Ink-jet-printable phosphorescent organic light-emitting-diode devices

Takuya Sonoyama Abstract — A novel method for the fabrication of ink-jet-printed organic light-emitting-diode devices
Masaki Ito is discussed. Unlike previously reported solution-processed OLED devices, the emissive layer of OLED
Shunichi Seki devices reported here does not contain polymeric materials. The emission of the ink-jet-printed
Satoru Miyashita P2OLED (IJ-P2OLED) device is demonstrated for the first time. It shows good color and uniform emis-
sion although it uses small-molecule solution. Ink-jet-printed green P2OLED devices possess a high
Sean Xia (SID Member)
luminous efficiency of 22 cd/A at 2000 cd/m2 and is based on phosphorescent emission. The latest
Jason Brooks (SID Member)
solution-processed phosphorescent OLED performance by spin-coating is disclosed. The red P2OLED
Kwang-Ohk Cheon
exhibits a projected LT50 of >53,000 hours with a luminous efficiency of 9 cd/A at 500 cd/m2. The
Raymond C. Kwong (SID Member) green P2OLED shows a projected LT50 of >52,000 hours with a luminous efficiency of 35 cd/A at
Michael Inbasekaran 1000 cd/m2. Also discussed is a newly developed sky-blue P2OLED with a projected LT50 of >3000
Julie J. Brown (SID Member) hour and a luminous efficiency of 18 cd/A at 500 cd/m2.

Keywords — Printable phosphorescent organic light-emitting-diode device, ink-jet printing, solution

process, spin coating, small-molecule-based EML.
DOI # 10.1889/JSID16.12.1229

patterning of the emitting layers and large-area processing

1 Introduction
OLED devices should be key devices to next-generation display.
OLED displays have many advantages, such as fast response,
wide viewing angle, low power consumption, no need for a
back light, and thin form factor.
Because displays require very low power consump-
tion, we have focused on a phosphorescent system to reduce
the power consumption of OLED displays. The advantage
of phosphorescence is its high efficiency. Compared to
fluorescent OLEDs, organic phosphorescent devices offer a
four-fold increase in efficiency because the fluorescent
OLEDs are limited by the triplet-to-singlet ratio which is
approximately 3:1.1 In 1998, phosphorescent OLEDs
(PHOLED™),2 which incorporate heavy-metal organomet-
allic compounds as emitters, were discovered and have since
enabled this efficiency barrier to be surpassed.3 PHOLEDs
have been shown to have an internal quantum efficiency of
100%.4 Theoretically, the efficiency of PHOLEDs is four
times than that of fluorescent OLEDs, and this has now
been demonstrated by a number of groups. These highly
efficient PHOLED devices exhibit a lifetime in excess of
100,000 hours.5 The technology of PHOLEDs applied to
the solution processes [printable phosphorescent organic
light-emitting-diode (P2OLED™)] was previously reported.6
PHOLEDs exhibit high performance which is fabricated by
vacuum thermal evaporation (VTE).
The alignment of shadow masks becomes difficult
with higher resolution and larger area. In order to resolve
this problem, considerable attention has been paid to ink-
jet-printing technology which has the potential for direct
with high resolution.
And the use of ink-jet printing can suppress the waste
of resources with on-demand technology. Previously, we
showed the possibility of fine pixel patterning of full-color
large-area light-emitting polymers by using ink-jet-printing
technology.7,8
The OLED display will become a more attractive dis-
play by combining the high performances of PHOLEDs and
the high-resolution patterning of the large-area processing
of ink-jet technology.
We describe the first demonstration of a green
P2OLED using ink-jet-printing technology. The hole injec-
tion, hole transport, and emissive layer in P2OLEDs are
composed of small molecules. Usually, it is difficult to make
a uniform film using solution processing of small molecules.
Problems such as recrystallization and phase separation
need to be addressed in the case of small molecules. Lack of
uniformity of EML film poses huge obstacles to the pro-
gress in P2OLED performance. We were able to obtain uni-
form emission from the ink-jet-printed P2OLED coupled
with good efficiency. High luminous efficiency of the green
ink-jet-printed P2OLED is achieved by selection of a suit-
able solvent for the emissive layer. We selected a suitable
solvent by measuring the absolute photoluminescence (PL)
quantum efficiency in ink solution. Having a higher absolute
PL quantum efficiency in ink solution is essential in achiev-
ing high luminous efficiency for ink-jet-printed P2OLED.
Our green ink-jet-printed P2OLED has achieved high lumi-
nous efficiency by choosing a suitable solvent which exhib-
ited a high absolute PL quantum efficiency.

