Bilal Ahmed Shaik Cobol

MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA)
By SK.BILAL AHMED
+91 814376956
shaikbilalahme d@sify.com
Table of Contents
1. OBJ ECTIVE...............................................................................................................................................................5 2. INTRODUCTION......................................................................................................................................................6 HISTORY OF COBOL................................................................................................................................................6 ABOUT COBOL......................................................................................................................... .................................6 3. PROGRAM S TRUCTURE............................................................................................................................. ...........8 REFERENCE FORMAT: -..........................................................................................................................................8 SEQUENCE NUMBER A REA ........................................................................................................................ .........................8 INDICATOR A REA ..............................................................................................................................................................8 A REA A..........................................................................................................................................................................9 A REA B............................................................................................................................. ..............................................9 4. IDENTIFICATION DIVIS ION...............................................................................................................................10 PROGRAM -ID...........................................................................................................................................................10 5. ENVIRONMENT DIVIS ION..................................................................................................................................12 CONFIGURATION SECTION: -..............................................................................................................................12 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION: -..................................................................................................................................13 I-O CONTROL...........................................................................................................................................................14 FILE-CONTROL............................................................................................................................................... .........14 RECORD FORMAT...................................................................................................................................................14 EFFICIENT FILE ORGA NIZATION AND MANA GEM ENT................................................................................16 SEQUENTIA L FILE .................................................................................................................................................16 INDEXED FILE ........................................................................................................................................................17 RELATIVE FILE ......................................................................................................................................................18 EX ERCIS ES..................................................................................................................................................................21 6. DATA DIVIS ION.....................................................................................................................................................22 LEVELS...................................................................................................................................... ................................22 CONDITION NAM ES (88-LEVEL)..........................................................................................................................23 DATA TYPES............................................................................................................................................................23 PICTURE CLAUSE............................................................................................................................... ....................24 PICTURE S TRING - RULES............................................................................................................................................24 FILE SECTION: -.......................................................................................................................................................25 WORKING-STORA GE SECTION: -........................................................................................................................26 REDEFINES...........................................................................................................................................................27 RESTRICTIONS ON REDEFINES............................................................................................................................. ........27 EXTERNAL...............................................................................................................................................................28 GLOBA L........................................................................................................................... .........................................29 JUSTIFIED............................................................................................................................. ................................29 SIGN.......................................................................................................................................................................30 SIGN CLAUSE EXAMPLES...............................................................................................................................................31 VA LUE CLAUSE: -...................................................................................................................................................31 EDITIN G: -.............................................................................................................................................................31 LINKA GE SECTION: -....................................................................................................................... ......................34 USA GE CLAUSE ........................................................................................................................... ...........................35 DISPLA Y: -................................................................................................................................................................37 INDEX: -.....................................................................................................................................................................37 POINTER: -................................................................................................................................................................38 SYNCHRONIZED.....................................................................................................................................................39
EX ERCIS ES..................................................................................................................................................................40 7. PROCEDUR E DIVIS ION.............................................................................................................. .........................41 SECTIONS AND PARA S: -......................................................................................................................................41 RULES FOR SECTION/PA RA NAMES: -.................................................................................................................. .......41 INPUT - OUTPUT VERBS........................................................................................................................................42 ACCEPT.....................................................................................................................................................................42 DISPLA Y....................................................................................................................................................................43 DISPLA Y - RULES.......................................................................................................................................................43 ARITHM ETIC OPERATIONS..................................................................................................................................44 ADD: -............................................................................................................................. ...........................................44 CORRESPONDING: -...............................................................................................................................................45 ADD CORRESP ONDING :-............................................................................................................................ .....................46 ON SIZE ERROR OCCURS..........................................................................................................................................47 ROUNDED PHRASE .....................................................................................................................................................47 SUBTRA CT............................................................................................................................ ....................................48 MULTIPLY ...............................................................................................................................................................50 DIVIDE.......................................................................................................................................................................51 COMPUTE.................................................................................................................................................................52 EX ERCIS ES..................................................................................................................................................................53 8. CONTROL FLOW VERBS.....................................................................................................................................55 CONDITIONA L EXPRESSIONS.............................................................................................................................55 RELATION OPERATORS........................................................................................................................................55 CLASS CONDITION.................................................................................................................................................56 SIGN CONDITION....................................................................................................................................................56 COMPLEX CONDITIONS........................................................................................................................................57 LOGICAL OPERATORS...........................................................................................................................................57 GO TO............................................................................................................................. ...........................................58 ALTER........................................................................................................................................................................60 CONTINUE................................................................................................................................................................62 EVA LUATE...............................................................................................................................................................63 PERFORM .................................................................................................................................................................65 PERFORM (Basic).................................................................................................................................................66 PERFORM (TIMES option)...................................................................................................................................67 PERFORM (UNTIL option)...................................................................................................................................67 PERFORM (VARYIN G)............................................................................................................................. .............69 EXIT..................................................................................................................................................... ......................73 EX ERCIS ES..................................................................................................................................................................74 9. NON-NUMERIC DATA MANIPULATION.........................................................................................................75 MOVE.........................................................................................................................................................................75 INITIA LIZE................................................................................................................................................................79 INSPECT....................................................................................................................................................................81 STRING......................................................................................................................................................................84 UNSTRING........................................................................................................... .....................................................85 SET.............................................................................................................................................................................86 SET - CONDITION NAME .............................................................................................................................. ...................86 10. SUB-PROGRAM....................................................................................................................................................89 CA LL..........................................................................................................................................................................89 CANCEL....................................................................................................................................................................91 ENTRY.................................................................................................. .....................................................................92
EXIT PROGRAM.......................................................................................................................................................92 STOP......................................................................................................................................... ..................................92 GOBA CK....................................................................................................................................................................93 END PROGRAM.......................................................................................................................................................93 11. FILE OPERATIONS..............................................................................................................................................94 OPEN .........................................................................................................................................................................94 CLOSE........................................................................................................................................................................94 READ..........................................................................................................................................................................95 START........................................................................................................................................................................99 WRITE........................................................................................................................... ...........................................101 REW RITE........................................................................................................................... ......................................104 DELETE...................................................................................................................................................................105 SORT ............................................................................................................................. ..........................................106 INPUT PROCEDURE:-.................................................................................................................. .........................107 OUTPUT PROCEDURE:-.......................................................................................................................................108 RELEASE............................................................................................................................. ....................................110 RETURN ............................................................................................................................. ....................................110 MERGE....................................................................................................................................................................111 INPUT/ OUTPUT ERROR HANDLING TECHNIQUES.......................................................................................113 THE END-OF-FILE PHRASE (AT EN D)............................................................................................................113 EXCEPTION/ERROR Declarative............................................................................................................. ..........114 FILE S TATUS key............................................................................................................................. ....................114 INVALID KEY phrase...........................................................................................................................................114 EX ERCIS ES................................................................................................................................................................115 12. TABLE HANDLING............................................................................................................................................116 OCCURS..................................................................................................................................................................117 FIXED LENGTH TABLES............................................................................................................................. .........117 VA RIABLE LENGTH TABLES.............................................................................................................................118 SET...........................................................................................................................................................................120 COMPLEX TA BLES...............................................................................................................................................121 TABLE PROCESSING ...........................................................................................................................................122 SEARCH............................................................................................................................. ......................................125 MERGE............................................................................................................................. .......................................130 EX ERCIS ES................................................................................................................................................................131 14. COMPILER OPTIONS.............................................................................................................. .........................134 APPENDIX 1...............................................................................................................................................................146 FILE STATUS CODES A ND M EANING..............................................................................................................146 REFERENCES............................................................................................................................................................148
Cobol
Object ive
1. Objective
The main objective of this courseware To make you learn the Cobol language To exploit the structured programming of COBOL To make you develop mainframe applications using COBOL
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Cobol
Introduction
2. Introduction
HISTORY OF COBOL
Conceived in 1959 Preliminary Version in December 1959 First Standard COB OL in 1961 A NSI Approved Versions in 1968, 1974 Latest COBOL Version in 1985 COBOL II / COBOL 85
ABOUT COBOL
There was a growing need in the early days to have a high level language whic h will be best suited for Business Applications. Hence In 1959, a new language COBOL COmmon Business Oriented Language emerged. Cobol is a High Level Structured Language. This is English like language, which is used to develop major business applications. why most of business applications are developed using Mainframe COBOL ? Cobol is English like language hence its easy to learn Can be used with any database like VSAM or DB 2, IDMS Can handle huge volume of Data COBOL applications can be easily maintained
COBOL language consists of 4 major Divisions namely 1. 2. 3. 4. IDENTIFICA TION DIV ISION ENVIRONME NT DIVIS ION DATA DIVIS ION PROCEDURE DIVIS ION.
The IDE NTIFICA TION DIVIS ION and ENV IRONME NT DIV ISION are the first 2 divisions that need to be defined in the COBOL program. As their names indicate, these divisions contain ent ries that gives the name of the program, author of the program, Source computer in which the program is written and the object comput er in which the program may be run. Let us consider a statement ADD PRINCIPAL, INTE RES T TO AMOUNT. The meaning of this statement is quite apparent. The principal and interest are added to get amount. The words PRINCIPAL, INTERES T, AMOUNT are called Data names. It is essential that all the data names which are used in PROCE DURE DIV ISION needs to be defined at the outset.
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Introduction
Hence all the data definitions takes place in DA TA DIV ISION. Hence DA TA DIVIS ION appears before the PROCEDURE DIV IS ION and it is the third division in the COBOL program. The data definition includes the size of the data item, the type and any initial value which needs to be set are defined in DA TA DIVIS ION entries. The data that belongs to the input or output record is defined in FILE SECTION and the data names that holds the intermediate results are defined in the WORK ING S TORAGE SECTION. Now that we have defined all the nec essary data names and files to be used by the COBOL program, next comes the algorithm. The last division in the COB OL program is the PROCE DURE DIV ISION where the actual algorithm of the program is written. The P ROCEDURE DIV IS ION contains statements, which specify operations to be performed by the computer. Thus these 4 divisions form the core structure of COB OL program. These divisions will be explained in detail in the following Chapters.
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Cobol
Program Structure
3. PROGRAM STRUCTURE
Lets try to develop an application using COBOL program. For e.g. Consider Employee Management System in an Organization. An Application contains series of programs, Data files, interfaces and Reports.
REFERENCE FORMAT: COBOL programs must be written in the COBOL referenc e format. Figure 4 shows the reference format for a COBOL source line.
11
12
72
73
80
The following areas are described below in terms of a 72-character line:
Sequence Number Area

Columns 1 through 6: - The sequence number area may be used to label a source statement line. The content of this area may consist of any character in the character set of the computer.
Indicator Area
Column 7: Any sentence, entry, c lause, or phras e that requires more than one line can be continued in Area B of the next line which is not a comment line blank line Area A of a continuation line must be blank If no hyphen (-) in indicator Area last character of the preceding line is assumed to be followed by a space If hyphen in Indicator Area first non-blank character of this continuation line immediately follows the last nonblank char of continues line If the continued line contains a non-numeric literal without a closing quotation mark: all spaces at the end of the continued line (through column 72) are part of the literal Continuation line must contain a hyphen in the indicat or area First non-blank character must be a quotation mark and Literal continues with the character following the quotation mark
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Program Structure
Area A
Columns 8 through 11 The following items must begin in Area A: Division header Section header Paragraph header or paragraph name Level indic ator or level-number (01 and 77) DECLARA TIVES and END DE CLA RA TIVES. End program header.
Area B
Columns 12 through 72 Entries, sentences, statements, clauses Continuation lines.
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Identification Div ision
4. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION
IDE NTIFICA TION DIV ISION is the first division in the COB OL program. There may be several paragraphs in this division of which PROGRAM-ID is essential paragraph. Each program has a Program id Name of the program. Author Person who is writing the program and other information like dat e written, date compiled. Since the information identify a particular program, these are defined in IDENTIFICATION DIVISION which is the First line of the COBOL program. Except PROGRAM-ID all the other paragraphs are optional and are mainly for documentation purposes. The syntax for
{IDENTIFICATION DIVISION ID.} PROGRAM-ID. Program name [AUTHOR. comment.] [INSTALLATION. comment.] [DATE-WRITTEN. comment.] [DATE-COMPILED. comment.] [SECURITY. comment.] PROGRAM-ID
The first paragraph of the Identification Division must be the PROGRAM-ID paragraph. The other paragraphs are optional, but, when written, must appear in the order shown in the format. This program names is used to identify the object program. The Program name is a user-defined word that identifies your program. The system uses the first 8 c haracters of program-name of the outermost program as t he identifying name of t he program. The first 8 characters of program-name of the outermost program should be unique within the system. The first character must be alphabetic. If the first character is not alphabetic, it is converted as follows: 1 through 9 are changed to A through I Anything else is changed to J. If a hyphen is used in characters 2 through 8 of the program-name of the outermost program, it is changed to zero (0). Apart from these statements, there can be comment statements describing the functionality of the program, and a change log block giving the det ails about programmers who changed the program as a part of enhancement to the program.
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Cobol E.G:-
Identification Div ision
IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. EMPMAINT1. AUTHOR. CTS. DATE-WRITTEN. 01/01/01. DATE-COMPILED. ****************************************************************** *********** BRIEF PROGRAM DESCRIPTION ************ * PROGRAM OBJECTIVE: This Program Maintains the Emp loyee file by updating the master file.
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Env iron ment Division
5. ENVIRONMENT DIVISION
The identification division gives introduction about the program. Now we need to define the Machine dependent details for our program. These details are given in ENVIRONME NT DIVIS ION. The E NVIRONME NT DIVIS ION must follow the IDENTIFICA TION DIV IS ION in the COB OL program. Among all the divisions this one is the most machine dependent division. The computer and all the peripheral devices required by the program are described in this division. The Environment Division consists of 2 sections The Configuration Section The Input-Output Section
CONFIGURATION SECTION: The configuration section appears first. SOURCE-COMPUTER. Computer-name. OBJECT-COMPUTER. Computer- name. [ PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet- name]. [SPECIAL-NAMES. [, CURRENCY SIGN IS literal-1] [, DECIMAL-POINT IS COMMA] [, ALPHABET alphabet- name IS { STANDARD-1 STANDARD-2 EBCDIC NATIVE
In the configuration section at least the source computer and object computer paragraph needs to be coded SOURCE COMPUTER:- This paragraph specifies the name of the computer used to compile the COBOL program. OBJECT COMPUTE R:- This paragraph specified the name of the computer used to ex ecute the COBOL program. The SPECIA L NAMES paragraph can have entries, which are implementor dependent. Like the CURRENCY can be changed or the DECIMAL POINT can be COMMA.
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Cobol For e.g SPECIAL NAMES. CURRENCY IS DOLLAR. DECIMAL POINT IS COMMA
Default collating sequence is EBCDIC on the IBM. Supposing we want ASCII.
Example 1: CONFIGURATION SECTION. SOURCE-COMPUTER. IBM 3090. OBJECT-COMPUTER. VAX-6410 PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE IS ASCII-order. SPECIAL-NAMES. ALPHABET ASCII-order IS STANDARD-1. Example 2: CONFIGURATION SECTION. SOURCE-COMPUTER. IBM 3090. OBJECT -COMPUTER. VAX-6410 PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE IS ASCII-order. SPECIAL-NAMES. ALPHABET ASCII-order IS STANDARD-1 DECIMAL IS COMMA CURRENCY IS # SYMBOLIC CHARACTERS backspc IS 23 INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION: Each application program gets dat a from some data files and proc esses data. A fter data proc essing, the program writes processed data either into a separate file or updates dat a in the existing file. This section contains the information regarding the files to be used by the program and the peripheral device from the file can be accessed. As a application development programmer, we should know what are all the data files needed for processing by our program. These files are defined in FILE -CONTROL paragraph of the INPUT-OUTPUT section. This section has 2 paragraph. I-O CONTROL. FILE -CONTROL
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I-O CONTROL.
I-O CONTROL is not used these days. This feature is invalid in COBOL 370. Each data file used by the program should be defined in the FILE -CONTROL paragraph. This paragraph also gives the medium through which the file can be accessed. By medium, in Mainframe environment, we mean the DDNAMES in run JCL. In this paragraph, we also describe what type of file it is, what organization is it, which access mode is used to access the files etc. The syntax is as follows
FILE-CONTROL. SELECT SELECT [OPTIONAL] filnam1 ASSIGN TO assignmtname1 [ORGANIZATION IS {SEQUENTIAL, INDEXED, RELATIVE) ] [ACCESS MODE IS { SEQUENTIAL RANDOM DYNAMIC } ] [FILE STATUS IS dataname-1 [dataname-2] ].
SELECT; - This statement gives the relationship between the filename used in the program and the data file used in the JCL. Filname1: - This is the name used by COBOL to refer inside the program. Assignmtname1: - DDNAME given in JCL. OPTIONAL: This key word is used only for input files. When the key word OP TIONAL is used in the select clause, this file need not be present during the execution. If this keyword is omitted, the file must be present.
RECORD FORMAT
Fixed - Specify RE CORDING MODE F - Max length of 01 level entry is less than BLOCK contains clause size AND either Record contains clause has single size (Not a range) All 01 level entry is same and no depending on option
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Unblocked B L O C K E D Variable - Specify RE CORDING MODE V - Max length of 01 level entry is less than BLOCK contains clause size AND either Record contains clause has range 01 level entry is different or has depending on option BDW RDW Data Record
BDW / RDW = 2 byte length + 2 byte System info

Spanned Records - Specify RE CORDING MODE S - Max length of 01 level entry + 4 is greater than BLOCK contains clause size - Can be Fixed or variable - Can be Blocked or Unblocked
BDF BDF SDF
SDF
Rec segment
SDF
- Block descriptor field - Segment descriptor field
Undefined Records - Unspecified characteristics - Compiler does not derive - Specify RE CORDING MODE U - Each block on external storage is treated as a logical record; - Max record length is As specified in Record Contains or varying clause If omitted max 01 level entry size - BLOCK contains clause is treated as comment
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EFFICIENT FILE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

