 of the full Moon. albedo differences between mare, highlands, fresh 1-2 ejecta are enhanced in this photograph The and ..... Page
Lick Observatory photograph L9, a composite of two half-Moon photographs. The high density of craters in the highlands shows up well in a pole-to-pole band in the center of the Moon's near side. (Underlined labels refer to craters directly beneath the label; other labels refer to mare basins.) .................... Data from the X-ray fluorescent experiment that orbited the Moon during Apollo 15 and 16. The map shows one typical orbit from each mission. The top and bottom graphs show changes in the ratio of AI to Si. Low values are consistent with the feldspar-poor mare regions; high values are consistent with the feldspar-rich highlands ........................
1-3
viii
Figure 1-4 Number density of
Page
craters per unit area as a function of the age of a surface. Data points (bars) are derived by crater counts surrounding each landing site, and matching those values with the radiometric age of rocks returned from each site. The dashed line is an extrapolation to zero based model ....................................... on the cratering
1-5
Generalized chart of lunar stratigraphy. The time of the Copernican-Eratosthenian boundary is unknown, and the time of the Eratosthenian-Imbrian boundary may be as young as 2 109 years .............. Apollo 16 oblique metric photograph (A16-M-0847) looking north along the ridges that are radial to the lmbrian basin. These ridges, which are located just northwest of the crater Ptolemaeus, define Imbrium sculpture ....................................
1-6
1-7
Apollo 16 vertical metric photograph (A16-M-2820) illustrating plains material filling lowlands in the lunar highlands adjacent to a mare unit. The plains material is characterized by intermediate to high albedo and a high density of craters. By contrast the mare material has a low albedo and a low crater density. In this photograph, a lobe of highlands projects southward into Mare Nubium which appears in the right half and the lower left corner of the photograph. The linear object with a cable coiled about it is a boom on the spacecraft that carried the gamma-ray experiment. The large crater in the center of the photograph is Guericke ........................
1-8
Apollo 15 vertical photograph (A15-M-1327) of the crater Tsiolkovsky illustrating mare fill in a large farside crater. Tsiolkovsky is approximately 175 kilometers across. The mare fill is characterized by low albedo and low crater density. Other features that are illustrated by the crater Tsiolkovsky include a central peak complex and slump terraces along the inner crater walls ............................. Map of the near side of the Moon indicating the locations of landing sites for all missions of exploration (S-I to S-VII are U.S. Surveyor spacecraft, A-I1 to A-17 are U.S. Apollo spacecraft, L-16 to L-24 are
10
1-9
ix
Figure U.S.S.R. U.S.S.R. 1-10 1-1l 1-12 1-13 1-14 3-1 Luna spacecraft, and Lunokhod spacecraft) ........................... 12 landing 14 landing 15 landing 16 landing 17 landing site site site site site ................. ................. ................. ................. ................. 1 and 2 are
Page 12 13 13 14 14 15
Map of the Apollo Map of the Apollo Map of the Apollo Map of the Apollo Map of the Apollo
Cumulative grain size distribution for lunar soils. Most soils lie within the envelope (shaded area). Two particularly coarse soils (samples 12028 and 14141) are also shown .................................. Scanning electron microscope photograph (S-73-24575) of an agglutinate particle from an Apollo 17 soil sample. This agglutinate is approximately 1 millimeter long ........................................ Correlation between relative solar gas concentrations in mature lunar soil and lunar soil grain diameter. The mean grain size for a typical mature lunar soil is approximately 60 micrometers ................... Electrical resistivity of pure silicon perature ..................................... Summary of gas evolution regions materials .................................... Volatile element loss from lunar as a function of tem-
64
3-2
65
4-1
95
4-2
107 for lunar 114 soils that were heated of 115
4-3 4-4
under vacuum. The data presented are an average four mare and highland soils ...................
Introduction
Recent scenarios for future space programs have stressed the need to utilize space in ways beneficial to mankind. One class of these scenarios includes the use of nonterrestrial materials as industrial feedstocks. If nonterrestrial materials are to be so used, it is of considerable importance to characterize their physical and chemical properties. This document is an attempt to compile in a concise format such data on the lunar materials. Lunar samples returned during the Apollo missions have been studied intensively for the last 8 years. This research has resulted in a large number of published studies that include the abstracts and proceedings of nine lunar science conferences, dozens of papers scattered through the scientific literature, many special publications from conferences and workshops, plus a large number of internal reports and publications of various universities and research institutes. It is a substantial undertaking to locate and read even a small portion of this literature--an undertaking which is complicated by the fact that many of the early contributions have proven to be inaccurate or incomplete. We have chosen to construct a current compilation of data pertaining to lunar materials. Several sections of the document present the positions of various experts who have contributed to the document, and the most reliable modern data available on the various subjects are summarized. In addition, we have compiled some data on terrestrial materials and chemicals which, by analogy, apply to lunar materials; and we have attempted, insofar as possible, to define the unusual technical terms that are used, particularly if the terms have a somewhat different meaning when applied to lunar materials. We have not extensively referenced this work, preferring to cite only recent summary material, and we apologize to our colleagues for sometimes removing their data from context without formal citation. This document has been prepared by members of the Geology and Geochemistry Branches of the Lunar and Planetary Sciences Division, NASA Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center, Houston, Texas. The overall editing and assembling was by James Jadwick, Lockheed Electronics Co, Inc., and Dr. Richard J. Williams, Lyndon B. Johnson Space Center. [n compliance with the NASA's publication policy, the units of measure are given, as far as possible, in the Systeme International d'Unites (SI). There are, however, some exceptions in that the editors have retained secondary units in those cases in which the primary source data are given in such units, because simple conversion of units often does not accurately express the original data.
xi
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK In some cases, theSIunitsarewrittenfirst andtheoriginal unitsarewritten parenthetically thereafter. Weexpress ourappreciation to the following people whohaveprovided summaries ofdataandtechnical guidance during thepreparation of thisdocument.LyndonB. Johnson Space Center:U. S. Clanton,F. Horz,G. E.
Lofgren, J. W. Minear, ris, and J. W. Warner. D. S. McKay, D. D. Bogard, E. K. Gibson, R. V. MorLockheed Electronics Co., Inc.: J. E. Wainwright.
xii
1. General
Information
General known for amplified important
properties of the Moon, Earth's only natural satellite, have been years. Results of the Apollo Program have, however, enormously our knowledge of the Moon as a planet. Table 1-I summarizes lunar physical properties.
TABLE 1-L--Bulk
Lunar
Properties
Mean density, g/cm -_ ................................................... Mean radius, km ............................................................ Moment of inertia .................................................... Mean Earth-Moon distance, km ............................................... Surface gravity, cm/sec 2 .......................................................... Central pressure, N/m r (bars) ...................................... Seismic energy release, J/hr (ergs/hr) ..................................... Surface heat flux, u,W/cm 2 .........................................................
3.344 0.004 1738.09 0.392 0.003 384 402 162 42 x 108 (42 x 10 3) < 108( < 10_5) 2
Perturbations exist in the gravity field on a scale of a few hundred kilometers. Large positive increases of several hundred cm/sec z (milligals) are associated with the circular maria and are interpreted to be due to basalt filling meteorite craters. The permanent magnetic dipole moment is negligible, being less than 4.4 x 109 tesla/cm 3 or approximately 10 -lz that of Earth. However, remanent magnetic fields, ranging from 3 x 10 -9 to 327 x 10 -9 tesla (3 to 327 gammas), have been measured on the lunar surface. These fields, existing over the entire lunar surface, are quite variable spatially in both magnitude and direction on a scale of less than a kilometer. Several thousand moonquakes occur every year. Their energy is generally less than Richter magnitude 2; the largest being approximately magnitude 4. A large number of the moonquakes occur below the lunar lithosphere (the cold relatively brittle thermal boundary layer) at depths of 600 to 1000 kilometers. A crust of gabbroic anorthosite ranges in thickness from 60 kilometers on the near side to approximately 100 kilometers on the far side.
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
LUNAR
SURFACE
Figure 1-1 is a photograph of L-4). Inspection of the photograph major (light) the or regions. regions maria The are low albedo
the
full Moon (Lick indicates that the regions inspection low and they in consist albedo are
Observatory photograph Moon is divided into two maria and the high shows irregular basalts of albedo that basins
(dark) Further
highlands. are
of the fill circular
photograph and
(dark) depressions.
topographically known that
It is now types.
of mafic (amount
of several visible light
different
chemical
Differences
FIG[IRE l-l.--Lick Observatory photograph L4 of the full Moon. The albedo differences Iv_een mare, highlands, and fresh ejecta are enhanced in this photograph.
be-
GENERAl
INFORMA
I l() _,
reflected differences kilometer These lands material material Figure Lick
from
the
surface) The maria
within (light) and impact basins of of an are
the
mare
result stand marked
primarily topographically with circular
from
these about a
in chemistry. above the are to large, of minor as and
highlands heavily craters, hundreds aluminum
features. the The limit highbasaltic
features consist
meteorite circular amounts KREEP. a mixture
which
range
in size (anorthositic)
from
of visibility
of kilometers and
across.
mostly
feldspar-rich
plutonic
trace-element-rich
known
1-2 is a composite The two
of halves
two
half-Moon are joined
photographs along a north-south
also
taken line
at the through
Observatory.
FIGURE l-2.--Lick Observatory photograph L9, a composite of two half-Moon photographs. The high density of craters in the highlands shows up w_ell in a pole-to-pole band in the center of the Moon's near side. (Underlined labels refer to craters directb beneath the label; other labels refer to mare basins.)
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
the middle of the photograph. In the region where the two halves are joined, the Sun angle is low and the topography stands out very clearly. In contrast, in figure 1-1 where the Sun angle is high, topography is subdued and albedo differences stand out. The smooth maria and cratered highlands are strikingly different in appearance in figure 1-2. Chemical differences between the maria and the highlands were demonstrated by the orbiting X-ray fluorescence experiment. Data from one orbit each of Apollo 15 and 16 are shown in figure 1-3. The maria have consistently lower aluminum/silicon (A1/Si) ratios than the highlands. In addition, the various maria do not have the same AI/Si ratio. The major variations of the AI/Si ratio are consistent with the mafic basalts returned from the mare (lower AI/Si) and the anorthositic rocks of the highlands (higher AI/Si).
APOLLO
15
7
.6 f-I ISER EMNAETETIS I ,-..a C/_,A ,RuE II TSIOL VSKY .4 .3
MARE
!o 1
APOLLO
16
.6 ;.,,3
_'OGNITUM
FECUNDITATIS
MARE SMYTHII
FIGURE Apollo
l-3.mData 15 and 16. The
from map
the
X-ray one
fluorescent typical
experiment orbit from each
that
orbited
the The
Moon top and
during bottom
shows
mission.
graphs show changes in the ratio of AI to Si. Low values are consistent with mare regions: high values are consistent with the feldspar-rich highlands.
the feldspar-poor
GENERAL
INFORMATION
CRATER
MORPHOLOGY
ters
Craters are formed by meteorite impact. Approximately 150 meteorite craare known on Earth; the Meteor Crater in Arizona, Gosses Bluff in
Australia, and Ries Crater in Germany are examples. Both erosional and depositional processes are associated with meteorite impact. The erosional feature is the excavated crater itself. Depositional features include the basin fill, continuous ejecta blanket, and rays. The basin fill is either excavated material, which has fallen back into the crater, or lavas, erupted into the crater. The continuous ejecta blanket is a series of deposits surrounding a crater out to a distance of several crater diameters. It contains both tangential and radial topographic features which, by comparison with large artificial explosions on Earth, probably were deposited from a base surge dust-gas cloud. The base surge phenomenon is analogous to that of turbidity flows in water. Examples of continuous ejecta deposits may be seen in figures 1-1 and 1-2 surrounding the craters Copernicus and Plato, located in the center of the mare region on the western side of the Moon. Rays are light colored deposits that extend out from a crater for hundreds of crater diameters. Rays were formed from material that was transported in ballistic trajectories. Excellent seen about the crater Tycho in the Southern Highlands as shown Crater morphology is directly related to crater diameter. Small less than a millimeter across and commonly known as zap pits, rays can be in figure 1-1. lunar craters, are found on
lunar rocks returned from the Moon during the Apollo Program. These craters consist of a central pit that is glass lined and a surrounding spall (splinter) zone that is approximately two pit-diameters across. There is no Earth equivalent of these microcraters because the micrometeorites that make them are destroyed in the Earth's atmosphere. It is not experimentally possible, at this time, to produce a glass lined zap pit with a small projectile, even though velocities up to 7 km/sec have been achieved. Therefore, one can assume that the impacting particles which produced the lunar zap pits had velocities of tens of kilometers per second. Lunar craters with diameters from several centimeters to approximately 15 to 20 kilometers are bowl shaped, with the bottom of the crater lower than the surrounding ground level. The crater rim is raised above the surrounding level; it consists of fine-grain material and large blocks. Outward from the rim for several crater diameters is the continuous ejecta blanket. Loops of small secondary craters extend farther out from the main stretch for many crater diameters in all directions, sunbursts. Medium-size lunar craters, 20 to 100 kilometers crater. Narrow, linear rays making craters look like in diameter, display the
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK same extra-crater features asthesmall craters, butthere aremajordifferences in thecrater itself.Theyarenotbowlshaped buthavea flatfloor.Slumping andterraces arecommon on thecrater wallsandthereis a central peak--a smallcluster of hills in thecenter of thecraterfloor. Likethemedium-size craters, large lunar craters, morethan100 kilometers across, have extra-crater deposits, flatfloors, slumped andterraced walls, and central peaks. Butthebasin hasmanyringsandinstead of onecrater wall, thereareseveral bands of mountains around thebasin. Theprimaryeffectof theseimpacts hasbeen thecreation of deposits of fine-grain rubble, covering thelunar surface (regolith). Theheatandpressure generated by theseimpactshaslithified (by sinteringor melting)loose material, producing lunarbreccias. Regolith andbreccias arediscussed in part 3 of this handbook.
LUNAR GEOLOGICAL TIME SCALE
Stratigraphy
(i.e., the study
of the layers of rock)
on the Moon
is unlike
ter-
restrial stratigraphy because the Moon lacks a series of fossil-bearing sedimentary rocks that permit investigators to correlate terrestrial rocks. Lunar stratigraphy is based on the photogeologic mapping of material ejected from craters, the interpretation of crater age, and the abundance of craters on specific surfaces. The principle of superposition holds, i.e., the overlying ejected material and its associated crater is younger than the underlying ejected material and its crater. Relative crater age is judged by the sharpness of the crater and the structure of its ejecta: sharp, fresh-looking craters are younger than rounded, subdued-looking craters. The abundance of craters on a surface is another relative measure of age: a surface with a high density of craters must be older than a surface with a low density of craters. This is illustrated in figure 1-4. Crater abundances range from mare basins which have few craters to the highlands that are saturated with craters. A surface is saturated when there are so many craters craters of the same size. Figure probably units,and 1-5 is a chart of lunar present that any new craters It is simplified will destroy in that there old is
stratigraphy.
more time overlap between the multi-ringed basins than from
the mare is indicated.
basalts, the plains-forming The absolute ages reported acquired during the
in figure 1-5 are determined Apollo Program.
analyses
of samples
The oldest rocks are of the Pre-lmbrian system. These rocks form the high albedo, highly cratered highlands, a region saturated with craters as large as 50 kilometers across. Approximately 75 percent of the near side of the Moon is underlain with Pre-Imbrian material. The craters are very subdued and have no rays, secondary craters, or ejecta deposits; the rims are low, rounded, and
GENERAL
INFORMAI-ION
cut by later craters; and the floors are shallow. Most of the Pre-Imbrian craters are so subdued and so overlain by younger craters that they are often not obvious as craters.
>.
I Apollo 14
/--Apollo 1]
_ / F-APOno 15
_ Apollo 12
lime beforepresent, |0g years FI(iURE ters of each a l-4.--Number surface. by landing Data crater site, density points counts and of craof the age (bars) surrounding those are
per unit area as a function
derived
matching
values with the radiometric age of rocks returned from each site. Dashed line is an extrapolation tering model. to zero based on the era-
LUNAR STRATIGRAPHY Era Copernican Eratosthenian Rock deposits Crater Crater Mare Imbrian ejecta ejecta basalts Subdued Crater morphology Fresh Partly subdued Time, _ 109
Plains-forming units _ Multi-ringed Highly cratered highlands Crustal
basins
3.9 to 4.0
Pre-lmbrian
Very subdued formation 4.4 4.6 to stratigraboun-
FIGURE phy. The
I-5.--Generalized time
chart
of lunar
of the Copernican-Eratosthenian
dary is unknown, lmbrian boundary
and the time of the Eratosthenianmay be as young as 2 10 _ years.
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Pre-Imbrian time ended with the formation of the multi-ringed basins. Orientale is the youngest multi-ringed basin and Imbrium is the next youngest. Based on radiometric dating of rocks formed by the Imbrian impact, these events occurred approximately 3.9 to 4.0 x 10 9 years ago. Large areas of the Moon are covered with ejecta from these events (e.g., Fra Mauro formation sampled at the Apollo 14 site). Such deposits are characterized by a gross structure that is radial to basins (fig. 1-6). There are two widespread types of deposits of lmbrian age. The older is a "plains-forming" unit (e.g., Cayley formation sampled at the Apollo 16 site). "Plains" material is intermediate in albedo and in crater density, being darker
FIGURE I-6.--Apollo 16 oblique metric photograph (AI6-M-0847) looking north along the ridges that are radial to the Imbrian basin. These ridges, located just northwest of the crater Ptolemaeus, define Imbrium sculpture.
GENERAL
INFORMATION
and less cratered than the Pre-Imbrian highlands and lighter and more cratered than the basalts that fill the mare basins (fig. 1-7). "Plains" units make up approximately 10 percent of the Moon's near side. They are more or less
FIGURE I-7.DApoIIo 16 vertical metric photograph (AI6-M-2820) illustrating plains material filling lowlands in the lunar highlands adjacent to a mare unit. The plains material is characterized by intermediate to high albedo and a high density of craters. By contrast the mare material has a low albedo and a low crater density, in this photograph, a lobe of highlands projects southward into Mare Nubium which appears in the right half and the lower left corner of the photograph. The linear object with a cable coiled about it is a boom on the spacecraft that carried the gamma-ray experiment. The large crater in the center of the photograph is Guericke.
LUNAR MATERIALS ttANDBOOK leveldeposits of reworked ejecta material thatfill craters in thehighlands and arefoundalong theinnermargins of some of themulti-ringed basins. Based on radiometric dating of rocks on a "plains"unit, theEarlyImbrianperiod ranged from3.85 to 4.0 x 10 "_ years ago.
The the percent ringed low albedo, system, Moon's flood craters the on lightly near large the cratered, side. mare Mare filling flows basalts areas, far side that and (fig. deposited make flood 1-8). fill most in the of the the later part of 15 multi100 of Imbrian basins, is a series of basalt low-lying Moon's up approximately near-side floor of some dating of the
kilometer-size
Radiometric
FIGURE I-8.--Apollo 15 vertical metric photograph (AI5-M-1327) of the crater Tsiolkovsky illustrating mare fill in a large far-side crater. Tsiolkovsky is approximately 175 kilometers across. The mare fill is characterized by low albedo and low crater density. Other features that are illustrated by the crater Tsiolkovsky include a central peak complex and slump terraces along the inner crater walls.
10
GENERAL
INFORMATION
mare basalts suggests 109 years. Unsampled
that the Late lmbrian period ranged from 3.9 to 3.2 mare units with very low crater densities may be as
young as 2 109 years. Craters of the lmbrian period are subdued but, unlike Pre-Imbrian craters, are clearly recognizable. Archimedes and Gassendi are typical lmbrian craters. Ejecta deposits and secondary craters are subdued; crater rims are low, broken, and rounded; and crater floors are shallow or filled with later material. No rays have been recognized. The Eratosthenian period marks the beginning of greatly reduced rates of cratering and the virtual cessation of volcanism. The period has left partly subdued craters with accompanying ejecta, and has left minor features that are interpreted as volcanic. The craters (such as Eratosthenes and Aristoteles) display well developed, but partly subdued, ejecta deposits and secondary craters. No rays have been recognized. Crater rims are ragged, and crater floors are not filled with later material. The time when the Eratosthenian period ended and the Copernican period started is not known. The Copernican age craters (such as Copernicus, Tycho, and Kepler) are fresh and well-defined ejecta, secondary craters, and rays. The crater rims are sharp and the crater floors are deep and are not filled with deposits.
APOLLO
LANDING
SITES
Figure 1-9 locates the six Apollo and three Luna landing sites on a map of the near side of the Moon. Apollo 11 and 12 and Luna 16 and 24 are mare sites; Apollo 14 and 16 and Luna 20 are highland sites; and Apollo 15 and 17 are combined mare and highland sites. Figures 1-10 to 1-14 are sketch maps of Apollo sites 12 to 17 that show the locations of samples and stations. There is no map for Apollo 11; all samples were collected within 10 meters of the lunar module (LM).
OTHER
INFORMATION
SOURCES
I.
Head, James W., III: Lunar Volcanism in Space phys. Space Phys., vol. 14, 1976, pp. 265-300.
,
and
Time.
Rev.
Geo-
Howard, K. A.; and Wilhelms, D. E.: Lunar Basin Formation and Highland Stratigraphy. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., vol. 12, 1974, pp. 309-327. Toksoz, M. Nail: Geophysical Data and the Interior Rev. Earth Planet. Sci., vol. 2, 1974, pp. 151-177. of the Moon. Ann.
11
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
FIGURE missions Apollo U.S.S.R.
l-9.mMap of the near side of the Moon of exploration (S-I to S-VII are U.S. spacecraft, spacecraft). L-16 to L-24 are U.S.S.R.
indicating Surveyor Luna
the locations spacecraft, and
of landing sites for all A-ll to A-17 are U.S. Lunokhod I and 2 are
spacecraft,
12
GENERAL
INFORMATION
MIDDLE CRESCENT
_[0 C_ i3 ][]i5
north of Head Crater location I Approximate o O2 O]2 Ol8 06 11
z_ 14
"31-_22_,[]a
[i]08
0, o,0
I-oz5
.73
,,,_L...
2_52
Iz6
/ / //
_-45
/" BLOCK CRATER
__._[
SURV;,,,J. _..'rER1
_ __ER
cU_'Rp J' '' CRATER 1139 4u
IA_ro_i mate 'ocat