Revised extended version of a paper presented at the 14th International Display Workshops (IDW ‘07) held December 5–7, 2007 in Sapparo, Japan.
T. Sonoyama, M. Ito, S. Seki, and S. Miyahita are with Seiko Epson Corp., Display Development Center, 281 Fujimi, Fujimi-machi, Suwa-gun,
Nagano-ken, 399-0293, Japan; telephone +81-266-61-1211, fax +81-266-62-8966, e-mail: sonoyama.takuya@exc.epson.co.jp.
S. Xia, J. Brooks, K-O. Cheon, R. C. Kwong, M. Inbasekaran, and J. J. Brown are with Universal Display Corp., Ewing, N.J. U.S.A.
© Copyright 2008 Society for Information Display 1071-0922/08/1612-1229$1.00

Journal of the SID 16/12, 2008 1229

 In this paper, we also present the status of high-perform-
ance red, green, and newly developed sky-blue P2OLEDs by
using a spin-coating process, including their luminous effi-
ciency, lifetime, and color chromaticity.
2 Experimental setup for ink-jet-printed
P2OLEDs
2.1 Advantages of using small molecules
over polymers
We prepared an ink solution using small molecules for ink-
jet-printed P2OLEDs (IJ-P2OLEDs). It is widely known
that a higher viscosity solution limits the ink-jettability using
piezo heads. Based on our previous experience, we have
concluded that a viscosity of 20 mPa-sec is the maximum
borderline target for ink-jettability of a solution . In this sec-
tion, we focus on the viscosity of ink solutions to highlight
the advantage of using small molecules over polymers for
ink-jet printing.
Figure 1 illustrates the comparison of ink-concentra-
tion dependency of viscosity between a polymer, Poly(2,7-
(9,9-di-n-octylfluorene)-(1,4-phenylene-((4-secbutylphenyl)-
imino)-1,4-phenylene) (“TFB”), Tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)-
aluminum(III) (“Alq3”) and a printable small molecule. All
three ink solutions were prepared using dichloromethane as
the common solvent. The viscosity of the solutions was
measured by a viscometer (CBC Co., Ltd.; VM-100A lab
viscometer).
Dichloromethane solvent exhibits a viscosity of 0.81
mPa-sec at 20.1°C. In the case of TFB in dichloromethane,
the viscosity rises dramatically with an increase in solid con-
centration. The viscosity of TFB solution in dichloro-
methane reaches 30 mPa-sec at an ink concentration of 2.5
wt./wt.%.
FIGURE 1 — Comparison of ink concentration dependency of viscosity
between TFB polymer, Alq 3, and an ink-jet-printable small molecule.
TFB in dichloromethane (black closed circle), Alq3 in dichloromethane
(solid red triangle), printable small molecule in dichloromethane (solid
blue circle).
1230 Sonoyama et al. / Ink-jet-printable phosphorescent OLED devices
On the other hand, Alq3 in dichloromethane does not
show any increase in viscosity when the ink concentration
increases up to 1%. Alq3 does not dissolve in dichloro-
methane at more than 1% concentration.
The developed printable small-molecule material
(P2OLED materials) have been modified for high solubility
in organic solvents. An increase in viscosity is hardly observed
for a dichloromethane solution of printable small-molecule
material even though the ink concentration increases up to
2.5 wt./wt.%. So, printable small-molecule material retains
its initial viscosity even at higher concentrations.
One of the advantages of using small-molecule-based
ink compared to a polymer ink is to be able to use a high
solid concentration without an increase in viscosity. This
attribute of small-molecule solution allows us to use a range
of solvents and ink formulations that are suitable for ink-jet
printing.
2.2 Device structure and fabrication of ink-
jet-printed P2OLEDs
Figure 2 shows the basic device structure of solution-proc-
essed P2OLEDs.
The sequence of organic layers in P2OLED devices
constructed on ITO glass substrate is HIL/HTL/EML/BL/
ETL/LiF/Al. HIL is the hole injection layer, HTL is the hole
transport layer, and EML is the emissive layer. In a previous
study,6 we disclosed that the EML of a P2OLED is con-
structed by a two-component host-guest (phosphorescent
emitter) system based on small molecules.
In this section, HIL to EML were fabricated by ink-jet
printing using small-molecule inks. Each functional layer
was processed from organic solvent. After ink-jetting,
dropped inks were converted into films by drying and bak-
ing. BL is the blocking layer and ETL is the electron-trans-
port layer. BL, ETL, and LiF/Al were deposited by vacuum
thermal evaporator under high-vacuum conditions (<10–7
torr base pressure). Green ink-jet-printed P2OLEDs were
FIGURE 2 — The basic device structure of solution-processed P2OLED.
HIL to EML are fabricated by ink-jet printing. All ink-jetted layers consist
of small molecules.
FIGURE 3 — Thickness profile of ink-jet-printed functional layers in
green P2OLEDs. Solid sky-blue line is the ITO profile. The purple solid
line is the HIL profile. The solid blue line is the HTL profile. The solid
green line is the EML profile. The inset shows the EL emission.