The most important activity while designing the COB OL program is the File organization and management. For this we need to know File type and organization Devices Access modes (sequential, random, or dynamic) Record formats (fixed, variable, spanned, undefined). Depending on the input/output requirements and device types, your file organization will either be sequential, indexed, or relative. SAM and VSAM are the two access methods available with COBOL that will handle the input/output requests to the operating system for the storage and retrieval of records from the input/output devices. If a large percent age of the file is referenced or updated in your application program, sequential processing is faster than indexed or relative. If a small percent age of records are proc essed during each run of your applic ation program, use indexed or relative access.
A SAM or VSAM sequential file is the simplest file type. Either works for an application that uses only sequential access of fixed-length or variable-lengt h records and no ins ertion of records between existing ones.
A VSAM indexed file is the most flexible data set. It may be used for applications requiring both sequential and random access in the same program. A indexed file can make use of fixed-lengt h or variable-length records.
A VSAM relative file works well for an application that performs random insert and deletes operations. A VSAM relative file can make use of fixed-length or variable-length records.
SEQUENTIAL FILE
The sequential files are used for Reports, transaction files, intermediate files for processing, Sort files etc. Records can be accessed in the order in which they appear in the file Records can be updated Records can be appended but not inserted Records cannot be deleted
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Cobol
Environment Div ision
SELECT [OPTIONAL] filnam1 ASSIGN TO assignmtname1 [ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL] [ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL ] [FILE STATUS IS dataname-1 [dataname-2] ]. E.G :SELECT MNT91 ASSIGN TO INT91 ORGANIZATION IS SEQUENTIAL ACCESS MODE IS SEQUENTIAL FILE STATUS IS W01-X-FST-NT91. Filname1: - MNT91.
Assignmtname1: - INT91. This is the name referred in the DD Statement in the JCL ORGA NIZA TION: - gives the type of file. Here its Sequential, which means this file is sequential file.
JCL required at run time for Files // INT91 DD DSN=CTS.TEST.NT91, // DISP=SHR INDEXED FILE
The indexed files are the most flexible type of files. The indexed files can be Master files in the Data base or the History files The index component of the file provides the logical arrangement of the main file, ordered by record key. The actual physical arrangement of the records in the main file is not significant to COB OL program. Random Access of Records using a Record Key Records can be Inserted, Updated and Delet ed Indexed Access is faster than Sequential Access Unique or Non-Unique Indexes
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SELECT filnam1 ASSIGN TO assignmtname1 [ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED ] [ACCESS MODE IS { SEQUENTIAL RANDOM DYNAMIC } ] RECORD KEY IS data-name-3 ( [ ALTERNATE RECORD KEY IS data-name-4] [WITH DUPLICATES] ) ... [FILE STATUS IS dataname-1 [dataname-2] ].
assignmtname1 = [label-]DDname
E.G : SELECT B20ASIML ASSIGN TO ISIML ORGANIZATION IS INDEXED ACCESS MODE IS DYNAMIC RECORD KEY IS B20A-G-SIML-KEY FILE STATUS IS W01-X-FST-B20A. JCL required at run time for Files //ISIML DD DSN=CTS.TEST.SIML, // DISP=SHR
ORGA NIZA TION is INDE XE D means it s a VSAM file. The records of the indexed file can be accessed in any mode. ACCESS MODE = SEQUENTIAL The records can be accessed sequentially. Here the file is treated as sequential. RANDOM : - The records can be accessed in any order by giving the key value to the RE CORD KEY variable. DYNAMIC: - The records can be accessed both sequentially and randomly.
RELATIVE FILE
Also called Direct Access Files Each record has a unique address and is identified by its Relative Record Number in the file Records can be Accessed Randomly using their Relative Record Numbers
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SELECT filnam1 ASSIGN TO assignmtname1 [ORGANIZATION IS RELATIVE ] [ACCESS MODE IS { SEQUENTIAL RANDOM DYNAMIC } ] RELATIVE KEY IS dataname-3 [FILE STATUS IS dataname-1 [dataname-2] ]. assignmtname1 = [label-]DDNAME
ACCESS ORG. SEQ RELATIVE INDEXED
SEQ
RANDOM
DYNAMIC INVALID SEQ. OR RANDOM SEQ. OR RANDOM
ORDER OF WRITE INVALID ASC. REL. REC. NO. VALUE OF REL. KEY ASC. KEY VALUE VALUE OF REC. KEY
Table 5.1 - File Access Modes File Status [FILE STATUS IS dataname-1 [dataname-2] ]
data-name-1 : 2 bytes character data-name-2 : 6 bytes character (For VSAM) 2 byte binary (value 0, 8, 12) Return code 2 byte binary (0 to 5) Function code 2 byte binary (0 to 255) Feedback code
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RUN JCL for Program Execution //PXXBB398 EXEC PGM=MYPROG //ISIML DD DSN=CTS.TEST.SIML, // DISP=SHR // INT91 DD DSN=CTS.TEST.NT91, // DISP=SHR //OCATF DD DSN=CTS.CATF.M0101.B08, // DISP=(NEW,CATLG,CATLG), // SPACE=(CYL,(10,50),RLSE), // DCB=(RECFM=FB,LRECL=23) //SYSOUT DD SYSOUT=* //SYSUDUMP DD SYSOUT=* //SYSPRINT DD SYSOUT=* //*
The above JCL is the RUNJCL for the application program. All the files, which are defined in the select clause in FILE SECTION, are given in the DD statement. The SYSUDUMP DD statement is where the dump of the data appears when an Abend occurs while executing the program. The contents of the current input record, when the abend took place also appears in the SYSUDUMP. All the display statement messages appear in the SYSPRINT.
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Cobol
Exercises
EXERCISES
1. Where do you define the files used, in a COBOL program? 2. Write the Identification division for following. You are developing a program named EMPMAINT. 3. Write the environment division for the above program The program is written on IBM-3090 machine and run on the same machine. The program EMPMAINT uses employee master file, employee transaction file, error file and card file. The Employee master file is an indexed file with primary key as employee number, the transaction file, error file and card file are all sequential files. Also write the execution JCL.
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DATA DIVISION
6. DATA DIVISION
Until now, we have defined the environment in which our application program will be executed, the data files used by the program. Our application program needs to know the layout of the files used for it to process the data. We define the file layout in the DA TA DIV ISION. The DA TA DIV IS ION has the following sections. FILE SECTION WORKING-S TORAGE SECTION LINKAGE SECTION
This data division has LEVEL structure. The data type for the variables is described using Picture Clause.
LEVELS
Mimic the hierarchy in the Logical Record The lowest subdivision is an Elementary Item Elementary items can be combined into group items Elementary Items may form part of one or more Groups Level Numbers 01 to 49, 77, 88 The level Number of the Element ary Items is greater than that of the group Item. The 01 level number is root in the hierarchy of the logic al record The size of the Group item is equal to the sum of the sizes of the element ary or sub-group items.
E.G. 01
ASSOC-REC. 05 ASSOC-NO 05 ASSOC-NAME. 10 FIRST-NAME 10 LAST-NAME 05 ASSOC-ADDRESS. 10 ADDR-LINE-1 10 ADDR-LINE-2 10 ADDR-LINE-3 10 TELEPHONE-NO
In t his example the 01 ASS OC-RE C is the root. The 05 level numbers are the sub-group items. The 10 level numbers are the elementary items.
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DATA DIVISION
77 Level Elementary Data Item not belonging to any group Must begin in Area A
E.G 01 ASSOC-REC. 77 W04-TEMP-I CONDITION NAMES (88-LEVEL) 88 data-name { VALUE IS VALUES ARE } ( lit-1 [THRU lit-2] ) ... Used for Condition Checking Example: 01 W03-G-FLAG-VAR. 03 W03-G-FLAG-VAR. 05 W03-X-REPTYPE-FLAG PIC X(02) VALUE 'NR'. 88 C03W-NORMAL-REQ-FLAG VALUE 'NR'. 88 C03W-SHOP-BOUND-FLAG VALUE 'SB'. 88 C03W-SHOP-VAR-FLAG VALUE 'SV'. 05 W03-X-REQ-PROCESSED PIC X(01) VALUE 'N'. 88 C03W-REQUEST-PROCESSED-Y VALUE 'Y'. 88 C03W-REQUEST-PROCESSED-N VALUE 'N'. DATA TYPES
Elementary Data Items Alphanumeric Alphabetic Numeric (Zoned, Packed, Binary) Numeric Edited Alphanumeric Edited Group Data Items are Alphanumeric
PIC X(01).
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DATA DIVISION
PICTURE CLAUSE { PICTURE IS pic-string1 PIC } Specified for every Elementary Item pic-string1 can contain a maximum of 30 Code Characters Code Character repetitions can be indicated by an integer within ( ) Code Char 9 X A V P S B 0 / , . * $ + CR DB Meaning Numeric Data Item Any allowable character from the character set a Letter or Space Assumed Decimal Point Position of Assumed Decimal Point when it lies outside Data Item is Signed Inserts space Inserts zero Inserts Slash Inserts Comma Inserts Decimal Point Replaces leading zeros Inserts Currency sign Inserts Sign Sample Picture 9999 XXXX AAAA 99V99 99PPV PPP99 S9(4) XXBXXX 9(5)000 XX/XX/XX 9,999 9,999.99 ****9.99 $9,999.99 +99.99 -99.99 99.99DB 99.99CR
Table 6.1 Code Characters PICTURE String - Rules

Code characters can be in lower case Codes usable once or more A B P X Z 9 0 / , + - * $ Codes usable just once -S V . CR DB
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DATA DIVISION
PICTURE String - Rules for data categories

Alphabetic item Only A allowed Numeric Items 9 P SV PICTURE 9999 S99 S999V 9 Valid Range of Values 0 through 9999 -99 through +99 -999.9 through +999.9
Numeric-edited items - B P V Z 9 0 / , . + - CR DB * $ - At-least one edit char or BLA NK WHEN ZERO clause Alphanumeric items - The symbol X or - Combinations of the symbols A, X, and 9. Alphanumeric-edited items -A X 9 B 0 / - Must contain at least one A or X, and at least one B or 0 or /.
FILE SECTION: The layouts of the files are described in this section. The files, which are defined in the SELECT clause, should have an FD entry in the FILE SECTION. The record layout for the files is defined in the FD section which is FILE DESCRITP TION entry for the files defined in the SELECT clause. The File description entry is followed by the record description entry, A Record Description entry is a 01 level group item along with its sub divisions. If there are more than one 01 level, this means that the file defined is a Variable file which has different record layouts.
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Cobol The syntax of the FD ent ry is
DATA DIVISION
FD file-name-1 [ BLOCK CONTAINS [ int1 TO ] int2 { CHARACTERS RECORDS } ] [ RECORDING MODE IS { F V S U } ] [ RECORD { CONTAINS int3 [TO int4] CHARACTERS } ] [ DATA { RECORD IS RECORDS ARE } ( data-name-2 ) ... ] BLOCK CONTAINS: The BLOCK CONTA INS CHARA CTERS clause specifies the size of the physical records. The int1 and int2 specifies the minimum and maximum character sizes of the physical record. The BLOCK CONTA INS RECORDS clause specifies the number of logical records present in each physical record (the actual data records in the main memory). RECORD CONTA INS: The RE CORD contains clause gives the physical record. This has to match with record length in the DD statement parameter.
E.G. FD INT91. RECORDING MODE IS F BLOCK CONTAINS 2 RECORDS. 01 NT91-HDR PIC X(80). WORKING-STORAGE SECTION: This section is used to define the temporary variables in the COB OL program. It is used like a scratch pad inside the program. The data in the working storage may be group item or elementary item. Level 77 is used to define elementary data item in the working storage section. Level 88 is used for Conditional variables. Succeeds File Section Used for Intermediate Storage Common Practice to Group related items together
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DATA DIVISION
Example 01 I-ADDRESS. 05 I-ADD-LINE-1 PIC X(30). 05 I-ADD-LINE-2 PIC X(30). 05 I-ADD-LINE-3 PIC X(30).
Syntax for Data Description Entry
level
{data- name-1 FILLER } [REDEF clause] [BLANK-WHEN-ZERO clause] [EXTERNAL clause] [GLOBAL clause] [OCCURS clause] [JUST clause] [PIC clause] [SIGN clause] [USAGE clause] [VALUE clause] . REDEFINES level {data- name-1 FILLER} REDEFINES data-name-2
Allows the same area of memory to be referenced by more than one data-name with different format and sizes Multiple 01 levels of same FD are Implicitly Redefined
Restrictions on REDEFINES
OCCURS and RE DEFINES cannot be combined Qualification of data-name-2 not required Value Claus es only in Condition Names Redefinition Ceases Whenever a Level No is <= that of data-name-1 or data-name-2 is encountered The Size of Data-name-1 must be Less than or equal to Dat a-name-2 Data item lengths and types can also be respecified within an area.
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DATA DIVISION
REDEFINES Examples 05 NAME-2. 10 SALARY PICTURE XXX. 10 SO-SEC-NO PICTURE X(9). 10 MONTH PICTURE XX. 05 NAME-1 REDEFINES NAME-2. 10 WAGE PICTURE 999V999. 10 EMP-NO PICTURE X(6). 10 YEAR PICTURE XX.
When an area is redefined, all descriptions of the area are always in effect. That is, redefinition does not cause any data to be erased and never supersedes a previous description. Thus, if B REDEFINES C has been specified, either of the two procedural statements, MOVE X TO B and MOVE Y TO C, could be ex ecuted at any point in the program.
BLANK WHEN ZERO BLANK WHEN { ZERO ZEROS ZEROES }
The BLA NK WHEN ZERO clause specifies that an item cont ains nothing but spaces when its value is zero. The BLA NK WHEN ZERO clause can be specified only for elementary numeric or numeric -edited items. These items must be described, either implicitly or explicitly, as USAGE IS DISPLAY Useful for printing Not allowed on 66 and 88 levels & on POINTE R and INDE X dat a items
EXTERNAL
This clause indicates that the data item is external to the program and is common to the entire run unit
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Cobol Subordinates to an E XTERNAL group item attains E XTERNAL attribute
DATA DIVISION
All programs referring to the E XTE RNA L data item must define same number of standard data format characters (Total length) Name used for the data item cannot be used on another E XTE RNAL item within the same program VALUE clause not allowed Allowed only at the 01 Level Not allowed in Link age and File Section Indexes in an E XTE RNA L data record do not possess the external attribute.
GLOBAL
This clause indicates that the data item is available to all the nested programs unless it is defined in the contained program Valid only for 01 Level Valid only in Working Storage and File Section, not valid in Linkage Section All data-names subordinate to or condition-names or indexes associated with a global name are global names. The search begins within the program that contains the reference and continues "outward" to containing programs until a match for the GLOBA L name is found.
JUSTIFIED { JUSTIFIED JUST} RIGHT
The JUS TIFIED claus e overrides standard positioning rules for a receiving item of the alphabetic or alphanumeric categories Cant be specified for other categories Does not affect initial values, as determined by the VALUE clause Does not affect the setting of conditional variable when the associated condition name is set Items described as USA GE IS POINTE R
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DATA DIVISION
JUSTIFIED - Examples 05 align- rt pic x(5) 88 c-rt JUST RIGHT. value RT.
1. MOVE RT TO align-rt 2. SET c-rt TO TRUE Value of align-rt Before stmt-1 RTbbb After stmt-1 bbbRT After stmt-2 RTbbb PICTURE [ PICTURE IS string PIC ]
Specifies the characteristics and editing requirements Must be specified for every elementary item except an index data item or the subject of the RENAMES clause. In these cases, use of this clause is prohibited. The PICTURE claus e can be specified only at the element ary level The PICTURE character-string can contain a maximum of 30 characters
SIGN [SIGN IS {LEADING TRAILING} ] [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ]

Specifies the position and mode of represent ation of the operational sign for a numeric entry. The Sign Clause can be specified for a signed numeric data description entry (that is, one whose PICTURE STRING contains an S) If a SIGN clause is specified in either an elementary or group entry subordinate to a group item for which a S IGN clause is specified, the SIGN clause for the subordinate entry takes precedenc e for the subordinate entry. The SEPARA TE phrase indicates that sign is stores as separately and not in the zoned part. The TRA ILING phrase indicates that sign is to be stored in the trailing position The LEA DING phrase indicat es that sign is to be stored in the leading position
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DATA DIVISION
SIGN Clause Examples 77 l-V1 PIC S9(3) SIGN LEADING VALUE K50 K stands for -2. l-V1 K 5 0
77 l-V2 PIC S9(3) SIGN LEADING SEPARATE VALUE -250 l-V2 2 5 0
77 l-V2 PIC S9 (3) SIGN TRAILING VALUE -250 The value stored internally in 3 characters as l-V2 2 5 0
VALUE CLAUSE: The VALUE clause is used to set an initial value to the working storage variable. This can be specified only in the working storage variable. The VALUE Clause can not be a part of RECORD DES CRIP TION entry in the FILE SECTION.
E.G WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 01 W04-G-VAR. 03 W04-X-RUN-TIME PIC X(20) VALUE SPACES. 03 W04-X-PGM-NAME PIC X(08) VALUE 'PXXBB290'. 01 W04-TEMP-J PIC 9(02) VALUE ZEROES. In the above example the variable W04-X-PGM-NAME is set to an initial value of PXXBB290 The alphanumeric items can be initialized to Spaces and numeric items can be initialized to Zeros EDITING: Sometimes the data when written to report needs some editing to be done. There are 2 Editing done in COBOL Numeric Editing Alphanumeric Editing
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DATA DIVISION
The Numeric Edit characters are B P V Z 9 0 / , . + - CR DB * $
The alphanumeric Edit Characters are A X 9 B 0 / PICTURE Clause Editing

Insertion - Simple insertion - Special insertion - Fixed insertion - Floating insertion. Suppression & Replacement - Zero suppression and replacement with asterisks or spaces EDITING ALLOW ED ONLY for Categories: - Numeric-edited (All edits) - Alphanumeric-edited (Only Simple insertion) Simple insertion -B0/ only for numeric edited
PICTURE X(2)BX(3)BX(4) 9(2)/9(2)/9(2) 99,B999,B000 99,999
Value of Data 19Mar1995 190395 1234 12345
Edited Result 19 Mar 1995 19/03/95 01, 234, 000 12,345
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DATA DIVISION
Special Insertion Editing - Period (.) is the special insertion symbol; it also represents the actual decimal point for alignment purposes PICTURE 999.99 999.99 999.99 999.99 Fixed Insertion Editing - $ (currency symbol) - + - CR DB (editing-sign control symbols) PICTURE 999.99+ +9999.99 9999.99 -$999.99 -$999.99 -$999.99 $9999.99CR $9999.99DB $9999.99DB $9999.99CR Floating Insertion - $ + - Mutually exclusive PICTURE $$$$.99 $$$9.99 $,$$$,999.99 +,+++,999.99 $$,$$$,$$$.99CR ++,+++,+++.+++ Value of Data .123 .12 -1234.56 -123456.789 -1234567 0000.00 Edited Result bbb$.12 bb$0.12 bbbb$1,234.56 b-123,456.78 $1,234,567.00CR Bbbbbbb Value of Data +6555.556 -6555.555 +1234.56 -123.45 -123.456 +123.456 +123.45 -123.45 +123.45 -123.45 Edited Result 555.55+ -6555.55 1234.56 -$123.45 -$123.45 $123.45 $0123.45 $0123.45DB $0123.45 $0123.45CR Value of Data 1.234 12.34 123.45 1234.5 Edited Result 001.23 012.34 123.45 234.50
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DATA DIVISION
Ze ro Suppression and Replace ment - Z * (Mutually exclusive) - as floating replacement Z * + - $ are mutually exclusive PICTURE ****.** ZZZZ.ZZ $$$$.$$ $$$$.$$ ZZZZ.99 ZZ99.99 Z,ZZZ.ZZ+ *,***.**+ **,***,***.**+ $ZZ,ZZZ.ZZCR $B*,***,***.**BBDB LINKAGE SECTION: The LINKAGE SECTION is used to define any data passed across programs. i.e. the layout of the data passed is defined in the linkage section.
Value of Data 0000.00 0000.00 0000.00 0000.02 0000.00 0000.00 +123.456 -123.45 +12345678.9 +1234.56 -12345.67
Edited Result ****.** Bbbbbbb Bbbbbbb $.02 bbbb.00 bb00.00 bb123.45+ **123.4512,345,678.90+ $b1,234.56bb $b ***12,345.67bbDB
Example: LINKAGE SECTION. 01 SALARY-REC. 05 PTR-NEXT-REC POINTER. 05 NAME PIC X(20). 05 DEPT PIC 9(4). 05 SALARY PIC 9(6).
Thus in DA TA DIV ISION, we have defined data used by our program, in the FILE SE CTION Data file layouts, in WORKING-S TORAGE SECTION - temporary variables if any, and in the LINKAGE SECTION the layout of the dat a passed across programs.
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DATA DIVISION
USAGE CLAUSE
The data can be stored in more than one internal form in the computer. In COB OL, a programmer is allowed to specify the internal form of the data item so as to facilitate the us e of the data item more efficiently. The USA GE clause specifies the format of a data item in comput er storage. These are forms of internal representation Computational Display Pointer Packed decimal The syntax of the USAGE clause is USAGE IS {BINARY COMP COMP UTA TIONAL COMP-1 COMPUTA TIONA L-1 COMP-2 COMPUTATIONAL-2 COMP-3 COMPUTA TIONA L-3 COMP-4 COMPUTA TIONA L-4 DISPLAY INDE X PACKED-DE CIMA L POINTER}
COMPUTATIONAL: The Computational or COMP phras e has the following 6 formats A computational item is a value used in arithmetic operations. It must be numeric. If the USAGE of a group item is described with any of these items, the elementary items within the group have this usage. The maximum lengt h of a computational item is 18 decimal digits. The PICTURE of a computational item can cont ain only: 9 :- One or more numeric character positions S :- One operational sign V :- One implied decimal point P :- One or more decimal scaling positions
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DATA DIVISION
BINARY :Specified for binary data items. Such items have a decimal equivalent consisting of the decimal digits 0 through 9, plus a sign. Negative numbers are represented as the two's complement of the positive number with the same absolute value.
The amount of storage occupied by a binary item depends on the number of decimal digits defined in its PICTURE clause:
Digits in PICTURE Clause 1 through 4 5 through 9 10 through 18
Storage Occupied 2 bytes (halfword) 4 bytes (fullword) 8 bytes (doubleword)
COMPUTATIONAL or COMP:This is the equivalent of B INA RY. The COMPUTA TIONA L phrase is synonymous with BINARY.
COMPUTATIONAL-1 or COMP-1 (Floating-Point): Specified for internal floating-point items (single precision). COMP-1 items are 4 bytes long. The number is actually represented in Hexadecimal form. Such representation is suitable for Arithmetic operations. The PIC claus e cannot be specified for this item
COMPUTATIONAL-2 or COMP-2 (Long Floating-Point)