I tion west of Bench ' Crater or east of Surveyor Crater 56 A 63 I 162 z_0,5 FIGURE I-Iq).--Map I ' I I ] I Apollo 12 landing
Group 2 - ophitic basalts Type 2 Type 4 Type 5 Group ] - porphyritic basalts [] Type i O Type 2 o Type 3 _. Type 4 [] Type 5 Lt'4 .it Breccia Numbers are station designations N
I00 m
of the
site.
O LM C1 station 0 C rater boundary
N _' / "
CONE CRATER EJECTA ( k CONE /
--_ Physiographic
Letters are station designation
100 m
\
\
FLANK
o UCl, c'
C2
DOUBLET % ComprehensiveJ/r Football-size Contingency roc k-J / J ..H eAG] B_wBE_R_ B (_eG xJ f-_TRIPLET U "F _ _
"
._
q, Dg
FRA
MAURO
RIDGE
and bulk "-]
:M_ooTH_AflERA MAURO Ak
FIGURE
I-I l.--Map
of the
Apollo
14 landing
site.
13
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
SCARP g 8e_ N
d .x
MARE
l
TH
3
ELBOW l
f-/sou
__TER
ST. GEORGE \ utu_u_ \ '_ FI(;URE APENNINE FRONT 1-12.--Map _ 6 6A
LM 0 6 Station ""
Crater Physiographic boundary
Numbers are station designations
of the Apollo
15 landing
site
i o e6 C) I_ Station Crater
_x
SMOKY MOUNTAIN
NORTH RA y1_] _, "" 13"" .... boundary designations 9 PLAINS FLAGqD _:_ o10 1 SPOOK 0 PALMETI. 0 0
"
"' Physiographic Numbers___,are station 2 km CAYLEY
GATOR
BABY RAY*
g 6 8 e,e ...... ,% 5
---
',4
SOUTH RAYC) / / l of Ihe Apollo STONE MOUNTAIN
FIGURE
1-13.--Map
16 landing
site.
14
GENERAL INI:ORMATI()N
/ NORTH MASSIF " SCULPTURED
_k.
_9
VAN SERG "_
"3
o LM
Physiographic
boundary
LRV station
UGH; --_--'16_Z/.| MANTLE_ 5 I. _/Z/ LA'_'A \ x I.,/ I NANSEN i %---'_4 , _ _,,.,._ SOUTH MASSIF _,i _ _ ) /
_{_
"]2 T ......
(_)/tl_U
"-N 0
Scarp C rater
t
I LRV :lunar 2 km Numbers roving vehicle with and without different qie. ,Rover, the
\ _gs
bars represent I=I(;URE 1-14.--,Xlap of the Apolh) 17 landing
traverses
15
2.
Lunar Minerals
The mineralogy of lunar materials is dominated by five minerals: pyroxenes, olivines, plagioclase feldspars, ilmenite, and spinel. A host of other minerals have been reported from analyses of lunar samples; they are listed in table 2-I. The mineral chemistries are presented in more detail in the subsections that follow; however, the following overview will be helpful. Pyroxene--The basic chemistry of the pyroxenes can be represented by a mixing of the end member minerals: enstatite (MgSiO3), wollastonite (CaSiO3), and ferrosilite (FeSiO3).l These are usually abbreviated as En, Wo, and Fs, respectively. There are three structural forms: orthopyroxene, pigeonite (or low-calcium clinopyroxene), and augite (or high-calcium clinopyroxene); they are chemically differentiated by their CaSiO 3 content-orthopyroxene lowest and augite highest. All forms have a wide range of enstatite and ferrosilite contents. The minerals accept large amounts of AI (up to 12 percent AI203), Ti ( up to 5 percent TiO2), Mn (up to 0.5 percent MnO), Cr (up to 1.25 percent Cr203), and Na (up to 0.2 percent Na20) into solid solution. An average chemistry cannot be defined easily. Olivine---The basic chemistry of the olivines is represented by a solid solution of forsterite (Mg2SiO4) and fayalite (Fe2SiO4), represented as Fo and Fa. The mineral accepts limited amounts of Ca, Cr, Ti, and AI into solution. There are several ranges of compositions--most are between Fo75 and Fo50. Feldspar--Lunar plagioclase feldspars are solid solutions of anorthite (CaAI2Si2Os) and albite (NaA1Si3Os), An and Ab, respectively. They can contain up to 2 mole percent of orthoclase (KAISi308). llmenite--Lunar ilmenites are mixtures of ilmenite (FeTiO 3) with small amounts of geikielite (MgTiO3). They have a varied minor element chemistry. Spinel---Spinel minerals are complex mixtures of ulv6spinel (Fe2TiO4) , chromite (FeCr204), hercynite (FeAI204), picrochromite (MgCr204), spinel (MgAI204), and magnesium-titanate (Mg2TiO4). Their chemistries are complex and varied with substitutions of many minor and trace elements reported. In subsequent portions of this handbook, many of the physical and chemical properties of minerals data represent a simplified found in the "Handbook and some other materials are summarized. These and condensed form of information that can be of Physical Constants," S. P. Clark, Jr., editor,
lCompositions of this and other minerals are often reported as mole percent of end member minerals, written as Wo2En 80Fs18 , for example.
17
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
T4BLE
2-1.--Lunar
Minerals
Major cent. achieve
minerals, Minor abundances
while
variable generally
in abundance, occur Trace
are known minerals never Those
to occur exceed marked
in concentrations some, a few with tenths question
up to 100 perilmenite, and are conof a percent marks
minerals
at less than single grains. lunar origin.
2 percent,
although
particularly
of 10 percent.
some are troversial
reported only as isolated with respect to indigenous
Major
Minor
Olivine Pyroxene Plagioclase (Ca,Na)
(Mg,
Fe)2SiO
4 3
Spinels
(Fe,Mg,AI,Cr,Ti)O
(Ca,Mg,Fe)SiO feldspars AI2Si208
Armalcolite (FeJiOs) Silica (quartz, tridymite, cristobalite) SiO 2 Iron Fe (variable amounts and Co) Troilite FeS Ilmenite FeTiO 3 of Ni
Trace
Phosphates Apatitea Cas(PO4) 3 (F,CI) 3 (PO4)7(F,CI)
Ovides Rutile TiO 2 C ) AI20 3 ) Fe203 Fe304 t Fed(OH)
Whitlockitea Zr mineral
Cag(Mg,Fe)
Corrundum Hematite(? Magnetite Goethite(? Meta_ Copper(?) Brass(?) Tin(?) Zr-rich Sn
Zircon a ZrSiO 4 Baddeleyite ZrOa SiBcates
Cu
Pyrox ferroite Amphibole Garnet(?) Tranquilletyite Sulfides
( Fe,Mg,Ca)SiO (Ca,Mg,Fe)
(Si,AI)8022F mineral
a FesZr2Ti3Si304 Zirkilite Meteoritic or zirconolite minerals a CuZrTi207
Mackinawite Pentlandite Cubanite Chalcopyrite Sphalerite
(Fe,Ni),S (Fe,Ni)_S CuFe2S 3 2 CuFeS (Zn,Fe)S 8
8 Schreibernite (Fe,Ni)3P Cohenite (Fe,Ni,Co),C Niningerite Lawrencite(?) (Mg,Fe,Mn)S (Fe,Ni)CI 2
aThese minerals are known to exhibit complex suhstitulions, particularly of elemems like Y, Nb, Hr. U, and the rare earth elements that are concentrated in these minerals.
18
LUNAR
MINERALS
published by the Geological Society of America (1966), and in "Thermodynamic Properties of Minerals and Related Substances at 298.15 K and One Bar (105 Pascals) Pressure and at Higher Temperatures," U.S. Geological Survey, by R. A. Robie, B. S. Hemingway, and J. R. Fisher. These data are always referenced to the stable form temperature and at 105 N/m 2. of the materials or elements at the cited
Some data are presented on melting and transformation points--that is, on the phase chemistry of minerals. There is, unfortunately, no single source from which all the relevant information on phase chemistry can be extracted. The best source for basic information is "Phase Diagrams for Ceramists," 1964 and 1969 Supplement, by E. M. Levin, C. R. Robbins, and H. F. McMurdie, published by the American Ceramics Society, Inc. Finally, the mineralogical data presented here are highly abstracted. More complete data are available in "Rock Forming Minerals," five volumes by W. A. Deer, R. A. Howie, and J. Zussman, published by John Wiley and Sons, Inc.
OTHER
INFORMATION
SOURCES
More detailed ing sources:

.
discussions
of lunar
mineralogy
may be found
in the follow-
Papike, J. J.; Hodges, F. N.; Bence, A. E.; Cameron, M.; and Rhodes, J. M.: Mare Basalts: Crystal Chemistry, Mineralogy and Petrology. Rev. Geophys. Space Phys., vol. 14, 1976, pp. 475-540.
Smith, J. V.: Lunar Mineralogy: A Heavenly Detective Story. Presidential Address, Part I, Amer. Mineralogist, vol. 59, 1974, pp. 231-243; Part II, Amer. Mineralogist, vol. 61, 1976, pp. 1059-1116.
PYROXENE
Pyroxenes are mixtures of the minerals enstatite (MgSiO3), wollastonite (CaSiO3), and ferrosilite (FeSiO3), abbreviated En, Wo, and Fs respectively. There are three structural forms: orthopyroxene, pigeonite (low-calcium clinopyroxene), and augite (high-calcium clinopyroxene). All forms have a wide range of enstatite and ferrosilite contents and accept large amounts of AI (up to 12 percent A1203), Ti (up to 5 percent TiO2), Mn (up to 0.5 percent MnO), Cr (up to 1.25 percent Cr203), and Na (up to 0.2 percent Na20) into solid solution. Average chemistry is not easily defined. The occurrence of pyroxene on the lunar surface is shown in table.2-11, and two analyses of typical pyroxenes are given in table 2-III.
19
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Pyroxenes are potential ores for silicon, calcium, magnesium, oxygen, and possibly aluminum and iron. Based upon the occurrence shown in table 2-II, mare basalts may be considered ores for lunar pyroxenes.
17.4 BLE 2-H.--A bundance of L un ar Pyroxene

Lunar material Percent pyroxene, vol. % 40 to 65 Comments
Mare basalts
A few samples contain less pyroxene (as low as 30 percent in some cases and down to 5 percent in one vitrophyre). Pyroxene in these rocks is mostly Ca-poor. The quoted value is for mineral grains more than 25 micrometers across. The pyroxene composition and amount resembles that of the local rocks. Pyroxene is high-Ca in mare regions and low-Ca in highland regions.
Anorthositic
rocks
0 to 40
Fragmental
breccias
5 to 30
Soils
5 to 20
TABLE 2-HL--Analyses
Compound
of Typical Lunar Pyroxenes

Mare, a wt. % Highland, b wt.
SiO 2 TiO 2 Cr20 3 AI20 3 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 Total
47.84 3.46 .80 4.90 8.97 .25 14.88 18.56 .07 99.73
53.53 .90 .50 .99 15.42 .19 26.36 2.43 .06 100.39
apyroxene bpyroxene
74255;
from
reference reference
2-1 2-2.
72395: from
20
LUNAR
MINERALS
The following data summarize the physical properties of enstatite, wollastonite, and ferrosilite. Many of these data are taken from studies of analogous terrestrial or synthetic materials.
Physical
Properties
of Pyroxenes
I.
Density Density
and Molar ofa pyroxene
Volume: group, g/cm 3 ......................... g/cm 3 ............. (Range: 2.8 to 3.7 3.231 3.10 to 3.318)
(at room temp. and 1 atmosphere) Mean density for eight samples of pyroxenite, Enstatite, MgSiO 3
Density, g/cm 3 .................................... (at room temp. and 1 atmosphere) Enstatite, MgSiO 3 (artificial, monoclinic)
crystal: 3.175 glass: 2.743
Density, g/cm 3 .................................... (at room temp. and 1 atmosphere) Wollastonite, CaSiO 3
Density, g/cm 3 .................................... (at room temp. and 1 atmosphere) Clinoenstatite, MgSiO 3 (monoclinic)
Molar volume, cm 3 ................................. Formula weight, g ........................................ Cell volume, cm 3 ................................. Enstatite, Molar MgSiO 3 (orthorhombic) volume, cm 3 .................................
31.47 417.9
_ 0.07 100.39 x 10 -24
31.40 834.0
-,- 0.07 100.41 x 10 -24
Formula weight, g ........................................ Cell volume, cm 3 ................................. Woilastonite, Molar CaSiO 3 (triclinic) cm 3 .................................
volume,
39.94 397.8
___ 0.08 116.7 x 10 -24
Formula weight, g ......................................... Cell volume, cm 3 ................................. Parawollastonite, CaSiO 3 (monoclinic)
Molar volume, cm 3 ................................. Formula weight, g ........................................ Cell volume, cm 3 .................................
39.67 790.3
-,- 0.08 116.17 x 10 -24
21
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK Pseudowollastonite, CaSiO 3(triclinic) Molarvolume, cm 3 ................................. Formula weight, g ........................................ Cellvolume, cm3 ................................ 2. X-RayCrystallographic Data: Enstatite (MgSiO 3) Crystal system ................................... Space group..............................................
Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) .......................... Unit cell base vector magnitudes: (at 299 K (26 C)) ao = 8.829 _ 0.01 _ (1 _ = 10-10 bo ----18.22 _ 0.01 _, co = 5.192 _ 0.01 ao =/3o -Note: ao = /3o = 3'0 = Clinoenstatite Crystal 3'o = angle angle angle 90 subtended subtended subtended meter)
40.08 _ 0.08 116.17 1597.0 >(10 -24
orthorhombic
Pcab 16
by b and e by a and e by a and b
(MgSiO 3) ...................................... monoclinic P21/C diopside 8
system
Space group ............................................. Structure type ......................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) ........................... Unit cell base vector magnitudes: (at room temp.) ao = 9.618 -,- 0.005 _ (1 ,_= 10 -1 meter) bo = 8.825 -,- 0.005 co = 5.186 -,- 0.005 _, ao or a r (angle subtended by b and c) = 90 /3o (angle subtended by a and e) = 108o21 ' ___5' 3,0 (angle subtended by a and b) -- 90 Wollastonite (CaSiO 3)
Crystal system ......................................... Space group ............................................... Structure type ...................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell)
triclinic P1 wollastonite ........................... 6
22
LUNAR
MINERALS
Unit cell base vectorornagnitudes: (at room ao = 7.94 ___0.01 A (1 _= 10 -1 meter) bo = 7.32 0.01 A Co = 7.07 0.01
ot o
temp.)
or otr (angle subtended by b and ) --- 90002 ' 15' /30 (angle subtended by a and c) = 95021 ' 15' 3, (angle subtended by a and h) = 103026 ' 15' Parawollastonite Crystal system (CaSiO3) ...................................... monoclinic P21 12
Space group ............................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) .......................... Unit cell base vector magnitudes: (at room temp.) ao = 15.417 0.004 _ (1 ,_= 10-1 meter) bo = 7.321 0.002 ._, Co = 7.066 0.002 ,_ ao or a r (angle subtended by b and c) = 90 ,80 (angle subtended by a and e) = 95024 , 3' "/o (angle subtended by a and b) = 90 Pseudowollastonite (CaSiO 3)
Crystal system ......................................... Space group ............................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) .......................... Unit cell base vector magnitudes: (at room temp.) ao = 6.90 0.02/_ (1/_= 10-10 meter) bo = 11.78 0.02/_ Co = 19.65 0.02 ,_ O_oor ar (angle subtended by b and e) = 90 ,80 (angle subtended by a and e) = 90048 ' ___15' 3'o (angle subtended by a and b) = 119018 '
triclinic P] 24
23
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
3. Thermal
Expansion:
Mineral
Symmetry and orientation IO0 C 0.18 .19 .24
Expansion, _ in percent from 20 C to -200C 0.45 .42 .52 400C 1.05 .96 1.12 600C 1.74 1.61 1.76 800C 2.28 2.28 2.52 IO00 C 12000(_ ` -2.95 3.28 -3.68 4.03
Enstatite Clinoenstatite Pseudowollastonite
Ortho, vol b Mono, vol Tri, vol
Wollastonite-lorrosilite Wo69Fs31 Wo45Fs55

aData b'_ol
solid solutions' 0.69 .72 1.08 1.20 -------
Tri, vol Tri, vol

= ]C _- 273
0.12 .12
151
0.30 .30
reported m Celsius _T K _,olumelrl t:xpanslorl in mole pcrcenl
CCorrlpoSltlon
4.
Compressibility
and
Elastic
Constants:
Vo-Vo
V aPbP 2 where: V = Vo = P = a = b = volume initial pressure proportional elastic limit volume in megabars limit (Mb)
Form
a,
Mb/
b, Mb2
Remarks (a)
Enstatite (En88Fs12) ap = density.
1.01
--
Mean
value
for 2 to 12 kb, ,o =
3.254
24
LUNAR
MINERALS
Values
of Elastic
Constants
for
Terrestrial
Samples
of Pyroxenite
Sample (a)
Density, g/cm -_
Young _ modulus, b Mb (Stillwater 1.513
Modulus of rigidity, b Mb
Poisson's ratio
Notes (c)
Bronzitite #1 P_ P= #2 P = P_ P= P_ 3.27 500 4000
Complex,
Montana) (0.156) d D D D D D
1.526 500 4000 1 10 000
3.287
0.654 .681 .692 .648 .666 .680 .660 .714 Complex,
(.177) d
Bronzitite (BushveM 3,28 P = 500 P _ 4000 Bronzitite Fresh (moderately altered) 3.43 3.31
"'P = 500," no for notation in megabars dynamic obtained
Transvaal) (0.239) d D D
1.557
0.628 .665 .680
(Star Lake, St. Lawrence Co., New York)
1.24 1.13
example, indicates pressure _
0.50 .41
measurement is one made atmosphere. under
aThe pressure of
notation 500 bars data symbol
hydrostatic
Where reported "D"
is _,iven, (1 Mb
boriginal CThe dvalues elaslicily
10 IINIm2).
indicates were
measurement. indirectly with the aid of formulas for isotropic
in parentheses
5. Seismic Velocities: Compressional Wave Velocities, Vp, as a Function of Pressure

Rock Density, 10 Pyroxenite (Sonoma Co., California) Wollastonite
aoriginal data reported
Vp, in km/sec, for pressures a of-500 -I000 7.73 2000 7.79 4000 7.88 6000 7.93 10 000 9.01
3.247
6.8
2.873
in bars (I bar -105 N/m 2)
7.21
7.42
7.56
7.64
7.71
25
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
6.
Strength
and
Ductility:
Stress-Strain
Relationship
Temp., K
Confining pressure, bars a l
Differential stress in bars for strain percent of-2 Pyroxenite 5 (Ca/(lbrnia) 660 650 400 000 700 -12 500 9 100 3 400 6 700 10
Ultimate strength, bars
Total strata, percent
Fault angle, deg
297 573 773 b773 1073
5070 5070 5070 5070 5070
12 6 4 3 3
230 370 400 400 300
16 9 7 4 5
500 630 400 200 000
16 11 8 4 6
17 12 9 4 6
350 350 300 250 700
9.8 10.3 25.9 23.6 12.1
Pyroxenite 423 773

aorisinal bExtension
(North Carolina) -6 150 -6 400 5 310 6 400 3,1 14.4 28 37
1010 5050
dala test reported
1 600 2 940
in bars (| bar
4 150 5 660
= 105N/m2L
Shearing
Strength
Under
High
Confining
Pressure
Normal
pressure m kilobars
of --
Shear
strength,
kilobars Pyroxene a 1.4 4.4 8 11 15 Pyroxenite b 2.7 6.3 9 12 14
10 20 30 40 50
10 20 30 40 50 aRotates bRotates with snapping, radial fibers. with snapping.
26
LUNAR
MINERALS
7. Viscosity: Viscosity of Wollastonite Glass (at I atmosphere) a
Temperature, C 1550 1600 1650
Viscosity, poises 2.73 2.40 2.38
aData reported in customary units of measurement (1 atm = 1.013 x 105 N/m2;T K = T C + 273.15; 1 poise _ 10-IN sec m--2).
8. Melting Enstatite,
and Transformation clinoenstatite
Points:
(MgSiO3) 1830 -,- 2 (1557 -,- 2) 1413 (1140) 1816 -,- 2 (1543 ___2)
Incongruent melting point to forsterite and liquid (60.9% SiO2), K (C) ....................... Dimorphous transition, K (C) ........................ (transition point to rhombohedral-monoclinic) Eutectic with cristobalite, K (C) ............... (64.9% SiO2) Wollastonite (CaSiO3)
Melting point, K (C) ........................ Dimorphous transition, K (C) .............. Eutectic with tridymite, K (C) ................ (63% SiO2) Clinoferrosilite (FeSiO3)
1813 _ 2 (1540 -,- 2) 1423_ 10 (1150 _ 10) 1709 -,- 5 (1436 _ 5)
Ideal Fe limit of monoclinic pyroxenes, crystals in obsidian from Kenya and elsewhere; may exist in system only at low temperature.
9. Thermodynamic Enstatite, Crystals
Properties:
MgSiO2 (clinoenstatite) ............................................ melting 298.15 point K to
Formula weight, g ........................................ Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) ............................
1830 K 100.39 31.47 ___0.07 (3.1470)
27
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK Wollastonite (CaSiO3) Crystals....................................... 298.15 to1400 K (Note: Pseudowollastonite isthestable phase above 1398 K.) Formula weight, g........................................ 116.16 Molar volume, cm 3(J/bar)........................... 39.93 _ 0.08 (3.9930)
Cp
O
1.1125 102+1.4373 - 2.7779 x 10 6 T-2 (for 298 to 1400 K)
10-2 T+16.936
T -0.5
S_ -= 82.01 -,- 0.84J mol -l K -1 (at 298.15 H_98 - H = (not available) Enthalpy of melting ---- (not available)
K)
Formation
From the Elements
Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1400
En_alpy, kJ/mol - 1635.220 (_ 1.435) - 1634.080 -1634.979 -1630.931 -1630.186 - 1635.498 -1633.657
Gibbsfree energy, kJ/mol -1549.903 (_ 1.455) -1492.315 -1435.980 - 1380.021 -1324.375 -1267.573 -1239.362
Formation
From the Oxides
Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1400
En_alpy, kJ/mol --89.431
G_bsfree energy, kJ/mol --90.128
(_0.540)
-89.435 -89.866 -91.101 --90.969 --90.719 --90.561
(0.860)
-90.590 -91.000 --91.173 --91.201 --91.252 --91.318
28
LUNAR MINERALS 9. Thermodynamic Properties (continued):

Cp = 2.0556 x 102 - 1.2796 + 1.1926 x 106T -2 (for 298 to 1600 K) S_-----67.86 0.42J mol -l x 10 -2T2.2977 x 103T -0.5
K -1 (at 298.15
K)
H_98 -- H -- 12.113kJ H_98 - enthalpy, where: C o p- _ molar heat capacity, H = enthalpy at absolute zero, S_- = entropy, and T-- temperature in kelvin. Enthalpy of melting = 61.505 kJ
Formation
From the Elements
Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1600
En_alpy, kJ/mol --1547.750 (1.215) --1457.927 --1546.686 --1544.911 --1551.881 --1549.616 - 1673.000 -1670.609
Gibbsfree energy, kJ/mol --1460.883 (1.225) - 1401.912 -1343.693 --1285.909 -- 1226.831 --1167.924 --1096.489 --1058.122
Formation
From the Oxides
Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1600
En_alpy, kJ/mol --35.560 (0.630) --36.085 --36.972 --38.300 --38.098 --37.819 --37.632 --37.608
Gibbsfree energy, kJImol --35.339 (0.650) --35.180 --34.669 --33.846 --32.874 --31.956 --31.062 --30.616
29
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK 9. Thermodynamic Properties (continued): Pseudowollastonite (CaSiO3) Crystals ............................................ 298.15 K to melting point1817 K Formula weight, g ........................................ 116.16 Molarvolume, cm 3(J/bar)........................... 40.08 -+- 0.08
(4.0080) Cp-O__
1.0710 (for298
x 102+ 1.7481 to 1700 K)
x 10-2T(at298.15
2.2965 K)
106T -2
S_--- 87.45 + 0.84 J mo1-1K-I H_98 -- H = (not available) Enthalpy of melting -- 27.405 kJ Formation
From the Elements
Temperatu_, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
En_alpy, kJ/mol --1628.650 (2.594) --1627.619 --1625.838 --1625.091 --1624.563 -1629.991 -1626.211 --1672.430
Gibbsfree energy, kJ/mol -1544.955 (2.636) - 1488.464 --1433.115 --1378.051 - 1323.240 --1267.253 - 1211.715 --1156.285
Formation
From the Oxides
Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700
Enthalpy, kJ/mol --82.861 -82.974 --83.725 --85.261 --85.346 -85.212 -84.889 --84.395
Gibbs free energy, kJ/mol -85.180 --86.739 --88.135 --89.203 -90.066 -90.932 --91.834 --92.793
30
LUNAR MINERALS Ferrosilite (FeSiO 3) No generally acceptable dataareavailable for ferrosilite because the compound isunstable. However, thefree energy of thereaction Fe+ SiO 2+ 1/20 2 -has been determined indirectly AGf = 244 460 + 45.90T0.1515(P -- 1) FeSiO 3
where
free energy in joules G_ == temperature in kelvin p= pressure in bars (1 bar -- 105 N/m 2)
10.
Electrical Resistivity
Properties: of pyroxenite near 0 C
Resistivity Resistivity
at -- 12 C = 32 at 20 C (Porosity = 0)
11. Thermal
Conductivity: Pyroxenite
Samplefrom --
Conductivity, 10-- _cal(cm sec C)- i 9.70
Densi_, g/cm 3.31
Cleveland Peninsula, S. E. Alaska (mean of three samples) Percy Islands, S. E. Alaska (mean of three samples) Bushveld, Transvaal
8.68
3.25
11.8
3.29
NOTE: Units of measurement are those of the original data; 1cal (cm sec C) -_ = 419 J(m sec K) -k and TK= TC + 273.15. 12. Magnetic Properties: for lunar materials.
Not available
31
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
OLIVINE
Olivine forsterite Fo75 and the Moon given on for the this
is one (Mg2SiO
of
the
dominant fayalite
lunar (Fe2SiO4),
minerals. with most
It is a solid compositions
solution between
of
4) and
Foso (75 to 50 mole percent is shown in table 2-IV, and 2-V. source
forsterite). two analyses
The occurrence of olivine of typical lunar olivines
on are
in table occurrence mineral.
Olivine
is a potential shown
of magnesium, 2-IV, mare
iron, basalts
silicon, may
and
oxygen.
Based ores
in table
be considered
TABLE
2-IV.--Abundance
of Lunar
Olivine
Lunar material
Percent olivine, rot. % 0 to 35 The olivine
Comments
Mare basalts
content
is a function
Anorthositic
rocks
0 to 40
of the detailed chemistry of each mare lava flow. Most anorthositic rocks contain only a few percent olivine. Rocks with up to 40 percent olivine are rare. One very rare rock contains 99 percent olivine. Olivine content is a function of the _ocal rocks, it is regions where local tain olivine. Olivine in these rocks clasts greater micrometers across. The olivine content is of the local rocks. higher in rocks conare usually than 50 a function
Fragmental
breccias
0 to 5
Crystalline
breccias
1 to 5
Soil
0 to 4
32
LUNAR MINERALS
TABLE 2- V.--Analyses of Typical Lunar Olivine
Compound
Mare, a wt. %
Highland, b wt. %
SiO 2 TiO 2 Cr203 AI203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Total