encapsulated in a dry nitrogen atmosphere (<1-ppm H2O)

using a glass lid and an epoxy resin.
Figure 3 shows a thickness profile of ink-jet-printed FIGURE 4 — Normalized EL spectra of the green spin-coated P2OLED
functional layers from HIL to EML across a single pixel. and ink-jet-printed P2OLEDs. The spin-coated device was based on
Toluene for EML (solid black line). Ink-jet-printed devices using solvent-A
The film thickness and profile were measured by using a for the EML (solid blue line), using solvent-B for EML (solid red line) and
surface profilometer (KLA Tencor; P10). The thickness of using solvent-C for the EML (solid green line) are shown for comparison.
the ink-jet-printed HIL was 10 nm, the thickness of ink-jet-
printed HTL is 30 nm and the thickness of ink-jet-printed
ink using solvent-B and the ink using solvent-C showed vis-
EML is 35 nm. The ink-jet-printed HIL, HTL, and EML
cosities of 6 and 3 mPa-sec, respectively, at room tempera-
show very flat surfaces.
ture.
Figure 4 shows the normalized electrical luminescent
spectra of a green spin-coated P2OLED and ink-jet-printed
3 Results and discussion of ink-jet-printed
P2OLEDs P2OLEDs.
The green spin-coated device has a peak wavelength
3.1 Device performance of a green ink-jet- at 520 nm with 1931 Commission International de l’Eclairage
printed P2OLED (CIE) co-ordinates of (0.34, 0.61). Green ink-jet-printed
In this first demonstration, the ink-jet-printed P2OLED P2OLEDs using solvent-A exhibited a peak wavelength at
achieved a high luminous efficiency approaching that of a 518 nm with CIE of (0.33, 0.58). Green ink-jet-printed
spin-coated device. We show the performance of three ink- P2OLED using solvent-B and using solvent-C showed a
jet-printed devices using three different solvents for the peak wavelength at 520 nm with CIE of (0.34, 0.61). The
EML. Table 1 shows the properties of the evaluated solvents spectra of the ink-jet-printed devices were identical to that
for EML. The EML ink for the spin-coated device was pre- of the spin-coated devices, indicating that the emission was
pared by using Toluene. solvent-A, solvent-B, and solvent-C purely from the phosphorescent dopant. In addition, the
were used for preparing the EML inks for ink-jet printing.
These evaluated solvents show good solubility to the
printable material of the EML, and they all have a high boil-
ing point of over 200°C.
All prepared EML inks contain two components (host
and guest) with 1.0-wt./wt.% ink concentration. The ink using
Toluene for the spin-coating experiment results in a viscos-
ity of 0.7 mPa-sec at room temperature. The viscosity of ink
using solvent-A shows 3 mPa-sec at room temperature. The

TABLE 1 — Properties of evaluated organic solvents for the

EML.