Specified for internal floating-point items (double precision). COMP-2 items are 8 bytes long. The advant age is that this increases the precision of the data, which means more significant digits can be available for the item. The P IC clause cannot be specified
COMPUTATIONAL-3 or COMP-3 (Internal Decimal)

This is the equivalent of PA CKED-DE CIMAL. In this form of internal representation the numeric data is represented in the decimal form, but one digit takes half-a-byte. The sign is stored separately as rightmost half-a-byte regardless of whether S is specified in the PIC clause or not. The hexadecimal number C or F denotes positive sign and D denot es negative sign. The number of bytes = n+1/2 Where n is the number of plac es specified in PIC clause For e.g. 77 ITEM-1 PIC S9(7) COMP-3
will occupy 4 bytes. COMP UTA TIONAL-4 or COMP-4 (Binary) This is the equivalent of B INA RY.
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DATA DIVISION
DISPLAY: The data item is stored in character form, 1 character for each 8-bit byte. This corresponds to the format used for printed output. DISP LAY can be explicit or implicit.
USAGE IS DISPLAY is valid for the following types of items:

Alphabetic Alphanumeric Alphanumeric-edited Numeric-edited External floating-point External decimal (numeric)
INDEX: A data item defined with the INDE X phrase is an index data item. An index data item is a 4-byte elementary item (not necessarily connected with any table) that can be used to save index-name values for fut ure reference. Through a SE T statement, an index data item can be assigned an index-name value; such a value corresponds to the occurrence number in a table. Direct references to an index data item can be made only in a SEARCH statement, a SE T statement, a relation condition, the US ING phrase of the Procedure Division header, or the US ING phrase of the CALL statement. An index data item can be part of a group item referred to in a MOVE statement or an input/output statement. An index data item saves values that represent table occurrences, yet is not necessarily defined as part of any table. Thus, when it is referred to directly in a SEARCH or SET statement, or indirectly in a MOVE or input/output statement, there is no conversion of values when the statement is executed. The USAGE IS INDE X clause can be written at any level. If a group item is described with the USAGE IS INDE X clause, the elementary items within the group are index dat a items; the group itself is not an index data item, and the group name cannot be used in SEARCH and SE T statements or in relation conditions. The USAGE clause of an elementary item cannot contradict the USAGE clause of a group to which the item belongs. An index data item cannot be a conditional variable. The DA TE FORMA T, JUS TIFIED, PICTURE, BLA NK WHEN ZERO, SYNCHRONIZE D, or VALUE clauses cannot be used to describe group or elementary items described with the USAGE IS INDE X clause.
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DATA DIVISION
SYNCHRONIZE D can be used with USAGE IS INDE X to obtain efficient use of the index data item.
POINTER: A data item defined with USAGE IS POINTE R is a pointer data item. A pointer data item is a 4-byte elementary item. You can use pointer data items to accomplish limited base addressing. Pointer dat a items can be compared for equality or moved to other pointer items. A pointer data item can only be used:
In a SE T statement (Format 5 only)
In a relation condition
In the USING phrase of a CALL statement, an E NTRY statement, or the Proc edure Division header. The USA GE IS POINTER clause can be written at any level except level 88. If a group item is described with the USA GE IS POINTER clause, the elementary items within the group are pointer data items; the group itself is not a pointer data item and cannot be used in the syntax where a pointer data item is allowed. The USA GE clause of an elementary item cannot contradict the USA GE clause of a group to which the item belongs. Pointer data items can be part of a group that is referred to in a MOVE statement or an input/output statement. However, if a pointer data item is part of a group, there is no conversion of values when the statement is executed. A pointer data item can be the subject or object of a REDEFINES clause. SYNCHRONIZED can be used with USA GE IS POINTER to obtain efficient use of the pointer data item. A VA LUE clause for a pointer data item can contain only NULL or NULLS. A pointer data item cannot be a conditional variable. A pointer data item does not belong to any class or category. The DATE FORMAT, JUSTIFIED, PICTURE, and BLA NK WHEN ZERO clauses cannot be used to describe group or elementary items defined with the USA GE IS POINTER clause. Pointer data items are ignored in CORRESPONDING operations. A pointer data item can be written to a data set, but, upon subsequent reading of the record containing the pointer, the address contained can no longer represent a valid pointer. USA GE IS POINTER is implicitly specified for the ADDRESS OF special register.
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DATA DIVISION
SYNCHRONIZED [ {SYNCHRONIZED { LEFT SYNC } RIGHT } ]

Specifies the alignment of an elementary item on a natural boundary in storage. It is never required, but may improve performance on some systems for binary items used in arithmetic.
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EXERCISES
EXERCISES
1. Write File Section entries for the following file a. The employee Master file Employee number char 10 (employee number consists of first 2 chars as their initials, next 4 bytes the month and year of joining, the next 4 bytes a running sequence number), Employee name char 30, Designation char 2, Department char 3, Date of Birth char 10, Date of joining char 10 b. The employee transaction file Employee number char 10, Employee name char 30, Designation char 2, Department char 3, Date of Birth char 10, Date of joining char 10, run date char 10 c. The Error file The Record number numeric 8, employee number char 10, error description char 40 d. The Card file The employee number char 10, run date char 10 2. Write Working storage entries for the following layouts The working storage variables to check the file status of each file, the presence of the employee record in the master file
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Procedure Division
7. PROCEDURE DIVISION
Now we have defined the data variables used in the program, files used in the program. We need to process the data available for us to produce the results. The syntax of procedure division is
PROCEDURE DIVISION [USING data-name-1 ... ]

The US ING clause is optional. It is used when we need to receive data from a calling program or through JCL using LINKAGE section. The data-name1 is the 01 levels defined in the linkage section. The order of the variables should be in the order in which it appears in the linkage section.
SECTIONS AND PARAS: SECTION is recognized by keyword SECTION Example MAIN-PROCESS SECTION PARAGRAP Hs consist of SENTENCEs Paragraph is Identified by Para Name The scope of the section or paragraph is until the next section or paragraph starts Example 9999-READ-FILE. READ INT91. 9999-READ-FILE-E XIT. E XIT.
Rules for SECTION/PARA Names: Must not have more than 30 characters Can contain (0-9) DIGITs, (A-Z) LE TTE Rs & Hyphens (-) only Hyphen should be embedded SENTENCE & STA TEME NT: SENTENCE is composed of one or more S TA TEMENTs. STA TEME NT is a syntactically valid combination of words and symbols beginning with a verb STA TEME NT can be - Conditional - Imperative - Compiler Directing
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Procedure Division
INPUT - OUTPUT VERBS

The input-output verbs are used for processing datasets Displaying information to and Capturing information from the user
ACCEPT ACCEPT identifier1 [ FROM { mnemonic- name environment-name DATE DAY DAY-OF-WEEK TIME } ]
Using SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph A mnemonic name can be assigned to each of the environment names. For instance, OPE RA TOR IS CONS OLE can be specified in SPECIA L-NAMES paragraph. Then the ACCEP T statement can be coded as ACCEP T identifier1 FROM OPERA TOR. Mnemonic-Name is as specified in SPE CIA L-NAMES Environment-Name can be SYSIN, SYSIP T, CONSOLE DA TE - YYMMDD - 9(6) - 9(1)
DAY-OF-WEEK - 1 TO 7 (Monday to Sunday ) DAY TIME - YYDDD (Julian) - HHMMSShs
- 9(5) - 9(8)
ACCEPT - Example COBOL statement

ACCEP T in-parm ACCEP T in-parm FROM card
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Cobol JCL statement: //SYSIN DD applicable parameters LRE CL of DCB parameter can be up to a max of 256. RECFM can be Fixed or Variable Records are read until identifier is filled or EOF reached
Procedure Division
DISPLAY DISPLAY { identifier1 literal1 } ... [ UPON { mnemonic- name1 environment-name1}] [ WITH NO ADVANCING ]
When the UP ON is omitted, SYSOUT is the default device Mnemonic-name is as specified in SPECIAL-NAMES Environment-name can be SYSOUT, SYSLIS T, SYSLS T, SYSPCH, SYSPUNCH, CONS OLE
DISPLAY - Example
COBOL statement DISP LAY Return code: i-ret-code DISP LAY Return code: i-ret-code UPON SYSLIS T JCL statement //SYOUT DD applicable parameters //SYLIST DD applicable parameters Default LRE CL for SYSOUT is 121 and RECFM is FBA Records will be folded if length > LRECL - 1.
DISPLAY - Rules
Identifier-1 is converted automatically to external format, if required Negative signed values cause a low-order sign overpunch POINTERs are converted to an external PIC 9(10) INDE X names cant be specified
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Procedure Division
ARITHMETIC OPERATIONS
BINA RY : + - * / ** UNA RY : + Precedence - Unary - Exponentiation - Multiplication and Division - Addition and Subtraction
ADD: Two or more numeric operands are summed up and stored Rules - Elementary Numeric Items - Literals should be Numeric - Decimal Point Alignment - Internal Format Trans formation in case of mixed usage clause
Format 1 ADD { id-1 lit-1 } ... TO ( id- m [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt2 ] [ END-ADD ] Format 2 ADD { id-1 TO { id-3 lit-1 } ... lit-3 } GIVING ( id- m [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt2 ] [ END-ADD ]
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Procedure Division
Format 3 ADD { CORRESPONDING CORR } id-1 TO id-2 [ ROUNDED ] [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt2 ] [ END-ADD ]
CORRESPONDING: Quite often it is required to move some of the data item of one group to some other data item of other group. If the names of the corresponding data items are distinct then separate MOVE statements have to be used. But if the corresponding data items have identical names, then instead of separate MOVE statements, MOVE CORRESPONDING can be used.
E.g. 1 PAY-REC. 02 ID-NUMBER 02 NAME 02 DEPARTMENT 02 BASIC-PAY 02 FILLER PRINT-REC. 02 FILLER 02 ID-NUMBER 02 FILLER 02 NAME 02 FILLER 02 DEPARTMENT 02 FILLER 02 BASIC-PAY 02 FILLER 02 DEDUCTIONS 02 FILLER 02 ALLOWANCES 02 FILLER 02 NET-PAY
PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC PIC
9(5). X(25). X(20). 9999V99. X(24). X(5). Z(5). X(5). X(25). X(5). X(20). X(5). ZZZZ.99 X(5). PIC ZZZZ.99. X(5). PIC ZZZZ.99 X(5). ZZZZ.99
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Procedure Division
MOVE CORR PAY-REC TO PRINT-REC In the above example the ID-NUMBER, NAME, DEPARTMENT, BASIC-PAY of PAY-REC will be moved the same data item of PRINT-REC. This is equivalent to 4 move statements MOVE ID-NUMBER OF PAY-REC TO ID-NUMBER OF PRINT-REC. MOVE NAME OF PAY-REC TO NAME OF PRINT-REC. MOVE DEPARTMENT OF PAY-REC TO DEPARTMENT OF PRINT-REC. MOVE BASIC-PAY OF PAY-REC TO BASIC-PAY OF PRINT-REC. ADD Corresponding:For example, if two data hierarchies are defined as follows: 05 ITEM-1 OCCURS 6. 10 ITEM-A PIC S9(3). 10 ITEM-B PIC +99.9. 10 ITEM-C PIC X(4). 10 ITEM-D REDEFINES ITEM-C PIC 9(4). 10 ITEM-E USAGE COMP-1. 10 ITEM-F USAGE INDEX. 05 ITEM-2. 10 ITEM-A PIC 99. 10 ITEM-B PIC +9V9. 10 ITEM-C PIC A(4). 10 ITEM-D PIC 9(4). 10 ITEM-E PIC 9(9) USAGE COMP. 10 ITEM-F USAGE INDEX. Then, if ADD CORR ITEM-2 TO ITEM-1(X) is specified, ITEM-A and ITEM-A(X), ITEM-B and ITEM-B(X), and ITEM-E and ITEM-E(X) are considered to be corresponding and are added together. ITEM-C and ITEM-C(X) are not included because they are not numeric. ITEM-D and ITEM-D(X) are not included because ITEM-D(X) includes a REDEFINES clause in its data description. ITEM-F and ITEM-F(X) are not included because they are defined as USAGE IS INDEX. Note that ITEM-1 is valid as either identifier-1 or identifier-2. If any of the individual operations in the ADD CORRESPONDING statement produces a size error condition, imperative-statement-1 in the ON SIZE ERROR phrase is not executed until all of the individual additions are completed.
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Procedure Division
ON SIZE ERROR Occurs

When the absolute value of the res ult of an arithmetic evaluation, after decimal point alignment, exceeds the largest value that can be contained in the result field When division by zero occurs If the ON S IZE ERROR phrase is specified and a size error condition occurs, the value of the resultant identifier affected by the size error is not altered--that is, the error results are not placed in the receiving identifier. After completion of the exec ution of the arithmetic operation, the imperative statement in the ON SIZE ERROR phrase is executed, control is transferred to the end of the arithmetic statement, and the NOT ON SIZE ERROR phrase, if specified, is ignored. If the NOT ON SIZE E RROR phrase has been specified and, aft er execution of an arithmetic operation, a size error condition does not exist, the NOT ON SIZE ERROR phrase is executed. For ADD CORRESPONDING and SUB TRA CT CORRESPONDING statements, if an individual arithmetic operation caus es a size error condition, the ON SIZE ERROR imperative statement is not executed until all the individual additions or subtractions have been completed. If the ROUNDE D phrase is specified, rounding takes place before size error checking.
ROUNDED Phrase
After decimal point alignment, the number of places in the fraction of the result of an arit hmetic operation is compared with the number of places provided for the fraction of the resultant identifier.
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Procedure Division
When the size of the fractional result exceeds the number of places provided for its storage, truncation occurs unless ROUNDE D is specified. When ROUNDED is specified, the least significant digit of the resultant identifier is increased by 1 whenever the most significant digit of the excess is greater than or equal to 5. ADD Examples ADD A TO B ADD 1 TO B ADD A TO B ROUNDE D ADD A TO B, C ADD A TO B ROUNDE D C ROUNDE D ADD A TO B ROUNDE D , C ON SIZE E RROR MOVE 1 TO ERR-FLAG ADD A, B, C, D TO X, Y, Z ADD A , B, C, D TO E GIV ING X, Y
Add CORR X to Y (Example) 01 X. 05 X-1 PIC 9(3) VALUE 1. 05 X-2 PIC 9(3) VALUE 2. 05 X-3 PIC 9(3) VALUE 3. 01 Y. 05 X-1 PIC 9(5) VALUE 5. 05 X-2 PIC 9(5) VALUE 9. 05 X-3 PIC 9(5) VALUE 12. After Add, Under group Y: X-1 = 6; X-2 = 11; X-3 = 15 SUBTRACT
To subtract one or the sum of two or more numeric items from one or more items and set the values of one or more items to the result Valid only for Numeric Items Automatic Decimal Alignment
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Procedure Division
SUBTRACT { id-1 lit-1 } ... FROM ( id- m [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt2 ] [ END-SUBTRACT ] SUBTRACT { id-1 lit-1 } ... FROM { id-2 lit-2 } GIVING ( id- m [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt2 ] [ END-SUBTRACT ] SUBTRACT { CORRESPONDING CORR } id-1 FROM id-2 [ ROUNDED ] [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR [ END-SUBTRACT ] SUBTRACT Examples
SUB TRA CT 1 FROM A SUB TRA CT A FROM B SUB TRA CT A B FROM C D SUB TRA CT A B FROM C GIV ING D SUB TRA CT A FROM B GIV ING CROUNDE D SUB TRA CT A FROM B ON SIZE E RROR MOVE 1 TO ERROR-FLAG
imper-stmt2
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Procedure Division
MULTIPLY MULTIPLY { id-1 lit-1 } BY ( id-2 [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-stmt2 ] [ END-MULTIPLY ] MULTIPLY { id-1 BY id-2 lit-1 } GIVING id-3 ( [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-stmt2 ] [ END-MULTIPLY ] MULTIPLY - Examples
MULTIPLY 5 BY A MULTIPLY 5 BY A ROUNDE D MULTIPLY A BY B MULTIPLY A BY B GIVING C D MULTIPLY A BY B ON SIZE ERROR MOVE 1 TO ERROR-FLAG MULTIPLY A BY B GIVING C ON SIZE E RROR MOVE 1 TO ERROR-FLAG
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Procedure Division
DIVIDE DIVIDE { id-1 INTO lit-1 } ( id-2 [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-stmt2 ] [ END-DIVIDE ] DIVIDE { id-1 {BY { id-2 lit-1 } INTO} lit-2 } GIVING ( id-3 [ ROUNDED ] ) ... [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-stmt2 ] [ END-DIVIDE ]
BEFORE A B C DIVIDE A INTO B DIVIDE A INTO B ROUNDED DIVIDE A INTO B C DIVIDE A INTO B GIVING C DIVIDE 2 INTO A GIVING B C DIVIDE A BY B GIVING C DIVIDE A BY 5 GIVING B REMAINDER C Table 7.1 DIVIDE - Examples 2 2 2 2 2 6 8 10 9 10 10 2 14 -
AFTER A B 2 2 2 2 2 6 8 5 5 5 10 1 2 1
C 7 5 1 3 3
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Procedure Division
COMPUTE
COMP UTE - More than one operation in a single statement - Shortens Programs - Avoids Intermediate data names
E XPRESS IONS - Made up of Operat ors, Data Names & Literals - Operators evaluated based on parenthesis and/or precedence
COMPUTE id-1 [ ROUNDED ] [ id-2 [ ROUNDED ] ] ... = arithmetic-expression [ ON SIZE ERROR imper-stmt1 ] [ NOT ON SIZE ERROR imperative-stmt2 ] [ END-COMPUTE ] Examples COMPUTE PROFIT = PRICE - COST, COMPUTE A = B+C*2.
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Exercises
EXERCISES
1. 01 VAL-1 PIC 999V99 VALUE 999.45. 01 VAL-2 PIC 9(5)V999 VALUE 99008.301. 01 VAL-3 PIC 9(5)V99 VALUE 11.3. 01 VAL-4 PIC 9999 VALUE 300. What will be contained in VAL-1,VAL-2,VAL-3,VAL-4 after executing the following statement a. b. C. D. ADD VAL-1, VAL-2 GIVING VAL-3 ON SIZE ERROR MOVE ZERO TO VAL-3. ADD VAL-2, VAL-4 GIVIGN VAL-3 ON SIZE ERROR MOVE ZERO TO VAL-3. DIVIDE VAL-3 INTO VAL-4 GIVING VAL-3 ROUNDED MULITPLY VAL-4 BY VALI-1 GIVING VAL-4 ON SIZE ERROR MOVE 1 TO VAL-4
3. What will be the 01 A 01 B 01 C A. B. C. D. E.
result of the following compute statement PIC S9(3)V99. PIC 9(5)V99. PIC S9(5).
COMPUTE A = 999.988 COMPUTE A ROUNDED = 999.985 COMPUTE B = 8888.50 / 5.25 + 99.5 / 5.0 * 4425.5 ON SIZE ERROR MOVE 1 TO B. A = 1.555, B= 9999.99 C = -11115.96. COMPUTE B ROUNDED = C * A COMPUTE B ROUNDED = C ROUNDED * A ROUNDED
4. A field name STRING-1 contains 80 chars. The char (/) or (,) is used to indicate the end of a word within these 80 chars. Write the cobol statement to find the number of words in STRING-1 and the length of the individual words 1. A field named NAME contains 40 characters. Write a COBOL statement to change all instances of MR. by SRI and MRS by SMT
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Exercises
2. What will be present after the execution of following statement 1 WS-REC-1. 02 NAME PIC X(20). 02 AMT-1 PIC 9(5)V99. 02 AMT-2 PIC 9(5)V99. 02 TOTAL PIC 9(6)V99. INITIALIZE WS-REC-1. INITIALIZE WS-REC-1 REPLACING NUMERIC BY 1000. MOVE 2000 TO AMT-2. COMPUTE TOTAL = AMT-1 + AMT-2 What value will be present in TOTAL.
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Control Flow Verbs
8. Control Flow Verbs