aolivine bolivine 74255; 72395; from
37.36 .11 .20 < .01 27.00 .22 35.80 .27 < .01 100.97
reference 2-1. 2-2
37.66 .09 .15 .02 26.24 .32 35.76 .16 < .01 100.40
from reference
The fayalite. synthetic
following Many
data of these
summarize data are
the taken
physical from studies
properties
of
forsterite terrestrial
and or
of analogous
materials.
Physical
Properties
of Olivine
1.
Density
and
Molar
Volume:
Forsterite Density,
(Mg2SiO g/cm
4) 3.19 to 3.21
3 ...................................... and 105 N/m 2 (1 bar))
(at room Molar Formula Cell Fayalite Density, Molar Formula Cell
temp.
volume, weight, volume, (Fe2SiO g/cm volume, weight,
cm 3 ................................. g ....................................... cm 3 ................................. 4) 3 ............................................ and 105 N/m 2 (1 bar)) cm 3 ................................. g ........................................
43.79 290.8 x
_ 0.03 140.694 10 -24
4.39 46.39 ___ 0.08 203.79 308.1 x 10 -24
(at room
temp.
volume,
cm 3 .................................
33
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
2. X-Ray Forsterite
Crystallographic (Mg2SiO 4)
Data:
Crystal system .................................... Space group .............................................. Structure type ........................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) ........................... Unit cell base vector magnitudes: (at 298 K (25 C)) ao = 4.758 -+- 0.002/_ (1 _ = 10-1 meter) bo -- 10.214 ___0.003 co -- 5.984 ___0.002/_ ao =/3o Note: ao -13o = Yo = Fayalite = yo angle angle angle =90 subtended subtended subtended by b and c. by a and o. by a and b.
orthorhombic Pbnm olivine 4
(Fe2SiO4) orthorhombic Pbnm olivine 4
Crystal system .................................... Space group .............................................. Structure type ........................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) ........................... Unit cell base vector magnitudes: (at room temp.) ao = 4.817 -,- 0.005 ,_ (I/_ ffi 10-1 meter) bo = 10.477 ___0.005/_ co = 6.105 _ 0.010 ,_ ao =/3o 3. Thermal --- yo--90
Expansion:
Composition and
Semmetrv orwntation
Expansion
a m percent,
from
20 C to --
100 ("
2(X) C
400
("
6*) C
800
1000
1200
Fa4|Fog9_ FalsFo85
Ortho, Ortho,
vol b vol
021 .21
051 51
111 114
1.80 1.83
255 2.55
324 324
---
FaI0.1Fo89.9
Ortho, Ortho, Ortho, Ortho,
!la II b IIc vol
0.04 .08 07 19
O10 18 18 .46
0.26 .43 .42 1.11
043 74 68 185
058 164 92 2.54
0.76 1.36 1.20 3.32
-----
FOl00
Ortho, Ortho,
Iia lib
006 07 .07 20
0.15 .19 .I 8 52
034 .47 .42 124
056 78 .69 2 05
080 1 10 100 2.92
104 1.43 1 34 386
132 I 78 1 71 4 88
Ortho, IIc
Ortho, vol
aorigirtal bvol -
data reported in Celsius volumetric expansion.
(T K
TC+
273
15L
34
LUNAR MINERALS 4. Compressibility andElastic Constants:

Vo--V -= aPbP 2 where: V = Vo = P = a = b = volume initial pressure proportional elastic limit volume in megabars limit (Mb)
vo
Form
a, Mb -1
b, Mb -2
Remarks (a)
Forsterite: Olivine (dunite)

Peridot Peridot (Red (Burma) Sea)
0.79
.82 b.77
-1 --
mean value for 2 to 12 kb, p = 3.288

p = p = 3.364 3.324
Fayalite
ap - density bvaiue derived from elastic
0.91
constants
mean
value
for
2 to 12
kb,
4.068
The kilobars
following table lists values for olivine (p ---- 3.364).

Pressure, kg/cm _
of (V o --
V)/V o at pressures
above
12
I/o
10 000 20 30 40 000 000 000
0.0079 .0156 .0231 .0304
Elastic constants may be obtained Voigt and Reuss schemes.
from
the following
relationships
for the
Voigt Bulk modulus of rigidity with K -G(A + (A 2B)/3 B+ 3C)/5 K = GI/(3a 5/(4a-
Reuss + 6b) 4b+ 3c)
Modulus
3A--C11+C22+C33 3B = C23+CI3+C12
3a=S11+$224"$33 3b--$23+SI3+SI2
3cwhere
c44+ cs5 + c66 crystal.
3c= s. + sss + _
Cpq
and of
Spq refer to the individual Cpq and Spa for olivine

Ell 3.24 1.98 0.667 C66 ('1l 0.793 0.59 0.78
Values
(Fo92Fas,
Sij -
p -- 3.324)
0.343 0.588 0.48i 1.499 $66 Si2 Sl3 -
are as follows:
1.261 -0.067 -0.089 -0.163
C22 C44 -
$22 $33 S,_ -
Cj3 -- 2.49
CI3 -- 0.79 C_q3 -
S23 -
(755 -- 0.810
$55 -- 1.24
35
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Compressibility
and Elastic Constants
(continued):
Values of Elastic Constants for Terrestrial Samples of Olivine

Sample (a) Density, gh'm Young's modulus, b Mb Olivine _1 2.96 1,020 1.015 1,070 _7 P_500 P_ 4000 Dunite #1 #2 P_4 000 P-_ 10 000 3,270 152 1.62 (New O421 .430 .439 Zealand) 0.60 .58 .647 .674 Olivine #1 P_500 P_ 4000 #2 P=500 P_ 4000 #3 P_500 P_ 4000 _t4 P_500 P_4000 #IL #2L Olivine ttl #2 #3 P_4 000 P_ 10 000 3.326 3312 89 1.61 (Twin 1.95 1.4 Sisters Mt., Washington) 0.74 ,66 .72 .757 ,776 D D 1.484 3,275 (Balsam 0.946 Gap, North 056 .64 .67 .476 .654 .694 .624 .681 .706 .570 .612 .658 D D Carolina) D d(0.27) d(.40) D D Modulus of rigidity, b Mb ( Vinalhaven, ,_4aine ) 0.271 .271 11 56 D Poisson _ ratio Notes (c)
36
LUNAR
MINERALS
4.
Compressibility Values of Elastic
and
Elastic
Constants for Terrestrial
(continued) Samples of OlivinemContinued
Constants
Sample (a)
Density, g/cm
Young's modulus, b Mb Dunite (Mooihoek
Modulus of rigidity, b Mb Mine, Transvaal) 0.509 .572
Poisson's ra rio
,Notes (c)
_1 P=I0 000
3.760
aThe tion
notation pressure data symbol
"P_500 is one reported "D"
"" for
example,
nd
cates
measurement
made
under
hydrostatic
pressure
of 500
bars.
Where
no
nota-
is given, boriginal C'l-he dValues
atmosphere in megabars dynamic were obtained (1 Mb _ 1011 N/m2). a number wilh the aid (eg, 11) indicates for stress (in bars) for static measurements
indicates
measurement: indirectly
in parentheses
of formulas
isotropic
elasticity
Parameters
a for
Dunite
(at
4 x
108
N/m 2 (4 Kilobars))
Type
Density, g/cm s
V , km_sec
Vs, km/sec
Poisson's ratio
Young's modulus, Mb
Modulus of rigidity, Mb 0.68
B, 1 Mb-
MOb '--1
Balsam Gap, North Carolina Twin Sisters Mt., Washington
3.267
8.13
4.57
0.27
1.73
0.80
0.83
3.312
8.32
4.86
.24
1.94
.78
.80
aSymbols Vp Vs /3 B = = = =
are as follows: particle velocity shock front velocity compressibility (experimentally compressibility (calculated)
observed)
8=
where
V_
_T
V = volume 6 V = decrease e 6P = pressure = increase in pressure in volume
T = temperature P = density
37
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
5. Seismic
Velocities:
Dunite:
Laboratory
Determination and Shear
of Compressional Wave Velocity, Vs
Wave
Velocity,
Vp,
Sample .from-Jackson City, North Carolina Twin Sisters, Washington

aNumber indicates pressure; original measurements
Vp, kmZ_ec 7.40 8.60
V s, km/sec 3.79 4.37
Remarks a 200 bars 70 bars
reported
in bars
(1 bar
l0
Ntm.'j
Dunite."
Compressional
Wave
Velocities,
Vp, as a Function
of Pressure
Sample
from--
Density, g/cm -_ 10 500 -7.69 7.82 -8.11
Vp, in km/sec, for pressures a of-1000 7.54 7.75 7.89 7.99 8.19 2000 7.59 7.80 8.01 8.05 8.27 4000 7.65 7.86 8.13 8.14 8.32 6000 7.69 7.92 8.19 8.20 8.35 10 000 7.78 8.00 8.28 8.28 8.42
Webster, North
3.244 Carolina 3.258 3.267 3.304 Carolina 3.312
7.0 7.5 7.0 7.70 7.7
Mr. Dan, New Zealand Balsam Gap, North Carolina Addie, North
Twin Sisters, Washington

aorlglnal data reported
in bars
(l
bar
I0" N/m:)
Dunite:
Shear
Wave
Velocities,
V s, as a Function
of Pressure
Sample
Jrom--
Density, g/cm _ 1 500 4.25 4.34 4.67
V s, in km/sec 1000 4.28 4.37 4.69
for pressures 4000 4.33 4.45 4.77
a of-6000 4.36 4.48 4.79 10 000 4.40 4.54 4.83
2000 4.30 4.41 4.72
Webster, North
3.264 Carolina 3.270 3.326
4.01 4.17 4.60
Mr. Dan, New Zealand Twin Sisters, Washington

aOriginat dala reporled
in bars
(1 bar
10'
N/m _)
38
LUNAR
MINERALS
6. Strength
and Ductility: Relationship--Peridotite (Dan Mountain, Ulitmate strength, bars 10 -15 400 10 750 8 400 -of the load is
Stress-Strain Temp., K Confining pressure, barsa
New Zealand) Total strain, percent
a Fault angle, deg
Differential stress in bars for strain percent of-1 2 22 000 14 070 8 700 6 000 1 870
compression (I bar -tests. 10 5 N/mq,
5 20 200 14 600 10 350 8 000 -Orientation
297 573 773 1073 b1073

aData are
5070 5070 5070 5070 5070

for short-time reported
19 000 12000 5 400 4 200 1 230

triaxial in bars
22 500 15 450 10 800 8 500 1 870

normal to bedding,
8.1 10.4 10.9 13.4 3.1

foliation,
27, 33 34 32, 37 31, 36 15, 28

fissility, or
cleavage. Original bExtension
data test,
7. Viscosity: Not available for lunar material.
8. Melting Forsterite
and
Transformation
Points:
(Mg_SiO4) 2163 2123 _ _ 20 (1890 20 (1850 -!-_20) _ 20)
Melting point, K (C) .................... Eutectic with MgO, K (C) ................ (36% SiOz) Fayalite Melting Eutectic (Fe2SiO4) point K (C) ....................... with wustite (Fet+x), K (C) K (C) ...........
1478 _ 2 (1205 2) 1450 5 (1177 _ 5) 1451 2 (1178 _ 2)
(24% SiO2) Eutectic with tridymite, (38% Si02)
..............
39
LUNAR MATERIALS
9. Thermodynamic Forsterite Crystals Formula Molar Properties:
HANDBOOK
(Mg2SiO4) ........................................... melting weight, volume, g ...................................... cm 3 (J/bar) .......................... _ 10-3T 1.7446 _ 103T -.5 43.79 298.15 point K to
2163 K 140.694 (4.3790)
C_ = 2.2798 102 +3.4139 --8.9397 _ 105 T --2 (for 298 to 1800 K)
S_-= 95.19 --*-0.84J mol -_ K -_ (at 298.15 K) H0298 -- H o = 17.276 kJ Enthalpy of melting --- (not available) where C_ ----molar solute heat capacity, H_98 enthaipy, Hoo_ enthalpy at abzero, S_- = entropy, and T= temperature in kelvin.
Formation
From the Elements
Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800
Enthalpy, kJ/mol --2170.370 (1.325) -2170.223 -2168.114 -2165.522 -2180.644 -2177.196 --2424.752 -2466.061 -2461.018
Gibbs free energy, kJ/mol -2051.325 (___1.345) -1970.578 -1891.067 - 1812.218 -1730.534 -1648.995 -1542.240 -1424.709 --1363.610
40
LUNAR MINERALS
Formation From the Oxides
Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800
En_alpy, kJ/mo! -56.690 (.610) -57.079 -57.637 -58.560 -57.810 --56.709 --55.337 -53.704 -52.783
Gibbsfreeenergy, kJImol -56.645 (.660) -56.509 -56.194 -55.663 --55.094 -54.706 -54.482 -54.452 -54.546
Fayalite
(Fe2SiO4) ........................................... 298.15 K to melting point 1490 K 1490 to 2000 K 203.778 46.39 (4.6390) x 10-ST 2
Crystals
Liquid .......................................... Formula weight, g ...................................... Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) ......................... C_ = 1.7276 x 102 -3.4055 x 10-3T+2.2411 -- 3.6299 x 106 T "-2 (for 298 to 1490 K) S_--- 148.32 1.67 J mol -' K -_ (at 298.15 K) H_96 - H -- (not available) Enthalpy of melting = 92.173 kJ
41
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
9. Thermodynamic
Properties
(continued): From the Elements
Formation
Temperature, K
En&alpy, kJ/mol
Gibbsfree energy, kJ/mol
298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800
-- 1479.360 -------(2.410) 1476.520 1473.253 1471.590 1474.434 1471.098 1371.630 1411.469
------
1379.375 (2.470) 1312.315 1247.269 1182.918 1118.527 1054.104 990.572 940.134 912.531
-- 1405.691 Formation
From the Oxides
Temperature, K
En_alpy, kJ/mol
Gibbsfree energy, kJ/mol
298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800
-24.574 -25.718 -26.850 -28.604 -28.496 -27.415 66.651 29.468 32.238
-20.775 -17.809 -14.469 -10.697 -6.716 -2.820 .697 3.124 5.188
10. Electrical Dielectric
Properties: constant of terrestrial fayalite at radio frequencies
Number of samples 3
Dielectric constant, range 7.45 to 8.59
42
LUNAR MINERALS Dielectric constant asa functionof

County, North Carolina) frequency for dry dunite (Jackson
Frequency 100 1 10 100 1 10 Hz kHz kHz kHz MHz MHz
Dielectric
constant
10 8.47 7.83 7.60 7.37 7.18
11. Thermal Dunite,
Conductivity: Hortonolite from Bushveid, Transvaal
Conductivity, 10 -3 cal(cm sec C)8.7
Density, g/cm 3 3.76
three
Effect of temperature samples)
on conductivity:
Dunite,
North
Carolina
(mean
of
Tempera ture, C 0 50 100 200 Note:
Conductivity, 10- 3 cal(cm sec C)- I 12.4 10.5 9.4 8.1
Density, g/cm s 3.26
Units of measurement are those of the original data; I cal(cm sec C) -_ _ 419 J(m sec K) -_ and TK z TC + 273.15.
12. Magnetic Not
Properties: for lunar materials.
available
43
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
PLAGIOCLASE
FELDSPAR
Plagioclase curs in all
feldspar natural in lunar are given
is one
of the found
dominant on the in table
groups lunar 2-VI,
of lunar The two
minerals
and
ocof
materials materials in table have
surface. and
occurrence
plagioclase plagioclase Most mineral silicon, space.
is given 2-VII. anorthite
analyses than
of lunar An80. The
lunar anorthite and Based
feldspars
contents source for
greater of
(CaAI2SbOs) of which known may be
is a potential are required
aluminum,
silicate, in of
oxygen---all on the
fabrication (table for
of structures 2-VI), lunar regions
occurrence considered
of plagioclase potential ores
light-matrix
breccia
plagioclase.
TABLE
2- Vl.--Abundance
of Plagioclase
in Lunar
Materials
Lunar
material
Percent plagioclase,
Comments
vol. % Mare basalts 15 to 35
The plagioclase abundance is approximately in both high-Ti and Iow-Ti mare basalts.
the same
Anorthositic
rocks
40 to 98
Most anorthositic rocks contain more than 75 percent plagioclase; anorthositic rocks with less than 70 percent plagioclase are rare. Anorthositic rocks are uncommon on the lunar surface and no deposit anorthositic rocks is known at this time. of
Crystalline
breccias
50 to 75 15 to 50
These
rocks are limited
to the lunar highlands.
Vitric breccias Light-matrix Soil breccias
These rocks are very fine grained. These rocks are most abundant (Apollo 16 site). at North Ray Crater
70 to 90
10 to 60
Soils resemble the local bedrock. Thus, soils in mare regions contain little plagioclase whereas soils in highland regions contain more plagioclase.
44
LUNAR MINERALS
TABLE 2- Vll.--Analyses of Typical Lunar Plagioclase
Compound
Mare, a wt. % 46.06 .15 33.71 .68 .01 .31 18.07 -.67 .04 99.70
Highland, b wt. % 46.67 .02 33.51 .25 -.09 17.78 < .01 1.51 .13 99.97
SiO 2 TiO 2 AI203 FeO MnO MgO CaO BaO Na20 K 20 Total
aplagie-clase bplagioclase
12021; 72395;
from from
reference reference
2-3. 2-2.
The of these materials.
following data are
data taken
summarize from
the studies
physical of
properties
of terrestrial
anorthite. or
Many synthetic
analogous
Physical
Properties
of Anorthite
1. Density Mean Range Density (at Molar
and density of
Molar of
Volume: 12 samples g/cm anorthite, and 3 of anorthosite, ............................ g/cm 3 .............................. g/cm 3 ............. 2.640 2.734 to 2.920 2.76
density, of pure
room
temp. 2.762 weight,
1 atmosphere) 100.73 0.15 0.004 g/cm 3 278.21
volume,
cm 3 ................................
(Density: Formula
g ........................................
45
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
2. X-Ray Anorthite
Crystallographic (CaA12Si2Os)
Data:
Crystal system .......................................... Space group ................................................ Structure Z (gram type .......................................... formula weights per unit cell) .......................... 5 C))
triclinic p_ feldspar 8
Unit cell base vector magnitudes: (at 298 _+ 5 K (25 _ ao = 8.1768 0.002 ,_ (1 ,_ -- 10-1 meter) & = 12.8768 0.003 ,_ co = 14.1690 0.002 ,_
ao or a r = 93 10.0' 2' (angle subtended by b and c) I3o ---- 115 50.8' 2' (angle subtended by a and c) 3,0 = 91 13.3' 2' (angle subtended by a and b)
3. Thermal
Expansion: Plagioclase (Ab 5Ano5) a in percen t, from 20 C to 1000 C 0.60 .29 .57 1.45
Orien tation 100 C 0,05 .02 .06 .12

reported in Celsius ( T/_., volumetric expansion_
Expansion,
200 C 400 C 600 C 800 C 0.14 .04 .15 .32 0.24 .07 .26 .57 0.34 .12 .33 .78 0.46 .19 .45 1.10
Z(001) vol b
aData bvol
F, + 273
15)
46
LUNAR
MINERALS
4. Compressibility
and Elastic Constants: Anorthosite (Rocks)
Location (a)
Density, g/cm 3
Young's modulus, Mb 0.825
Modulus t_
of
Poisson ratio
"s
Notes (c)
rigidity, b Mb
Quebec P=4000 Stillwater, P=I P=4000 P=4000 P= 10000 Mont.
d(0.328) .332 .353 .371
0.262 d(.32)
70to600 D D
2.708 2.770 2.750
d(.31)
.389 .399
aThe of 4000
notation bars Where data symbol
"P-4000,'" no notation
for
example, is given,
indicates pressure (I Mb -
measurement is one 1011 atmosphere N/m 2)
made
under
hydrostatic
pressure
boriginal CThe measurements. dvalues
reported "D"
in megabars dynamic
indicates
measurement;
numbers
indicate
stress
range
(in
bars)
for
static
in parentheses
were
obtained
indirectly
with
the
aid
of formulas
for
isotropic
elasticity.
Elastic Parametersa for Anorthosite at 4 x 108 N/m 2 (4 Kilobars)

Type Density, g/cm _ Vp, km/sec V s, km/sec Poisson's ratio Young's modulus, Mb New Glasgow, 2.708 2.770 6.82 7.04 3.50 3.68 0.32 .31 0.88 .98 Modulus of rtgidity, Mb 0.33 .38 1.22 1.15 1.4
Quebec Stillwater Complex, Montana
aSymbols v p
are -
as follows: particle shock velocity front velocity (experimentally (calculated) observed)
Vs B B-"
compressibility compressibility
_,,o
where
V V P ,Sp T ,o
= volume decrease pressure increase in pressure in volume
= tempcr_ture = density
47
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
5. Seismic
Velocities:
Anorthosite: Sample from --
Compressional Density, g/cm 3
Wave
Velocities,
Vp, as a Function
of Pressure
Vp, in km/sec, for pressures aof-10 6.73 6.5 5.7 500 --6.92 1000 6.86 6.97 6.98 2000 6.90 7.01 7.05 4000 6.94 7.05 7.13 6000 6.97 7.07 7A6 10 000 7.02 7.10 7.21
Tahawus, New York Stillwater Complex, Montana Bushveld Complex, South Africa
2.768 2.770 2.807
aoriginal
data reported
in bars (I bar -
105 N/m2).
A northosite." Sample from --
Shear Density, g/cm 3
Wave
Velocities,
V s , as a Function
of Pressure
V s, in kinsee, jbr pressures a of -1 3.56 500 3.65 1000 3.69 2000 3.72 4000 3.76 6000 3.77 10 000 3.81
Stillwater Complex, Montana
2.750
aOriginal
data reported
in bars (I bar -
105 N/m 2)
6. Strength
and Ductility: Stress-Strain Relationship---Anorthite (Marcy, New York)

Ultimate strength, bars Total strain, percent Fault angle, deg
Temp., K
Confining pressure, bars a
Differential stress in bars .for strain percent of-1 2040 2920

in bars (1 bar a
2 2360 4640
10 5 N/m 2)
5 -7290
10 -9040
423 773
aoriginal
1010 5050
data reported
5940 9400
2.6 32.2
29 28
48
LUNAR MINERALS 6. Strength andDuctility(continued):