FIGURE 5 — I–L plots of green P2OLEDs.

Journal of the SID 16/12, 2008 1231

FIGURE 6 — L–LE plots of green P2OLEDs. In Figs. 5 and 6, the
spin-coated device using Toluene for the EML (solid black circle),
ink-jet-printed device using solvent-A for the EML (solid blue circle),
using solvent-B for the EML (solid red circle), using solvent-C for the EML
(solid green circle).
absence of bright spots and irregular emission patterns indi-
cated that there was no phase separation or recrystallization.
Figure 5 shows the I–L plots and Fig. 6 shows the
L–LE plots of green P2OLEDs. These figures are compari-
sons of device performance between spin-coated devices
and ink-jet-printed devices.
The spin-coated green P2OLED device possess a
luminous efficiency of 22 cd/A at 1000 cd/m2. The ink-jet-
printed green P2OLED with solvent-A possesses a luminous
efficiency of 3.5 cd/A at 1000 cd/m 2. The ink using solvent-B
and the ink using solvent-C yielded efficiencies of 19 cd/A
and 23 cd/A, respectively, at 1000 cd/m2.
The device using solvent-A for the EML exhibits a
very poor luminous efficiency. The ink-jet-printed green
P2OLEDs using Solvent-B and solvent-C show almost the
same luminous efficiency as a spin-coated device. We have
studied the difference in luminous efficiency among the
fabricated ink-jet-printed devices. Further, we evaluated
the influence of solvent on the luminous efficiency of ink-
jet-printed film and in ink solutions by using the absolute
photoluminescence (PL) quantum efficiency (ηPL).
3.2 Discussion of the luminous efficiency
of a green ink-jet-printed P2OLED
Figure 7 shows the absolute PL quantum efficiency of solid-
state films. The absolute PL quantum efficiency of a solid-
state film containing the EML component was measured
under nitrogen gas flow by using an integrating sphere
(Hamamatsu Photonics Co., C9920-02). The deposited
tris(8-hydroxyquinolinato)aluminum(III) (“Alq3”) film by
vacuum thermal evaporation showed an ηPL of 18 ± 1% at
an excited wavelength of 365 nm.
The solid-state film using Toluene was formed on
quartz substrate by spin-coating. After spin-coating, the
spin-coated film was baked at an elevated temperature under
1232 Sonoyama et al. / Ink-jet-printable phosphorescent OLED devices
FIGURE 7 — Absolute PL quantum efficiency of spin-coated EML film
and ink-jet-printed EML film using evaluated solvents. The spin-coated
solid-state film using Toluene (solid black square), ink-jet-printed
solid-state film using solvent-A (solid blue square), ink-jet-printed
solid-state film using solvent-B (solid red square), and using solvent-C
(solid green square).
inert gas in a glove box, and the ink-jet-printed solid-state
film using evaluated solvents were formed on quartz sub-
strate too. After ink-jet printing, they were dried in a vac-
uum chamber to remove the solvent. After drying, they were
baked at an elevated temperature under inert gas in a glove
box.
The spin-coated film using Toluene exhibited an ηPL
of 97 ± 2% at an excited wavelength of 365 nm. The ηPL at
an excited wavelength of 365 nm using solvent-B and sol-
vent-C were, respectively, 98 ± 1% and 97 ± 1%. On the
other hand, ink-jet-printed EML film using solvent-A
exhibited a lower ηPL of 62 ± 1% at an excited wavelength
of 365 nm.
The ηPL of ink-jet-printed green films using by sol-
vent-B and solvent-C were as high as the spin-coated EML
using Toluene. However, using Solvent-A resulted in a low
ηPL.
Figure 8 shows the absolute PL quantum efficiency of
ink solutions.
Prepared ink solutions contained only guest (dopant)
material. Solutions were enclosed in a quartz cell for meas-
uring. The absolute PL quantum efficiency was measured
while flowing with dried nitrogen gas in a cell. The solution
using Toluene exhibited an ηPL of 98 ± 1% at an excited
wavelength of 450 nm. The ηPL at an excited wavelength of
450 nm using solvent-B and solvent-C were, respectively,
95 ± 1% and 97 ± 1%. A solution using solvent-A exhibited
a lower ηPL of 53 ± 2% at an excited wavelength of 450 nm.
An ink solution of Toluene, solvent-B, and solvent-C
showed a high absolute PL efficiency similar to the result of
film measurement. An ink solution with solvent-A has
already reduced the luminous efficiency. So, we conclude