CONDITIONAL EXPRESSIONS
Types - Relation - Class - Sign - Condition name Cause the processing to select between alternate paths depending on the truth value of the expression
RELATION OPERATORS
Causes a comparison of two operands. Operands can be an Identifier, Literal or Arithmetic Expression Syntax operand-1 relop operand-2 Operand-1, operand-2 can be an identifier, literal, arithmetic expression, index-name or a pointer. Relational Operators
IS [NOT] GREATER THAN IS [NOT] LESS THAN IS [NOT] EQUAL TO IS GREATER THAN OR EQUAL TO IS LESS THAN OR EQUAL TO
[NOT] > [NOT] < [NOT] = >= <=
For Numeric operands the comparison is algebraic Example: 012 12.00 12 +12 are all equal
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Control Flow Verbs
Comparison permitted regardless of Usage
NON-NUMERIC OPERANDS OR ONE NUMERIC & ONE NON-NUMERIC

Comparison is made as per the collating sequence If both operands Usage are same and relational operator = or NOT = no conversion All other comparison operands wit h Usage other than display are converted to display Comparison starts from left most character For operands size unequal the comparis on proceeds as if the shorter operand had been padded by blanks on the right
Example l-A JOES l- B JOE taken as JOE l-A > l- B is TRUE CLASS CONDITION
Numeric or Alphabetic or user defined class-name check of the operand Numeric test cannot be done for an item declared as alphabetic (P IC A) Alphabetic test cannot be done for item declared as Numeric (PIC 9) Packed-decimal allowed for Numeric test Syntax
IF id-1 IS [ NOT ] {NUMERIC ALPHABETIC ALPHABETIC-LOWER ALPHABETIC-UPPER class- name } SIGN CONDITION operand-1 IS [ NOT ] {POSITIVE NEGATIVE ZERO }
Determines whet her algebraic value is less than greater than or equal to zero operand-1 must be a numeric identifier, or arithmetic containing at least one reference to a variable
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Control Flow Verbs
Condition Name
It is a subset of relational condition It tests a conditional variable to determine whether its value is equal to any value(s) associated with the condition-name. condition-name is used in conditions as an abbreviation for the relation condition. Syntax : condition-name-1
Conditional expression Examples IF ASSOC-AGE > 80 SET SENIOR-ASSOC TO TRUE END-IF IF ASSOC-SAL IS POSITIVE SET DEBIT-AMOUNT TO TRUE END-IF COMPLEX CONDITIONS
Formed by - Combining simple conditions - Nested IFs - Logical Connectives Logical Operators - Used to combine simple conditions - Abbreviating conditions - For negation
LOGICAL OPERATORS
NOT - Logical Negation OR - Logical Inclusive AND - Logical Conjunction
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Control Flow Verbs
EVALUATION RULES
Precedence - Arithmetic Expression - All Relational Operators - NOT - AND - OR If a condition is put in parenthesis, it is evaluated and its truth value depends on the truth value of its constituents
ABBREVIATED COMPOUND CONDITIONS IF A = B AND A = C is same as IF A = B AND = C

Here identical subjects are omitted in a consecutive sequence of relational conditions IF A = B AND A = C is same as IF A = B AND C Here identical subjects and relational operators are omitted in a consecutive sequence of relational conditions As indicated in the examples compound conditions can be abbreviated by having implied subjects, or, implied subjects and relational operators.
Examples A > B OR NOT C OR D = (A>B) OR NOT (A>C) OR (A>D)
A > B OR NOT C OR NOT < D = (A>B) OR (A NOT > C) OR (A NOT< D)
GO TO
The GO TO statement transfers control from one part of the Procedure Division to another. The GO TO statement has four formats:
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Control Flow Verbs
Unconditional GO TO : The unconditional GO TO statement transfers control to the first statement in the paragraph or section named in procedure-name
The Syntax of the GO TO statement is GO TO procedure-name-1 procedure-name-1

Must name a procedure or a section in the same Procedure Division as the GO TO statement. An unconditional GO TO statement, when it appears in a sequence of imperative statements, must be the last statement in the sequence.
Example:IF NOT NUMERIC GO TO 999-ERR-PARA.
Conditional GO TO : GO TO proc-name-1 DEPENDING ON int-1

The conditional GO TO statement transfers control to one of a series of procedures, depending on the value of the identifier. procedure-name-1
Must be a proc edure or a section in the same Procedure Division as the GO TO statement. The number of procedure-names must not exceed 255.
identifier-1 Must be a numeric elementary data item, which is an integer.
If equal to 1, control is transferred to the first statement in the procedure named by the first occurrence of procedure-name-1
If equal to 2, control is transferred to the first statement in the procedure named by the second occurrence of procedure-name-1, and so forth.
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Control Flow Verbs
If the value of identifier is anything other than a value within the range of 1 through n (where n is the number of procedure-names specified in this GO TO statement), no control transfer occurs. control passes to the next statement in the normal sequence of execution. Instead,
Example: GO TO 100-HDR-PARA 120-REC-PARA 130-TRILER-PARA DEPENDING ON WS-INT-1 When WS-INT-1 = 1, 100-HDR-PARA WS-INT-1 = 2, 120-REC-PARA WS-INT-1 = 3, 130-TRILER-PARA
ALTER
Changes the trans fer point specified in a GO TO statement The altered GO TO statement transfers control to the first statement of the paragraph named in the ALTER statement. ALTER procedure-name-1 TO PROCEED TO procedure-name-2 procedure-name-1 must be that contains only one sentence: a GO TO without the DEPE NDING ON phras e
ALTER - Watch out

Is an obsolete element and encourages the use of unstructured programming practices; it will be deleted from the next revision of the COBOL 85 Standard. The EVALUA TE statement provides similar functionality
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Control Flow Verbs
ALTER - Example PROCEDURE DIVISION. ..... A1-PARA. GO TO A1-FIRST-TIME. A1-FIRST- TIME. INIT W-REC-COUNTER. ALTER A1-PARA TO A1-NEXT-TIME. A1-NEXT-TIME. ...... GO TO . is a GO TO form for ALTER and can be used in the above instead of GO TO A1FIRST-TIME. IF IF condition-1 THEN { statement-1 ... NEXT SENTENCE } [ ELSE [ statement-2 ... NEXT SENTENCE ] ] [ END-IF ]
NE XT SE NTE NCE means execution should move to stmt after the next separator period Never use NE XT SENTE NCE and Period as IF terminator. It is not a good programming practice
statement-1, statement-2 Can be any one of the following:
An imperative statement A conditional statement An imperative statement followed by a conditional statement.
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Control Flow Verbs
EXAMPLE: IF (WS-NT91-CLT NOT EQUAL 99999) AND WS-NT91-SEQ NOT NUMERIC Statements 1 ELSE Statement 2 END-IF Using conditional-names: IF C08W-ERR-OPEN-FLAG GO TO 999-ERR-OPEN-PARA END-IF CONTINUE
Allows you to specify a no operation statement. It indicates that no executable instruction is present. Syntax : CONTINUE It can be used any where a conditional statement or an imperative statement can be used. It has no effect on the execution of the program.
CONTINUE - Example IF YEAR-IS-NOT-LEAP CONTINUE ELSE ADD 1 TO NO-OF-FEB-DAYS END-IF The above IF usage is preferred compared to IF NOT given below: IF NOT YEAR-IS-NOT-LEAP ADD 1 TO NO-OF-FEB-DAYS END-IF
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Control Flow Verbs
EVALUATE
Provides a shorthand notation for a series of nested IF statements. It can evaluate multiple conditions. conditions. Provides better readability. When a satisfiable WHE N is met, processing breaks off from the rest of the evaluate block That is, the IF statements can be made up of compound
EVALUATE subject-1 [ALSO subject-2] {{WHEN object-1 [ALSO object-2] imperative-statement-1 ] [WHEN OTHER imperative-statement-2] [ END-EVALUATE Where a subject is { Int-1 Literal 1 Expression TRUE FALSE} And an Object is { ANY condition-1 TRUE FALSE [NOT] { identifier-3 [ { THROUGH literal-3 THRU } { identifier-4 arith-exp-1} literal-4 arith-expr-2} ] }
The execution of the EVALUA TE statement operates as if each selection subject and selection object were evaluated and assigned a numeric or nonnumeric value, a range of numeric or nonnumeric values, or a truth value The exec ution of the EVALUA TE statement then proceeds as if the values assigned to the selection subjects and selection objects were compared to det ermine whether any WHEN phrase satisfies the set of selection subjects. This comparison proceeds as follows:
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Control Flow Verbs
1.
Each selection object within the set of selection objects for the first WHEN phras e is
compared to the selection subject having the s ame ordinal position within the set of selection subjects. One of the following conditions must be satisfied if the comparison is to be satisfied:
a.
If the items being compared are assigned numeric or nonnumeric values, or a range of
numeric or nonnumeric values, the comparison is satisfied if the value, or one value in the range of values, assigned to the selection object is equal to the value assigned to the selection subject, according to the rules for comparison.
b.
If the items being compared are assigned truth-values, the comparison is satisfied if the
items are assigned identical truth-values.
c.
If the selection object being compared is specified by the word A NY, the comparison is
always satisfied, regardless of the value of the selection subject.
2.
If the above comparison is satisfied for every selection object within the set of selection
objects being compared, the WHE N phrase containing that set of selection objects is selected as the one satisfying the set of selection subjects.
3.
If the above comparison is not satisfied for every selection object within the set of
selection objects being compared, that set of selection objects does not satisfy the set of selection subjects.
4.
This proc edure is repeat ed for subsequent sets of selection objects in the order of their
appearance in the source program, until either a WHEN phrase satisfying the set of selection subjects is selected or until all sets of selection objects are exhausted.
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Control Flow Verbs
Example 1 EVALUATE proc-type ALSO cust-type WHEN 1 ALSO 1 MOVE 1 TO RESULT WHEN 3 ALSO 1 THRU 2 MOVE 2 TO RESULT WHEN 2 ALSO 1 MOVE 3 TO RESULT WHEN OTHER MOVE 0 TO RESULT END-EVALUATE In this example subject of Evaluation is an Expression. Depending on these values the control passes to the corresponding WHEN. Example 2 EVALUATE TRUE WHEN l-VALUE < 100 MOVE 1 TO RESULT WHEN l-VALUE < 1000 MOVE 2 TO RESULT WHEN l-VALUE < 10000 WHEN OTHER MOVE 0 TO RESULT END-EVALUATE In this example, the subject is TRUTH value. Depending on the values the WHEN phrase satisfying the TRUTH value is executed. If a WHEN does not have a associated imperative statement it is a do- nothing condition (same as coding CONTINUE) PERFORM
The PERFORM statement trans fers control explicitly to one or more procedures and implicitly returns control to the next executable statement after execution of the specified procedure(s) is completed. An out-of-line PE RFORM statement (P rocedure-name-1 is specified). An in-line PERFORM statement (Procedure-name-1 is omitted). An in-line PERFORM statement must be delimited by the END-PE RFORM phrase.
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Control Flow Verbs
The in-line and out-of-line PE RFORM statements cannot be combined. For example, if procedurename-1 is specified, imperative-statement-1 and the END-PE RFORM phrase must not be specified. Executes group of consecutive statements written inline (called INLINE PERFORM) or elsewhere (called OUT-OF-LINE PERFORM) in a program Has four formats Departs from normal sequence of execution and implicit return to next statement after completion
PERFORM (Basic) PERFORM { proc- name1[{ THRU proc- name2 THROUGH } ] imp-statement-1 END-PERFORM } Example 1 (Out-of- line) PERFORM PARA-1 THRU PARA-2
In this example the execution of PERFORM statement will start with execution of first statement in PARA-1 and ends with execution of last statement in PARA -2. All the paragraphs in bet ween these 2 paragraphs will be execut ed. And then control returns to the statement next to the perform statement. This transfer of control occurs implicitly
Example 2 (Inline) PERFORM MOVE 1 TO FLAG-1 MOVE 2 TO FLAG-2 END-PERFORM

In the above example the control is not transferred anywhere. This will execute the statements within the perform statement. This perform is called inline perform statements which does not contain any section name or paragraph name. This perform statement should end wit h an END-PE RFORM statement
PERFORM - Overlap Rules

When the performed procedures executes another PERFORM the procedures associated with the 2nd level PERFORM must be totally included in or totally excluded from the procedures of the first level PERFORM statement.
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Cobol Two or more such active PE RFORM must not have a common exit.
Control Flow Verbs
PERFORM (TIMES option) PERFORM { proc-name1 [THRU proc-name2] { id-1 TIMES int-1} { id-1 init-1 } TIMES imp-stmt-1 END-PERFORM } PERFORM (TIMES option) - Rules
Once the perform statement is initiated any changes to the id-1 will have no effect on the nbr of times the para is to be executed If identifier-1 is zero or a negative number at the time the PE RFORM statement is initiated, cont rol passes to the statement following the PE RFORM statement.
PERFORM (TIMES) Example PERFORM B1-PROCESS THRU B1-PROCESS-EXIT 10 TIMES

In this example the number of times perform statement is going to be ex ecuted is predet ermined. Hence this perform statement will be executed 10 times.
PERFORM I-CNT TIMES WRITE OUT-REC FROM I-ERR-REC (I-CNT) SUBTRACT 1 FROM I-CNT END-PERFORM
In this example the number of times the perform statement is to be executed is not predetermined. It depends on value of the variable I-CNT. If I-CNT is 0 or negative, this perform statement is not all executed
PERFORM (UNTIL option) PERFORM { proc-name1[THRU proc-name2] until-phrase imp-statement-1 until-phrase END-PERFORM }
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Control Flow Verbs
until-phrase UNTIL condition WITH TEST { BEFORE AFTER } ]

In the UNTIL phrase format, the procedure(s) referred to are performed until the condition specified by the UNTIL phrase is true. Control is then passed to the next exec utable statement following the PERFORM statement. Here the condition is tested before only at the beginning of each execution by default But this default is overridden by TES T AFTE R phrase. If the TES T AFTER phrase is specified, the statements to be performed are executed at least once before the condition is tested (corresponds to DO UNTIL). In either case, if the condition is true, control is trans ferred to the next executable statement following the end of the PERFORM statement. If neither the TES T BEFORE nor the TES T AFTER phrase is specified, the TES T BEFORE phrase is assumed.
Ente r
True Condition EXI T
False
Executable statements in the perform paragraph
Fig 8.1 Flow chart for Perform..Until
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Control Flow Verbs
PERFORM (UNTIL) Example MOVE 10 TO I-CNT PERFORM UNTIL I-CNT = ZERO WRITE OUT-REC FROM I-ERR-REC (I-CNT) SUBTRACT 1 FROM I-CNT END-PERFORM In the above example, the WRITE and SUBTRACT statements will be executed until the I-CNT becomes zero. Here perform will be executed 10 times. PERFORM (VARYING) PERFORM { proc-name1[THRU proc-name2] varying-phrase after-phrase varying-phrase imp-stmt-1 END-PERFORM } varying-phrase [ WITH TEST {BEFORE AFTER } ] VARYING { id-1 FROM { id-2 lit-1 Inx- nm1 } inx- nm-2} BY { id-3 UNTIL cond-1 lit-2 } after-phrase ( AFTER { id-4 FROM { id-5 lit-1 inx- nm1 } inx- nm-2} BY { id-6 UNTIL cond-2 lit-2 } ) ...
After-phrase provides for varying more than one identifier If any of the operands specified in cond-1 or cond-2 is subscripted or reference modified, the subscript or reference-modifier is evaluat ed each time the condition is tested.
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Control Flow Verbs When TES T BEFORE is indicated, all specified conditions are tested before the first execution,
and the statements to be performed are executed, if at all, only when all specified tests fail. When TES T AFTE R is indicated, the statements to be performed are executed at least once, before any condition is tested. Changing the values of identifiers and/or index -names in the VARY ING, FROM, and BY phras es during execution changes the number of times the procedures are exec uted.
EXAMPLE:PERFORM PROC1 THRU PROC2 VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I > 50

AFTE R J FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL J > 10 In the above example the PROC-1 to PROC-2 will be executed 500 times. First with I as 1 and J varying from 1 to 10 in step of 1, then I as 2 and again J varying from 1 to 10 and so on. E very time I changes value, J must vary from 1 to 10. Each time the loop varying J is completed, J is initialized before changing the value of I. Thus aft er this perform statement is executed, value of I will 51 and that of J will 1 and not 11.
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Control Flow Verbs
Ente r
Set Identifier-1 to initial value
True Cond1 Exi t
False
Execute the imperative statement in the perform paragraph
Add increment to indentifier-1
Figure 8.2 Flow Chart for Performvaryi ng TEST BEFORE
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Cobol Ente r
Control Flow Verbs
Set Id-1 & id-4 to their respective initial values
True Cond1 Exi t
False True Cond2
F ap lse e Execute the i m rative statement in the perform paragraph
Add increment (id-6) to id-4
Set id-4 to initial value
Add increment (id-3) to id-1
Figure 8.3 Flow Chart for Performvaryi ng.After. with TEST BEFORE
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Control Flow Verbs
EXIT
Provides a return mechanism for the Perform statement having Exit para as the last paragraph The E XIT statement provides a common end point for a series of paragraph. Must be preceded by a paragraph name Must be the only statement in the paragraph Falls thru if there is no associated Perform Provides a common exit point for a series of paragraphs (by executing a GO TO PARA-E XIT in the paragraph)
EXIT - Example PROCEDURE DIVISION. .... PERFORM B1-PROCESS UNTIL A > 5. ..... B1-PROCESS. . ADD 1 TO A. IF NOT-VALID-ACTION PERFORM B1-PROCESS-EXIT ... B1-PROCESS-EXIT EXIT.
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Exercises
EXERCISES
1. Rewrite the following IF statement-using condition names. Also indicate how the condition names are to be defined in the DATA DIVISION. IF MARKS >= 90 MOVE O TO GRADE ELSE IF MARKS >= 75 MOVE E TO GRADE ELSE IF MARKS >= 60 MOVE D TO GRADE ELSE IF MARKS >= 50 MOVE C TO GRADE ELSE IF MARKS NOT > 40 MOVE B TO GRADE ELSE MOVE F TO GRADE 2. The following is the information about the patient file Description Name Sex Age Height Weight Length 30 1 (Male M, Female - F) 3 5 with 2 decimal places 3
A paragraph named PROCESS-PARA needs to be executed only if the patient is Male whose age is between 25 and 45 yrs and Height is 160 175 cms and weight is 60 75 kgs.
Write the necessary IF statement using suitable condition names. Also write the record description entry for the patient file
3. Write the evaluate statement for the following When the account code is 100, then the rate of interest is 10 % . If the account code is 110, then rate of interest is 9.5%. If the account code is 120, rate of interest is 12%, if the account-code is 130, then rate of interest is 11.5% for all other account codes the rate of interest is 4.5%.
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Non-Nu meric Data Manipulation
9. Non-Numeric Data manipulation

