Forces:

Gravity: anything that has mass. Acts towards the center of mass Normal: occurs due to two surfaces in contact. Acts perpendicular to surface Tension: when a string is being pulled. Points away from object, along the string. Spring: When a spring is being pulled or compressed. Acts parallel to the spring Friction: When an object slides along a surface. Against the direction that the object is sliding. Drag: When an object is moving through a uid. Acts against the direction that the object is moving. Vector: shows size and direction of a force Scalar: shows the size of a force, direction doesnt matter Fnet=ma

Newtons 1st 2nd and 3rd Law:

First: An object in motion wants to stay in motion and an object in rest wants to stay in rest unless a force changes its motion Example: If youre on a bus, and the bus stops, than you will keep moving because your body wants to stay in motion Second: Weight is the amount of force of gravity acting on an object, mass is the amount of stuff in an object. Fnet=ma Third: Every action has an equal and opposite reaction Criteria: Whenever an object exerts a force

Kinematics:
Position: where an object is located Velocity: a vector measurement of the rate and direction of the motion for an object Distance: the length that an object moves Displacement: the length between an objects starting and ending position

Speed: how fast an object is moving Acceleration: the rate of change of velocity with respect to time Speed=distance time Slope= y2-y1 x2-x1

Acceleration:
You can accelerate by; increasing speed, decreasing speed, and changing direction An object slowing down will have an acceleration in the opposite direction of its motion Average acceleration=velocity or vf-vi time 2

Velocity:
To calculate velocity from a positon vs. time graph you nd the slope of the graph The slope of the line on a time vs. velocity graph is equal to the acceleration. Velocity=displacement time Final velocity=(initial velocity)+(acceleration)(time) Average velocity=initial velocity+nal velocity 2

Universal Gravitation:
The bigger the distance is, the smaller the force is The bigger the mass is, the bigger the force is Distance is a bigger factor than mass Universal gravity=G(m1m2/(d)(d))

Momentum:
Momentum: the force or speed of an object due to its mass and velocity

Conservation of momentum: momentum cant be created or destroyed, but it can be redistributed. Momentum: (m1)(v1)+(m2)(v2)= (m1)(v1)+ (m2)(v2) or P=mv

Work:
W= (Force)(Distance) Measured in Joules Work is done on an object when a force acts on an object and produces a displacement

Power:
Power-Work/Time Measured in watts Power is how long it takes you to do work

Energy:
Kinetic energy is energy when moving, most at the bottom of a hill KE=1/2m(v)(v) Gravitational potential energy is energy thats stored, most at the top of a hill Gpe=mgh

Atoms and Structure:

Electron-negative charge Proton-positive charge Neutron-no charge Atoms combine to form elements Most of an atoms mass is in its nucleus The electric charge of the nucleus of an atom is positive

Temperature:
The quantity that tells how hot or cold something is compared to a standard A measure of the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a substance If something has a higher temperature, its molecules have more energy

Thermal Energy:
The total energy of the particles that make up a substance

Heat:
The ow of thermal energy from a hotter object to a colder object

Conduction:
Takes place between two materials that are in direct contact Warmer atoms bump into colder atoms, transferring their energy Energy moves but molecules dont Materials that conduct well are known as heat conductors Metal is the best conductor Poor conductors are called insulators Gas, liquid, and porous materials are good insulators

Convection:
Occurs when a uid is heated When a uid is heated, it expands and becomes less dense, so it rises Fluid cools by loosing heat from the surface Warm, low density uid rises, cool, high density uid sinks

Radiation:
Heat transfer through electromagnetic waves

Energy moves from the cooler to warmer object Good absorbers are good emitters, poor absorbers are poor emitters All objects continually emit radiant energy in wavelengths Objects at lower temperatures emit longer waves and vice versa Shorter wavelengths absorbed by our skin produce the sensation of heat A good absorber of radiant energy reects very little energy, and vice versa

Thermal Equilibrium:
After objects in thermal contact with each other reach the same temperature, heat no longer ows between them, and they reach thermal equilibrium

Phase Change:
Gas--->solid=deposition Solid--->gas=sublimation When a substance absorbs heat energy it can go through phase change or temperature change, but not both

Specic Heat Capacity:

The bigger the heat capacity, the longer it will take for an object to heat up Water has a specic heat capacity of 1J Q=mct Places near the water dont experience extreme temperature changes because water has such a high specic heat capacity

Atoms and Charges:

Proton-positive charge Neutron-neutral charge Electron-negative charge

Conservation of Charges:
Charges cant be created or destroyed, only transferred

Neutral Charge:
Do not have a charge Neutrons have no attraction

Charged Atom:
Like charges repel Unlike charges attract Ex: positive and positive repel, negative and negative repel, positive and negative attract, positive and neutral attract, electron and neutron attract

Polarization:
One side of the atom has a negative charge and one has a positive charge Net charge can be either neutral or charged

Conduction:
Requires objects to be in contact Electrons are exchanged Works best with two objects

Induction:
No contact required Object starts off as polarized, then becomes grounded Conductor makes contact with a neutral object The conductor ends up with an opposite charge then it started with

Triboelectric (friction)
Two dissimilar materials are brought into contact and charge is exchanged

Contact involves friction Works best with insulators Charge separators occur when two insulators are rubbed together One insulator is more likely to grab electrons and the other is more likely to loose them

Electrostatic Force (Coloumbs Law):

F=kq(1)q(2)/(R)(R) K=constant q=quantity of charges r=distance between objects Same principle as gravitation The magnitude of the force is directly proportional to the product of the quantities of charge The magnitude of the force is inversely proportional to the distance between the object squared

Grounding:
When a charged object comes in contact with a very large, neutral conductor, the object becomes neutralized Earth is a large, neutral conductor so it neutralizes charged objects well

Current Electricity:
Circuit-a continuous ow of electricity Short circuit-no resistance for electrons, heats up wire Static electricity-electricity at rest, current electricity is electricity thats moving Switch-connects or cuts off a circuit, closed switch is a complete circuit, open is not a complete circuit Voltage-potential difference inside a battery or source Terminal-end of an electrical device where connection happens Source-where electricity comes from Resistance-uses electricity (ie. light bulb)

Load-what uses electricity (you need a source, load, and wire to build a circuit) V=IR P=IV V=voltage, measured in volts I=current, measured in amps R-resistance, measured in ohms P=power, measured in watts

Magnetism:
A force of attraction or repulsion by magnetic materials Magnetic materials are steel, iron, nickel, and cobalt

Magnetic Property:
Opposites attract and likes repel Every magnet has a north and south pole North and south attract North and north repel South and south repel

Magnetic Domains:
Groups of atoms whose magnetic poles line up in the same direction When materials are magnetized, the domains point in the same direction When materials are not magnetized, the domains point in different directions

Electromagnetism:
The relationship between electricity and magnetism Christian Oersted noticed that when current owed through a wire, a nearby compass pointer moves. Electric current produces a magnetic eld Ex: electromagnet

Electromagnetic Induction:
Magnetic elds produce electric current If a magnet moves toward or away from a wire continuously, then current starts to move through the wire. If a coil of wire moves toward or away from the magnet, then the current starts to ow through the wire Example: generator

Wave Property/Denition:
A wave is a vibration that transfers energy from place to place A medium is an object that waves travel through

Wave Types:
A mechanical wave transfers energy through a medium. Ex: phone card, water wave, sound, waves on a slinky An electromagnetic wave transfers energy through empty space. An electromagnetic wave does not require energy. Ex: X-ray, microwave, light, radio waves