FIGURE 8 — Absolute PL quantum efficiency of inks for the EML using
Toluene and using evaluated solvents. Ink solution using Toluene (solid
black triangle), ink solution using solvent-A (solid blue triangle), ink
solution using solvent-B (solid red triangle), and ink solution using
solvent-C (solid green triangle).
that the luminous efficiency of film correlates well with the
luminous efficiency in ink solution.
Table 2 shows the relationship of the absolute PL
quantum efficiencies in ink solution and in film and the
luminous efficiency (at 1000 cd/m2) in devices. The high
absolute PL quantum efficiency in ink solution is responsi-
ble for the high luminous efficiency of ink-jet-printed
P2OLEDs. In Fig. 6, the shapes of the efficiency curves are
different between a spin-coated device and an ink-jet-
printed device for the evaluated solvents. The use of sol-
vent-A for the EML affects the luminous efficiency of
ink-jet-printed P2OLED perhaps due to quenching.
4 Progress in the solution-processed
phosphorescent-OLED performance by
spin-coating
RGB P2OLEDs discussed in this paper are bottom-emitting
devices fabricated on glass substrates. P 2OLEDs fabricated
by spin-coating have the same device structure as shown in
Fig. 2. High-quality films were achieved by using spin-
coated HIL, HTL, and EML.
TABLE 2 — Relationship of absolute PL quantum efficiencies in ink
solution, in film, and luminous efficiency in devices.
FIGURE 9 — Normalized electroluminescence spectra of red, green, and
blue P2OLEDs with CIE coordinates of (0.66, 0.33), (0.33, 0.66), and
(0.19, 0.40), respectively, measured at 10 mA/cm2.
Figure 9 shows the normalized EL spectra of the red,
green, and the newly developed sky-blue P2OLEDs meas-
ured at 10 mA/cm2 and the 1931 Commission International
de l’Eclairage (CIE) co-ordinates.
The red P2OLED has a peak wavelength at 623 nm
with 1931 Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE)
co-ordinates of (0.66, 0.33). The green P2OLED has a peak
wavelength at 521 nm with 1931 Commission International
de l’Eclairage (CIE) co-ordinates of (0.33, 0.63). The sky-
blue P2OLED has a peak wavelength at 474 nm with 1931
Commission International de l’Eclairage (CIE) co-ordi-
nates of (0.19, 0.40). No cavity was used in this experiment
to affect the emission.
One challenge for solution-processed small-molecule
devices is to secure uniform film formation. For the host
and dopant systems, phase separation and recrystallization
can occur during film formation, resulting in a non-uniform
emission pattern and poor lifetime. However, through appro-
priate material design, amorphous materials with high glass-
transition temperatures can be developed to form excellent
films.
FIGURE 10 — Emission images of red, green, and blue P2OLEDs test
pixels fabricated by spin-coating.
Journal of the SID 16/12, 2008 1233
 TABLE 3 — Summary of red, green, and sky-blue P2OLED
performances. Lifetime data were calculated from accelerated
tests.
Figure 10 shows the images of the red, green, and sky-
blue P2OLED test pixels. In each case, the P2OLEDs showed
uniform emission without any bright spots, which indicates
that the solution-processed layers have good film quality.
Table 3 shows a summary of the latest spin-coated
RGB-P2OLED performances.
LT50 represents the stability of P2OLEDs and is
defined as the time to reach half the initial luminance. The
lifetime (LT50) measurement of RGB P2OLEDs was driven
at a constant dc current at room temperature. The red
P2OLED possesses a projected LT50 of >53,000 hours with
an efficiency of 9 cd/A at 500 cd/m2. The green P2OLED
possesses a projected LT50 of >52,000 hours with an effi-
ciency of 27 cd/A at 1000 cd/m2. The sky-blue P2OLED
possesses a projected LT50 of >3000 hours with an effi-
ciency of 18 cd/A at 500 cd/m2. We are continuing the
FIGURE 11 — Lifetime progress of red and green P2OLEDs over the past year.
1234 Sonoyama et al. / Ink-jet-printable phosphorescent OLED devices