Move data items - MOVE Count and replace data items - INSPECT Join data items - STRING Split data items - UNSTRING Initialize variables - INITIALIZE Manipulate addresses with pointer data items - SET Data Movement and Sub-string Handling
Group moves Elementary moves Move corresponding Format conversion for numeric data types Sub-string operation (Move by reference)
MOVE MOVE { id-1 TO id-2 ... lit-1 }

All identifiers can be either group or elementary items. The data in the sending item is moved into the data item referenced by each identifier-2 in the order in which it is specified.
Alphanumeric or Alphanume ric-Edited:

An elementary move is one in which the rec eiving item is an element ary item, and the sending item is an elementary item or a literal. Any necessary conversion of data from one form of internal representation to another takes place during the move, along with any specified editing in, or deediting implied by, the receiving item. If the size of the sending item is great er than the size of the receiving item, excess characters on the right are truncated after the receiving item is filled. If the sending item has an operational sign, the unsigned value is used. If the operational sign occupies a separate character, that character is not moved, and the size of the sending item is considered to be 1 less character than the actual size.
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Numeric or Nume ric-edited:

If the receiving item is signed, the sign of the sending item is placed in the receiving item, with any necessary sign conversion. If the sending item is unsigned, a positive operational sign is generated for the receiving item. If the receiving item is unsigned, the absolute value of the sending item is moved, and no operational sign is generated for the receiving item. When the sending item is alphanumeric, the data is moved as if the sending item were described as an unsigned integer. When the sending item is floating-point, the data is first converted to either a binary or internal decimal representation and is then moved. De-editing allows moving a numeric-edited data item into a numeric or numeric-edited receiver. The compiler accomplishes this by first establishing the unedited value of the numeric-edited item (this value can be signed), then moving the unedited numeric value to the receiving numeric or numericedited data item.
MOVE {CORRESPONDING CORR} id-1 TO id-2

Both identifiers must be group items Both identifiers following the keyword CORRESPONDING must name group items. In this discussion, these identifiers are referred to as identifier-1 and identifier-2. A pair of data items (subordinate items), one from identifier-1 and one from identifier-2, correspond if the following conditions are true: In a MOVE statement, at least one of the data items is an elementary item, and the move is permitted by the move rules. The subordinate items are not identified by the keyword FILLE R. Neither identifier-1 nor identifier-2 is described as a level 66, 77, or 88 item, nor is either described as a USAGE IS INDE X item. Neither identifier-1 nor identifier-2 can be referenc e-modified. The subordinate items do not include a RE DEFINES, RE NAMES, OCCURS, or USAGE IS INDE X clause in their descriptions. However, identifier-1 and identifier-2, they can cont ain or be subordinate to items containing a REDEFINES or OCCURS clause in their descriptions. Neither identifier-1 nor identifier-2 nor the two subordinate items are described as USAGE IS POINTER items. Identifier-1 and/or identifier-2 can be subordinate to a FILLE R item. Valid and Invalid Elementary Moves
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Sending Item
Alphab etic Yes
Aplhanu me ric Yes
Alphabetic and SPACE Alphanume ric(2) Alphanume ric-Edited Numeric Integer and ZERO(5) Numeric Noninteger(6) NumericEdited
Receiving Ite m Alpha Numeric numeric Edited Yes No
Numeric Edited
No
Yes Yes No
Yes Yes Yes
Yes Yes Yes
Yes(3) No Yes
Yes(3) No Yes
No
No
No
Yes
Yes
No
Yes
Yes
Yes
Yes
Table 8.2 Valid Sending and Receiving datatypes of move statement

1. 2. 3. Includes DB CS data items. Includes nonnumeric literals. Figurative constants and nonnumeric literals must consist only of numeric characters and will be treated as numeric integer fields. 4. Figurative constants and nonnumeric literals must consist only of numeric characters and will be treated as numeric integer fields. The ALL literal cannot be used as a sending item. 5. 6. 7. Includes integer numeric literals. Includes non-integer numeric literals (for ex ample, 3.142). Includes floating-point literals, external floating-point data items (USA GE DISP LAY), and internal floating-point data items (USA GE COMP -1 or USAGE COMP-2). 8. Includes DB CS data-items, DBCS literals, and SPACE.
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Move - Reference modification

Reference modification defines a data item by specifying a leftmost character and optional length for the data item. Syntax is Dataname-1(character position:length) Leftmost-character-position: - must be an arithmetic expression. The evaluation of leftmostcharacter-position must result in a positive nonzero integer that is less than or equal to the number of characters in the data item referenced by data-name-1. length Must be an arit hmetic expression. The sum of leftmost-character-position and lengt h minus the value one must be less than or equal to the number of characters in data-name-1. If length is omitted, than the length used
will be equal to the number of characters in data-name-1 plus one minus leftmost-characterposition. The evaluation of length must result in a positive nonzero integer.
Example 77 name pic x(25). 77 first-name pic x(10). 77 last- name pic x(15). MOVE name(1:10) MOVE name(11:) Move - Rules
TO first- name TO last-name
Pointer and Index variables not allowed - In MOV E CORR - ignored Length, Sub-string, Reference modification evaluation - For source variable only once - before the move to the 1st target variable - For each target variable before the move MOVE a(b) TO b, c(b) Occurs depending on Clause object (ODO) location - When not in same group ODO object value decides the length Set value prior to MOVE
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Cobol - When in same group When no non-subordinat e When there are non-subordinates - Updating ODO object with complex structures
INITIALIZE
Sets selected categories of data fields to predet ermined values. It is functionally equivalent to one or more MOVE Can be at - Group level - Elementary level
INITIALIZE ( id-1 [REPLACING {ALPHABETIC ALPHANUMERIC DATA NUMERIC ALPHANUMERIC-EDITED NUMERIC-EDITED } BY { id-2 lit-1 }] ) ...
When id-1 specifies a group item only those items that belong to the category denoted by the REPLA CING phrase will be initialized by the value denoted by id-2/lit-1
Example 01 A. 02 02 02 02 A1 A2 A3 A4 PIC PIC PIC PIC 9(5). X(4). 9(3). Z(3)9.99.
INITIALIZE A REPLACING NUMERIC DATA BY 50 In the above example on A1 and A3 will be initialized to 50. INITIALIZE A. In the above statement A1 and A3 will be initialized to zeroes and A2 and A4 will be initialized to spaces.
Filler will not be affected by INITIALIZE statements If any group denoted by id-1 cont ains a data item described with REDEFINES clause, then the data items sub ordinate to it will not be initialised.
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Example 1 A. 2 A1 PIC 9(5). 02 A2 PIC X(10). 02 B REDEFINES A2. 03 B1 PIC 9(4). 03 B2 PIC 9(4)V99. INITIALIZE A In the above example A1 will be zeroes A2 will be filled with spaces and not zeroes.
INITIALIZE B This will fill B1 and B2 with zeroes INITIALIZE - Rules

Category of Id-2 should be compatible that of CORR REPLACING Whether identifier-1 references an elementary or group item, all operations are performed as if a series of MOVE statements had been written, each of which had an elementary item as a receiving field. Same Category cant be repeated If the REPLA CING phrase is specified: If identifier-1 references a group item, any elementary item within the data it em referenced by identifier-1 is initialized only if it belongs to the category specified in the REPLA CING phrase. If identifier-1 references an elementary item, that item is initialized only if it belongs to the category specified in the REP LACING phrase. All such elementary receiving fields, including all occurrences of affected, wit h the following Index data items Data items defined with USAGE IS POINTER Elementary FILLER data items exceptions: table items within the group, are
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Non-Nu meric Data Manipulation Items that are subordinate to identifier-1 and contain a REDE FINES clause, or any items subordinate to such an item. subordinate to a redefining item.) The areas referenc ed by identifier-1 are initialized in the order (left to right) of the appearance of (However, identifier-1 can cont ain a RE DEFINES clause or be
identifier-1 in the statement. Within a group receiving field, affected elementary items are initialized in the order of their definition wit hin the group. SPACE is implied source for - Alpha, Alpha-numeric and Alpha-numeric edited ZE RO is implied source for - Numeric and Numeric edited For Group initialize the following will not participate - Index variables - Pointer variables - Filler - Redefines - Elementary items that are not of category mentioned in REPLACING
INITIALIZE - Examples INITIALIZE id-1 Length of Id-1 9(5) X(5) 99XX9 INSPECT
Specifies that characters, or groups of characters in a data it em are to be - Counted (tallied) - Replaced - or both. It will count the occurrence of a specific character (alphabetic, numeric, or special character) in a data item. It will fill all or portions of a data item with specified characters, such as spaces or zeros. It will convert all occurrences of specific characters in a data item to user-supplied replacement characters.
Before 12345 AB123 12AB3
After 00000 Bbbbb Bbbbb
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Cobol CONVERTING is a special form of replacing
In the following list of comparison rules, the TALLY ING and REPLA CING phrases are the items being compared: 1. When both the TALLYING and REPLACING phrases are specified, the INSPECT
statement is executed as if an INSPE CT TALLY ING statement were specified, immediately followed by an INSPE CT REP LACING statement. 2. The first comparand is compared wit h an equal number of leftmost contiguous characters
in the inspected item. The comparand matches the inspected characters only if both are equal, character-for-character. 3. If no match occurs for the first comparand, the comparison is repeated for each
successive comparand until either a match is found or all comparands have been acted upon. 4. If a match is found, tallying or replacing takes place, as described in the following
TALLYING/ REPLA CING phrase descriptions. In the inspected item, the first character following the rightmost matching character is now considered to be in the leftmost character position. process described in rules 2 and 3 is then repeated. 5. If no match is found, then, in the inspected item, the first character following the leftmost The process The
inspected character is now considered to be in the leftmost character position. described in rules 2 and 3 is then repeated. 6.
If the CHARA CTE RS phrase is specified, an implied 1-character comparand is used in the The implied character is always considered to match the
process described in rules 2 and 3.
inspected character in the inspected item. 7. The actions taken in rules 1 through 6 (defined as the comparison cycle) are repeated until
the rightmost character in the inspected item has either been matched or has been considered as being in the leftmost character position. Inspection is then terminated.
Format 1 INSPECT id-1 TALLYING id-2 FOR {CHARACTER ALL { id-3 lit-1} LEADING { id-3 lit-1}} [{BEFORE AFTER} INITIAL { id-4 lit-2}]
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INSPECT id-1
Format 2 REPLACING {CHARACTER ALL { id-2 lit-1} LEADING { id-2 lit-1}}
BY { id-3 lit-2} [{BEFORE AFTER} INITIAL { id-4 lit-3}] Format 3 INSPECT id-1 CONVERTING { id-2 lit-1} TO {id-3 lit-2} [{BEFORE AFTER} INITIAL { id-4 lit-3}] INSPECT - Examples 77 countr PIC 9 VALUE ZERO. 01 data-1 PIC X(6). INSPECT data-1 TALLYING countr FOR CHARACTERS AFTER INITIAL "S" REPLACING ALL "A" BY "O" DATA-1 COUNTR DATA-1 Before After After ANSELM SACKET PASSED 3 5 3 ONSELM SOCKET POSSED
INSPECT data-1 REPLACING CHARACTERS BY ZEROS BEFORE INITIAL QUOTE. DATA-1 COUNTR DATA-1 Before After After ANSLM SACKT 0 0 000LM 0000T
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INSPECT - Examples INSPECT data-1 CONVERTING abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz" TO "ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ" AFTER INITIAL "/" BEFORE INITIAL"?" Before a/five/?six r/Rexx/RRRr zfour?inspe After a/FIVE/?six r/REXX/RRRR zfour?inspe
STRING
Strings toget her the partial or complet e contents of two or more data items or literal into one single data item. One S TRING statement can be written instead of a series of MOVE statements. Process is called concatenation
STRING { id-1 lit-1} ... DELIMITED BY { id-2 lit-2 SIZE} INTO id-3 [WITH POINTER id-4 ] [ON OVERFLOW imperative stmt-1] [NOT ON OVERFLOW imperative stmt-2] [END-STRING] STRING - Example 77 77 77 77 FIELD-1 FIELD-2 FIELD-3 FIELD-4 PIC PIC PIC PIC X(4) X(6) X(9) X(14) VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE ABCD. MA IN . 121,34,56. SPACES.
STRING FIELD-1 FIELD-2 FIELD-3 DELIMITED BY , , INTO FIELD-4 FIELD-4 = ABCDMA121bbbbb
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In the above example, FIELD-1 does not contain any delimiters, all 4 characters are moved to FIELD-4 First 2 characters of FIELD-2 are moved to FIELD-4 as third character is the delimiter First 3 characters of FIELD-3 are moved to FIELD-4 as 4th character is the delimiter STRING - Rules
Receiving fields must not be - Edited field - With Justified clause - With reference modification Pointer variable must be - Elementary and Numeric - Large enough to hold max length of rec eiving field ON OVE RFLOW executed when pointer Value <= 0 or exceeds max length of receiving field
UNSTRING
Causes contiguous data in a sending field to be separated and placed into multiple receiving fields: - Number of characters placed in each receiving field - Count of the total number of characters transferred - Special action when all the receiving fields are filled before the end of the sending item Useful to convert display format dat a to compact form
UNSTRING id-1 [DELIMITED BY ALL { id-2 lit-1} [OR ALL { id-3 lit-2} ...]] INTO ( id-4 [DELIMITER IN id-5] [ COUNT IN id-6] ) ... [WITH POINTER IN id-7 ] [TALLYING IN id-8 ] [ON OVERFLOW imperative stmt-1] [NOT ON OVERFLOW imperative stmt-2] [END-UNSTRING]
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UNSTRING - Example FULL-NM = EDISON, THOMAS ALVA UNSTRING FULL-NM DELIMITED BY , OR SPACE INTO LAST-NM COUNT IN LAST-NM-CNT FIRST-NM COUNT IN FIRST-NM-CNT MID-NM COUNT IN MID-NM-CNT LAST-NM = EDISON LAST-NM-CNT = 6 FIRST-NM= THOMAS FI RST-NM-CNT = 6 MID-NM = ALVA MID-NM-CNT = 4 UNSTRING - Rules
If the DELIMITED BY phrase is not specified, the number of characters examined is equal to the size of the current data receiving field. If the POINTE R phrase - Is not specified an implicit value of 1 is assumed If specified, the source field is examined from the relative character position specified by the value in the pointer field.
SET SET - CONDITION NAME SET cond- name1 ... TO TRUE

The value associated with a cond-name1 is placed in its conditional variable If more than one Value is defined for the cond-name1 then the 1st is used If multiple condition-names are specified, the results are the same as if a separate SE T statement had been written for each condition-name in the same order in which they are specified in the SET statement.
SET - Condition Name
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Example 77 I-EOF-FLAG PIC x. 88 C-EOF VALUE Y. SET C-EOF TO TRUE (I-EOF-FLAG will have the value Y after the execution of the SET statement) 77 I-ACTION-FLAG PIC X. 88 C-ADD VALUE A space. 88 C-DEL VALUE D . 88 C-MOD VALUE M. SET C-ADD TO TRUE (Will get value A - first lit in value clause) SET - Pointer Data SET { id-1 ADDRESS OF id-2 } ... TO { ADDRESS OF identifier-3 id-4 NULL NULLS }
id-1 and id-4 must be POINTERs id-2 and id-3 must be 01 or 77 levels in LINKA GE NULL, NULLS sets the receiving field to cont ain the value of an invalid address.
SET - Pointer data Example 77 PTR-FIRST USAGE IS POINTER. LINKAGE SECTION. 01 SALARY-REC. 05 PTR-NEXT-REC POINTER. 05 NAME PIC X(20). 05 DEPT PIC 9(4). 05 SALARY PIC 9(6). PROCEDURE DIVISION USING SALARY-REC. SET PTR-FIRST TO ADDRESS OF SALARY-REC DISPLAY NAME DEPT SALARY IF PTR-NEXT-REC NOT = NULL SET ADDRESS OF SALARY-REC TO PTR-NEXT-REC END-IF
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SET Indexes SET index-name-3 UP BY identifier-3 DOWN BY integer-2
When this form of the SE T statement is executed, the value of the receiving field is increased (UP BY) or dec reas ed (DOWN BY) by a value that corresponds to the value in the sending field. The receiving field can be specified by index-name-3. This index-name value both before and after the SET statement execution must correspond to the occurrence numbers in an associated table. The sending field can be specified as identifier-3, which must be an elementary integer data item, or as integer-2, which must be a nonzero int eger. When the Format 2 SET statement is executed, the contents of the receiving field are inc reased (UP BY) or decreased (DOWN BY ) by a value that corresponds to the number of occurrences represented by the value of identifier-3 or integer-2. Receiving fields are acted upon in the left-to-right order in which they are specified. The value of t he incrementing or dec rementing field at the beginning of SE T statement execution is used for all receiving fields.
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Sub-Program
10. Sub-Program
CALL
Trans fers control from one object program to another within the run unit. Called program starts executing from: - Top of program - ENTRY label (not good programming practice) Trans fer control methods - Call nested program - Static call - Dynamic call Parameters to called program: - By reference - By content Use RE TURN-CODE special register to pass return codes Return of control depends on the termination stmt issued by the called program - Stop run unit - Return to called program
CALL { id-1 lit-1} [ USING { [BY REFERENCE ] { id-2 file- name-1 ADDRESS OF id-3} ... BY CONTENT { [LENGTH OF] id-2 ADDRESS OF id-3 lit-1} ... } ... ] [ON {OVERFLOW imperative stmt-1] EXCEPTION } [ NOT ON EXCEPTION imperative stmt-2] [END-CALL]
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Sub-Program
CALL - Examples CALL SUBPGM1. CALL l-SUBPGM-1 USING l-PARM1 l-PARM2. CALL l-SUBPGM1 USING BY CONTENT l-PARM1 l-PARM2 BY REFERENCE l-PARM3. CALL - Calling pgm
WORKING-STORAGE SECTION. 77 l-subpgm-1 pic x(8) value SUBPGM1. 01 l-parm1. 05 l- name 05 l-emp- no 01 l-parm2. 05 l-salary 05 l- hra 05 l- leave 01 l-parm3. 05 l- gross 05 l-deduct
pic x(30). pic 9(4). pic s9(9)v99 comp-3. pic s9(9)v99 comp-3. pic s9(2)v9 comp-3. pic s9(9)v99 comp-3. pic s9(9)v99 comp-3.
PROCEDURE DIVISION. .... CALL l-SUBPGM1 USING BY CONTENT l-PARM1 l-PARM2 BY REFERENCE l-PARM3. IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. 1-SUBPGM1.
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Sub-Program
LINKAGE SECTION. 01 L-PARM3. 05 l- gross pic s9(9)v99 comp-3. 05 l-deduct pic s9(9)v99 comp-3. 01 L-PARM1. 05 l- name pic x(30). 05 l-emp- no pic 9(4). 01 L-PARM2. 05 l-salary pic s9 (9) v99 comp-3. 05 l- hra pic s9(9)v99 comp-3. 05 l- leave pic s9(2)v9 comp-3. PROCEDURE DIVISION USING L-PARM1 L-PARM2 L-PARM3.
CALL - Rules
The correspondence of identifiers in the usi ng clause of called and calling programs is positional File-name in using is only for QSAM files Addre ss of option can be used only for Linkage variables with level 01 or 77 Exception or Overflow cond occurs when the called program cannot be made available. Called program must not execute a CALL statement that directly or indirectly calls the calling program (Recursion not allowed)
CANCEL CANCEL { id-1 lit-1}

Ensures that the next time the referenced subprogram is called it will be ent ered in its initial state. All programs contained in the Canceled program are also canceled. Same as executing an E XIT PROGRAM or GOBACK in the called subprogram if it possesses the INITIAL attrib.
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Sub-Program
ENTRY ENTRY lit-1 [USING id-1 ...]