Shearing Strength Under High Confining Pressure _ Anorthite
Normal
pressure in kilobars
of _
Shear
strength,
kilobars
10 20 30 40 50
2.2 7.6 11 14 14
Viscosity:
Viscosity Temperature, C 1450 1500 1600 1555
of Anorthite
(at
1 atmosphere) Viscosity, poises 111 60 25 107
aData
reported
in customary
units
2
of measureTK _ T C+
ment. (1 arm. 273.15; 1 poise z
1.013 )'( 105 N/m; 10 -_ N sec m-2).
8.
Melting Anorthite
and
Transformation
Points:
(CaAI2Si2Os) 1823 _ 2 (1550 -,- 2) 1632 (1359) 1572 (1299) 1820 (1547) 1658 (1385) 1658 (1385)
Melting point, K (C) ......................................... Eutectic with tridymite, K (C) ........................................ (10.5% CaO, 70% SiO_) Eutectic with aCaSiO_, K (C) ......................................... (34.1% CAO,47.3% SiO_) Eutectic with aAl2Oj, K (C) .......................................... (19.3% CaO, 41.4% SiO2) Eutectic with gehlenite, K (C) ........................................ (30.2% CaO, 33% SiO2) Ternary eutectic with mullite and tridymite, (9.3% CaO, 70.4% SiOD K (C) .......................
49
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Ternary eutectic with aCaSiO3 and tridymite, K (C) ..................... (23.3% CaO, 62.2% SiO2) Ternary eutectic with aCaSiO3 and gehlenite, K (C) ...................... (38% CaO, 42% SiO2) Ternary eutectic with gehlenite and aAI20_, K (C) ....................... (29.2% CaO, 31.8% SiO2) Reaction point with otA1203and mullite, K (C) .......................... ( 15.6%CaO, 47.9%SIO2)
1443 (1170) 1538 (1265) 1653 (1380) 1785 (1512)
9. Thermodynamic Anorthite Crystals
Properties: 0 298.15 melting point K to
(CaAl2Si20
............................................
Formula weight, g ........................................ Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) ........................
100.79
1825 K 278.21 (10.0790)
C_ = 5.1683 x 102 - 9.2492 10-2T+4.1883 10-sT a - 4.5885 x 103 T -'5 - 1.4085 106 T "-2 (for 298 to 1800 K) S _, = 199.30 _ 0.30 J mol -_ K -_ (at 298.15 K) H$98 -- H -- 33.333 kJ Enthalpy of melting ---- 81.000 kJ where C_ = molar heat capacity, H$98 = enthalpy, Ho = enthalpy at absolute zero, S_,---- entropy, and T---- temperature in kelvin.
Formaaon Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800
From _e En_alpy, kJ/mol --4243.040 (3.125) -4242.328 --4237.933 -4233.976 -4251.066 -4251.218 --4240.704 -4328.857 -4474.316
Elemen_ G_bs free energy, kJ/mol
-4017.266 (3.145) -3864.213 -3713.703 -3564.325 -3412.139 --3258.811 --3106.896 --2955.681 -2871.725
50

Formation Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800 From the Oxides En_alpy, kJ/mol -110.851 (3.430) -111.159 --112.463 -115.021 --114.398 -112.873 -110.189 -105.958 --103.118 Gibbsfree energy, kJ/mol -118.975 (3.450) -124.439 -129.557 -134.110 --138.412 --142.876 --147.689 --152.928 --155.769
10. Electrical
Composition, mole percent
Properties:
Source of sample Radio frequencies Dielectric constant: Optical frequencies
Ab4An96 Ab2An9B AbvAn93 AbdAn96
Otaru, Tsushima,
Japan Japan Japan Japan
7.24 7.14 7.05 7.15 7.15
2.51 2.51 2.49 2.49 2.50
Hokkaido, Miyakeshima, Average
Dielectric constant tion of frequency.
of dry anorthosite
(Crystal
Bay, Minnesota)
as a func-
Frequency 100 1 10 100 1 10 Hz kHz kHz kHz MHz MHz
Dielectric
constant
167 73 25 10.9 9.93 9.03
51
LUNAR MATERIALS
11. Thermal Conductivity: A northosite Sample from n
HANDBOOK
Conductivity, 10-3 cal(cm sec C)- 1 5.0
Density, 3 g/cm 2.83
Bushveld,
Transvaal
Effect
of temperature
on conductivity: Conductivity, lO-3x cal(cm

sec C)-I
Temperature, C
Density, g/cm J
Transvaal 0 100 200 Quebec 0 100 200 300 Montana 0 100 200
NOTE: = Units of measurement -land T K=
(Bytownite) 4.43 4.54 4.69 (Labradorite) 4.13 4.20 4.34 4.50 (Bytownite) 4.02 4.10 4.27 2.74 2.70 2.74
are those TC +273.15.
of the original
data;
1 cal(cm
sec C)-t
419J(msecK)
12.
Magnetic
Not available
52
LUNAR
MINERALS
ILMENITE
llmenite less than abundance
is one 2 percent. surpasses
of the
minor
lunar there The analyses
minerals, are areas occurrence
and on
its abundance the Moon of ilmenite lunar on
is generally where the are ilmenite Moon given is in
However, 10 percent. and two
shown in table table 2-IX. The mineral
2-VIII,
of typical
ilmenite
ilmenite
(FeTiO3)
is a potential
source
for
iron,
titanium,
and
oxygen. Based upon the occurrence of ilmenite (table 2-VIII), high-titanium mare basalts may be considered as potential ores for this mineral. TABLE 2- VllI.m Abundance of llmenite in Lunar Materials
Lunar material Percent ilmenite, vol. % 0 to 25 Comments
Mare basalts
llmenite abundance is a strong function of basalt type. High-Ti basalts tend to contain more than 15 percent ilmenite while low-Ti basalts tend to contain less than 10 percent. Vitrophyres of both high- and low-Ti contents contain less than 1 percent. Almost no ilmenite occurs in these rocks.
Anorthositic Fragmental
rocks breccias
trace 2 to 12
These values are for ilmenite grains larger than 25 micrometers across. The ilmenite content of a breccia resembles the local terrain. In high-Ti mare regions the value is approximately 10 percent, in Iow-Ti mare regions it is approximately 4 percent and in the highlands it is approximately 1 percent.
Crystalline
breccias
I to 2
These rocks are limited to highland regions. The ilmenite is generally approximately one micrometer across. The ilmenite content is a function of local rocks.
Soi I
0.5 to 5
It is high in regions where local rocks are high in ilmenite content and vice versa.
53
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
TABLE 2-IX.-Compound
Analyses
of Typical
Lunar llmenite Highland.b wt.% 0.21 54.16 .44 < .01 37.38 .46 6.56 .01 < .01 .13 99.37
Mare, a wf.% 0.01 53.58 1,08 .07 44.88 .40 2.04 .08 .01 < .01 102.16
from from reference reference 2-1 2-2
SiO2 TiO_ Cr203 AhO_ FeO MnO MgO ZrO V2Oz Nb_O5 Total
allmenite bllmenite 74255; 72]95:
The following these data are materials.
data summarize the physical properties of ilmenite. taken from studies of analogous terrestrial or
Many of synthetic
Physical l. Density and Molar Volume:
Properties
of Ilmenite
Density, g/cm _ ......................................... (at room temp. and 105 N/m 2 (1 bar)) Molar volume, cm 3 Formula weight,3g Cell volume, cm .......................................... ...................................
4.44 to 4.9 31.71 315.9

X
0.05 151.75
10 -24
2. X-Ray Ilmenite
Crystallographic (FeTiO3)
Data:
Crystal system ........................................... Space group ................................................ Structure type .......................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) ....................
hex-R R3 ilmenite 6 (hex) 2 (rhomb)
54
LUNAR MINERALS Unit cellbase vectormagnitudes: (atroomtemp.)

ao -- 5.093 _ 0.005 J^(hex); ao = 5.534 ,_ (rhomb) co 14.055 ___ 0.010 A (hex) t_o or ar (angle subtended by b and ) -- 54051 ' (Note:'l _,= 10 -I meter.)
3. Thermal
Expansion: for lunar material.
Not available
Compressibility a = 0.56 Mb -_
and Elastic
Constants: where: Vo--V -----aPbP:
Vo
and
V---- volume Vo _ initial volume P---pressure in megabars (Mb) a ---- proportional limit b ---- elastic limit
Seismic Not
Velocities: for lunar material.
available
6. Strength Not
and
Ductility: for lunar material.
available
7. Viscosity: Not available for lunar material.
8. Melting Ilmenite
and Transformation (FeTiO3) point, K (C)
Points:
Melting
..............................
1640 (1367) 1593 (1320) 488 (215)
Eutectic with Fe2TiO 2, K(C) ........................ (47% TiO2) Dimorphous transition, K(C) .........................
55
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK 9. Thermodynamic Properties: Ilmenite(FeTiO3) Crystals ............................................ 298.15 K to melting point1640 K Liquid........................................ 1640 K to 1800 K Formula weight, g ....................................... 151.745 Molarvolume, cm 3(J/bar).......................... 31.71 -+- 0.05
(3.1690)
C_ -- -2.9895 + 6.5049 x 10 -2 T+ 2.4266 - 5.1057 106T -2 (for 298 to 1640 K) S_-105.86 1.25 J mo1-1 K -_ (at 298.15 H_,98- H -- (not available) Enthaipy of melting -- 90.667 kJ where C_ = molar heat capacity, solute zero, S_- = entropy,
103T -'-_
K)
H_98 -- enthalpy, H o -- ethalpy T = temperature in kelvin.
at ab-
Format_n Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800
From He Elemen_ En_alpy, kJ/mol -1236.622 (1.590) --1234.099 --1231.587 -1230.104 -1230.896 - 1232.068 - 1226.333 -1132.527 -1125.878 Gibbs free energy, kJ/mol --1159.170 (1.632) -1107.341 -1057.125 -1007.463 -957.935 -908.028 -858.572 -812.407 -793.789
56

Formation Temperature, K 298.15 500 700 900 1100 1300 1500 1700 1800 From the Oxides Enthalpy, kJ/mol - 19.829 ( _ 2.300) - 20.074 -20.239 - 20.399 -20.161 -- 19.209 -- 17.303 51.595 56.450 Gibbs free energy, kJ/mol - 18.568 ( ___ 2.340) - 17.599 - 16.585 -- 15.512 - 14.441 13.463 12.713 12.014 15.980
10.
Electrical
Properties: Reported resistivities, Low 1_ 3 ohm meter High 4.0
Number of samples 5
11.
Thermal Ratio
Conductivity: conductivities 1.23 (for (no absolute ilmenite values determined)
of principal
A/C =
trigonal conductivities
system) (A, B, C) along the
where A and C are two of the principal three orthogonal axes.
12. Magnetic
Properties: Susceptibility, cm 0.031 .044 a Field strength, b oersted
0.6
aln the centimeter-gram-second system of units. bOriginal data reported in oersteds (1 oersted = 79.577 A/m).
57
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
REFERENCES
2"1.
Dymek, R. F.; Albee, A. L., and Chodos, A. A.: Comparative Mineralogy and Petrology of Apollo 17 Mare Basalts: Samples 70215, 71055, 74255, and 75055. Proceedings of the Sixth Lunar Science Conference, Vol. 1, 1975, pp. 49-77. Dymek, R. F.; Albee, A. L.; and Chodos, A. A.: Petrology and Origin of Boulders #3, Apollo 17 Station 2. Proceedings of the Seventh Lunar Science Conference, 1976, pp. 2335-2378. ,#2 and Vol. 2,
2-2.
2-3.
Weill, D. F.; Grieve, R. A.; McCallum, I. S.; and Bottinga, Y.: Mineralogy-Petrology of Lunar Samples. Microprobe Studies of Samples 12021 and 12022; Viscosity of Melts of Selected Lunar Compositions. Proceedings of the Second Lunar Science Conference, Vol. l, 1971, pp. 413-430.
58
3. Lunar Materials
Lunar materials may be classified as follows: (1) regolith, a fine-grain deposit loosely referred to as "lunar soil"; (2) igneous rocks that were derived from the Moon's interior by well-known igneous processes; and (3) breccias which represent lunar deposits that were lithified by the effects of meteorite impact. Data on these types of lunar material are given in this section.
REGOLITH
The relatively young basalt surfaces inside the large mare basins are dominated by craters less than 1 kilometer in diameter and are particularly influenced by the cumulative bombardment of meteoroids. This bombardment resulted in the fine-grain deposit known as "regolith" and more loosely referred to as "lunar soil." The lunar highland, though not dominated by these small craters, also has a regolith resulting from meteoroid bombardment. Because of the numerous impacts in the regolith, it is highly comminuted and very rich in glass. Descriptions of the regolith are given here in terms of grain size, chemistry, and mineralogical constituents. Physical properties of the lunar regolith are known with a high degree of confidence. Unfortunately, however, direct sampling was limited to a maximum depth of approximately 3 meters. In addition, data from geophysical experiments (such as the active seismic, traverse gravimeter, and surface electrical experiments) have not permitted unambiguous interpretation of soil thickness or depth to rock. Deep drill holes and a more definitive geophysical program will be required to characterize the subsurface physical properties. Quantitative measurements of the regolith thickness are given in table 3-I; they e.re very few and are essentially confined to the Apollo landing sites.
59
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
TABLE 3-L--Mean
Regolith
Thickness
Location
Photogeology, m
Seismometer, r?_
Flamsteed Ring NE of Wichmann Crater Apollo 12 site Apollo 15 site Apollo 11 site SE Mare Tranquillitatis Apollo 17 site Apollo 16 site Highland Plains Apollo 14 site
al- rom Oberbeck bvrom Walkins and Quaide and Kovach Iref. 3-1) (ref 3-2t
3.3 3.3 4.6 _7 4.6 7.5 _8 _8 to 10 16 --
-3 to 4 5 3 to 6 -_8 12 to 15 10 to 20
Physical
Properties
In situ measurements of lunar surface properties have been made at the five Surveyor landing sites, at the Apollo 15 and 16 landing sites, and at the Luna 16, 20, and 24 landing sites. In addition, certain physical properties can be deduced from observational data provided by Apollo crewmembers during extravehicular activity (EVA), from postflight crew debriefings, and from detailed studies of photographs and television coverage during the Apollo missions. The self-recording penetrometer used during the Apollo 15 and 16 missions provided the most complete, albeit limited, measurements of the penetration properties of the lunar surface. Laboratory studies of returned samples and simulated lunar materials provided the basis for other parameters. It is important to point out that the observational base for in situ physical measurements is severely limited both horizontally and vertically. If one considers as "measurements" the tracks of the lunar roving vehicle (LRV), the modular equipment transporter (MET), the Soviet Lunokhod and the footprints of the astronauts, then the horizontal base can be extended for several kilometers. However, the deepest direct depth samples of the Moon
60
LUNAR
MATERIALS
are and
limited
to the
depth The
penetrated total depth
by the
lunar
drill
during
the
Apollo was
15, 16, approx-
17 missions. 3 meters.
of penetration
in each
instance
imately
1. Lunar
Soil
Densities:
Summary--Data sources used as part of the soil mechanics experiment (S-200) are summarized in table 3-II to provide a synthesis of data for relative density and bulk density.
TABLE
3-H.--Summary
of Results
From
Lunar
Soil
Density
Studies
Source
Depth range, cm
Bulk density or absolute density, glcrn j
Relative density, b percent
Standard deviation for relative density
Core tube samples: Apollo 15 Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Lunar drill samples drill cores) (all
0 to 0 to 30 to 0 to
15 30 60 60
1.50 1.58 1.74 1.66
0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
c64 c74 c92 c83
0 to 30 30 to 60 0 to 15
1.69 -*- 0.08 1.77 0.08 65 to 66 _ 10
Astronaut footprint analyses (all missions) LRV and MET tracks Boulder tracks
0to 15 0 to 300 or 400 0 to 60
62 to 71 65 _20
Penetration
resistance
83 to 84
310?
aFrom bRelative
Houston, density
W is
N:
el
al
(ref.
3-3),
which
contains
more
detailed
references
Pmax I) r ,ram
p ,lll a \
Pnlin ,oral n 100' ',
where density,
Pmax which
maximum corresponds based on
density, which to maximum average Gs z
corresponds void ratio 3.1, ema x
and =
to minimum maximum 1.7 and emi n
void ratio porosity. _ 0.7
and
minimum
porosity,
and
Pmin
minimum
CCalculated,
(where
e x
void
ratio).
61
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Average Bulk Density---The best estimates for the average soil on the lunar surface are as follows (ref. 3-3):
bulk
density
of
Depth range, cm 0 0 30 0 to to to to 15 30 60 60
Bulk
density, g/cm -_ + _ _ 0.05 0.05 0.05 0.05
1.50 1.58 1.74 1.66
Average Relative Density.--The sity of soil on the lunar surface
best estimates for the average are as follows (ref. 3-3):
relative
den-
Depth range, crn 0 0 30 0 to to to to 15 30 60 60
Relative
density,
percent 65 74 92 83 _ 3 3 3 ___3
Analysis of Tracks--Surface soil properties based on an analysis of LRV tracks and the tracks made by the Soviet unmanned vehicle Lunokhod 1 (ref. 3-4) are as follows:
Soil consistency Soft Firm 0.76
G, a N/cm 3 0. l 5 to 1.35
Porosity, percent 47 39 to 43
Void ratio, e 0.89 0.64 to 0.75
Dr ,b percent 30 48 to 63
ehTR ,c deg 38 39.5 to 42
cbpL ,d deg 36 37 to 38.5
aG
penetration relative angle angle
resistance density of internal of internal =
gradient (ema _ e)tlema based based on on x emm), based compression plate shear on standard tests tests American Soclely for Testing Materials methods
bD r _ c6 FR
friclion, friction,
triaxial in-place
dtbpL
Shear Strength Parameters---The parameters of (ref. 3-5) Cohesion Friction
lunar
soil
has
typical
shear
strength
= angle
1 kN/m 2 = 35
62
LUNAR MATERIALS
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction--The modulus of subgrade reaction for the lunar surface is typically 1000 kN/mVm, based on astronaut bootprint measurements. However, a footing applying a pressure of 10 kN/m 2 would normally settle approximately 1 centimeter but could settle as much as 10 centimeters or as little as 0.1 centimeter (ref. 3-5). Fluid Conductivity_Based on the grain size analysis of returned samples, the fluid conductivity of the lunar soil would be too low (< 1 x 10 -s cm/sec) to permit its use as a drain field for liquid waste (ref. 3-5).
2. Color: Lunar soil was described by the Surveyor observation team as being gray in color. The Apollo astronauts, while on the lunar surface, described the soil as consisting of shades of gray except when viewed along zero phase (down Sun), when the soil appeared light tan or gray. They also noticed that the upper few centimeters of regolith consisted of a thin, light-gray cohesive unit overlying a zone of dark-gray to cocoa-gray soil. Most soils range from dark gray (10YR3/1) to white (10YR8) with the most common color being gray (N5) (colors are based on those of the Munsell Color Company, Inc. (1954)). Exceptions to this include the pale-green soils collected at Spur Crater, Apollo 15 site, and the orange-brown soils from Shorty Crater, Apollo 17 site; these and orange glass, respectively. soils contain a substantial amount of green
3. Grain
Size Characteristics:
The mean grain size of lunar soils ranges from 40 to 802 micrometers with most falling between 45 and 100 micrometers (fig. 3-1). Lunar soils are poorly to very poorly sorted, with sorting values (standard deviations) ranging from 1.99 to 3.73 _, and many exhibit a bimodal grain size distribution. There is an inverse correlation between the mean grain size and sorting values (standard deviation), with the coarsest samples being the most poorly sorted. Weight percents in each grain size fraction are shown in table 3-III for the Apollo 11 soil 10084,853. This is a typical mare soil. Notice that approximately onefourth of the soil is finer than 20 micrometers. Most lunar soils have grain size characteristics consistent with those of the debris from meteorite impacts. Exceptions include the black and orange "soils" collected at the Apollo 17 site, which are finer grain (M z ---- 37.9 and 40 micrometers) and better sorted (_/= 1.69 and 1.57 _). These samples have been interpreted as pyroclastic ejecta and not as soils. size and _ is the inclusive standard deviation.) (Note: M z is the mean
63
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
99 98 95
ILl t)
90 8O
.,,..a --
70 6O 50 40 30 2O 10 5 2 1 .5 16 8 4 2 1 .5 Grain
Q.I > ,m
E
,..9
.25.125.063.031.016.008 size, mm
FIGURE 3-1.--Cumulative grain size distribution for lunar soils. Most soils lie within the envelope (shaded area). Two particularly coarse soils (samples 12028 and 14141) are also shown.
TABLE
3-11I.--Grain Soil
Size
Fractions (Old
for Apollo
11
10084,853
Soil)
Grain size
Weight percent
C'umtdative weight percent 1.67 4.06 7.26 11.27 18.99 27.22 38.72 42.73 55.14 73.15 100.00
4 to 10 mm 2 to 4 mm 1 to 2 mm 0.5 to 1 mm 250 jam to 0.5 mm 150 to 250 _m 90 to 150 _m 75 to 90/J,m 45 to 75 _tm 20 to 45 _tm <20_tm
1.67 2.39 3.20 4.01 7.72 8.23 11.51 4.01 12.40 18.02 26.85
64
LUNAR
MATERIALS
4. Particle Lunar
Types soils
and Relative mostly
Abundance: of (1) lithic and mineral debris derived by im-
consist
pact comminution of the underlying bedrock and (2) glass particles formed by impact melting. Microscope identification of these particles shows that they can be grouped into several major categories. Agglutinates--Agglutinates were recognized immediately during the examination of Apollo 11 samples as an important soil component and as one of the keys to a genetic history of lunar soil. An agglutinate consists of comminuted lithic, mineral, and glass fragments bonded by glass droplets (fig. 3-2). The glass droplets generally are black to dark brown. Agglutinates contain fine-grain metallic iron formed by reduction of iron dissolved in the glass. The glass is vesicular, containing vesicles ranging from less than 1 micrometer to several centimeters in diameter. The morphology of agglutinate grains ranges from simple irregular grains to more forms. Mineral and lithic clasts are randomly glutinate grains and on their surfaces. complex distributed elongate, branching throughout the ag-
FIGURE 3-2.-- Scanning eleclron microscope pholograph (S-73-24575) of an agglulinale parlitie from an Apollo 17 soil sample. This agglutinate is approximatel_ I millimeler long.
65
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Basalt Fragments--Fragments of basalt are common at all mare sites. Basalt generally consists of plagioclase and pyroxene and may also have olivine, ilmenite, and small amounts of other minerals. Basalts may be subdivided on the basis of composition (olivine bearing, etc.) or texture (equigranular, variolitic, etc.). Breccia--Breccias are fragmental rocks created by impacts. They may be subdivided on the basis of composition (anorthositic, etc.) or textures (low grade or glassy, high grade or crystalline, melt matrix, etc.). Mineral Fragments---Constituent mineral fragments are liberated when lithic fragments are broken up by impacts. The most common mineral fragments in lunar soils are plagioclase feldspar and pyroxene. Olivine, ilmenite, and dozens of minor minerals may also be present. Glass---In addition to agglutinates, which are the major form of glass, other glass particles are present in the soil. Glass droplets, teardrops, and other regular shapes are generally present in small amounts (usually less than 1 percent). Blocky glass and vesicular glass are also found. Glass may be classified on the basis of shape, color, or chemical composition. Relative Amounts of Each Particle Type Tables 3-IV and 3-V show the relative amounts of the particle types in two typical soils, one from the mare region and one from the highland region of the Apollo 17 site. Data are shown for each of 10 size fractions. In general, lithic fragments are most common in the coarsest size fractions, and mineral and glass fragments are most abundant in the finest size fractions. The grain size distribution for each size fraction is also shown. Data in the tables were extracted from reference 3-6.
5. Maturity
of Lunar
Soils:
Most lunar soils have evolved in response to the meteoroid flux. This response includes both constructional (e.g., agglutination and brecciation) and destructional (e.g., comminution) processes. The concept of the maturity of a lunar soil has evolved to represent the relative length of time a soil has been exposed to the meteoroid flux at the lunar surface. A number of indices are used to quantitatively represent the maturity or length of surface exposure. These include the gases derived from the solar wind (e.g., 36Ar, 4He, and N), agglutinates, mean grain size, and the ferromagnetic resonance (FMR) maturity index, Is/FeO. The parameter Is is the relative concentration of finegrain metal (_<300 x 10 -t meter in diameter) and FeO is total iron concentration of the soil. The fine-grain metal is produced in agglutinatic glass by micrometeoroid impact of the lunar surface. The index which appears to be the most free of complicating effects not related to surface exposure is Is/FeO. Effects that complicate the application of
66
LUNAR MATERIALS the othermaturityindicesinclude composition andnonlinearity with time (saturation). An additional advantage of using Is/FeO is thatit hasthelargest database. Table 3-VIisacompilation of thevalues ofIs/FeO together withvalues for othermaturityindices andexposure-related properties (ref.3-7).
TABLE 3-I V.--Petrography of a Series of Size Fractions (a Typical Apollo 17 Mare Soil) From 71061,1 a
Componenl.s
Petrograph&
descrtphon,
vol %. be-Lunar
Vilual
estimate
(%)
in lbr--
Receiving
Laboratorv
< 20 am
20 to 45 am
45 to 75 "am
75 to 90 /am
90 to 150 /am
150 250 /a m
to
250
to 0.5Iol mm I1o2 mm 21o4 mm 41o10 mm
51)0 "a m
Agglutinates Basalt, Basalt, Breccia: Low Low grade, grade, brown colorless equigranular variolitic
170
173
130 90 6
173 150 1.6
93 19.6
118 30.9 3.4
100 515
100 650 1000 1000 1000
i0 3 10 --
40 I 3 I 3 -....
36 6 16 3
5.1 -28 --
6.9 -1 5 -5 0
Medium,highgrade Anorthosite Cataclastic Norde Gabbro Subtotal Plagioclase Ctinopyroxene Orthopyroxene Olivine llmenite Subtotal Glass: Orange "Black" Colorless Brown Gray Other Subtotal Total number counted sample fraction 1798 1221 of 300 161 "ropy'" anorthosile
10 ..... .... 129 163 213 ..... ..... 60 436
5 23.2 70 263 25.7 173 21 0 422 90 174 604 85 108
50 750 IfX) 0 101_.0 1130.0
33 366
46 42 9
33 297
23 21 6
7.6 18.7 10 3 .7 2.0 30.3 300
5.0 10.6 10 5.2 6 -22A 300
63 96 1.3 4.6 --218 300
45 51 -33 1,7 1.0 156 178 130
.8 6.1 15 ---8.4 15.0 20 I(X) ? ? 100 50
grains Wt.% for
of total each size
8,39
3.0
866
7.04
7.08
3,44
6.15
6.74
10.16
aSample a scanning percent bThe
71061,1 electron
was
taken
from in the
station size
1 on the ranges
mare
surface. and
Agglutinate 20 to 45/.tin
versus The
nonat_lutinate > 10 rnm fraction
grains of the
were sample
identified made up
using 9.42
microscope
of < 20 "am
of the
sample, fraction is 83 percent nonagglutinate; the 20 to 45 ,am fraction is 82 7 percent nooagglutinate
<20/xm
67
LUNAR MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
TABLE 3- V.--Petrography of a Series of Size Fractions (a Typical South Massif Soil)
From 72441, 7a
Components
Petrographtc
description,
vol
'!_, for-Lunar
V_sual
estimate
(!_)
m for--
Recetvmg
Laboratory
<20 tam
20to45 tam
45to75 tam
7_n) itm
9090tolSO tam
150to 250 #m
250to 500 lam /to2 mm 21o4 mm 4tolO mm >lOrnm
Agglutinates Basalt, equigran ular
21 0
50 0
39 3 h
45 15
41 7 13
54
30 5 --
20
250
250 None present
1 3
Basalt, Breccia Low Low
variolilic
--
1.3
--
10
grade, grade,
brown colorless high grade
93 27 227 --
66 23 290 -7 12 --
9.3 63 193 10 1.3 7
107 .7 200 -7 7
94 b,3 305 -21 10 10 80,0 740 75 0
Medium Anorthosite Cataclastic Norite Gabbro Subtotal
anor thosite --
..... 363 406 405 34 1 503 800 750 750
Plagioclase Clinopyroxene Orthopyroxene Olivine llmenite Subtotal Glass: Orange "'Black" Colorless Brown Gray Other Subtotal Total number counted sample fraction 2584 1879 of 300 162 "'ropy'"
107 60 l0 --177
12 39 -12 -63
67 30 33 7 3 140
33 27 ---60
73 21 -21 -1t 5
.3 13 10 33 --59 249
1.2 15 15 30 --72 259 300
3 3 13 10 3 3 3.5
---53 -7 60 150
-10 -42 10 t0 7.2 95
grains Wt.% for
of total each size
1208
401
11.02
837
855
3 67
276
1 01
None
aSample sus nonagglutinate bThe CNo
72441,7
was grains
taken were
from
station by
2 at the using
base
of the South electron the 20
Massif
and
on
the
"'light size
mantle" ranges
deposit <20 tam
Agglutinate and 20 to 45
vertam
identified
a scanning
microscope to 45 (wt% tam z fraction 391)
in the
< 20 visual
tam
fraction was
is 79 0 percent made for the
nonagglutinate; 500 to 1CO0 am
is 500
percent
nonagglutinate
estimate
fraction
68
LUNAR
MATERIALS
TABLE
3- Vl.--Compilation
of Maturity
Indices
The values of Is/FeO are measured on the <250 _.m sieve fraction of soil. Soils are classified as immature, submature, and mature according to the following breakdown in Is/FeO: immature, 0 to 30 units; submature, 30 to 60 units; mature, >60 units. Petrographic agglutinates were determined for the 90 to 150 ;_m sieve fraction.
,,%b
Sample
FeO. wt':
Is/FeO (4rh < 250 m L
V, btglR
('. #ag/g
4 tte, tO-: t-m3tg
3fi 4r. I(I -4 lm31
Petrog agglzltmotel [_,rt en t
_4ag /rattion. perlent
_4ean
gram lot
_ e/ FeO
%o
Srzt' (#am) ._ f _m
< I mm
I 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48
10084,853 12032,24 12033,40 12037,18 12041.10 12042.27 12044.11 12057,43 12060,6 12070,29 144X13,71 14141,30 14148,23 14149,39 14156,23 14161,46 14163,178 14230,113 14230,121 14230,130 1425952 14259,111 14260.4 15001.21 15001,38 151)01,265 15001,266 15001.267 15COI,268 15001.269 15001.270 15001,271 15002.24 15002326 15002.327 15CO2.328 15CO2,329 15002.330 15002,331 15(KI2,332 15002.333 15002,334 15(KI3,19 15503,26 15003,321 15003,322 15003,323 15003,324 15004,17
158 15 I 14 2 17 3 142 168 157 166 16 9 165 104 102 104 100 104 102 104 102 104 102 105 105 100 150 150 150 150 150 150 15 0 150 150 150 150 15 0 150 150 150 150 150 150 15 0 150 15 0 150 150 150 150 150
780 12 [] 46 210 630 610 570 400 240 470 660 57 74[] 530 680 480 570 590 550 500 81 [] 89[) 720 190 170 170 190 280 330 330 350 280 340 410 400 390 400 460 420 360 460 42 0 300 30 0 250 18.0 34.0 460 370
92 ---...... --...... ...... 79 92 ----...... -.... .... .... -...... ..... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... .... ....
-60 45 65
21 O .... .... ....
4 36
--
84
------
52 ---------99 123 60 92 64 -56 85 70 103 63
0 025 --------042 ------052 ---066
1 2 3 4 5 b 7 8 9 I0 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21
130 --
976 842
301 306
---
---
-----
-140 42 160 135 I10
8 rio 626 -550 5 10 520
2 94 354 -267 2 39 321
-60 5 50 26 48
-76 23 74 63 68
-120 616 77 230 70 --
115
605
309
-53 57 52
71 ---83
76 109 74 118 69
1(50
--
4 39
52
83 25 20 8 6 28 24 22 26 21 41 23 22 30 23 35 25 24 28 30 27 25 12 I1 23 34 47 ---------------------------
117 81 73 -------
86 62 65 73 52 ---55
----------
22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
73 ---------
66 -74 -78 -238 -50
----------
32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40
60 Sl ----63
55 44 57 105 -48 59
--------
42 43 44 45 46 47 48
69
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
TABLE 3- V1.--Continued
Sample
FeO. wt %
I s/FeO (.4rb.), < 250 _xm
N. gglg
C _tglg
4tfe, 10 -2 tm3[g
J'64 r, 10 -4 cm31g
Petrog agglutinates, percent
,)dag fractioa, percent
Mean size < I cm
gram for < l mr,
[:el FeO
No.
ilion
(_m)
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 I00 I01
15004,24 15004,131 15004.132 15004,133 15005,16 15005,23 15005,390 15005.391 15005.392 15005,393 15005,394 15005,395 15C06.17 15006,24 15C_6,176 15006,200 15006,201 15006,202 15006,203 15(:06,204 15021,21 15031.70 15041,51 15210,2 15251,49 15261,26 15271.64 15291,34 15301,88 15401,61 15426,97 1547150 15601,101 60009,454 60(109,455 60009,456 6(_09,457 6CO09A58 60051,15 60601,9 61161,2 61181,2 61221,12 61241,14 62281,9 63321,14 63341,9 63501,51 64421,16 64501,11 64801,35 65501A 65511,1
15.0 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 150 15 0 150 150 150 150 15 0 150 15 0 150 15 0 150 15 0 143 130 120 121 122 116 155 183 197 164 19 2 5.3 3.6 52 2.0 5 2 45 55 5.4 55 49 54 5.5 47 45 4.7 50 52 52 60 60
38.0 40.0 38.0 26.0 220 26.0 360 390 320 360 39 0 390 52.0 54.0 73.0 65 0 570 78 0 77.0 82 0 700 68.0 940 54.0 75.0 770 63.0 630 48.0 56 3 340 29.0 37.0 32.0 53.0 27.0 52 0 57 0 850 82.0 82.0 92 47.0 76.0 47.0 54.0 46.0 830 61.0 710 380 550
-------------------------106 91 -----60 .... .... .... .... .... 52 -72 -15 --60 59 70 118 82 86 60 -105 ---100 I10 -140 160 135 --172 90 -271 450 -378 63 509 404 303 280 296 458 307 432 296 337 181 4.64 -4.08 120 5.29 4.87 2.80 2.75 2.60 490 3.51 4.68 231 3.41 175 135 160 155 175 120 140 110 130 29 21 76 98 2 55 -I 70 .95 707 594 -3.15 3.08 2.33 ----678 2.29 2.37 3 57 -298 -__ q
34 36 43 22 24 33 30 34 23 30 34 33 51 41
----97 73 ------63 ---
70 53 54 52 86 65 -46 -49 -46 58 65 -50 51 47 61 50 ---------61 ---67 80 53 74 51 --66 64 68 72 70 87 80 71 -65 ----
--------------------0.051 -----,044 -031 -O01 .0140 ,025 ------091 ---.076 ------094 ---
49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 L00 I01
57 58 58 60 65 -81
----------
--
66
---
--
68
---
--
63
-133
0 --15 13 22 3 29 58 67
---77 101 102 139 86 --
-36 38 6 27 40 33 40 I0 54 52 --
65
-90 94
12 57
216 120 134
36 34 40 56 42 63
153 144 110 -104 ----
70
LUNAR MATERIALS
TABLE 3- V1.--Concluded
MJ
%amph,
At,() _t
I tkeO ( 4rb I
_, ia_/X
( pgl_
4tt e 10 rl'_/l_
6 4r t) (m3tg i
P('trog ag_hIItrtafl'_
%fag fraltton pptlent
%fl'an sol' <lira
gram hit
f'e/ ;cO
%.
(la m)
< 2WI tam
<Imm
102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 II0 II1 112 I 13 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 140 141 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
65701,8 66041,12 66081,28 67010,4 67481,23 67601,15 67701,17 67711,16 67941,13 68501,36 6884129 69941,25 69961,33 70011,19 70161,1 70181,10 71041, 71061,1 71501.18 72141.15 72150,2 72321,7 72441,7 72461,5 72501,1 72701,24 73121,10 73141,8 73221,1 73241,9 73261,1 73281,1 74121,12 74220,6 74241,61 74261,9 750612 75081,36 751115 75111,6 75121,6 75121,7 76240,9 76261,26 76281,6 76321.10 76501.19 7753hl 78221,7 78421,1 78501,55 79221,1 79261,1
5.7 6.0 6.2 4.2 4.2 4.0 4.2 3.0 42 53 56 57 5 7 160 171 164 177 178 183 135 145 87 8.7 8.6 83 88 85 81 8.9 8.8 8.9 88 100 22.0 149 153 18.0 171 160 160 160 160 10.9 10.9 11.3 9.8 103 117 11.7 120 132 15.4 15.0
106 90.0 80.0 26.0 31.0 450 390 28 290 850 700 850 92.0 540 460 470 290 140 350 810 820
118 105 110 ..... 30 39 47 4 27 83 97 118 125 77 ----60 -.... ---70 81 --44 22 51 40 -7 19 13 44 -.... ..... -..... ----68 --101 73 ---
190 175 170
490 421 3.36
5,90 431 4.02
-39 53
61 _ 76 ....
-i --
-__ --
137 ._2 --
102 103 104 105
65 -75 31 59 130 140 170 140 120 150 165 90 40 75 155
1,72 2,29 2,06 --343 378 424 -22.0 -i --232 148
166 2.14 1.86 --353 3.78 4.64 -3.36 ----286 401
23 36 16 2 12 39 ----34 56 27 9 35 51 53
15 29 19 2 --68 64 .... .... -78 --73 -.... ----63 62 .... 38 ---------.... ....
178 116 140 166 202 106 __ --
I10 82 92 71 97 68 i --
-068 -------
106 107 108 109 II0 Ill 112 113 114 115
68 67 114 170 83 57
59 58 56 58 65 50
----.030 --
116 117 118 119 120 121 122
73.0 680 710 810 610 780 480 430 180 450 340 88.0 I0 51 50 330 400 580 500 66.0 68.0 56.0 58.0 45.0 93.0 58.0 79.0 93.0 920 36.0 810 430
-135 -125 130 120 120 155 -170 -140 5 55 45 -115
-6.79 740 8.60 7.60 7.34 5 94 -----143 159 142 13.0 160
328 3.60 327 3.40 3.65 3.67 2.53 -----A7 1.58 1.71 2.00 3t0
45 42 43 48 43 42 32 26 8 34 25 52 2 8 8 24 35 52
53 65 80 67 62 64
47 53 61 57 54 58
.072 .054 -062 ---
123 124 125 126 127 128 129
95 127 87 90 54 -130 127 128 87
64 51 56 49 49 41 56 56 81 67
-i ---.003 .132 --.033
130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 140
45
14.4
439
63
87 ....
--
--
--
141 141
125 100 -140 120 180 190 165 170 160 145
-899 9.87 12.5 116 ---969 29.2 123
-307 286 3.51 3.60 ---2.77 6.10 2.72
48 45 45 39 47 54 57 63 35 44 22
------------
I(KI 87 86 69 67 63 50 46 42 90 125
53 58 53 53 51 49 45 41 34 53 70
----.050 --057 035 ---
142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152
71
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK

IGNEOUS ROCKS
1. Mare
Basalts:
The mare basalts are igneous rocks derived from the interior of the Moon as liquids by well-known igneous processes. The mare basalts can be divided into two major chemical groups based on titanium dioxide (TiO2) content: those that have Ti02 > _9.0 weight percent (primarily reported from the Apollo 11 and 17 sites) and those that have TiO2 < 5.0 weight percent. The range of composition for the major oxides in each group is shown in table 3VII. In addition to TiO2, there are significant differences in SiO2 with the hightitanium basalts (HTB) being 4 to 10 weight percent lower than the lowtitanium basalts (LTB). All the other oxides show significant overlap. The LTB's do generally have more MgO and FeO. Analyses of representative lunar samples are shown in table 3-VIII. One advantage of this chemical grouping, in addition to the obvious differences, is that these basalt types can be differentiated at a 1-kilometer scale on the Moon from Earth-based spectral studies. Much of the near side of the Moon has already basalt units. been mapped with respect to distinguishing these two
Differences in the chemistry are quite logically reflected in significant differences in the modal mineralogy (based on volume percent of the minerals present) as shown in table 3-IX. The differences in titanium content are reflected in the much higher content of opaque minerals (ilmenite and armalcolite) in the HTB's. The differences in silica are evident in a corresponding decrease in the relative plagioclase and pyroxene content of the HTB's.
TABLE 3- Vll.--Range Chemical
of Major
Element
Chemistry Low- Tt basalts (L TB).

wt. ,,;,
High-Ti basalts (HTB),

wt. %
SiO2 TiO2 AbO_ FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K_O Cr20; P20: S
37.8
to 40.7
43,9
to 48.4 4.8
9.6 to 13,4 8.0 to 10.9 16.5 to 19.8 0.3 0.2 to
1,8 to 19,3
7.3 to 10,8 to 22.5 0,3 0.2 to
6.7 to 10.3 10,1 to 12.7 0.3 to 0.5 0,1 to 0.3 to 0.1 to 0.1 to 0,3 0.6 0.2 0.2
6.5 to 16.5 8.0 to 11,8 0.2 to 0.4 0.5 to 0.3 to 0.4to 0,4 to 0.7 0.6 0,1l 0,8
72
LUNAR
MATERIALS
In variants
texture, from
the the
two
groups
are basalts
not
mutually to coarse-grain
exclusive. ophitic the the to be where are the more (vugs rock finethe
They basalts the
both
show to
vitrophyric In easily and
or finemore friable
medium-grain it is. Some gabbros. responsible the mens crystals have
gabbros. of the most glass the equant
general,
the
coarser rocks
grain are
disaggregated crystal of the shape rocks the scale
to medium-grain agents primarily and speciSome vesicles).
Residual for are
appear and, rocks
toughness
glass friable. and
is lacking
to subequant, to centimeter
micrometer
cavities
TABLE 3- VIIl.--Chemistry
Chemical 10003 High- Ti basalts 10017 70215 12064
of Mare Basalts
Low- Ti basalts 12021 12009 15555 15076
Weigh t percent SiO2 TiO2 AI20_ Cr203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P20_ S Total 39.8 11.3 10.7 .3 19.8 .3 6.9 11.1 .6 .06 .1 .18 101.14 40.6 11.8 8.0 .4 19.7 .2 7.7 10.7 .5 .3 .2 .22 100.32 37.8 13.0 8.9 .4 19.7 .3 8.4 10.7 .4 .05 .09 .18 99.92 46.3 4.0 10.7 .4 19.9 .3 6.5 11.8 .3 .07 .04 .07 100.38 46.7 3.5 10.8 .4 19.3 .3 7.4 11.4 .3 .07 .09 -100.26 45.0 2.9 8.6 .6 21.0 .3 11.6 9.4 .2 .06 .07 .06 99.79 44.6 2.1 8.7 .6 22.5 .3 11.4 9.4 .3 .04 .06 .06 100.06 48.4 1.9 9.0 .3 20.3 .3 8.6 10.5 .3 .07 .07 .08 99.82
Trace chemicals Li ppm Rb ppm Sr ppm Ba ppm La ppm Ce ppm Nd ppm Sm ppm Eu ppm V ppm Sc pprn Co ppm 9 .49 152.7 108 14.7 45.5 38.3 14.4 1.36 63 74 14 18.1 5.63 175 309 26.6 77.3 59.5 20.9 2.14 46 86 31 7.1 .356 121 56.9 5.22 16.5 16.7 6.69 1.37 50 86 23 q ---6.76 17.5 16 5.51 1.16 119 63 27 8.37 1.14 128 71.1 -19.8 14.4 4.84 1.12 -50 28 ----6.1 16.8 16 4.53 .94 153 46 49 6.36 .445 84.4 32.2 8.06 6.26 2.09 .688 2.9 ----0.917 12 62.7 7.38 15.1 10.6 3.52 .978 135 47 41
73
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
TABLE
3- VllI.DConcluded
Chemical 10003
High-Ti basalts 10017 70215 12064 12021
Low-Ti basalts 12009 15555 15076
Trace chemicals - concluded
Gd ppm Dy ppm Er ppm Yb ppm Lu ppm Zr ppm Hf ppm Th ppm U ppm Ir ppb Re ppb Au ppb Ni ppm Sb ppb Ge ppb Se ppb Te ppb Ag ppb Bi ppb Zn ppm Cd ppb T| ppb
19.5 27.4 21.9 31.7 13.6 20.0 13 14.2 1 2.66 309 476 11.6 17.9 .97 2.97 .254 .784 -.02 ---.72 2.6 60 -----215 ---16 -1.15 -18 -68 -6.16
10.4 12.2 7.4 7.04 1.03 -6.33 .34 .13 .003 .0015 .026 13 .18 1.66 176 2.1 1.1 .099 2.1 1.8 .16
7.2 9.03 6 4.59 .67 114 3.9 .84 .22 ----.... ---------
6.59 7.86 4.53 4.12 .64 -4.1 .93 .26 -------------
5.2 7.13 3.6 3.74 .55 107 4 .88 .24 .08 --52 <41 ----1.8 2.2 --
2.9 3.27 1.7 1.45 -76 -.46 .13 .006 .0013 .139 42 67 8.5 156 3.4 1.0 .089 .78 2.1 .20
4.95 5.60 3.40 2.77 36 -2.1 .59 .15 ---11 ----------
The both the The the two
ranges HTB's basalt which
of mineral and types TiO2 LTB's. are content is not
compositions The differences most in found significant the HTB in the
are for
shown the
in tables TiO2 content the
3-IX
and
3-X between opaques. of
for
in mineral
compositions of the presence
higher
opaques
reflects
ar-
malcolite
LTB's.
2. Plutonic
Rocks:
Occasional modal The olivine nesium-rich very anorthosites data
coarse-grain and mineral in these rich in >
rocks chemistries rocks forsterite 9). Their on
have
been are
returned
from
the
Moon, 3-XI to 97 are
and and vol.%), very 3-XIII.
their 3-XII. the magThe
summarized rich in anorthite and are 60025) the
in tables (90
plagioclase is very
is very
(Fo90), chemistries (15415 breccias. and
pyroxenes
(En/Fs in the
reported
in table
plagioclase-rich
specimens section
are discussed
as cataclastic
74
LUNAR MATERIALS
TABLE 3-1X.--Range of Modal Mineralogy (vol, %)
Composition Pyroxene Olivine Plagioclase Opaques Silica Mesostasis Vesicles and holes Others
High- Ti basalts 42 to 60 0 to 10 15 to 33 10 to 34 0to 6 0 to 9 0 to 10 0to 4
Lo w- Ti basalts 42 to 70 0 to 36 17 to 33 1 to 11 0to 5 0 to 3 0 to 2 0to 2
TABLE 3-X.--Ranges
of Chemical
Compositions basalts
for
Major
Minerals
(wt. %)
(a) High-titanium
Chemical SiO2 AI2Oj TiO2 Cr203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20
Pyroxene 44.1 0.6 0.7 0 8.1 0 1,7 3.7 0 to to to to to to to to to _ 53.8 7,7 6.0 1.0 45.8 0.7 22.8 20.7 0.2
Olivine 29.2 to 38.6 --0.1 to 0.2 25.4 to 28.8 0.2 to 0.3 33.5 to 36.5 0.2 to 0,3 ---
Plagiodase 46.9 to 53.3 28.9 to 34.5 --0,3 to 1,4 -0 to 0.3 14.3 to 18.6 0.7 to 2.7 0 to 0.4
Opaques < 1.0 0 to 2.0 52,1 to 74.0 0.4 to 2.2 14.9 to 45.7 <1,0 0,7 to 8.6 < 1.0 --
(b) Low-titanium
basalts
Chemical SiO2 AI203 TiO2 Cr203 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20
Pyroxene 41.2 0.6 0.2 0 13.1 0 to 54.0 to 11.9 to 3.0 to 1.5 to 45.5 to 0.6
Olivine 33.5 to 38.1 -_ 0.3 to 0.7 21.1 to 47.2 0.1 to 0.4 18.5 to 39.2 0 to 0.3 ---
Plagioclase 44.4 to 48.2 32.0 to 35.2 --0.4 to 2.6 -0.1 16.9 0.4 0 to 1.2 to 19.2 to 1.3 to 0.3
Opaques < 1.0 0.1 to 1.2 50.7 to 53,9 0.2 to 0.8 44.1 to 46.8 0.3 to 0.5 0.1 to 2,3 <1.0 ---
0.3 to 26.3 2.0 to 16.9 0 to 0,1 --
75
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
3. Pyroclastic
Materials:
Glass spheres are common in the lunar soils. Two peculiar concentrations of these have been found: the green glass (sample 15426) and the orange glass (sample 74220). Their analyses are recorded in table 3-XIII.
4. Granite
Glasses:
Glass fragments have been reported that are very high in SiO2. Chemistries range up to extremes like the composition shown in the following table.
"Granite"
Glass (ref. 3-8)
Chemical SiO2 TiO2 A1203 Cr203 FeO MgO CaO Na20 K20
Weight percent 73.12 .50 12.37 .35 3.49 .13 1.27 .61 5.91
It must be emphasized that these glass fragments are rare (< 1 percent weight of material), but are ubiquitous in that some examples are found almost every soil sample.
by in
TABLE 3-Xl.--Modal Lunar mineral
Mineralogy
of Plutonic Sample number--
Rocks
(vol. %)
15415 Pyroxene Plagioclase Olivine 3 97 --
60025 1 98 to 99 --
72415 3 4 93
76535 4 to 5 37 to 60 35 to 58
76
LUNAR
MATERIALS
TABLE
3-XH.--Mineral
Chemistries
of
Plutonic
Rocks
(wt.
%)
(a) Sample
72415
Chemical
Plagioclase
Low-Ca pyroxene
High-Ca pyroxene
Ofivme
Cr-spinel
Metal
SiO2 TiO2 AI20_ Cr203 MgO FeO MnO CaO Na20 K20 BaO ZrO2 V20_ Nb20_ NiO Co Total
44.79 < .01 35.00 -.23 .14 -19.25 .62 .09 .04 .... ..... ..... -..... 110.17
56.05 .28 .96 .26 32.29 6.94 .15 2.24 ,01 ..... .....
54.13 .11 1.22 1.11 18.40 2.71 .11 22.50 .05
40.24 .02 < .01 .04 47.65 12.29 .13 .13 --
0.04 1.05 16.71 51.81 10.60 19.27 .58 ---
0.05 < .01 -.54 .01 67.65 .02 ,01 --
< .01 37 05 --< .01 -30.42 1.42 99.18 100.34 100.50 100.48 100.13
(b) Sample
76535
Chemical
Plagioclase
Olivine
Low-Ca pyroxene
Low-Ca pyroxene 56.43 .27 .72 1.07 33.47 .66 8.14 .16
High-Ca pyroxene 53.48 .53 .72 1.00 18.11 23.44 2.87 .06
Cr-spinel
SiO2 TiO2 Cr203 AI20_ MgO CaO FeO MnO BaO Na20 K20 Zr02 V20_ Nb20_ NiO Total
44.21 .03 -35.89 .07 19.60 .10 -< .01 .29 .05 ..... ..... ..... -100.25
40.30 .01 .02 < ,01 47.96 .03 12.30 .16 ..... -.....
55.89 .42 .80 1.26 32.23 1.44 7.55 .17
.14 .78 50.72 16.02 9.24 -20.84 .76
.02
.03
.02
-.06 .72 < .01
< .01 100.78
.... 99.78 100.95 100.23 99.29
77
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
5.
Synthetic
Lunar
Sample:
The most systematic study of the physical properties of melts having the composition of lunar materials was conducted by Murase and McBirney (ref. 3-9). The data presented here were extracted from their study of a synthetic lunar sample (SLS). (The information in this subsection is reported in the units of measurement used by the authors in their original data.) The artificial sample was prepared according to the analysis of specimen 22 of the Apollo 11 collection (Lunar Sample Preliminary Examination Team, 1969). The composition is given in table 3-XIV.
TABLE 3-Xlll.--Chemistry
Chemical 15415 Plutonic rocks 60025
of Plutonic and Pyroclastic Samples