development of deeper colors and longer lifetimes in blue
P2OLED systems.
The P2OLED performance, especially lifetime, are
n o t ye t co m p e ti tive wi th ou r state-of-the-art VT E
PHOLEDs results. However, considering the short devel-
opment period of P2OLEDs, the improvement of the device
performances has been significant.
Figure 11 shows the lifetime progresses of red and
green P2OLEDs over the past year. As can be seen, for red
P2OLEDs, the lifetime more than tripled during the past
year. It improved from 16,000 hours in December 2006 to
53,000 hours in November 2007. Green P2OLED lifetime
also improved from 6000 hours to 52,000 hours during this
same period. With more understanding of the degradation
mechanism and improvement of materials and fabrication
processes, the device performance is expected to improve
even further to meet commercial requirements.
5 Conclusion
In this paper, we have described the first ink-jet-printed
green P2OLED. Our first demonstration of ink-jet-printed
P2OLEDs exhibited good color and uniform emission. Uni-
formity of EL emission is produced by the uniformity of
ink-jet-printed layers. The uniform dispersion of small
molecules in the EML resulted in the uniformity of EL
emission, and high luminous efficiency is achieved by using
an ink solution with a high absolute PL quantum efficiency.
To obtain high-performance IJ-P2OLEDs, the selection of
the most appropriate solvent is very important. We also dis-
cussed solution processing with small molecules for
P2OLED devices. P2OLEDs provided RGB full-color sets
by using the recently developed sky-blue material. We have
made significant advances towards developing a full-color
display based on P2OLED technology.
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 Takuya Sonoyama received his M.S. degree in
material science from the Japan Advanced Insti-
tute of Science and Technology in 1997. He
joined the Knowledge Cluster Initiative Program,
Ueda Nagano, Japan, in 2002. In 2004, he joined
Seiko Epson Corp., Owa, Suwa, Japan, where he
has been working on the development of ink-jet-
printing technologies for organic light-emitting di-
odes at the OLED development center.
Masaki Ito received his B.S. degree in polymer
chemical engineering in 2001. In 2007, he joined
Seiko Epson Corp., Owa, Suwa, Japan, where he
has been working on the development of ink-jet-
printing technologies for organic light-emitting
diodes at the OLED development center.
Shunichi Seki received his B.S. and M.S. degrees
in physics from the Science University of Tokyo.
He had been working on pie-conjugated pigment
and photosensitive proteins in halobacteria at the
Institute of Physical and Chemical Research,
Riken, Tsukuba, Japan. In 1997, he joined Seiko
Epson Corp., Owa, Suwa, Japan, where he has
been working on the development of ink-jet-
printing technologies for organic light-emitting
diodes. He is a Manager at the OLED develop-
ment center.
Satoru Miyashita received his B.S. degree in applied
chemical engineering from Keio University,
Japan, in 1981. In 1982, he joined Seiko Epson
Corp., Owa, Suwa, Japan, where he has been
working on functional materials research and
novel process development. He is a General Man-
ager at the OLED development center.
Sean Xia is a Senior Research Scientist at Univer-
sal Display Corp. Prior to joining UDC in 2005,
he was a Senior Scientist at BTG International,
Inc., where he was working on bipolar electrolu-
minescent devices for display and lighting appli-
cations. He received his B.S. degree in chemistry
from the University of Science and Technology of
China (1998). Dr. Xia received his Ph.D. degree
(2002) in organic/polymer chemistry from the
University of Alabama at Birmingham under the
advisement of Professor Rigoberto C. Advincula. He has over 30 publi-
cations in the fields of conjugated oligomers and polymers, electro-
chemistry, nanostructured ultra-thin films, and organic light-emitting-
diode devices.
Jason J. Brooks is a senior scientist at Universal