Establishes an alternate entry point Execution of the called program begins at the first executable stmt following the E NTRY stmt whose literal corresponds to the CA LL stmt literal or identifier Not a recommended way of entering a program
Entry - Watch out

Static calls to alternate entry points work without restriction. Dynamic calls to alternate ent ry points require: - NAME or ALIAS linkage editor control statements. - NAME (ALIAS) compiler option to generate link -edit ALIAS card for each ENTRY statement.
EXIT PROGRAM EXIT PROGRAM

Specifies the end of a called program and returns control to the calling program When no CALL statement is active, control passes through t he exit point to the next executable stmt When there is no next executable stmt in a called program, an implicit E XIT PROGRAM stmt is executed E XIT PROGRAM stmt in a called program with INITIAL attribute is equivalent to executing a CANCEL An E XIT PROGRAM ex ecuted in a main program has no effect.
STOP STOP {RUN lit-1} Halts execution of the program : - Permanently (RUN option) - Temporarily (Lit-1 option) literal communicated to operator and execution suspended
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Sub-Program
Program execution is resumed only after operator intervention STOP RUN statement closes all files defined in any of the programs comprising the run unit. GOBACK GOBACK
Functions like: - E XIT P ROGRAM statement when coded in a called program - STOP RUN statement when coded in a main program.
END PROGRAM END PROGRAM program- name .

An END PROGRAM header terminates a nested program or separates one program from another in a sequence of programs. The program-name must be same as the program-name declared in the corresponding PROGRAM-ID paragraph. An END P ROGRAM is optional for the last program in a sequence only if that program does not contain any nested source programs.
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11. FILE OPERATIONS

OPEN OPEN { INPUT file-name1 ... OUTPUT file-name2 ... I-O file- name3 ... EXTEND file-name4 ...
} ...
Opens the file for processing E XTE ND is allowed only for sequential files (not for VSE) OUTP UT clears the file of its existing records
Open - File position indicator

The successful execution of OPEN INP UT or OPEN I-O statement sets the file position indicator to - 1 for non-empty QSAM file - For VSAM sequential and indexed files, to the characters with the lowest ordinal position in the collating sequence associated with the file. - For VSAM relative files, to 1.
OPEN - Extend Rules

When the E XTEND is specified the file positioned immediat ely after the last record written in the file - For ESDS or RRDS file the added records are placed after the last existing records - For KSDS your add must have a record key higher than the highest record in the file
CLOSE CLOSE file- name1 ...

Closes the open file Terminates the file processing
COBOL performs automatic closing if not closed - At termination of run-unit - CANCEL command - Return from program with INITIAL attribute
READ Format-1 - Sequential Read READ file-name-1 NEXT RECORD [ INTO identifier-1 ] [ AT END imperative-stmt-1] [ NOT AT END imperative-stmt-2 ] [ END-READ ]
NE XT phrase is optional for SEQUENTIA L access mode & a must for DYNAMIC When the REA D NE XT statement is the first statement to be executed aft er the OPE N statement on the file, the next record is the first record in the file USAGE:1. The sequential read is used when the exact key value is not known and if we want to
search the vs am file for a particular key for proc essing. 2. This sequential read is also used when Alternate key is used as key to the indexed file.
This is because the alternate key may not be unique. 3. When we need to process records with part of the key matching, we use sequential read.
For E.G, The key field of the EMP-MA TE R file is Emp-no, Designation., date-of-joining, if we want to process all employees belonging to designation Associates , we use sequential read of the indexed file
Format-2 - Random read READ file-name-1 RECORD [ INTO identifier-1 ] [ KEY IS data-name-1 ] [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-3 ] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-4 ] [ END-READ ]
Data-name-1 is either a RECORD KEY or ALTE RNA TE RECORD KEY of the Indexed file
The result of the execution of a READ statement with the INTO phrase application of the following rules in the order specified: The execution of the same READ statement without the INTO phrase.
is equivalent to the
The current record is moved from the record area to the area specified by identifier-1 according to the rules for the MOVE statement without the CORRESPONDING phrase. The size of the current record is determined by rules specified for the RE CORD clause. If the file description entry contains a RECORD IS VARY ING clause, the implied move is a group move. The implied MOVE statement does not occur if the execution of the READ statement was unsuccessful. Any subscripting or reference modification associated with identifier-1 is evaluated after the record has been read and immediat ely before it is moved to the data item. The record is available in both the record area and the data item referenced by identifier-1. This format of REA D is used when the A CCESS mode is either random or dynamic USAGE:- The random reading of indexed file is used when the key value for the file is exactly known. The random read can be used in real time systems like Patient monitoring system in hospitals. Here there might be necessary to retrieve a particular patients record. The full key value for the Patient master file is known. Hence we use random read in this case. The random read of indexed file is faster.
READ Random - Indexed file Key of reference : - Data name specified in KEY phrase - The prime RECORD KEY data name if KEY phrase not specified
The KEY IS phrase can be specified only for indexed files. Data-name-1 must identify a record key associated with file-name-1 When dynamic access is specified, this key of reference is used for subsequent executions of sequential REA D Execution of a Format 2 REA D statement causes the value of the key of reference to be compared with the value of the corresponding key data item in the file records, until the first record having an equal value is found. The file position indicator is positioned to this record, which is then made available. If no rec ord can be so identified, an INVA LID KEY condition exists, and READ statement execution is unsuccessful.
If the KEY phras e is not specified, the prime RE CORD KEY becomes the key of reference for this request. When dynamic access is specified, the prime RE CORD KEY is also used as the key of reference for subsequent executions of sequential READ statements, until a different key of reference is established. KEY Phrase: - When the KEY phrase is specified, dat a-name becomes the key of reference for this request. When dynamic access is specified, this key of reference is used for subsequent executions of sequential REA D statements, until a different key of reference is established.
READ Random - Relative file

Execution of a Format 2 REA D statement reads the record whose relative record number is contained in the RELA TIVE KEY data item, The KEY phrase must not be specified
Multiple Record Processing

If more than one record description entry is associated with file-name-1 in the File Description, these records automatically share the same storage area; that is, they are implicitly redefined. After a REA D statement is executed, only those data items within the range of the current record are replaced; data items stored beyond that range are undefined. The below example illustrat es this concept. If the range of the current record exceeds the rec ord description entries for file-name-1, the record is truncated on the right to the maximum size. In either of these cases, the READ statement is successful and an I-O status (04) is set indicating a rec ord length Conflict has occurred.
EXAMPLE: The FD entry is: FD INPUT-FILE LABEL RECORDS OMITTED. 01 RECORD-1 PICTURE X(30). 01 RECORD-2 PICTURE X(20). Contents of RECORD-1 when READ statement is executed: ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ1234 When the next record from the file is read into RECORD-2, Contents of record being read in RECORD-2: 01234567890123456789
But since the record description contains two 01 levels and it s a variable length file Contents of record area after second READ is executed: 01234567890123456789?????????? The last 10 characters of the record area is undefined. I.e. This storage area can hold any characters depending on the sequence of reads and any process done inside the program using RECORD-1. In the above example, assume there was no processing then the last 10 bytes would contain UVWXYZ1234. But this area cannot be accessed, when we use RECORD-2 layout because this is implicitly redefined item More on File Position Indicators
The file position indicator is a conceptual entity used to facilitate exact specification of the next record to be accessed within a given file during certain sequences of input-output operations. Only the OPEN, CLOSE, READ and S TART statements affect the setting of the file position indicator. The concept of a file position indicator has no meaning for a file opened in the output or extends mode. Indicates the next record to be accessed for sequential COBOL requests You do not specify them anywhere in your program It is set by successful: 1. 2. OPEN, START, REA D, and READ NE XT statements The successful execution of an OPE N INPUT or OPE N I-O statement for sequential files sets the file position indicator to 1. 3. 4. Execution of an OPE N INPUT or OPE N I-O statement sets the file position indicat or: For VSAM sequential and indexed files, to the characters with the lowest ordinal position in the collating sequence associated with the file. 5. For VSAM relative files, to 1. Subsequent READ or REA D NE XT requests then uses & updat es it It is not used or affected by the output statements : 6. WRITE, REWRITE, or DELE TE.
If the record is no longer accessible , i.e. it has been deleted, the file position indic ator is updated to point to the next existing record in the file The file position indicator has no meaning for random processing
READ - Example File- Indexed, Dynamic Access Record Description: 01 ASSOC-REC 05 ASSOC-NO-KEY PIC 9(4). 05 ASSOC-NAME PIC X(10). Assoc # Assoc Name 0004 RAJESH 0010 RAMESH 0015 GOPAL 0016 RAGHAVAN 0100 SARITA 0401 RANI
Operation OPEN input READ next READ Key 0100 READ next READ key 0015 READ key 0090 READ next
File Position Pointer 0004 0010 0401 end of file 0016 Undefined Undefined
Record Area Not defined 0004 Rajesh 0100 Sarita 0401 Rani 0015 Gopal Undefined (Invalid key) Undefined
Table 11.1 File position indicator example START

Enables the positioning of the pointer at a specific point in an indexed or relative file File should be opened in Input or I-O mode Access mode must be Sequential or Dynamic Does not read the record
START file- name [ KEY IS { EQUAL TO data-name] = GREATER THAN > NOT LESS THAN NOT < THAN } [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1 ] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2 ] [ END-START ]
START - Rules Invalid Key arises if the record position is empty

When KEY phrase is not specified KEY EQUAL TO primary key is implied File position indicator points to the first record in the file whose key field satisfies the comparison When the KEY phrase is specified, the file position indicator is positioned at the logical record in the file whose key field satisfies the comparison. When the KEY phrase is not specified, KEY IS EQUAL (t o the prime record key) is implied. When the S TART statement is executed, a comparison is made between the current value in the key data-name and the corresponding key field in the file's index. PROGRAM COLLA TING SEQUENCE clause, if specified, has no effect The file position indicator points to the first record in the file whose key field satisfies the comparison. If the operands in the comparis on are of unequal lengths, the comparis on proceeds as if the longer field were trunc ated on the right to the length of the shorter field. All other numeric and nonnumeric comparison rules apply
START File- Indexed, Dynamic Access Record Description: 01 ASSOC-REC 05 ASSOC-NO-KEY PIC 9(4). 05 ASSOC-NAME PIC X(10). Assoc # Assoc Name 0004 RAJESH 0010 RAMESH 0015 GOPAL 0016 RAGHAVAN 0100 SARITA 0401 RANI OPERATION OPEN I-O START ASSOC.NOKEY = 0004 READ NEXT START ASSOC-NOKEY > 0016 READ NEXT START ASSOC-NOKEY > 0401 POINTER VALUE TOP OF FILE 0004 0010 0100 0401 UNKNOWN REC-AREA NOT DEFINED NOT DEFINED 0004 RAJESH 0004 RAJESH 0100 SARITA 0100 SARITA
Table 11.2 Illustration of START state ment WRITE WRITE rec-name [FROM id-1] [ { BEFORE ADVANCING AFTER } { int-1 { LINE id-2 LINES } mnemonic- name PAGE } ] [AT { END-OF-PAGE stmt-1 EOP } [NOT AT { END-OF-PAGE stmt-2 EOP } [END-WRITE]
Releases a rec ord onto the output file ADVANCING phrase is only for Print er Files when this phrase is specified, the following rules apply: 1. When BEFORE ADVA NCING is specified, the line is printed before the page is advanced. 2. When AFTE R ADVA NCING is specified, the page is advanced before the line is printed. 3. When identifier-2 is specified, the page is advanced the number of lines equal to the current value in identifier-2. Identifier-2 must name an elementary integer dat a item. File Position is not affected by this statement When END-OF-PAGE is specified, and the logical end of the printed page is reached during execution of the WRITE statement, the END-OF-PAGE imperative-statement is executed
WRITE for Seq. Files

From its Record Area defined at 01 Level WRITE ASSOC-RE C First Copy into File Area and then Write WRITE ASSOC-RE C FROM COPY-REC Note that File Name is not mentioned in the Write Statement Facilitates Multiple-Rec ord Type Files also known as Non-Homogeneous Files. The various 01 levels defined for the same file implicitly redefine each other. That is they share the same record area. Therefore, in case of Non-Homogeneous Files the Rec ord Layouts must contain a Record Type Field for identification. The WRITE statement can only be executed for a sequential file opened in OUTPUT or E XTE ND mode for a sequential file.
WRITE for Printer Files

Facilities for Paper Movement are provided - Print and Advance - Advance and Print - Position to New Page - Advance by given number of lines - End of P age Logic (FD entry for this file must contain a LINAGE clause) When ADVA NCING option is used - First char of record reserved for printer control - If compile has ADV the LRE CL of file should be one more than FD entry record area length - If compile option is NOA DV then LRE CL of file is same as FD entry record area length leave the 1st char for printer control
WRITE for Disk Files WRITE record- name [ FROM id-1 ] [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1 ] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2 ] [ END-WRITE ] WRITE - Invalid key
Not Allowed for ESDS Attempt to write beyond file boundary Record with specified key already present (KS DS, RRDS ) FROM phrase: The result of the execution of the WRITE statement with the FROM identifier-1 phrase is equivalent to the execution of the following statements in the order specified. MOVE identifier-1 TO record-name-1. WRITE record-name-1.
WRITE - Rules for VSAM

When access is sequential - For KSDS, records must be released in ascending order of RECORD KEY values Else INVALID KEY condition will be raised - For RRDS system returns the RE LA TIVE KEY if clause is specified in SELE CT stmt When access is random or dynamic - For KSDS populate RE CORD key data item and ALTERNA TE key data item (if any ) - For RRDS populat e the RELA TIVE key data item When an attempt is made to writ e beyond the externally defined boundaries of the file, the execution of the WRITE statement is unsuccessful, and an E XCEP TION/ERROR condition exists. The contents of record-name are unaffected. If specified, the status key is updated, and, if an explicit or implicit E XCEP TION/E RROR procedure is specified for the file, the procedure is then executed; if no such procedure is specified, the results are unpredictable.
Before the WRITE statement is executed, you must set the prime record key (the RECORD KEY data item, as defined in the File-Control ent ry) to the desired value. If the ALTE RNA TE RECORD KEY clause is also specified in the File-Control entry, each alternate record key must be unique, unless the DUPLICA TES phrase is specified. If the DUPLICA TES phrase is specified, alternate record key values may not be unique. In this case, the system stores the records so that later sequential access to the records allows ret rieval in the same order in whic h they were stored. When ACCESS IS SEQUENTIA L is specified in the File-Cont rol entry, records must be released in ascending order of RE CORD KEY values.
REWRITE REWRITE record- name [ FROM id-1] [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2 ] [ END-REWRITE ]
Updates an existing record in a file File should be opened in I-O mode
REWRITE - Invalid Key

When access mode is sequential, and the value of RECORD KEY of the record to be replaced not = RECORD KEY data item of the last-retrieved rec ord Value cont ained in RE CORD KEY not = any record in file Duplicate ALTERNA TE RE CORD KEY when duplicates are not allowed
REWRITE - Rules
File should be opened in I-O After REWRITE record is not available in the rec area After a REWRITE statement with the FROM phrase is executed, the information is still available in identifier-1 File position ind not affected For Sequential files
- INVALID KEY not allowed - Record length cant change

For random or dynamic access the record to be rewritten need not be read first
DELETE DELETE file- name-1 RECORD [ INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-1] [ NOT INVALID KEY imperative-stmt-2] [ END-DELETE ]
Removes a record from an indexed or relative file For indexed files, the key can then be reused for record addition. For relative files, the space is then available for a new record with the same RELA TIVE KEY value. If the FILE STA TUS claus e is specified in the File-Control entry, the associated status key is updated when the DE LE TE statement is executed. The file position indicator is not affected by execution of the DE LE TE statement. For a file in sequential access mode, the last input/output statement must have been a successfully executed READ statement. When the DELE TE statement is executed, the system removes the record retrieved by that READ statement. For a file in sequential access mode, the INVALID KEY and NOT INVALID KEY phrases must not be specified. However, an E XCEP TIONERROR procedure can be specified. When the DELE TE statement is executed, the system removes the record identified by the contents of the prime RE CORD KEY dat a item for VSAM indexed files, or the RELA TIVE KEY data item for VSAM relative files. If the file does not contain such a record, an INVA LID KEY condition exists.
DELETE - Rules
File should opened for I-O In sequential access mode, the last input/output statement must have been a successfully executed READ
- INVALID key not allowed