Pyroclastics 72415 Weigh t percent 76535 15426 74220
SiO2 TiO2 A1203 Cr:03 FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 PzOs S Total
44.1 .02 35.5 .003 .2 0 .1 19.7 .3 < .01 .01 0 99.94
44.3 .02 35.2 .03 .5 .02 .2 19.2 .5 .03 .003 -100.00
39.9 ,03 1.5 .3 11.3 .1 43.6 1.1 < .02 0 .04 ,01 97.90 Trace chemicals
42.9 .05 203 .1 5.0 .07 19.1 11.4 .2 .03 .03 0 99.58
45.2 1.1 15.1 .4 13,7 .2 12.14 11.11 .4 .1 .09 .06 99.60
38.8 8.8 6,4 .7 22.2 .3 17.4 7.7 .4 .08 .04 .07 102.89
Li Rb Sr Ba La Ce
ppm ppm ppm ppm pore ppm
1.0 .17 178 6.2 -.32 .20 .49 807
-< .1 --.28 .65 .42 .092 1.04
4,9 .066 2.24 3.27 .05 .07 .07 .022 .016
3.0 .24 114 32.7 1.51 3.81 2.30 _61 .73
----------
10.7 1.11 2.09 76.4 6,25 19,0 17,8 6.53 1,80
Nd ppm Sm ppm Eu ppm
78
LUNAR
MATERIALS
TABLE
3-Xlll.--Concluded
Chemical 15415
Plutonic 60025
rocks 72415 76535
Pyroclastics 15426 74220
Trace
chemicals
- concluded
Gd ppm Dy pprn Er ppm Yb ppm Lu ppm Zr ppm Hfppm Th ppm U ppm Ir ppb Re ppb Au ppb Ni ppm Sb ppb Ge ppb Se ppb Te ppb Ag ppb Bi ppb Zn ppm Cd ppb TI ppb
0.062 .063 -,045 ---.027 .0098 < .01 .00084 .117 -.067 1.2 .23 2.1 1.73 .097 .26 .57 .09
-0.19 .05 .048 .006 -.02 --.0057 .0016 ,0074 .3 .035 2.30 21.7 65 .22 3.58 .17 7.25 26
0.030 .035 .04 .045 .008 3.0 .015 -< .005 .0052 .0048 .255 149 ,47 29.8 4.9 < .36 .25 .41 2.1 .37 .049
0.73 .80 .53 .56 .079 24 .52 .16 .056 -------------19 37 69
---------0,22 .020 .188 -.12
8.52 9.40 5.10 4.43 .611 ----.214 .0553 1.07 70 25.3 191 460 49 75 1.53 200 260 9.9
3.3 8.9 .38 46 1.13
TABLE
3-XI
V.--Chemical
Composition
of
SLS
Chemical
Weight
percent
SiO2 TiO2 AI2Oj Fe2Oj FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 Total
43.0 11.0 7.7 21.0 .26 6.5 9.0 .40 .21 99.1
79
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
a. Crystallization
of SLS:
Crystallization of the SLS was examined under conditions approximating those of the iron-wusite buffer used in experiments with the rock. On cooling, there appeared to be a change in the properties of the liquid SLS at approximately 1643 K (1370 C), but the first minerals to crystallize (opaque oxides) did not appear until a somewhat lower temperature was reached (approximately 1623 K (1350 C)). Plagioclase and clinopyroxene began to appear at approximately 1473 K (1200 C). The SLS was heated in an iron crucible in an argon atmosphere, approximating the conditions under which such rocks would be extruded as lavas on the lunar surface. No attempt was made to evaluate the effects of pressure or water content on the crystallization or physical properties of the SLS.
b. Viscosity:
2 0-0 SLS in air SLS inargon
0 ...1
0 II00
A 1200
I 1300 Temperature, C
J 1400
I 1500
c. Density:
3.0 E 2.9
t'_
2.8 I000
I 1200 Temperature, C
I 1400
80
LUNAR MATERIALS
Room temperature is 3.05 g/cm 3. d. Thermal
density of SLS quenched
from liquids at 1673 K (1400 C)
Expansion: from the slope of the den-
The coefficient of thermal expansion calculated sity-temperature curve is 2.5 x 10-5 deg -1. e. Ultrasonic Velocities:
_.
c)
E
.--
> > t_
e-o oo
E
O C.)
O-O H
cooling rate of 35 C/hr cooling rate of 200 C/hr 1 500 I I000 I 1500
Temperature, C f. Isothermal Compressibility: Temperature, C 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 Compressibility, 10 -12 cm2/dyne 3.0 5.0 5.8 6.1 6.5 7.0 7.8
81
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
g. Attenuation: Temperature, C 1400 1450 1500 Log Q -
-0.44 -.37 -.27
h.
Electrical
Conductivity: with temperature above the solidus tem-
The variation of conductivity perature may be expressed as
K = AKexp(--EK/RT) where A K is a constant, E K is the activation R is the gas constant, and Tis the absolute The conductivity of the liquid energy for electrical temperature. conductivity, figure:
SLS is illustrated
in the following
-1.5
_d
Measurement:
at 1 kHz at 60 Hz
-0.5 6 7 8 104/T(K) 10
Temperature reciprocal,
The following are the values with silica content.
for A K and E K for the SLS. Both values
will vary
In A K = -- 1
EK = 5 kcal/mole
82
LUNAR MATERIALS i. Thermal Conductivity:

Thermal conductivity to the following relation: may be determined from radial heat flow according
R2 1 ln-K = 2nL-----) R 1
IV T1 T2
where
L is the
length
of
the
cylindrical
heat
source,
J is the
mechanical
equivalent of heat, outer thermocouples, heater, and couples. T_ and
R 1 and R 2 are distances from the central axis to inner and V is the potential, I is the current through the electric T 2 are the temperatures at the inner and outer thermo-
8x10
-3
7 f 6
during cooling cycle Measurements: during heating cycle
4 -
I 0 500 Temperature,
I 1000 C
1 1500
83
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
j. Surface
Tension: Temperature, C 1375 1400 1450 1500 Surface tension, dyne/cm 344 350 355 368
BRECCIAS Meteorite impact is the dominant process affecting the physical nature of lunar surface. The loose deposits produced by impacts constitute the that have been lithified (turned into rock) by impact
the
regolith. Those deposits are called breccias.
Breccias display various physical and chemical properties. Physical properties are dependent upon the environment of the deposition, whereas chemical properties reflect the average composition of the surface struck by the meteorite. Physical properties range from friable rocks with approximately one-third pore space to tough rocks with almost no pore space. Grain sizes may be "well sorted" or "poorly sorted." Pore space may consist of micrometer-size cracks and gashes to millimeteror centimeter-size holes. Breccias may contain from 0 to 50 percent glass. Impacts are effective mixers of target materials, and all deposits from a single impact have approximately the same composition. It is also true that all impacts in a given region have approximately the same target composition. Therefore, the breccias in the lunar highlands have compositions similar to the lunar crust, whereas the breccias in the mare plains have compositions similar to mare basalts. Essentially, every sample returned from the lunar highlands during the Apollo and Luna missions is a breccia. Approximately one-third of the samples returned from the mare plains are breccias, the remainder being basalts.
84
LUNAR MATERIALS Forthishandbook, thefollowing classification is used to distinguish rocks with differentphysical andchemical properties:
Physical properties Chemical Mare -Mare -KREEP subgroup High Ti Low Ti gabbro
Vitric-matrix
Anorthositic Light matrix Cataclastic anorthosite Crystalline Granulitic matrix matrix KREEP Anorthositic
gabbro
Typical members and trace elements table 3-XV.
of each group are described in this section. Major, minor, for a representative member of each subgroup are given in
Before beginning the systematic descriptions, it is well to note that all lunar samples, especially the breccias, are more-or-less fractured. Each sample has through-going fractures that are commonly branched. In some cases (e.g., the Apollo 14 breccias), these fractures are so abundant that the samples are dominated by the fractures and the debris of the fracture zones.
1. Vitric-Matrix
Breccias:
Vitric-matrix breccias consist of an assemblage of mineral, glass, and rock fragments bound together by grain-to-grain sintering and by smaller glass fragments that act as cement. Samples range from very friable to tough. These rocks are very porous; they commonly have bulk densities between 2.0 and 3.0. Polished surfaces display a network of micrometer-size fractures and irregular cavities whose abundance is an inverse function of the sample's density. The shapes of fragments vary from angular to subrounded. Size distribution of the fragments is such that as the size decreases, the abundance increases. Detailed study of size distribution for lunar materials has not been accomplished. Similar suites of terrestrial materials, however, follow a log-log
85

TABLE 3-X V.--Chemistry of Breccias
(_emwal I
Mare I Vitric matrix I
thghland ! Crystalline I ! Ltght matn_: Cata 4nor. [ KREEP | Anor. gabbro matrix I Gran. matrt_
Low
Ti
High
Tt
KREEP
_4nor. gabbro
For 12034 10060 14047 60255
sample 14063
number 60025
-t430_ 76015 68415 79215
Wetght
percent
SiO 2 TiO 2 AI203 Cr203 FO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K20 P205 S
478 23 155 -124 2 83 108 7 5 5 09
400 8.5 113 3 177 2 77 145 5 2 I 15
472 17 182 I 105 1 89 115 7 5 5 08
45.2 .69 261 1 59 06 6.4 15.1 5 .I .I 04
45.5 1.3 230 16 5.8 I 9.6 13.0 7 1 ---
453 02 342 003 5 0(18 .2 198 5 .1 ---
48
462 15 172
453 .3 287 .1 41 05 43 16.2 .5 09 06 --
43.8 3 277 2 46 06 6.3 15.9 5 .1 4 --
1 5 162 2 104 1 103 99 8 6 6 --
2 9.8 1 13.0 10.8 7 3 3 09
Total
991
101.15
99.98
100.29
9926
100.63
98,90
100.19
99.70
9986
Trace
chemicals
Li ppm Rb ppm
18 --720 -1763 92 283 269 ---217 314 630 204 13 3 -------------580
7 4 180 250 24 62 82 24 2 28 41 30 22 2 780 17 12 6 ---70 5 1400 90 -IO -25 300 -85
.... 16 180 730 80 235 102 28 2.6 31 33 19 17 3 --140 126 35 --1.3 ----0.7 -5.2 5.2 -12.2 -5.6 391 -912 = ---21 60.8 -36 8 3 87 28 53 18 56 325 11 3.2 82 1,37 064 28 -13 235 460 19.4 47 36 917 2.55 11 6 12 7 6.8 99 35 2136 10 28 65 42 092 1.04 0895 19 05 048 0056 .48 02 -135 0057 .0016 0074 1 1 035 2 3 21.7 6 75 34 36 3 25 5 1 76 1
384 25 190 830 109 200 140 23 26 38 43 32 -3 5 -26 17 4 515 10 -67 200 -440 ----2 1 ---
216 657 177 358 334 849 54 152 199 189 199 11.7 10.8 13 507 129 556 1.96 3.41 315 189 135 102 164 76 -102 .22 2.8 32 67 73 98 184 445 72
51 19 140 70 681 163 992 2.88 1.13 3.27 3.62 2.18 2 33
----2.65 6.8 -1.19 84 ---1.37 .24 --
Sr ppm Ba ppm La ppm Ce Nd Sm Eu Gd Dy Er Yb Lu ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm ppm
Zr ppm Hfppm Th U ppm ppm
13 3
---
----
3.2 112 106 54 -21 -.320
lr ppb Re Au Ni ppb ppb ppm
4.58 434 265
213 190 8,27 255
Sb ppb Ge ppb
.53
279 33 176 17 1 16 ,16 23 98 41
S ppb Te ppb Ag ppb
13 5 4.8 .45 4.8 2.75 .49
I I 1.1 20 102 17
Bi ppb Zn Cd T1 ppb ppb ppb
86
LUNAR MATERIALS lawwitha -2 to -3 slope (i.e., a decrease in size by a factor of 10 would be accompanied by an increase in abundance by a factor of between lO0 and lO00). Composition of the included mineral and rock fragments is similar to the composition of analogous material in the surrounding regolith. Vitric-matrix breccias may be considered as compacted and lithified regolith, and there are no major chemical differences between local regolith and local vitric-matrix breccias. Vitric-matrix breccias have been referred to as soil breccias, regolith breccias, and glassy breccias. Vitric-matrix breccias even
contain enriched abundances of solar-wind-derived components such as the noble gases, carbon, nitrogen, and hydrogen. Vitric-matrix breccias are abundant on the lunar surface. All breccias returned from the maria and approximately one-third of the breccias returned from the highlands are vitric-matrix breccias.
2. Light-Matrix
Breccias:
Light-matrix breccias are similar in texture and friability to the vitricmatrix breccias except they lack glass fragments. They are but poorly bonded aggregates of mineral and rock fragments that are cemented together by grainto-grain sintering. The light-matrix breccias may be thought of as "glass-free" vitric-matrix breccias. Light-matrix breccias occur in the lunar samples returned from the Apollo 14 and 16 sites only. From various indirect data, one may hypothesize that light-matrix breccias make up approximately 10 or 15 percent of the lunar highlands.
3. Cataclastic
Anorthosites:
Cataclastic anorthosites are crushed rocks consisting of 50 to 99 percent plagioclase feldspar. These samples are very friable. They consist of angular fragments of plagioclase, pyroxene, and olivine, bound together by tiny amounts of glass or by grain-to-grain sintering. Fragment sizes vary from approximately a micrometer to several centimeters, and pore space ranges from 20 percent to essentially nil. Mineral compositions for cataclastic anorthosite are given in table 3-XVI. For the most part, minerals in these rocks are "pure," in that plagioclase feldspar contains low amounts of iron and pyroxenes and olivines are Mg-rich and Fe-poor. Many of the plagioclase feldspars contain submicron rods and blebs of an opaque phase, probably Fe-metal of FeS. Approximately two-thirds the Apollo Program contain proportion of samples with site. of the cataclastic anorthosites returned during more than 80 percent plagioclase. However, the this abundance of plagioclase varies from site to
87
LUNAR MATERIALS
TABLE 3-X VI.-Chemical
HANDBOOK
Composition of Minerals Anorthosites (wt. %)
From Cataclastic
Chermcal
Plagtoclase
Olivine
Low-Ca pyroxene
Low-Ca pyroxene
High-Ca pyroxene
Crspinel
Ilrnemte
Troilite
SiO,, TiO2 AbO3 Cr20_ MgO FeO MnO CaO BaO Na20 K20 ZrO2 V20_ Nb:O_ NiO Co S
43.56 .01 35.94 -.03 .17 -20.00 < .01 .26 .01 ...... ...... ..... -....... .......
35.59 .01 < .01 .05 30.11 34.58 .42 .03 ....... -.......
53.20 .35 .72 .33 24.37 19.72 .35 IA0
5t.25 .28 .72 .27 19.89 24.49 .41 1.69
50.88 61 1.50 .37 13.04 11.98 .37 21.22
0.03 2.82 13.14 48.66 3.08 31.77 .74 --
0.01 53.24 <.01 .33 3.27 42.24 .50 --
0.01 < .01 -<.01 <.01 63.84 < .01 ,03
.01
< Ol
.01
-08 55 < .01
-< .01 < ,01 < ,01
----< .01 < .01 37.76
.03
.....
Total
99.98
100.82
100.15
99.00
99.98
100.87
99.59
101.64
NOTE: opaques, less
Modal than
mineralogy, 1 percent.
vol,%
--plagioclase,
83 percent;
olivine,
16 percent:
pyroxene,
1 percent;
and
Cataclastic anorthosites are rare at all landing sites. Approximately 5 percent of the material returned from the highlands is in this category of material.
4. Crystalline-Matrix
Breccias: uniform matrix with emof interlocking crystals of
Crystalline-matrix breccias consist of a fine-grain, bedded mineral and rock clasts. The matrix consists plagioclase feldspar, to 100 micrometers.
pyroxene, olivine, and ilmenite with sizes ranging from 1 The interlocking of crystals in the matrix bonds the total
rock together. Most samples are tough with a low porosity (0.5 to 4 percent). Pore spaces vary from 0.1 millimeter to 10 centimeters; they may be spherical or irregular cavities. Additional cavities, which are 5 to 50 micrometers in size and polygonal in shape, occur interstitial to the crystals in some regions of the
88
LUNAR MATERIALS
micrometers to tens of meters; they consist of abundant plagioclase with less abundant olivine and even less abundant pyroxene plus rocks. Crystalline-matrix breccias are chemically equilibrated in that all crystals and grains of a given mineral in each sample have approximately the same composition. Thus, both matrix plagioclase and plagioclase clasts share the same composition in each sample, and that composition is different for different samples. Typical mineral compositions are given in table 3-XVII. Crystalline-matrix breccias occur only in the highlands, where they comprise approximately 50 percent of the samples returned.
matrix.Clasts range in sizefrom50
TABLE 3-XVII.m
Chemical Composition and Modal Mineralogy From Crystalline-Matrix Breccias (wt. %)

(a ) Sample 14310; coarser-grain matrix with few clasts
for Minerals
Chemtcal
Plagiocta_e
Low-('a p_roxene
High-('a pvro_ene
Ohvtm,
Ilmentte
Troihte
Metal
('ah'mm pho_phtde
_l,fe_o_tas_
Bulk composihon
P20_ SiO 2 TiO2 AI_O_ Cr_O_ CaO MgO FeO MnO BaO Na_O K_O Zr02 VzO, Nb_O_ NiO Co S F
....... 46.67 .02 33.51 -1778 09 .25 -< .01 151 13 .... .... .... -..... ..... ....... --< .01 -5353 90 99 50 243 2636 1542 .19 ....... 06 ....... .01 < 01 13 -.... .... .04 < 01 38.52 6.99 .37 < .01 -17 ..... 5081 187 195 64 1874 1708 865 21 3766 .09 02 15 16 35 76 2624 32 0.21 54.16 < 01 44 -656 37 38 46 --08 03 63.17 --.01 -< .01 --.01 < .01 9258 --
4315 ----54.54 ----
008 5798 1.82 23.14 03 5.29 .76 1.40 <01 .90 53 721
0.44 46.47 1.50 17.52 .20 1150 IL46 8.96 11 O1 79 .13 < .01 < .01 <.01
--
07
---2.31
--< .01 --
.02 <.01 .09 .02
Tolal
9996
100.38
100.12
100.40
99.35
101.85
99.96
10000
99.22
100.22
Vol% br Wt%
56.2 2.0 50.4
25.4 14 284
5.9 6 65
8.8 .8 102
1.3 3 20
0_1 I .2
0.0 .0 .2
09 2 I 0
h0 .2 .8
Calculated (1307 points)
89

TABLE 3-X VII.-(b) Sample 72395/_ner-grain
Concluded
with abundant clasts
matrix
('heroical
Orthopyroxene
P_geontte I 'rrop
and e
,4ugtte
Plagtex-lase
l_zfeldspar
Glass
_e_ n
SiO: AI:O_ T_O: Cr:O_ FeO MnO MgO CaO Na:O K_O
52
51 8 158 65 48 It, I 28 248 3 I1 03
50.8 1.35 89 39 19.8 33 2(13 507 02
47
| 95 74 08
496 281 153 72 135 26 164 140 09
484 I 91 1 85 04 183 29 114 164 11
440 348 -..... 08 .... -Iql 64 05
509 _).0 --
620 189 --
76 11.1
305 3,01] 14,6
3.44 6q 61 112 21 284 250 (12 ......
89
34
I 47
39
25
86 04
357 36 316 7 09 40 52
917 574 04
-14 5 286 73
-33 90 142
02 73 94 739
Total
99
98
990
984
989
987
986
994
96
98
95 4
5. Granulitic-Matrix Granulitic breccias
Breccias: are metamorphosed rocks that consist of a crystalline
matrix and sparse mineral and rock clasts. These materials are tough, having virtually no porosity. The rocks are bound by the interlocking minerals of the matrix. The matrix consists of plagioclase feldspar and olivine and/or pyroxene in crystals on the order of 50 micrometers in some samples and 200 micrometers in others. Mineral compositions are the same for the matrix minerals as for the chemistry for minerals that appear as clasts. Table some typical granulitic breccias. 3-XVIII gives the mineral
Granulitic breccias are rare on the lunar surface. Only five large rocks returned during the Apollo Program are granulitic breccias (four during Apollo 17 and one during Apollo 16). However, rock clasts in other breccias and fragments in the regolith that are granulitic breccias have been found at all the landing sites. This suggests that granulitic breccias may be common at depths of a few kilometers throughout the highlands.
90
LUNAR
MATERIALS
TABLE
3-X Vlll.n
Chemical
Composition Breccias
of Minerals (wt. %)
From
Granulitic-Matrix
(a) Sample 77017; coarser-gram