Display Corp. Prior to joining UDC in 2002, he
received his B.A. degree in chemistry in 1996
from Northwestern University. In 1997, he began
as a graduate student at the University of Southern
California where he received his Ph.D. degree in
chemistry (2002) under the advisement of Profes-
sor Mark E. Thompson. He did his graduate study
on the photophysical properties of platinum com-
plexes and their application to organic light-emit-
ting-diode devices. He has contributed to patents pertaining to mono-
mer-excimer emission of phosphorescent materials as well as other
novel materials designed to improve the properties of phosphorescent
devices. He has several publications in peer-reviewed journals and has
given several invited talks in the field of electronic organic materials.
Kwang-Ohk Cheon is a Senior Scientist at Univer-
sal Display Corp. He received his Ph.D. degree
from Iowa State University where he specialized
in condensed matter physics. He was a senior sci-
entist at BTG international, Inc., working on bipo-
lar organic light-emitting-diode devices, and also
at Evident Technologies performing quantum-dot
research for LED applications. In 2007, he joined
Universal Display Corp. His research interests
have focused on printable phosphorescent
OLEDs.
Raymond C. Kwong joined UDC in 2000 as a
Senior Scientist and is currently the Director of
PHOLED¿ Materials and Development at Univer-
sal Display Corp. He received his B.Sc. and
M.Phil. in chemistry from the Chinese University
of Hong Kong in 1993 and 1995, respectively,
and his Ph.D. degree in chemistry from the Uni-
versity of Southern California in 2000 under the
advisement of Professor Mark E. Thompson. He
has over 35 publications and 50 patents and
pending patents in the field of organic light-emitting-diode devices. At
UDC, he leads an R&D team to develop organic electronic materials for
high-performance OLEDs.
Michael Inbasekaran is the Manager of the Print-
able OLEDs Research Department at Universal
Display Corp. Prior to joining UDC in 2006, he
was a Senior Scientist at The Dow Chemical Com-
pany where he invented Lumation polyfluorenes
as materials for RGB PLEDs. The Lumation poly-
mer business was acquired by Sumitomo Chemi-
cals from Dow Chemical Company in 2005. He
received his Ph.D. in organic chemistry (1977)
from The University of Alabama and spent several
years as a postdoctoral fellow at Ohio State University, the University of
Michigan, and Princeton University before joining The Dow Chemical
Co. (1983) as Senior Chemist. He has over 60 publications and 50 pat-
ents in the fields of heterocyclic chemistry, medicinal chemistry, organic
synthetic methods, optoelectronic materials, and organic light-emitting-
diode devices.
Journal of the SID 16/12, 2008 1235
 Julie J. Brown is Vice President and Chief Tech-
nology Officer at Universal Display Corp. Prior to
joining UDC in 1998, she was a Research Depart-
ment Manager at Hughes Research Laboratories
where she directed the pilot-line production of
high-speed indium-phosphide-based integrated
circuits for insertion into advanced airborne radar
and satellite communication systems. She received
her B.S. degree in electrical engineering from Cor-
nell University (1983) and then worked at
Raytheon Company (1983–1984) and AT&T Bell Laboratories (1984–
1986) before returning to graduate school. She received her M.S. degree
(1988) and Ph.D. degree (1991) in electrical engineering/electrophysics
from the University of Southern California under the advisement of Pro-
fessor Stephen R. Forrest. She was nominated as an IEEE Fellow in 2006
and inducted into the New Jersey High Tech Hall of Fame in February
2007. She has over 175 publications and patents in the fields of high-
speed compound semiconductor electronic/optoelectronic device,
microelectromechanical systems (MEMs), and organic light-emitting-
diode devices.

1236 Sonoyama et al. / Ink-jet-printable phosphorescent OLED devices