For Random or Dynamic access system removes record pointed by the RE CORD key(KS DS) or RELA TIVE key(RRDS )
SORT
While processing sequential files, it is sometimes necessary that the records should appear in some predetermined sequence. The proc ess of sequencing records in file in some predetermined order on some fields is called SORTING The fields based on which the records are sequenced are called SORT KEYS. The sequencing can be ascending or descending order of the KEY.
SORT file-1 {ON {ASCENDING DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ... {USING file-2 {GIVING file-3
This is a simple sort verb that accepts a input file and creates a sorted output file. The Sort verb needs a work file for sorting the given input file. Hence t his sort requires 3 files for processing unsorted input file, works file and sorted output file. In the above format file-1 is the work file , file-2 is the unsorted input file, file-3 is the sorted output file File-2 and file-3 are defined in the FD section The work file File-1 is defined in the file section as SD entry sort description entry The format of S D entry is same as the FD entry The sort verb opens input, output and the work files before the sorting begins and closed these files when sorting is over. Example Assume the following record description for the input file
FD 1
EMP-FILE. EMP-REC. 02 ID-NUM 02 NAME 02 DEPARTMENT 02 BASIC-PAY 02 ALLOWANCE 02 DEDUCTION
PIC 9(6). PIC X(24). PIC X(10). PIC 9(5)V99. PIC 9(4)V99. PIC 9(4)V99.
We want to sort this file on DEPARTME NT on ascending sequence and then within each DEPARTME NT, arrange BAS IC-PAY on descending sequence. This means that the records with same DEPARTME NT value are to be arranged from highest to lowest value of the BASIC-PAY. The work file and output files are S ORT-FILE and OUTPUT-FILE. The FD and SD entries for these files are as follows
SD 01
SORT-FILE SORT-REC. 02 FILLER 02 DEPARTMENT 02 BASIC-PAY 02 FILLER OUTPUT-FILE OUT-REC
PIC X(30). PIC X(10). PIC 9(5)V99. PIC X(12). PIC X(59).
FD 1
The sort statement for this is SORT SORT-FILE ON ASCENDING KEY DEPARTMENT DESCENDING KEY BASIC-PAY USING EMP-FILE GIVING OUTPUT-FILE.
Sometimes its necessary to edit records before sorting or after sorting before writing it to the output file. Editing in this context can mean selection of appropriate rec ords from the input file for sorting. For example, a file with variable length records will require some padding with some characters to make it fixed length for the purpose of sorting. The sort verb allows user to specify the INP UT & OUTPUT P ROCEDURE in the sort statement, which perform the necessary processing of the records. The input and output proc edures are not hing but sections placed outside the SORT statement.
INPUT PROCEDURE:The sort statement before the start of the sorting process implicitly performs the specified input procedure. This procedure reads the records from input file, performs the necessary processing and then release the records to Sorting operation by RELEASE statement which is discussed later in this chapt er
OUTPUT PROCEDURE:The output procedure is performed implicitly by sort statement in order to perform editing on the sorted records. The output procedure gets the sorted records by means of RE TURN statement that is discussed later in this chapter.
SORT file-1 { ON {ASCENDING DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ... [WITH DUPLICATES IN ORDER] [COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet- name-1] {USING file-2 INPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]} {GIVING file-3 OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-3 [THRU proc-nm-4]} SORT - Examples SORT sorted-emp- file ASCENDING s-last-nm s-first- nm DESCENDING s-emp- nbr USING emp- file OUTPUT PROCEDURE write-emp-list THRU write-emp-list-exit ENVIRONMENT DIVISION. CONFIGURATION SECTION. INPUT-OUTPUT SECTION. FILE-CONTROL. SELECT EMP-FILE ASSIGN TO EMPMSTR. SELECT SORTED-EMP-FILE ASSIGN TO EMPSORT. SELECT EMP-LIST ASSIGN TO REPORT. DATA DIVISION. FILE SECTION.
FD EMP-FILE LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. 01 EMP-REC. 05 EMP-NBR PIC 9(4). 05 LAST-NM PIC X(20). 05 FIRST-NM PIC X(20). 05 MID-NM PIC X(20).
SD SORTED-EMP-FILE LABEL RECORDS ARE OMITTED. 01 SORT-EMP-REC. 05 S-EMP-NBR PIC 9(4). 05 S-LAST-NM PIC X(20). 05 S-FIRST-NM PIC X(20). 05 S-MID-NM PIC X(20). PROCEDURE DIVISION. ..... SORT sorted-emp- file ASCENDING s-last-nm s- first-nm DESCENDING s-emp- nbr USING emp- file OUTPUT PROCEDURE write-emp- list THRU write-emp-list-exit ... WRITE-EMP-LIST. ...... WRITE-EMP-LIST-EXIT. EXIT.
Collating Sequences - COLLATING SEQUENCE option of the SORT statement that is defined in SPECIALNAMES paragraph - PROGRAM COLLATING SEQUENCE if specified in the Configuration Section - Default is EBCDIC
RELEASE Transfers records to the initial phase of sort operation Its like WRITE statement RELEASE sort-rec-name-1 [FROM id-1] If INPUT PROCEDURE is used, at- least one RELEASE stmt must be executed RELEASE - Examples MOVE emp-rec RELEASE sort-emp-rec RELEASE sort-emp-rec FROM emp-rec RETURN
Trans fers records from the final phase of a sorting or merging operation to an OUTP UT PROCEDURE. Its like READ statement
TO
sort-emp-rec
RETURN sort-file- name-1 [RECORD INTO id-1] [AT END imperative stmt1 ] [NOT AT END imperative stmt2] [END-RETURN] RETURN - Rules If OUTPUT PROCEDURE is used, at- least one RETURN stmt must be executed RETURN Examples read-sorted-rec. RETURN sorted-emp-file AT END SET c-sort-eof TO TRUE END-RETURN . read-sorted-rec-exit. EXIT.
WRITE-EMP-LIST. SET c-not-sort-eof TO TRUE PERFORM read-sorted-rec THRU read-sorted-rec-exit PERFORM UNTIL c-sort-eof PERFORM string-emp-name THRU string-emp-name-exit MOVE w-emp-name TO rep- name MOVE s-emp- nbr TO rep-emp-nbr WRITE emp- list-rec PERFORM read-sorted-rec THRU read-sorted-rec-exit END-PERFORM . WRITE-EMP-LIST-EXIT. EXIT. MERGE
Sometimes it becomes necessary to create a new output file from 2 input files. These 2 files needs to be merged and new file needs to be created For example A Company has its marketing operations divided into 2 zones and for each zone there is file. Each of these files contains zone name, district name, salesman name, product name and amount of sales for a particular product. The files are sorted on product name. We need to merge these 2 files into a single file to get a single transaction file to update the master file. The MERGE verb is used to merge 2 or more identical files sorted on the same field
MERGE file-1 { ON {ASCENDING DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ... [COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1] USING file-2 [ file-3 ...] {GIVING file-4 OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]}
The input files to be merged through ME RGE statement are file-2, file-3. The file-1 is the work file, which should be defined in the SD entry. The file-2 and file-3 should be sorted on the key used to merge these 2 files.
MERGE - Examples MERGE sorted-emp-ph- file ASCENDING s-last-nm s-first- nm DESCENDING s-emp- nbr USING emp-ph- file emp-addon-ph- file GIVING new-emp-ph- file
MERGE - Rules
When US ING / GIV ING option is specified the input / output file(s) to merge must not be open The key used in the ME RGE statement cannot be variably located. When the file referenced by filename-1 is merged control passes to first stmt in the OUTPUT PROCEDURE. Collating Sequences COLLA TING SEQUENCE option of MERGE statement that is defined in
SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph - PROGRAM COLLA TING SEQUENCE specified in the Configuration Section Default is EBCDIC
INPUT/OUTPUT ERROR HANDLING TECHNIQUES

The following are techniques of intercepting and Handling input/output Errors. The end-of-file phrase (A T END) The E XCEP TION/ERROR declarative The FILE S TA TUS key The INVALID KEY phrase.
THE END-OF-FILE PHRASE (AT END)

An end-of-file condition may or may not represent an error. In many designs, reading sequentially to the end of a file is done intentionally, and the A T END condition is expected. For example, suppose you are processing a file containing transactions in order to update a master file:
PERFORM UNTIL TRANSACTION-EOF = "TRUE" READ UPDATE-TRANSACTION-FILE INTO WS-TRANSACTION-RECORD AT END DISPLAY "END OF TRANSACTION UPDATE FILE REACHED" MOVE "TRUE" TO TRANSACTION-EOF END READ . . . END-PERFORM
In some cases, however, the condition will reflect an error. You code the A T END phrase of the READ statement to handle either case, according to your program design.
If you code an A T END phrase, upon end-of-file the phrase is executed. If you do not code an A T END phrase, the associated E RROR declarative is executed. Following an A T END condition, the contents of the associated record area are undefined, and attempts to move data to or from the associated rec ord may result in a protection exception.
EXCEPTION/ERROR Declarative You can code one or more ERROR declarative procedures in your program that will be given control if an input/output error occurs. You can have:
A single, common procedure for the entire program Group procedures for each file open mode (whether INP UT, OUTPUT, I-O, or E XTE ND) Individual proc edures for each particular file
FILE STATUS key

The system updates the FILE S TA TUS key after each input/output statement executed for a file placing values in the two digits of the file status key. In general, a zero in the first digit indicates a successful operation, and a zero in both digits means "nothing abnormal to report". Establish a FILE S TA TUS key using the FILE S TA TUS clause in the FILE-CONTROL and data definitions in the Data Division.
INVALID KEY phrase

This phrase will be given control in the event that an input/output error occurs because of a faulty index key. You can include INVALID KEY phrases on REA D, STA RT, WRITE, REWRITE, and DELE TE requests for index ed and relative files. You can also include INVA LID KEY on WRITE requests for QSAM files. In the case of QSAM files, however, the INVA LID KEY phrase has limited meaning. It is used only when you attempt to write to a disk that is full. INVA LID KEY phrases differ from E RROR declaratives in three ways: 1. INVALID KEY phrases operate for only limited types of errors, whereas the ERROR declarative encompasses all forms. 2. INVALID KEY phrases are coded directly onto the input/output verb, whereas ERROR declaratives are coded separately. 3. INVALID KEY phrases are specific for one single input/output operation, whereas ERROR declaratives are more general. If you specify INVALID KEY in a statement that causes an INVA LID KEY condition, control is transferred to the INVALID KEY imperative statement. In this case, any ERROR declaratives you have coded are not executed.
Cobol
EXERCISES
EXERCISES
1. Assume there is a Transaction sequential file with record length 80 characters. The following are the fields in the transaction file Emp- no 10 chars Emp- name 30 chars Emp-birth-date 8 chars(ddmmyyyy) Emp-designation 8 chars Emp-department 6 chars date-of-joining 8 chars Emp-status 2 chars Gross-salary 8 numeric with 2 decimal The master file is the indexed file with the same fields as above. This transaction file records needs to be inserted in the master indexed file if the emp- no is not present and if the emp-status id NA (new active). If the records is present and if the emp-status id is TT the emp record from the master file needs to be deleted as he is an terminated employee. If the record is present, and the emp status is OA which is old active, the record in the indexed file needs to be updated. Write the COBOL code to do the processing of the transaction and master files. COBOL code includes environment division, data division and procedure division entries.
Cobol
Table Handling
12. Table handling

Sometimes it becomes necessary to handle group of dat a consisting of similar items. Such a group is called a Table or Array. An array is used to store similar items or elements. For eg. A series of totals in the working storage with the same format. A table is a list of stored fields that are looked up or referenced by the program. It also eliminates the need for separate entries for repeated data items. The usage of tables can be illustrat ed by the following example For example when we need to list the months normal way of representing it is
MONTH-TABLE. 02 MON-1 02 MON-2 02 MON-3 02 MON-4 02 MON-5 02 MON-6 02 MON-7 02 MON-8 02 MON-9 02 MON-10 02 MON-11 02 MON-12
PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9) PIC X(9)
VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE VALUE
JANUARYbb. FEBRUARYb . MARCHbbbb. APRILbbbb. MAY bbbbbb. JUNEbbbbbb. JULYbbbbbb. AUGUSTbbb. SEPTEMBER. OCTOBERbb. NOVEMBERb. DECEMBERb.
In the above example, the same data month name is being repeated 12 times. Instead of defining the elements like this we can define it as a table with 12 elements. Each element of the table can be referred using a Subscript or an index. Now lets us look at how the table can be defined in COBOL
01
MONTH-TABLE. 02 MON-NAME PIC X(9) OCCURS 12 TIMES.
This table can be fixed length tables and Variable length tables. The tables or Arrays are define using OCCURS in COBOL. Now lets look at Occurs clause in detail.
Cobol
Table Handling
OCCURS
Used for defining Tables(A rrays) The OCCURS clause specifies tables whose elements can be referred to by indexing or subscripting. It also eliminates the need for separate entries for repeated data items. Occurs clause can be specified for element ary or group item. VALUE clause cannot be specified for associated data name defined with OCCURS clause or any sub item to the occurs clause REDEFINES and OCCURS clause cannot appear for the same data item. However RE DEFINES clause can appear for a group item whos e sub item contains occurs clause The occurs clause is used to define single dimension and multi-dimensional tables. Tables can be Fixed Length or Variable Lengt h Cant be defined for a data item which: - Has a level number of 01, 66, 77, or 88. - Describes a redefined data item
FIXED LENGTH TABLES OCCURS integer-2 TIMES [ {ASCENDING KEY IS DESCENDING } dataname-2 [ ... ] ] [ INDEXED BY index-name-1 [ ... ] ]
OCCURS - Index Name

In COBOL, INDE XING can do the subscripting of table. An index can be defined for a particular table or dimension of table using INDE XED BY phrase. Required if item is indexed anywhere in the program Conceptually, an index similar to subscript. The internal representation of a subscript and index are different. A subscript is an int eger data item. But index is referenced in a more efficient manner internally. INDE X is an offset or displacement of the element from the beginning of the table
Cobol Example 03 YEAR PIC 9(4) OCCURS 10 TIMES INDE XE D BY I1.
Table Handling
In the above example the displacement of first element is zero, 2nd is 4, 3rd is 8 and so on. I.e. the index I1 assumes these values for occurrenc e numbers 1,2,3 and so on. The value of Index item is set by the occurrence number and not the internal value The value of index is set using SET clause. The statements like Move or Add cannot be used on index Index name is implicitly defined Index name cannot be associated with any other data hierarchy Must be initialized before it can be used using SE T and PERFORM VARY ING
VARIABLE LENGTH TABLES OCCURS - Depending On

When a table of variable size needs to be defined, Occurs Depending clause may be used E XAMPLE 77 A1 1 REC-1. 2 P1 PIC XX. PIC 99
02 P2 PIC
99 OCCURS 1 TO 90 TIMES DEPENDING ON A1.
In this example depending on the value of A1, the size of the table may vary from 1 to 90. The syntax is
OCCURS int1 TO int2 TIMES DEPENDING ON data-name-1 [ {ASCENDING KEY IS DESCENDING } dataname-2 [ ... ] ] [ INDEXED BY index-name-1 [ ... ] ]
Object of the OCCURS DEPENDING ON (ODO) clause cannot be variably located;
Cobol
Table Handling If subject of OCCURS is defined as E XTE RNA L then ODO ought to be defined as E XTE RNA L The int-1 and int-2 defined must be positive integers. The data name-1 can be defined at the same level as ODO but it cannot be defined as sub item to
ODO.
Example 01 REC-1. 02 A1 PIC 99. 02 P1 PIC XX. 02 P2 PIC 99 OCCURS 1 TO 90 DEPENDING ON A1. The above example is valid. 01 REC-1. 02 P1 PIC XX. 02 P2 PIC 99 OCCURS 1 TO 90 DEPENDING ON A1. 02 A1 PIC 99. This definition is invalid
GLOBAL definition needs rules similar to E XTE RNA L ODO cannot be RE DEFINE D
Example. This is invalid 01 REC-1. 02 A1 02 P1 02 P2 02 P3 PIC 99. PIC XX. PIC 99 OCCURS 1 TO 90 TIMES DEPENDING ON A1. REDEFINES P2
Length of group item containing Occurs depending - If ODO is outside the group the ODO value decides - If ODO is inside and group item is sending field then also ODO value decides - If ODO is inside and group item is receiving field then max lengt h of group value used provided there are no non-subordinate to the group item
Cobol
Table Handling
SET SET { id-1 index- name-1 } ... TO { id-2 index- name-2 int-1 } SET index-name-1 ... { UP BY { id-3 DOWN BY } int-1 }
SET - Examples 05 TABLE-ITEM OCCURS 10 INDEXED BY INX-A PIC X (8). To set the index INX-A to 5th occurrence of TABLE-ITEM use stmt: SET INX-A TO 5 The Value in INX-A would be (5 - 1) * 8 = 32. To refer to 6th element we could use relative indexing - TABLE-ITEM (INX-A+1) Or Set the index first using - SET INX-A UP BY 1 and then refer as TABLE-ITEM(INX-A)
Sending flds Index Name Index data ite m Integer data item Numeric literal
Index Name V V* V V
Receiving Fields Index Data Item Integer Data Item V* V V* -
Table 12.1 Set - Sending and Receiving Fields
Cobol
Table Handling
Note : * - No Conversion COMPLEX TABLES