('heroical pvro_ene Olivine Plagtoclase
matrix
Spinel ('hroraite Ilmentte Glass
SiO 2 TiO_ AI_O_ Cr_O, FeO MnO MgO CaO Na20 K:O
5232 111 206 81 925 20 1496 1919 ..... .....
5378 69 70 36 2017 35 2296 1.64
52.31 80 1.95 37 1054 20 1574 1744
53.62 71 84 .43 1825 31 2160 409
36.49 .05 .00 04 33.73 32 29.06 18
4481 04 3550 -12 -05 19.46 42 .14
-023 6293 402 1627 10 1657 ----
-14 72 827 3300 39.63 35 4 25 ----
-53.82 04 31 4125 .42 438 ----
43.76 .44 2521 -640 -637 1487 35 05
Total
99 90
100.65
9975
9985
99.87
100.54
100.12
100.22
100.22
9745
(b) Sample
79215; finer-grain
matrix
Chemical
Plagioclase
Olivine
Low-Ca pyroxene
54.9
High-Ca pyroxene
51.3 17 24 6 72 .2 16.4 20.4 .I --
Whole rock
438 3 27.7 .2 46 .06 6.3 15.9 .5 .1
SiO2 TiO: AI_O_ Cr_O_ FeO MnO MgO CaO NatO K20
44 -354 --
378 .06 03 03
.6 h0 .3 14.9
5 --18.5 .6 2
250 .3 37,4 rl .0 --
_2 275 1.7 0 --
Total
99.6
1007
1011
t00.3
99.5
91
LUNAR
MATERIALS
REFERENCES
3"1.
Oberbeck, Variations.
V. R.; Icarus, J. S.; and
and
Quaide,
W. L.:
Genetic
Implications
of
Lunar
Regolith
Thickness
vol. 9, 1968, Kovach,
pp. 446-465. Investigation (Houston, of the Lunar Texas), Regolith. ProceedPress,
3"2.
Watkins,
R. L.: Seismic
ings of the Fourth Inc. tNew York),
Lunar Science Conference 1973, pp. 2561-2574.
vol. 3, Pergamon
3-3.
Houston, Proceedings Press, Inc.
W. N.: Mitchell, of the Fifth (New York),
J. K.; and
Carrier,
W. D., 111: Lunar (Houston,
Soil Density Texas), vol.
and
Porosity.
Lunar Science Conference 1974, pp. 2361-2364.
3, Pergamon
3-4.
Mitchell, J. K.; Carrier, W. D., llI: et al.: Soil Mechanics. nary Science Report. NASA SP-330, 1973. Carrier, Utilization Science Houston, W. D., 111; and Mitchell, J. K.: Geotechnical at a special David 1976),
Sec. 8 of the
Apollo
17 Prelimi-
3-5.
Engineering session ed.,
on Lunar
the
Moon. Annual
Lunar Lunar Institute,
(abstracts
of papers
presented
of the Seventh
Conference, March 16, Texas, 1976, pp. 92-95.
Criswell,
Science
3-6.
Heiken, 567-587.
G.:
Petrology
of Lunar
Soils.
Rev.
Geophys.
Space
Phys.,
vol. 13, no. 4, 1975, pp.
3-7.
Morris,
R. V.: Surface
Exposure
Indices
of Lunar
Soils:
A Comparative Texas),
FMR vol.
Study.
Pro-
ceedings of the Seventh Press, Inc. (New Yorkl, Reid, Glasses

3-9,
Lunar Science Conference 1976, pp. 315-335. W. I.; and Meteoritics, Brown, vol.
(Houston,
1, Pergamon
3-8.
A. M.; Warner, in Three T.; and at High
J.; Ridley, 15 Soils.
R. W.: Major 7, no.
Element
Composition
of
Apollo McBirney,
3, 1972, pp. Igneous
395-415. Rocks and Their
Murase, Melts
A. R.: Properties Geol.
of Some
Common Bull.,
Temperatures.
Soc. of America
vol. 84, 1973,
pp. 3563-3592.
92
4. Elements
This section discusses the major lunar elements in terms of lunar materials that was outlined in section 2. Elements hydrogen, silicon and silica, aluminum, oxygen, and the volatile elements. titanium, iron,
of the mineralogy discussed include magnesium,
calcium,
HYDROGEN
The atmophile elements (hydrogen (H), carbon (C), nitrogen (N), oxygen (O), and the noble gases) occur in extremely low concentrations in lunar basalts and highland breccias (table 4-I), and their abundance in the lunar atmosphere (pressure = 10 -9 N/m 2 (10 -14 atm)) is vanishingly small. Lunar soils and soil breccias, however, may contain appreciable concentrations of these elements (table 4-II), which have been implanted by the solar wind. The flux of solar ions at the lunar surface is approximately 3 108 cm -2 sec -1, most of which are hydrogen and helium. Most exposed mineral surfaces appear to saturate at approximately 1017 ions cm -2, resulting in strong fractionations among concentrations of the gases relative to solar wind abundances. Mixing of regolith materials by meteorite impacts over approximately 3 x 109 years has mixed the solar-derived gases down to depths of several meters. Solar ions are implanted into exposed surfaces to depths of less than 0.2 micrometer. Consequently, the largest concentrations of these elements are found in the finest grain sizes of lunar soils, which have the largest surface area to mass ratios. These same surface layers experience considerable solid state damage, due to the amount of energy deposited by the _ 1 keV/amu ions and occasional solar flare ions with megaelectronvolt energies. Amorphous layers are commonly formed on grainsurfaces that are ion-sputtered away at a rate of 10 -l to 10 -9 m/yr (1 to 10 A/yr). A large portion of the implanted gases are incorporated into the interiors of constructional particles, such as soil breccias and glass-welded agglutinates. This effect, and other factors, cause gas concentrations to correlate less than exactly with inverse grain diameter, and to depend upon the retention probability of the element. Figure 4-1 gives the approximate mature lunar relationship soils that between concentration and grain have mean grain diameters of _60 diameter for micrometers.
93
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Mature tion of
soils,
because
of their particles, as do
smaller contain
mean
grain
diameters times is the the
and
greater
fracof of the
constructional gases range
several This
concentrations cause soils most
solar-derived rather 4-II). large
immature
soils.
primary in different
of concentrations
of a given
element elements
(table mature
Concentrations
of solar-wind-derived
among
the
TABLE 4-l.uAbundance
Ranges
Indigenous
of Lunar
Materials
Landing site Apollo Apollo Apollo Apollo ll 12 14 15
Carbon, ppm 62 to 110 (6) 16 to 45 (7) 21 to 150 (6) 3 to 115 (16) 2 to 40 (10) 16 to 85 (10) ----
Sul/_tr. ppm 1500 to 2400 (9) 350 to 1520 (31) 200 to 1400 (9) 30 to 1000 (21) 20 to 1050 (10) 1230 to 2800 (22) 1700 300 --
Sodium, _'t. % 0.28 to 052 0.14 to 0,37 0.22 to 0.30 022 to 0,30 0.20 to 0.50 0.15 to 038 0.171 0.356 --
Potassium, wt. _!;,; 0.04 to 0.35 0.04 to 0.07 0.05 to 0.09 0.01 to 0.06 0.02 to 0.04 0.02 to 0.07 0.133 0.390 0.03 to 0.06
Apollo 16 Apollo 17 Luna 16 Luna 20 Luna 24
aNumbers
in parenlheses
are
the
"number
of
analyses"
TABLE
4-II.--
Typical
Solar-
Wind
Gas Concentrations
of Lunar
Fines
Landing stte Helium. 10-2
Concentration, Neon, 10-4
cm3(sTpa)lg, .4rgon, 10-b 9
for
-Xenon 8 10-_ Hydrogen "
Concentration, Carbon
ppm,
./or
--
Krypton, I0--
Nitrogen
Apollo Apollo Apollo Apollo Apollo Apollo Luna Luna Luna 16 20 24
II 12 14 15 16 17
11
to 25
22 to
33 1.4 29 11 15
4 to 5 to 3,7 to 53 to 49 to 7,2
28
to 66
8 to 37 4 to 10 5 to 17 2 to 12 13 10 41
50 80 70 to 120 to 79 to211 ---
142 23 42 21 31
to 226 to 180 to 186 to 186 to 280
102 40 80 25 30
to 153 to 130 to 164 to t13 to 155
4 to 38 5 to 9 4 to 10 0.6 to 5 61029 18 4 ........
8 to 68 10 to 18
7 1o 35 16 Io 42
8 to 23 2.6 to 15 50
8 to 42 8 to 60 61o32 38 19
4 to 24 51oll 32 8
13 to 38 11
191o75 6.4 3_5
4 to 200 --134
710130 to 2100 to 8(_
80
aSTP
standard 4OAr
temperature which is formed
and by
pre_sure. radioactive decay of potassium.
bExcludes
94
ELEMENTS soilstendtobethesame to withina factor of two.

try and mineralogy with is most in ilmenite are the (mare less important that and lost in the than helium from soil concentrations, tained Helium soil trated of ilmenite. in the hydrogen ppm. exception soils) and Differences maturity neon in soil in determining are more fraction may of also be readily soils). of lunar (highland chemisgas re-
plagioclase
concentrated
< 2-micrometer-size hydrogen most optimistic fraction of the Moon fraction the soil 10ppm is most
By analogy, fine-grain concentration The most ilmenite, of lunar
solar-wind-derived ilmenite. in the ilmenite-rich and the the ilmenite. from 5% The < 20-micrometer regions
concenhowever, ilmenite approxup apesti-
estimate, lunar
is 2000 imately proximately mate
contain makes optimistic
5 percent
<20-micrometer Therefore, the lunar =
10 percent
for availability
of hydrogen 2000ppm
10%
100
i
A Curve A: helium, neon Cu rye B: argon, kr_ton, mnon, carbon Curve C: nitrogen,carbon
30
3
t_3
.3
.!
I 3
I 10
I 30
I 100
300
lO00
Lunar soil grain diameter, _m FIGURE 4-l.-----Correlation lunar soil grain diameter. 60 micrometers. between relative solar gas concentrations in mature lunar soil and
The mean grain size for a typical mature lunar soil is approximately
95
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
SILICON
AND
SILICA
As discussed
in section
2 of this handbook,
the dominant
minerals
on the
lunar surface are pyroxenes, spinels. Of these, the pyroxenes,
olivines, plagioclase feldspars, ilmenite, and olivines, and plagioclase are silicates. Chemi-
cal analyses of typical lunar materials (presented in section 2) list SiO 2 contents of approximately 50 percent, 37 percent, and 46 percent for pyroxene, olivine, and plagioclase, respectively. Pyroxenes are being considered as possible sources of magnesium, calcium, iron, and possibly aluminum; olivines are a potential source of magnesium and iron; and plagioclase is a potential source of aluminum. Each of these minerals may also be considered sources of silicon and silica as well. Their relative abundances on the lunar surface are presented in section 2.
Physical
Properties
of Silicon
and SIO 2
Density
and
Molar
Volume: ...................................... 2.33
Density of silicon, g/cm 3 (at 293 K (20 C)) Density Form
of SiO 2 Density, g/cm 3
Molar Temperature, C (a) 25 25 405 r 405 25 r 575 r r
Volume of SiO 2 Molar volume, cm 3 22.690 0.005 25.74 0.02 27.38 26.53 27.42 20.64 14.016 27.72 24.01 30.21 -+-0.02 0.20 0.03 0.05 0.01 0.01 0.30 0.10
c_-quartz c_-cristobalite /3-cristobalite a-tridymite /3-tridymite Coesite Stishovite /3-quartz Keatite Melanophlogite
aorisinal data in Celsius r - room temperature
2.648 2.334 2.194 2.265 2.192 2.911 4.287 2.533 2.503 1.989
(T K T C,+ 273.15),
Formula
weight
of SiO 2, g .....................................
60.09
96
ELEMENTS 2. X-RayCrystallographic Data: Silicon (Si) Crystalsystem........................................... Space group ..............................................

Structure type ......................................... Z (gram formula weights per unit cell) .......................... Unit cell base vector magnitudes (at 298 K (25 C)) ao = 5.4305 __ 0.0003 ,_, (1/_ -- 10-10 meter) ao -- Bo = Note: oto = Bo -yo = Silicon X-ray dioxide _,o = angle angle angle 90 subtended subtended subtended by b and c by a and c by a and b
cubic
Fd3m diamond 8
(SiO2) data are given in table 4-III.
crystallographic
TABLE 4-HI.--X-Ray
Crystallographic
Data for SiO2
Form
Crystal system
Space group
Structure type
a_
bo
co
_o
Bo
yo
Temp., C (a_
a-quartz
Hex
P3121 P3221
--
4.91355 _0.0001
--
5.40512 20.0001
25
B-quartz
Hex
P6422 P6222
--
4.9990 20.0005
--
5.4592 20.0005
575
o_-cristobalite
Tet
,41212 P43212
--
4.971 20003
--
6.918 _+0.13(13
--
25
/3-cristobalite
Cubic
FdJm
--
7.1382 20.0010
--
--
--
405
Keatite
Tet
1'41212 P43212
--
12
7.456 20.003
--
8.604 _+0.005
B-tridymite
Hex
/_2c P63/mmc
--
5.0463 20.(_O20
--
8.2563 20.0030
405
Coesite
Mono
B21b
--
16
7t52 =t: 0.001
12.379 20.002 --
7.152 20.001 2.6649 _+0.001
--
120"00 210
--
25
Stishovite
Tet
IM/mnm
Ruffle
4.1790 _+0.001
Melanophlogite
Cubic
P4232
--
48
13402 _+0.004
--
--
aoriginal
data
in Celsius
(F K
T(.
+ 27315);
r -
room
temperature.
97
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
3.
Thermal
Expansion:
( 'ompo_tton
Svmmeerv arid _Jrie'ntu[_ntl too (" 2_,_1_ ("
E_pansion,
in p('reent,
lh_m
20"
to --
4o0
600 _ C
go_ C
lf_o
_ (
1200
("
Silicon Quartz (inversion
Cubic [tex, _ iI_
',ol h
0066 14 ,08 36
0 171 30 18 78 2 41)
(]398 73 43 I 89 333
0631 175 1,02 4 52 3.48
0875 172 ,98 4 42 3 66
I 109 1 70 89 4.29 3.75
----3 60
a_ 573 C_
Tridymlte at i17 _,
(inversions 163,2i0 475 C) _,
Orlho,
;,ot
63
300 , and Keatite Cristobalite at 218 ('1
Tet, (inversion Tet,_
vol ,. li_ vol
06 221 346 791
-11 .503 779 1.795 048 050 [ 45
-,11 ..... ..... 6.271 116 114 345
....
6,414 194 193 580
6499 284 283 849
6575 383 381 1.150
6651 ----
Coesite
Mono,
ila, lit' vol
lit
020 022 059
a Or,gmal b',ol = data reported in Celsius ',,olumetric expansion ( FA T{ + 27315)
Thermal
Expansion
of
Cristobalite
Temperanm,, (" (a)
(Tmnge ][a
m h,ngth,
percent,/or ][C
--
(Tmnge in volume, percent
100 200 218 218 (below) (above) 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 12(10
0.221 .503 .563 At 218 _' C the tetragonal -----------form inverts
0.346 779 851 to a cubic -----------modification
0.791 1.795 1.990 5.772 6.039 6.271 6.360 6.414 6.459 6.499 6.539 6.575 6.615 6.651
aOriginal
data
reported
in Celsius
IF A
I(,
_ 27315}
98
ELEMENTS
Thermal Expansion of Quartz
Temperature, C (a)
Change
in length,
percent,
./or --
Change in vo.lllme, percent 0.17 .36 .56 .78 1.03 1.27 1.56 1,87 2.25 2.70 2.97 3.33 3.52 3.76 4.55 4.55 4.54 4.54 4.51 4.48 4.43 4.38 4.34 4.29 4.26
c
0.07 .14 .22 .30 .40 .49 .60 .72 ,87 1.04 1.15 1.29 1.36 1.46 Transition: .76 .76 .76 .76 .75 .74 .73 .72 .71 .70 .69 a to B quartz
Iic
0,03 .08 .12 .18 .23 .29 .36 .43 .51 .62 .67 .75 .80 .84 at 573C 1.03 1.03 1.02 1.02 1.01 1.00 .97 .94 ,92 .89 ,88
50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 525 550 560 570 580 590 600 650 700 750 800 850 900 950 1000
aoriglnal data reporled in CeLsius (T K -
1"(.+ 27315)
99
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
4. Compressibility Vo-V
and
Elastic
Constants:
-- aP-
bP 2
where:
V--Vo P a b = = = ---
volume initial volume pressure in megabars proportional limit elastic limit (Mb)
Vo
Silicon
at 25 C: a = 1.012 Mb -1 ; b = 2.5 Mb -2 (for Pless
than
30 kb)
Pressure, kg/cm 2 5000 10 000 15 000 20000 25000 30000 40000 50000 60000 70 000 80 000 90 000 100000
(V o -
V)/ Vo
0.00491 .00965 .01433 .01888 .02332 .02755 .032 .038 .043 .048 .052 .056 .060
Elastic constants Voigt and Reuss
may be obtained schemes.
from
the following
relationships
for the
Voigt Bulk modulus Modulus with of rigidity K= (A + 2B)/3 B + 3C)/5 K = 1/(3a
Reuss + 6b) 4b + 3c)
G = (A -
G = 5/(4a
3A = Cll + C22 + C33 3B = C23 + C31 + (712 3C= C44+ C55+ C66 where Cpq and
3a = SI1 + $22 + $33 3b = $23 + $31 + S12 3c=$44+$55+$66 crystal.
Spq refer to the individual
100
ELEMENTS Values of Cpq

and
Spq for silicon Cll ---- 1.65773 Cl2 = 0.63924 C44 = 0.79619
at 25 C are as follows: Sll ----0.76809 --$12 = 0.21376 $44----- 1.2560
Sll = $22 = $33; $23 = $31 = S12; $44 = $55 = $66; (all others are zero)
The
values
of a and
b are as follows
for c, and/3
quartz.
Form
a, Mb- 1 2.707 .718 .995 2.697 2.77 1.776
b, Mb- 2 24.0 6.2 7.6 20.4 w --
Quartz a linear, IJ c linear, 2_ c
Quartz/3
The kilobars
following table for quartz.
lists
values
of (V o --
V)/V o at pressures
above
12
Measurement 5000 Linear, IIc Linear, 2. c Volume 0.00334 .00480 .01289
Valuesof (V 10 000 0.00642 .00909 .02440
V)/ V for pressures, in kg/cm2, of-15 000 0.00920 .01308 .03495 20 000 0.01170 .01688 .04478 25 000 0.01406 .02056 .05418 30 000 0.01622 .02411 .06308
101
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
Strength
and Ductility:
Stress-Strain
Temp,, a C Cot!/_ning pressure, bars a 1 Differential stress
Relationship
m bars o/'-5 10 Ultimate strength, bars Total strain, percent Fault angle, deg
./'or strain percent 2
Quartz 24 24 24 500 600 800 0 2580 5070 5070 5070 5070 7 000 12 500 14 500 8 200 .... 7000 12 600 Quartz 24 500 600 800 800 5070 5070 5070 5070 5070 10 000 9000 7 000 5 000 4 000 20 000 17000 13 000 9 500 -14 000 24 000 28 0(_ 16 500
(load ----14000 (load ---12 000 --
IIc) ----11 000 c) -----35 000 3l 000 25 000 25 000 4 000 4.5 4.8 4.0 6.8 -m m
25 000 51 000 52 000 30 000 19 000 20000
4.8 4.8 4.3 4.8 4 12.4

m B
aoriginal
data
reported
in
Celsius
and
bars;
F K
FU+
27315
and
bar
105
N/m
102
ELEMENTS
Shearing Strength Under High Confining Pressure
Normal pressure in kilobars
eft'--
Shear strength, kilobars (St) 1.0 2.4 4.6 6.8 8.6
Silicon 10 20 30 40 50 Silicon dioxide 10 20 30 40 50 Cristobalite 10 20 30 40 50
(St02) a
u 14.2 (Si02)b
14.2 Opal (Si02)c
10 20 30 40 50
aRotales bRotates CRotates with snapping, some oplic snaps, axis tangential inverts partly to an inverts unknown to quartz form
3.5 7.0 9.8 12 18
smoolhly, with much
of SiO 2
snapping,
103
LUNAR MATERIALS HANDBOOK 6. MeltingandTransformation Points: Silicon(Si) Meltingpoint,K (C) ............................... Boilingpoint,K (C)................................ Silicon dioxide (SiO 2) Quartz melting point,K (C)......................... Transition fromtrigonal to hexagonal, K (C) .....................
Transition from quartz to tridymite, K (C) Tridymite Transition melting from point, ..................... K (C) ...........
1687 (1414) 3104 (2831)
1743 (1470) 846+

3 (573 ___3) ___3) 10)
1140 ___3 (867 1943 ___ 10 (1670
orthorhombic 378 433 1743 2001 15 (105 15 (160 10 (1470 10 (1728 15) 15) 10) 10)
to low hexagonal, K (C) ............... Transition from low hexagonal to high hexagonal, K (C) ............... Transition from tridymite to cristobalite, K (C) ................ Cristobalite Transition to cubic, melting from point, K (C) ..........
orthorhombic 473 to 543 (200 to 270)
K (C) ......................
7. Thermodynamic Silicon (Si)
Properties:
Formula weight, g ....................................... Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) ........................... Heat of fusion, kJ ....................................... Heat of vaporization, H_o= 3.219 kJ kJ ................................. H_298-
28.086 11.74 (1.174) 50.575 393.027
_r = 18.81 0.08 J mo1-1K-: (at 298.15 K) where/-/_298 = enthalpy, _ ----enthalpy at absolute entropy. Quartz (sio 2) K ....................................... K .........................................
zero, and _T =
a quartz, /3 quartz,
298.15 to 844 844 to 1800
104
ELEMENTS 7. Thermodynamic Properties (continued):

Cp= 44.603+3.7754 x 10-2T - 1.0018 x 106T -2 (equation valid from 298 to 844 K)
C_p ----58.928 + 1.0031 x 10 -2 T (equation valid from 844 to 1800 K) H_298 -- H_o = 6.916 kJ SOT-- 41.46 ___0.20 J mo1-1K -1 (at 298.15 K) Melting point = not available Enthalpy of melting --- not available Boiling point = not available Enthalpy of vaporization = not available Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) ......................... 22.688 (2.2688)
Cristobalite
(SiO2) K ................................... K .................................... 7.1680 x 104 T -0-5 298.15 to 523
a cristobalite, /3 cristobalite, Cp = -4.1596
523 to 1800 6.2859
103 + 2.5480T+ valid
x 107 T -2 (equation C_p-- 72.753+ 1.3004 x 10-3 (equation valid from
from 298 to 523 K)
T-- 4.1320 x 106T -2 523 to 1800 K)
98-
7.040 kJ
1996 8.159 not available not available 25.739 (2.5739)
_T---- 43.40 _ 0.13 J mo1-1K -1 (at 298.15 K) Melting point, K .......................................... Enthalpy of melting, kJ ................................... Boiling point ...................................... Enthalpy of vaporization ............................ Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) .........................
Tridymite
(SiO2) K .................................... K ...................................... 298.15 to 390 390 to 1800 1.1740
a tridymite, /3 tridymite,
C_ _ 74.904+3.0999 x 10-3T - 2.3669 x 102T -0.5 106T -2 (equation valid from 390 to 1800 K) /-/_298 H_o = not available
_T _ 43.93 0.42 J mo1-1 K -1 (at 298.15 K) Melting point = 1943 K Enthalpy of melting -- not available Boiling point -- not available Enthalpy of vaporization = not available Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) ......................... 26.530 (2.6530)
105
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
7. Thermodynamic
Properties
(continued):
Coesite
(SiO2) 10-5T 23.3753
C_ = 2.3306 x 102- 7.7765 x 10 -2 T+ 1.9237 103/,-0.5 + 2.6036 106 T -2 (equation valid from 298 to 1800 K) /_298 -- H_o = not available
_T---- 40.38 + 0.42J tool -1K -1 (at 298.15 K) Melting point = not available Enthaipy of melting = not available Boiling point --- not available Enthalpy of vaporization -- not available Molar Stishovite volume, (SIP2) 4.0271 2.8339 10 -2 T+ x 105 T -2 1.2026 10 -5 72 1.5594 cm 3 (J/bar) ........................ 20.641 (2.0641)
C_ = 1.4740 x 102 103 T --0.5 -
(equation valid from 298 to 1800 K) //_298 -/_o = not available SOT-- 27.78 0.42 J mo1-1K Melting point -- not available Boiling point = not available Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar) -1 (at 298.15 K)
Enthalpy of melting -- not available Enthalpy of vaporization = not available 14.014 (1.4014)
.........................
Silica glass
(SIP2)
C_, -- 74.639 -- 7.2594 x 10 -3 T+ 5.5704 10-6T 2 - 3.1140 106T -2 (equation valid from 298 to 1500 K) /-/_298-- H_o = not available _T----" 47.40 ___0.21 J mo1-1 K -l (at 298.15 K)
Melting point ---- not available Boiling point ---- not available Molar volume, cm 3 (J/bar)
Enthalpy of melting ---- not available Enthalpy of vaporization -----not available 27.270 (2.7270)
.........................
106
ELEMENTS
8.
Electrical
Properties:
Silicon perature The
is an
intrinsic
semiconductor in figure 4-2. are
whose
conductivity
varies
with
tem-
as illustrated dielectric
constants
of quartz
as follows:
lYa velength, cm
Dielectric .1_ to optic axis
constant
for
--
II to optic axis
ao 103
4.69 4.27
5.06 4.34
102
101 ity > 1 P

"__
100
Intrinsic nductivity
10"1
!
10-2
! 1
10-3
.001 .0_
.003 .004 .005 .006 .Off/
temperature reciprocal, lIT(K) FIGURE 4-2.--Electrical resistivity as a function of temperature. of pure silicon
107
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
9. Thermal a quartz
Conductivity: (SiO2) K_ = Kz sin 2 +/_1 cs2 _
where
Kz = conductivity _L to optic axis K_I = conductivity I1to optic axis = angle between direction and optic
axis
Temp., oC
Thermal conductivity,
a in watts cm- 1 K-
1 for --
lifo
optic axis
to
optic axis 67 246 101 72.5 55.6 __ --61.5 10 -3 54.0 48.5 66.1 68.2 49.5 40.6 35.2 31.0 = 0.239 x watt cm -1 K -1
_8 -- 190 --78 0 100 40 68.1 104.3 25 70.4 105.5 _30 0 100 200 300 400
110 491 196 136 90 102 x 10 -3 93 77.8 ---125 114.3 79.5 63.2 51.5 43.1
aConversion: cal sec-1 cm -1 K -1
10. Magnetic Not
available
108
ELEMENTS
ALUMINUM
Data handbook) found analyses dance on
for in lunar of the
the indicate typical lunar
pyroxenes that samples surface used these of are
and
plagioclase be potential
feldspars the and 2. sources minerals
(section mineral their of aluminum.
of
this
minerals----particularly these presented Earth, use lunar
anorthite, Chemical abun-
plagioclase---may
relative
in section both in the
Aluminum electrical space
is widely Its
on
as a structural assembly of
material large
and structures
as an in
conductor. needs 4-IV no
potential here. a synopsis of
discussion provides
Table
of aluminum
the
physical and its
properties alloys are
of
aluminum. in
More detailed discussions references 4-1 and 4-2.
presented
TABLE
4-lV.--Condensed
Table
of Physical
Properties
of A/uminum
Property
Value
Thermal neutron cross section ..................................... Lattice constant ................................. Density (solid) .................................................... Density (liquid) .................................................. of thermal expansion .........................
4.04958
0.21 barn (10-2%m 2) o ___ 0.000025 A at 25 C (77 F) 2.698 g/cm3at 25 C 0.0975 lb/cm3 at 77 F 2.368 g/cm3at 660 C 0.0856 Ib/in. 3at 1220 F
22.5 x 10 -6 cm cm-IC-] 12.5 x 10-6in. in.-lF-I Average coefficient of linear expansion ......... 23.6 x 10-6cm cm-I C-l from 20 to 100 C 13.1 x 10 -6 in. in. -l F -1 from 68 to 212 F Thermal conductivity ................................... 0.59 cal cm - I sec- l C- 1at 250 C 142.7 Btu ft -t hr -I *F -I at 77 F Volume resistivity ................................. 2.6548 microhm cm at 20 C (68 F) Volume conductivity .............................................. 64.94 percent IACS b Mass temperature coefficient of resistance ........................ 0.00429 at 20* C (68 F) Magnetic susceptibility .............................................. 0.6276 x 10-6per g Reflectance (electrolytically brightened), visible light ...................... 85 to 90 percent Emissivity at 9.3 microns ................................................... 3 percent Surface tension ...................................... 900 dynes/cm at 700 C (1292 F) Viscosity ............................................ 0.01275 poise at 700 C (1292 F) Melting point ............................................. 660 ___ ! C (1220 ___1.8 F) Heat capacity ............................................... 5.82 cal tool -t C -I at 25 C Boiling point ........................................................ 2452 C 15 C 4445 F 27 F Solution potential, standard hydrogen scale .................................... -1.66 V
Linear coefficient
aData
are
given
here analysis
in the code
units system.
of
measurement
of
the
orisinal
reporl.
blnternational
109
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
TITANIUM
Ilmenite (FeTiO3) is identified in section 2 as one of the dominant lunar minerals, with localized abundances greaterthan 10 percent. Ilmenite is the principal ore of titanium on Earth and, therefore, may be considered as a source of titanium on the lunar surface. The occurrence of ilmenite on the Moon and analyses of typical samples are presented in section 2. Lunar pyroxenes also accept up to 5 percent TiO 2 into solid solutions. The physical properties of commercially pure titanium are summarized in the following table. (Additional data for titanium and titanium alloys are available in reference 4-2.)
Physical
Properties
of Titanium
(Commercially
Pure)
Melting point, K ............................................. Boiling point, K .............................................. Density, g/cm 3 at 293.2 K ......................................... Thermal conductivity, cal cm-1 sec-! K -I between 273.2 and 373.2 K ........................................... Mean specific heat, cal g- ] K- l between 273.2 and 373.2 K .......... Resistivity, microhm cm at 293.2 K ................................ Temperature coefficient of resistivity between 273.2 and 373.2 K ........................................ Coefficient of expansion between 273.2 and 373.2 K .............
1943.2 3533.2 4.5 0.041 0.126 55 4.1 103 8.9 106
IRON
Iron is present on the Moon in pyroxenes (ferrosilite (FeSiO3)), olivine (fayalite (Fe2SiO4)), ilmenite (FeTiO3)), and spinels (Fe2TiO4, FeCr204, and FeAI204); also, iron may be found in the native form. Section 2 presents the analyses and abundances of pyroxenes, olivines, and ilmenite. The following table presents some of the physical properties of iron. (Additional data concerning the properties of iron and steel are available in reference 4-2.)
Physical
Properties
of Iron
Melting Boiling
point, K ............................................. point, K ..............................................
1810.2 3343.2
110
ELEMENTS Density, g/cm 3at293.2 K ........................................ 7.87 Thermal conductivity, calcm-1sec-1K-I between 273.2 and373.2 K ............................................ 0.17 Mean specific heat, calg-1 K-I between 273.2 and373.2 K .......... 0.109 Resistivity, microhm cmat293.2 K .............................. 9.71 Temperature coefficient of resistivity between 273.2 and373.2 K ....................................... 6.51 103 Coefficient ofexpansion between 273.2 and373.2 K ............ 29.0x 106
CALCIUM
Calcium plagioclase abundances
is present (anorthite of these
on the Moon in pyroxenes (CaAI2Si2Os)). Section minerals.
(wollastonite (CaSiO3)), 2 presents the analyses properties
and and
The following table presents some of the physical (Additional data are available in reference 4-2.)
of calcium.
Physical
Properties
of Calcium
Melting point, K ............................................. Boiling point, K .............................................. Density, g/cm 3 at 293.2 K ........................................ Thermal conductivity, cal cm- I sec- I K-l between 273.2 and 373.2 K ............................................. Mean specific heat, cal g-I K-l between 273.2 and 373.2 K .......... Resistivity: Soft calcium, microhm cm ..................................... Hard calcium, microhm cm ................................... Temperature coefficient of resistivity between 273.2 and 373.2 K ........................................ Coefficient of expansion between 273.2 and 373.2 K .............
1123.2 1713,2 1.54 0.3 0.149 4.1 4.37 4.6 x 103 22 x 106
111
LUNAR MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
MAGNESIUM
Magnesium olivine (forsterite
is present
on the
Moon
in pyroxenes (picrochromite
(enstatite (MgCr204),
(MgSiO3)), MgAI204,
(Mg2SiO4)),
spineis
and Mg2TiO4), and in small amounts of geikielite (MgTiO3)) in mixtures with ilmenite. Section 2 presents the analyses and abundances of these minerals. The following table presents some of the physical proper:ies of magnesium. (Additional data are available in reference 4-2.)
Physical
Properties
of Magnesium
Melting point, K .............................................. Boiling point, K .............................................. Density, g/cm 3 at 293.2 K ........................................ Thermal conductivity, cal cm-l sec-1 K-I between 273.2 and 373.2 K ............................................. Mean specific heat, cal g-] K-l between 273.2 and 373.2 K .......... Resistivity, microhm cm at 293.2 K ............................... Temperature coefficient of resistivity between 273.2 and 373.2 K ........................................ Coefficient of expansion between 273.2 and 373.2 K ............
923.2 1376.2 1.74 0.4 0.248 3.9 4.2 x 103 26.0 x 106
OXYGEN
Oxygen is present in all the major minerals available on the Moon (oxides and silicates). Each of these minerals may be considered as a source of oxygen since they contain 30 to 45 percent oxygen (by weight). The following table presents some of the physical properties of oxygen. Physical Properties of Oxygen
Melting point, K ............................................... Boiling point, K ................................................ Density, g/cm 3 at 293.2 K ................................
54.8 90.2 1.429 x 10 -3
112
ELEMENTS
VOLATILE
ELEMENTS
This subsection presents information on the elements which commonly exist as gases on Earth (e.g., H20, CO 2, N 2, Ar, etc.); also a few select elements that are readily volatilized from lunar material (e.g., Na, K, S). These elements and their compounds have in common the fact that they may be partially or entirely driven from lunar material by heating. The occurrence of the atmophile elements (H, C, N, and the noble gases) and the location of solar-wind-derived elements on the Moon are discussed in the subsection entitled "Hydrogen." Most of the geochemical information on the easily volatilized elements in the lunar regolith was obtained by analyses of lunar soils. Carbon abundances in lunar soils are greater than those found in lunar crystalline rocks. It has been shown that most of the carbon found in lunar soils derives from the solar wind, whereas the carbon in the rocks is indigenous to the Moon. Carbon abundances for lunar basalts range from 20 to 100/_g/g and, for lunar anorthosites, between 2 and 40/zg/g (table 4-I). Lunar breccias typically contain carbon abundances intermediate to the soils and rocks. Lunar crystalline rocks range in sulfur from 20/_g/g for anorthosites to 2800/_g/g for some lunar basalts. Lunar basalts are typically 5 to 10 times more enriched in sulfur than terrestrial basalts. In general, sulfur content of soils is similar to the rock types which constitute the soil; this indicates that the solar wind and meteoritic components of sulfur in soils is minor. Lunar materials are depleted in the volatile elements potassium and sodium as compared to terrestrial rocks. The lunar basalts range in sodium concentrations from 0.14 to 0.52 wt.%. No major differences in sodium abundances exist between mare materials and highland materials (table 4-I). Lunar basalts range from 0.01 to 0.35 wt.% potassium with most crystalline materials containing 0.05 _ 0.03 wt.% potassium. In contrast to most terrestrial surface rocks, potassium is so low in concentration in lunar rocks as to constitute a minor or trace element and resembles the concentration levels in low-potassium oceanic tholeiites or in chondritic meteorites. Sodium is depleted in lunar materials relative to terrestrial basalts by a factor of approximately five. The easily volatilized elements are lost from lunar samples over a wide temperature range, which leads to insight as to the origin of these species. Lightly adsorbed species and contamination products (e.g., spacecraft exhausts) are generally removed from lunar soils at temperatures below 423 K (150 C). Solar-wind-derived gases may be released from fines from approximately 873 K (_600 C) to sample melting, with lighter gases being released at lower temperatures. Solar-wind-derived species (such as H20, H 2, CH 4, and a portion of the N 2 and CO) are removed from lunar fines at temperatures between 473
113
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
and 1173 K (200 and 900C). At temperatures near 1173 K (900 C), chemical reactions and decompositions of mineral phases begin with the loss of S, CO, N 2, Na, Rb, and K. Near the melting temperature of soils (1373 to 1532 K (1100 to 1259 C)), chemical reactions occur between various phases present, with the evolution of reaction products CO, H2S, SO 2, H 2, and CO 2. A summary of the gas evolution regions for various lunar materials is given in figure 4-3.
473 (200)
673 (400) H_O
873 (600) _ I
10/3 1800)
1273 1473 1673 (I(300) 112001 11400) t _ CO,N2, CO2 i
t l
H2 CO2
Ii
CO=N 2 l
I
o
I
I
CH L_
He
I
I
I I
I H2S, SO 2
I I
xe
j I
E--
H20
CO2
I i
CO,N 2 ) SO2, H2S 6
I
CO, N2,CO2 P H2S, SO2 H2>H20 I (Released upon crushing: N2,H2,CO, He, CH41 I I
_ e_
.,.-. 1
c_
tami- Con,_C_.',_'., -?, z _'_ .";_" nation
t
(2001 473 1400) 673 (600) 873 (800) 1073 ll000) 1273 11200) 11400) 1473 1673
Temperature,K CC) t _] _:_ Chemisorbed species Diffusional released species Dissolvedin melt Solarwind components I_ _1 Reactionproducts Fusion or reaction products FIGURE 4-3.---Summary of gas evolution regions for lunar materials. Melting region
114
ELEMENTS
Volatilization
studies
of lunar
fines
has shown
that
substantial
quantities
of
carbon and sulfur are evolved in vacuum at temperatures as low as 1023 K (750 C). Figure 4-4 presents data from step-wise volatilization studies of lunar mare and highland soils. The alkali elements are lost from lunar fines at temperatures beginning near 1273 K (1000 C). The relative volatility of the alkali elements is Rb > K > Na for lunar materials. Loss of sodium does not occur readily until temperatures of 1223 K (950 C). Sulfur loss from lunar fines is substantial during vacuum pyrolysis. At temperatures of 1373 K (1100 C) (below the melting temperature of most soil components), between 85 and 95 percent of the sulfur has been lost from lunar soils. Several trace elements (such as Zn, Cd, In, Hg, Pb, Ge, and the halogens), which generally occur in surface materials in concentrations of 10 to 0.001 ppm, also readily undergo volatilization and migration on the lunar surface because of heating and melting of soils by solar radiation and meteorite impact. As a result, these elements are often found in considerably higher concentrations in areas shadowed by large rocks and on grain surfaces of the finest grain sizes of soils.
100
_ ....
.........
80 '_ ?0 60
m
= "_
_.
50 40 30
NN
\
_t 'it
\o C
\
gRb
20
10 0 1 t I I I I
\
1600) 873 1700) 973 1800) 1073
os
I I I I
_00) 773
(900) (1000) (1100) (1200) (1300) (1400) 1173 12?3 1373 1473 1573 1673 Temperature, K {C)
FIGURE 4-4.--Volatile element loss from lunar soils that were heated under vacuum. The data presented are an average of four mare and highland soils.
115
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
The concentration
of indigenous
water
in lunar basaits
is vanishingly
small
(< 10 ppm) compared to terrestrial rocks and is difficult to distinguish from terrestrial contamination. Essentially, all H20 found in lunar soils has been formed by interaction of solar wind hydrogen with oxygen-bearing silicates. Pyrolysis of lunar materials has failed to release any organic compounds that could not be explained by contamination or as simple compounds formed from the solar wind. The upper limit of indigenous organics in lunar samples is approximately one part per billion.
REFERENCES
4-1. 4-2.
Van Horn, Kent R, ed.: Aluminum. The American Society for Metals, 1967. Smithells, Colin J., ed.: Metals Reference Book. Fourth ed. Plenum Press, 1967.
116
Appendix
A--Glossary
Definitions of specialized terms used in the geological sciences are best obtained from the Glossary of Geology and Related Sciences, published by the American Geological Institute, Washington, D.C. An abridged version is available as the Dictionary of Geological Terms, Dolphin Books, Doubleday and Company, Inc., Garden City, N. Y. In the study of lunar materials, some terms have taken on slightly different or derivative definitions. The glossary in this handbook presents definitions that are peculiar to lunar studies; it also includes many definitions of common geologic terms that are used frequently in this work. acid A general term for rocks or minerals rich in SiO2; loosely applied to rocks containing light colored minerals (cf., silicic and basic). Calcium aluminum silicate (CaAI2Si208), a mineral of the plagioclase feldspar group. The term is applied to minerals that contain more than 90 percent CaAI2Si208, but lunar use has generalized the term to include all calcium-rich feldspars. The terms feldspar, anorthite, and plagioclase are sometimes used interchangeably. A plutonic rock composed almost wholly of plagioclase, sometimes generalized to a rock of any origin which is composed of more than 85 percent anorthite. An extrusive rock, composed primarily of calcic plagioclase, pyroxene, with or without olivine; more generally, any finegrained, dark-colored igneous rock. A general term for rocks and minerals which are low in SiO2; usually applied to rocks with less than 50 percent SiO2; loosely applied to rocks containing dark-colored minerals (cf., mafic and acid).
anorthite
anorthosite
basalt
basic
117
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
breccia
(1) A fragmental rock, whose components are angular and, therefore, as distinguished from conglomerates, are not waterworn. (2) A rock made up of highly angular, coarse fragments; may be sedimentary or formed by crushing and grinding along fault lines. Lunar breccias are, in part, the result of crushing and grinding associated with meteorite impact. A rock consisting cessory pyroxene See anorthite. A plutonic rock consisting of calcic plagioclase (commonly labradorite) and clinopyroxene, with or without orthopyroxene and olivine. In terrestrial gabbros, apatite and magnetite or ilmenite are common accessories. Lunar gabbros do not contain magnetite. The term is often used loosely to refer to coarse-grained varieties FeTiO3; of basalts. ore of titanium. almost wholly and chromite. of olivine and containing ac-
dunite
feldspar gabbro
ilmenite KREEP
A mineral,
the principal
A composition of lunar material known by this acronym derived from the elements potassium (K), rare earth elements (REE) and phosphorus (P) which are present in unusually high abundances in the material; thus, KREEP basalts, KREEP breccias, etc. Of, or pertaining rock fragment." to, rocks; as in "a lithic fragment"mi.e., "a
lithic
mafic
In petrology, subsilicic or basic, pertaining to or composed dominantly of the magnesian rock-forming silicates; generally synonymous with "dark minerals." Usually the finest grained portion of a rock. sometimes restricted to in-
matrix mineral
A naturally occurring substance, organic, crystalline substance. Chrysolite or peridot; a mineral
olivine
series,
solid
solutions
of
forsterite (Mg2SiO4), with fayalite (Fe2SiO4), the composition often expressed as mole percent of the constituents (abbreviated Fo, Fa).
118
APPENDIX A---GLOSSARY ore A naturally occurring material from whichusefulproducts canbeextracted foreconomic advantage.
plagioclase A mineralgroup,formula(Na,Ca)AI(Si,AI)Si208. A solid solution seriesfrom NaAISi308 (albite) to CaAI2Si208 (anorthite). Commonly, theseries is designated in termsof themole-fraction of thealbite component (abbr. Ab) andthe anorthite component (abbr.An) as follows(Ab + An ---100): albite(Abl00to90),oligoclase (Ab90to 70),andesine (Ab70to 50),labradorite (Ab50to 30),bytownite (Ab30to 10), andanorthite (Abl0to0).See anorthite. plutonic A general termdenoting oneof threegreatsubdivisions of rocks under aclassification proposed by Reed, including the granitic, megmatitic andmetamorphic rocks,thegreatgraniticcomplexes, thegneisses andschists; generally applied to the classof igneous rockswhichhavecrystallized at great depthandhave,therefore, asa rule,assumed the granitoid texture. An adjective indicating multiplerocktypescombined in a single sample. In lunarpetrology, thetermis usually applied tobreccias thatcontain fragments of otherbreccias; thusthe term,polymict breccia. A texturalterm for thoseigneous rocksin which larger crystals (phenocrysts or insets) aresetin a finergroundmass thatmaybecrystalline orglassy orboth. A general termfor indurated deposits of volcanic ejecta, including volcanic agglomerates, breccias, tuff breccias, tufts, conglomerates, andsandstones. A mineralgroup,general formulaABSi206, whereA is chieflyMg,Fe",Ca,andNa; B is chieflyMg,Fe",andAI; andSimaybereplaced in partbyA1. Mantlerock,saprolith;the layeror mantleof loose,incoherent rockmaterial, of whatever origin, thatnearly everywhere formsthesurface of theMoonandrests onthehard "bed"rock.The termsregolithandsoilareoftenusedinterchangeably.
polymict
porphyritic
pyroclastic rocks pyroxene
regolith
119
LUNAR
MATERIALS
HANDBOOK
resource rock sinter soil spinel
A potential
ore. of mineral aggregations. matter;
A naturally formed aggregate or mass usually restricted to coherent or cohesive To bring about agglomeration by heating.
See regolith. A mineral, (Mg,Fe)AI204; a mineral group of general formula AB204 where A _ Mg, Fe", Zn, Mn", Ni, and B _ A1, Fe'", Cr. Referring to glass, as in "vitric mostly glass. Porphyritic volcanic glass. clast"--i.e., a fragment that is
vitric
vitrophyre
120
Rec,_enls
Catalog
No
R.po,_ No.
4. Tltle In(l Sol}title
RP-I057
J 2 G......
I
,n, A_,_,,oo
No
5 n_port Dale
HANDBOOK
OF LUNAR
MATERIALS
(5
February
Pe"formqn 9
1980
Or_wlnilahOn
7 Author(s) Richard J Williams. Inc., editors

9 Pecforming Or_alnization
Performln_j
Otcjan=zation
Re_x_
No
JSC. and James J Jad_qck.
Lockheed
lleclronics
(o
S-494 lO Wo,,k Unit No 79040-37-00-72 i1 Contract or Grln_ No
Nl_e
gad
_Urel_
Lyndon B. Johnson Space Houston, Texas 77058
Center
13 Type of Report and PtwlodCOv,_eo

12 Sgorw.ofing AgtncV Name lind Adclre,lll
Reference Administration
Publication
National Aeronautics and Space Washington, D. C. 20546

f6 S_pl_emQnlaCv Note_
14 Soo_so_qng AilPr, v Code
16 ,l_l,n-I The physical, chemical, metals Ihermodynamic, Ihal might and geologic data on lunar rocks, minerabL and processes are summarized,
and a set of data
be extracted
from lunar materials
Lspresenled.
17
Key
Word.l
(Subjected
by
Authc($))
18
D,str,but,o_
Statemenl
Moon Physical properties Chemistry Thermodynamic Minerals

|I _urit Cllsif (of
Rocks Metals data
STAR Subject Categor_ 91 (Lunar and Phmetarv
: Exploration
this
repoct]
Unclassified
..... ..... ....... .. .,,. ......,,2. ....

Unclassified
"For sdlle by the National Technical Information Service Springfield.
[
Vtrginia
132
22161
$6.00
NASA-Langley,
1980

1980 HandbookOfLunarMaterials

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NASA

................................ .......................... TIME SITES SCALE

MORPHOLOGY GEOLOGICAL LANDING INFORMATION MINERALS INFORMATION

SOURCES ............................... SOURCES

PYROXENE Density X-Ray Thermal and

...................................... Molar Volume Data ........................ .......................

Crystallographic Expansion and

............................... Elastic Constants

Compressibility Seismic Strength Viscosity Melting Velocities and

........................................ and Transformation Properties Points

Thermodynamic Electrical Thermal Magnetic OLIVINE Density X-Ray Thermal

Properties Conductivity Properties

............................... ............................. ...............................

......................................... and Molar Volume Data

Compressibility Seismic Strength Viscosity Velocities

........................................ Molar Volume Data ........................ .......................

............................... Constants ...............

Compressibility Seismic Strength Viscosity Melting Velocities and

........................................ and Transformation Properties Points .................

Thermodynamic Electrical Thermal Magnetic REFERENCES

Properties Conductivity Properties

............................... ............................. ...............................

..................................... ................................... ..............................

Plutonic Pyroclastic Granite Synthetic BRECCIAS

Materials Glasses Lunar

.................................. Sample ...........................

Vitric-Matrix Light-Matrix Cataclastic

Crystalline-Matrix Granulitic-Matrix REFERENCES

.................................... ....................................... ......................................

ELEMENTS HYDROGEN SILICON Density X-Ray Thermal AND and

............................. ........................ .......................

Compressibility Strength Melting and

and Elastic Ductility

and Transformation Properties

Thermodynamic Electrical Thermal

............................. Pyroxene Lunar Olivine Lunar

Abundance Analyses Abundance Analyses Abundance Analyses Abundance Analyses Mean

of Lunar of Typical of Lunar of Typical

Pyroxenes .................. Olivine in Lunar Plagioclase

............. Materials ......... ......

of Plagioclase of Typical Lunar

of Results From Lunar ...................................

Soil Density 61 11 Soil 10084,853 64

Grain Size Fractions for Apollo (Old Soil) ................................

Compositions ........................... of Plutonic of Plutonic

75 (vol.%) (wt.%) ... .. 76 77

Page 79 86 From ............. Mineralogy Breccias for 89

Condensed Table of Physical Properties Aluminum ...............................

Figure 1-4 Number density of

107 for lunar 114 soils that were heated of 115

General known for amplified important

of the fill circular

topographically known that

of several visible light

reflected differences kilometer These lands material material Figure Lick

surface) The maria

within (light) and impact basins of of an are

result stand marked

primarily topographically with circular

in chemistry. above the are to large, of minor as and

highlands heavily craters, hundreds aluminum

features. the The limit highbasaltic

meteorite circular amounts KREEP. a mixture