Data item wit h Occurs Depending On is followed by - Non-subordinate item - Non-subordinate item with Occurs Depending On Data item wit h Occurs Depending On is nested
01
FILLER. 05 CTR1 05 CTR2 05 FIELD-A. 1 10 TABLE-1. 15 REC-1 OCCURS 1 TO 5 DEPENDING ON CTR1 10 EMP-NR 2 10 TABLE-2 OCCURS 5 3 INDEXED BY INDX. 4 15 TABLE-ITEM 15 20
PIC S99. PIC S99.
PIC X(3). PIC X (5).
PIC 99.
5 REC-2 OCCURS 1 TO 3 DEPENDING ON CTR2. DATA-NUM PIC S99. Complex ODO item
1 - A group item of variable length 2 - An elementary data item following, and not subordinate to, a variable length table (variably located item) 3 - A group item following, and not subordinate to, a variable-length table 4 - An index name for a table that has variable length elements 5 - An element of a table that has variable-length elements
Cobol
Table Handling
Watch out...
The location of non-subordinate items following the item with OCCURS claus e is affected by new value of the ODO object. - If you want to preserve the contents of these items, prior to the change in the ODO object, save all non subordinate items following the variable item and after the change in the ODO object, restore all the items back.
Careful when using complex-ODO index names. - In the ex ample if the value of the ODO object CTR2 is changed then the offset in index INDX is no longer valid for the table TABLE-2.
To avoid making this error : - Save the value of index as an occurrence number before changing ODO object. - After changing ODO object, restore the value of index name from the integer data item
77 INT-DATA-1 PIC 99. 77 NEW-VALUE PIC S99. SET INT-DATA-1 TO INDX MOVE NEW-VALUE TO CTR2 SET INDX TO INT-DATA-1 OCCURS - Example WORKING STORAGE SECTION. 01 TABLE- RECORD. 05 EMP-TABLE OCCURS 100 ASCENDING KEY IS WAGE-RATE EMP-NO INDEXED BY A, B. 10 EMP-NAME PIC X (20). 10 EMP-NO PIC 9(6). 10 WAGE-RATE PIC 9999V99. 10 WEEK-RECORD OCCURS 52 ASCENDING KEY IS WEEK-NO INDEXED BY C. 15 WEEK-NO PIC 99. 15 ABSENCES PIC 99. TABLE PROCESSING
Now we have seen how to define tables of various sizes and dimension, we now see how to proc ess these tables using PE RFORM verb.
Cobol
Table Handling
EXAMPLE: Consider the following example 77 01 1 A1 PRICE-1 DATA-REC. 05 PRODUCT-CODE 05 PRICE-REC OCCURS 36 10 PERIOD 10 PROD-PRICE PIC 99. PIC S9 (7) V99. PIC X (6) TIMES. PIC X (10). PIC S9 (7) V99.
Now we want to find the average price of the product for a period. MOVE ZERO TO TOTAL. MOVE 1 TO A1. PERFORM ADD-PRICE-PARA 36 TIMES. COMPUTE AVERAGE = TOTAL / 36 ADD-PRICE-PARA. COMPUTE TOTAL = PROD-PRICE (A1) + TOTAL ADD 1 TO A1.
This is one form of PERFORM statement used for FIXE D length tables. Now we want to find the price of a product for period 011999 (mmyyyy)
MOVE 1 TO A1 PERFORM FIND-PRICE-PARA UNTIL (PERIOD = 011999 OR A1 > 36) FIND-PRICE-PARA IF PERIOD = 011999 MOVE PROD-PRICE (A1) TO PRICE-1 END-IF ADD 1 TO A1
In this form, the paragraph is executed repetitively until the period id 011999 or until the subscript of the table is greater than the maximum table limits. The same fixed length table can be defined as variable length table.
Cobol In this case again we want to find the price of a product for period 011999(mmyyyy)
Table Handling
77 PRICE-1 PIC S9 (7) V99. 01 DATA-REC. 05 PRODUCT PIC X(10). 05 TAB-CNT PIC S9(04) COMP. 05 DATA-TABLE OCCURS 1 TO 37 TIMES DEPENDING ON TAB-CNT INDEXED BY INX-1. 07 PERIOD PIC X(6). 07 PROD-PRICE PIC S9(7)V9(02). PROCEDURE DIVISION. SET INX-1 TO 1. PERFORM FIND-PRICE-PARA VARYING INX-1 BY 1 UNTIL INX-1 > TAB-CNT OR PERIOD = 011999 FIND-PRICE-PARA IF PERIOD = 011999 MOVE PROD-PRICE(INX-1) END-IF
TO PRICE-1
In the above statement the increment of the INDE X is not given explicitly. It is done automatically.
Either fixed length or variable length the table can be in the sorted order by defining a key for the table. The sorted table reduces the time of search, when a search is performed on the table. The example for SORTE D TAB LES
02 ASSOC-DATA OCCURS 10 TIMES ASCENDING KEY IS A-NAME INDEXED BY INX-1. 05 A-NAME 05 A-NUM PIC X(20). PIC 9(04).
The data have to be sorted in the correct order (ascending or descending) by the programmer.
Cobol
Table Handling
SEARCH
To search a table element that satisfies a specified condition Options - SEARCH VARY ING Linear Search - SEARCH ALL Binary Search, valid only for sorted tables with key specified.
SEARCH - Sequential SEARCH id-1 [ VARYING { id-2 index- name-1 } ] [ AT END imperative-statement-1 ] WHEN condition-1 { imper-stmt2 NEXT SENTENCE } [ WHEN condition-2 { imper-stmt3 NEXT SENTENCE } ] ... [ END-SEARCH ]
This search is serial search or linear search. The table may sorted or not WHENs are performed one after another for each table entry until TRUE or NO more WHEN cond AT END executed if no match Set starting points of id-2 or index. The inc rement of the index or id-2 is taken care of by the search statement itself. The search statement can be performed on he table defined by OCCURS and INDE XE D BY phrase. The search verb starts with initial value of index and tests whet her condition stated in the when clause have been satisfied or not. If none of the conditions are satisfied the index is incremented by 1 automatically. The process is continued until the index value exceeds the size of the table and the search is terminated. When one of conditions is satisfied before the index value reaches the size of the table, the statements following the WHEN claus e is executed. If these statements are not present, then execution is transferred to next statement. The value of the index remains set at the point where the condition has been satisfied.
Cobol
Table Handling When the SEARCH terminates without finding the necessary value, the index contains
unpredictable values.
Example 77 NAME PIC X(20). 05 ASSOC-TABLE OCCURS 350 TIMES INDEXED BY I-1. 10 ASSOC-NAME PIC X (20). 10 ASSOC-NUM PIC 9(4). SET I-1 TO 1. SEARCH ASSOC-TABLE AT END DISPLAY NAME NOT FOUND WHEN NAME = ASSOC-NAME (I-1) DISPLAY NAME FOUND.
Cobol
Table Handling
START
If the value of index associated with id-1 is > size of the table
YES
Execute imperat ive statement-1
Go to next executabl e statement
NO Go to next executabl e statement
Is condition-1 true?
YES Execute imperat ive statement-2
NO
Is condition2 true?
YES Execute imperat ive statement-3
Go to next executabl e statement
NO Index associated with id-1 is incremented by 1
id-2/ index-name-1 is incremented by 1
Figure 12.1 Flow Chart for SEARCH with Varying and When option
Cobol
Table Handling
SEARCH ALL SEARCH ALL id-1 [ AT END imperative-statement-1 ] WHEN { dataname-1= equal-clause Condition-name-1} [ AND { dataname-1= equal-clause Condition-name-1} ] ... { imper-stmt2 NEXT SENTENCE } [ END-SEARCH ] Equal-clause can be { id-2 lit-1 arithexp-1}
This SEARCH all is the Binary search. For this search the table needs to be in sorted order using
ASCENDING/ DESCE NDING option in occurs clause When the binary search is used, it is assumed that at the time of search t he table is arranged in the sorted order depending on the definition of the table. In this search, the table is split into 2 halves and determines in which half the item to be searc hed is pres ent. Then item to be searched is compared with the last item of the first half or first item of the second to determine in which the item to be searched is likely to be present. Then again the half which is selected is split into 2 and the comparis on is done to determine in which half the item to be searched is present. Like wise the search continues until the item to be searched is found or the final division is just a single item. Now a single comparis on with this item determines whether the item is present or not. This type of search minimizes the number of c omparison t hat needs to be done on the table elements. Initial setting of index ignored, but if set it must not be greater than the maximum size Duplic ate index will indicate the first entry it encountered Unpredictable results if table is not in sorted order
Cobol
Table Handling
77 NAME PIC X(20). 05 ASSOC-TABLE OCCURS 350 TIMES ASCENDING KEY IS A-NAME INDEXED BY I-1. 10 A-NAME PIC X(20). 10 A-NUM PIC 9(4). SEARCH ALL ASSOC-TABLE AT END DISPLAY NAME NOT FOUND WHEN NAME = A-NAME(I-1) DISPLAY NAME FOUND
Cobol
Table Handling
MERGE
Combines two or more identically sorted files and makes records available in merged order
MERGE file-1 { ON {ASCENDING DESCENDING} KEY id-1... } ... [COLLATING SEQUENCE IS alphabet-name-1] USING file-2 [ file-3 ...] {GIVING file-4 OUTPUT PROCEDURE IS proc-nm-1 [THRU proc-nm-2]} MERGE - Examples MERGE sorted-emp-ph- file ASCENDING s- last-nm s-first- nm DESCENDING s-emp-nbr USING emp-ph-file emp-addon-ph- file GIVING new-emp-ph- file
MERGE - Rules
When US ING / GIVING option is specified the input / output file(s) to merge must not be open The key used in the ME RGE statement cannot be variably located. When the file referenced by filename-1 is merged control passes to first stmt in the OUTP UT PROCE DURE. Collating Sequences COLLA TING SEQUENCE option of MERGE statement that is defined in SPECIAL-NAMES paragraph - PROGRAM COLLA TING SEQUENCE specified in the Configuration Section Default is EBCDIC
Cobol
Exercises
EXERCISES
1. Write the data division statements for the following table. a. The table contains marks of student for the each month for the whole year. The marks will be 3 digits. b. The insurance company maintains the premium paid by the policy holders on a periodic basis. The period depends on the policy. It can be a monthly, half- yearly, quarterly or annual premium. The premium is 13 digits with 2 decimal places. Write the table structure with policy number, period and premium as fields. This is a variable length table
2. How many times will the procedure named PROCESS-ROUTINE be executed by the following PERFORM statements? a. PERFORM PROCESS-ROUTINE VARYING A FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL A = 15. b. PERFORM PROCESS-ROUTINE VARYING A FROM 1 BY 1 UNITL A > 15. 3. The following are DATA DIVISION entries. 77 I PIC 99. 77 TOTAL PIC 99. 1 TABLE-1. 02 FILLER PIC X (9) VALUE IS 123456789. 01 TABLE-2 REDEFINES TABLE-1. 02 A OCCURS 9 TIMES PIC 9. Indicate how many elements of the array A would be added to TOTAL and what will be the final value of TOTAL when the control goes to PARA-2 in the following program segment? MOVE ZERO TO TOTAL. PERFORM PARA-1 VARYING I FROM 1 BY 2 UNTIL I > 9. GO TO PARA-2 PARA-1. ADD A (I) TO TOTAL. PARA-2. 4. A table contains the monthly sales data for 12 months of the year and for the 4 sales zones where each zone has 8 districts. Write the PROCEDURE DIVISION statements to find the total sale of each district within each zone and then find the total sale of each zone. Store these totals in 2 tables - one district total and the other containing the zone totals. Write the Data division entries to define all these tables. 5. The following is a PROCEDURE DIVISION statement. PERFORM PARA-AGAIN VARYING I FROM 1 BY 1 UNTIL I > 4 AFTER J FROM 0 BY 1 UNTIL J < -2 AFTER K FROM 1 BY 2 UNTIL K > 8. How many times is the procedure named PARA-AGAIN executed? Which data name varied least rapidly and which varied most rapidly.
13. Compiler Directive - COPY
Cobol
Exercises
The COPY statement is a library statement that places prewritten text in a COBOL program. Prewritten source program entries can be included in a source program at compile time. Thus, an installation can use standard file descriptions, record descriptions, or procedures without re-coding them. These entries and proc edures can then be saved in user-created libraries; they can then be included in the source program by means of the COPY statement. Compilation of the source program containing COPY statements is logically equivalent to processing all COPY statements before processing the resulting source program. The effect of processing a COPY statement is that the library text associated with text-name is copied into the source program, logic ally replacing the entire COPY statement, beginning with the word COPY and ending with the period, inclusive. When the REP LACING phrase is not specified, the library text is copied unchanged Each COPY statement must be preceded by a space and ended with a separator period. A COPY statement can appear in the source program anywhere a character string or a separat or can appear.
COPY { text-name lit-1 } [ { OF { lib-name IN } lit-2 } ] [ SUPPRESS ] [ REPLACING ( op-1 BY op-2 ) ... ] . op-1 and op-2 can be either pseudo-text, an identifier, a literal, or a COBOL word Compile r Directive COPY Example 01 :TAG:. 02 :TAG:-WEEK PIC S99. 02 :TAG:- GROSS-PAY PIC 9(5)V99. 02 :TAG:- HOURS PIC S999 OCCURS 1 TO 52 TIMES DEPENDING ON :TAG:-WEEK OF :TAG:. COPY PAYLIB REPLACING ==:TAG:== BY ==Payroll==. (except COPY).
Cobol
Co mpiler Directives
01 PAYROLL. 02 PAYROLL-WEEK PIC S99. 02 PAYROLL-GROSS-PAY PIC S9(5)V99. 02 PAYROLL-HOURS PIC S999 OCCURS 1 TO 52 TIMES DEPENDING ON PAYROLL-WEEK OF PAYROLL. Compile r Directive COPY - Rules
Copy statement can be nested but - Cant contain REPLA CING option Should not cause recursion If S UPPRESS - Specified then listing will not contain the statement within the COPY member - If not then listing will contain the statements with a C after the source program line number
Cobol
Co mp iler Options
14. Compiler Options

Helps to control the compilation Specify these options in - PARM field of the JCL - CBL or PROCESS statement in program Most of the options come in pairs - XREF/NOXREF Some options have sub-parameters. - LINECOUNT (44) Watch out - There are default options when compiler is installed Precedence of Compiler Options - Level 1: (Highest precedence) Installation defaults, fixed by your installation - Level 2: Those on PROCESS (or CB L) stmt - Level 3: Those on the JCL PARM - Level 4: (Lowest precedence) Installation defaults, but not fixed. Object code generation - COMP ILE, CMP R2, DE CK, NAME, OBJE CT Use of virtual storage - BUFSIZE, SIZE Object code ex ecution - ADV, ADW, DATA, DY NAM, FASTS RT, OP TIMIZE, OUTDD, NUMPROC - RENT, RES IDENT, SSRA NGE, TRUNC, ZWB Maps, listing, and diagnostics - DUMP, FLA G, FLAGMIG, FLAGSAA, FLAGS TD, LANGUA GE, LINECOUNT, LIS T, MAP, NUMBER, OFFSE T, SEQUENCE, SOURCE, SPACE, TE RMINAL, VBREF, XREF Debugging - FDUMP, TES T Literal delimiters - APOST, QUOTE, DB CS
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Cobol Reserved word list - WORD Processing of COPY ETC.. - LIB Provision of User Exit - E XIT ADV / NOADV Default is: ADV
Co mp iler Options
ADV has meaning only if you use WRITE . . . ADVANCING in your source code. With ADV in effect, the compiler adds 1 byte to the record length to account for the printer control character. Use NOA DV if you have already adjusted your record length to include 1 byte for the printer control character CMPR2 / NOCMPR2 Default is: NOCMP R2 Use CMPR2 when you want the compiler to generate code that is compatible wit h code generated by VS COBOL II Release 2. Valid COB OL source programs that compiled successfully under VS
COBOL II Release 2 will also compile successfully under IB M COBOL for MVS & VM wit h CMPR2 in effect and will provide compatible results. COMP ILE / NOCOMP ILE (W/E/S) Default is: NOCOMP ILE(S ) Abbreviations are: C / NOC Use the COMPILE option only if you want to force full compilation even in the presence of serious errors. All diagnostics and object code will be generated. Do not try to run the object code generated if the compilation resulted in serious errors--the results could be unpredictable or an abnormal termination could occur. DA TA(24/31) Default is: DATA(31)
Language E nvironment provides services that control the storage used at run time. IBM COBOL for MVS & VM uses these servic es for all storage requests. For reent rant programs, the DA TA (24|31) compiler option and the HEAP run-time option control whet her storage for dynamic data areas (such as WORKING-S TORAGE section and FD record areas) is obtained from below the 16-megabyte line or from unrestricted storage.
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Cobol
Co mp iler Options
When you specify the run-time option HEAP (BE LOW), the DA TA (24|31) compiler option has no effect; the storage for all dynamic data areas is allocated from below the 16-megabyte line. However, with HEAP (A NYWHERE ) as the run-time option, storage for dynamic data areas is allocated from below the line if you compiled the program wit h the DA TA (24) compiler option or from unrestricted storage if you compiled with the DA TA (31) compiler option. Specify the DA TA (24) compiler option for programs running in 31-bit addressing mode that is passing data parameters to programs in 24-bit addressing mode. This ensures that the data will be addressable by the called program.- With NORE NT compiler option, DA TA (31) has no effect DECK / NODECK Default is: NODECK Abbreviations are: D / NOD Use DE CK to produce object code in the form of 80-column card images. If you use the DECK option, be certain that SYSPUNCH is defined in your JCL for compilation. - SYSPUNCH ddname must for DE CK opt DYNAM / NODY NAM Default is: NODYNAM Abbreviations are: DYN / NODY N Use DY NAM to cause separately compiled programs invoked through the CALL literal statement to be loaded dynamically at run time. DY NAM causes dynamic loads (for CALL) and deletes (for CA NCE L) of separately compiled programs at object time. Any CALL identifier statements that cannot be resolved in your program are also handled as dynamic calls. - DYNAM forced RES IDE NT option
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Cobol FLAG(x,y) / NOFLA G Default is: FLAG(I) Abbreviations are: F / NOF x :- I, W, E, S, or U y:- I, W, E, S, or U
Co mp iler Options
Use FLA G (x) to produce diagnostic messages for errors of a severity level x or above at the end of the source listing. Us e FLAG (x, y) to produce diagnostic messages for errors of severity level x or above at the end of the source listing, with error messages of severity y and above to be embedded directly in the source listing. The severity coded for y must not be lower t han the severity coded for x. To use FLAG (x, y), you must also specify the SOURCE compiler option. Error messages in the source listing are set off by embedding the statement number in an arrow that points to the message code. The message code is then followed by the message text Use NOFLAG to suppress error flagging. NOFLAG will not suppress error messages for compiler options. - Control listing of error messages LIB / NOLIB - Default is: NOLIB Abbreviation is: None If your program uses COPY, BASIS, or REPLA CE statements, you need to specify the LIB compiler option. In addition, for COPY and BAS IS statements, include in your JCL DD statements for the library or libraries from which the compiler can take the copied code, and also include a JCL DD statement to allocate SYSUT5.- Allocate - SYSLIB and SYSUT5 ddnames LIS T / NOLIS T Default is: NOLIS T Use LIS T to produce a listing of the assembler-language expansion of your source code. You will also get these in your output listing: Global tables Literal pools Information about Working-Storage Size of the program's Working-Storage and its location in t he object code if the program is compiled with the NORE NT option - LIS T and OFFSE T are mut ually exclusive and if both given LIS T ignored
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Cobol MAP / NOMAP Default is: NOMAP
Co mp iler Options
Use MAP to produce a listing of the items you defined in the DA TA DIV ISION. Map output includes: DA TA DIVIS ION map Global tables Literal pools Nested program structure map, and program attributes Size of the program's Working-Storage and its location in the object code if the program is compiled with the NORE NT option By selecting the MAP option, you can also print an embedded MAP report in the source code listing. The condensed MAP information is printed to the right of data-name definitions in the FILE SECTION, WORKING-S TORAGE SECTION, and LINKAGE SECTION of the DA TA DIVIS ION. NUMBE R / NONUMBE R Default is: NONUMBER Abbreviations are: NUM / NONUM Use NUMBER if you have line numbers in your source code and want those numbers to be used in error messages and MAP, LIS T, and XREF listings. If you request NUMBER, columns 1 through 6 are checked to make sure that they contain only numbers, and the sequence is checked according to numeric collating sequence. When a line number is found to be out of sequence, the compiler assigns to it a line number with a value one number higher than the line number of the preceding statement. Sequence checking continues with the next statement, based on the newly assigned value of the previous line. If you use COPY statements and NUMBE R is in effect, be sure that your source program line numbers and the COPY member line numbers are coordinated. If you are doing a batch compilation and LIB and NUMBE R are in effect, all programs in the batch compile will be treated as a single input file. The sequence numbers of the entire input file must be in ascending order. Use NONUMBER if you do not have line numbers in your source code, or if you want the compiler to ignore the line numbers you do have in your source code. With NONUMBE R in effect, the compiler generates line numbers for your source statements and uses those numbers as references in listings.
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Cobol NUMP ROC(PFD or NOP FD or MIG) Default is: NUMPROC(NOPFD)
Co mp iler Options
Use NUMPROC (NOPFD) if you want the compiler to perform invalid sign processing. This option is not as efficient as NUMP ROC (PFD); object code size will be increased, and there could be an increase in run-time overhead to validate all signed data. NUMP ROC (PFD) is a performanc e option that can be used to bypass invalid sign processing. Using NUMP ROC (PFD) can affect class tests for numeric data Use NUMP ROC (MIG) to aid in-migrating OS/VS COBOL programs to IBM COBOL for MVS & VM. When NUMPROC (MIG) is in effect, the following processing occurs: Preferred signs are created only on the output of MOVE statements and arithmetic operations. No explicit sign repair is done on input. Some implicit sign repair might occur during conversion. Numeric comparisons are performed by a decimal compare, not a logical compare. OBJECT / NOOB JECT Default is: OBJECT Abbreviations are: OBJ / NOOBJ Use OBJE CT to place the generated object code on disk or tape to be later used as input for the linkage editor. If you specify OBJE CT, include a SYSLIN DD statement in your JCL for compilation. The only difference between DE CK and OB JE CT is in the routing of the data sets: DECK output goes to the data set associated with SYSPUNCH ddname. OBJECT output goes to the data set associated with SYSLIN ddname. NOOB JECT & TES T - mutually exclusive OFFSE T / NOOFFSE T Default is: NOOFFSE T Abbreviations are: OFF / NOOFF Use OFFSE T to produce a condensed PROCE DURE DIV IS ION listing. With OFFSE T, the condensed PROCEDURE DIVIS ION listing will contain line numbers, statement references, and the location of the first instruction generated for each statement. In addition, the following are produced: Global tables Literal pools Size of the program's Working-Storage, and its location in the object code if the program is compiled with the NORE NT option. - OFFSET & LIS T are mutually exclusive.
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Cobol OPTIMIZE / NOOP TIMIZE
Co mp iler Options
The COBOL optimizer is activated when you use the OP TIMIZE compiler option. The purpose of the OPTIMIZE compiler option is to do the following: Eliminate unnecessary transfers of control or simplify inefficient branches, including thos e generated by the compiler that are not evident from looking at the source program. Simplify the compiled code for both a PERFORM statement and a CALL statement to a contained (nested) program. Where possible, the optimizer places the statement inline, eliminating the need for linkage code. This optimization, known as procedure integration, is further discussed in "PERFORM Procedure Integration" If procedure integration cannot be done, the optimizer uses the simplest linkage possible (perhaps as few as two instructions) to get to and from the called program. Eliminate duplicate computations (such as subscript computations and repeated statements) that have no effect on the results of the program. Eliminate constant computations by performing them when the program is compiled. Eliminate constant conditional expressions. Aggregate moves of contiguous items (such as those that often occur with the use of MOVE CORRESP ONDING) into a single move. Both the source and target must be contiguous for the moves to be aggregated. Delete from the program, and identify with a warning message, code that can never be performed (unreachable code elimination). The FULL suboption requests that the compilers discard any unreferenced data items from the DA TA DIV IS ION, and suppress generation of code to initialize these data items to their VALUE clauses. For unit testing your programs, you might find it easier to debug code that has not been optimized. But when the program is ready for final test, specify OPTIMIZE, so that the tested code and the production code are identical. You might also want to use the option during development, if a program is used frequently without recompilation. However, the overhead for OP TIMIZE might outweigh its benefits if you re-c ompile frequently, unless you are using the assembler language expansion (LIS T option) to fine tune your program. OPTIMIZE & TES T - mutually exclusive OUTDD(ddname) - To get run-time DISP LAY output on a data set other than SYSOUT
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Cobol QUOTE / APOS T Default is: QUOTE Abbreviations are: Q / APOST
Co mp iler Options
Use QUOTE if you want the figurative constant [ALL] QUOTE or [ALL] QUOTES to represent one or more quotation mark (") characters. Use APOS T if you want the figurative constant [ALL] QUOTE or [ALL] QUOTES to represent one or more apostrophe (') characters. Note: Either quotes or apostrophes can be used as literal delimiters, regardless of whether the APOST or QUOTE option is in effect. The delimiter character used as the opening delimiter for a literal must be used as the closing delimiter for that literal. RENT / NORE NT - object code is to be reentrant - Have RES IDENT option for all programs in a unit unless the run-time option MIXRES has been specified. SOURCE / NOS OURCE Default is: SOURCE Abbreviations are: S / NOS Use SOURCE to get a listing of your source program. This listing will include any statements embedded by PROCESS or COPY statements. SOURCE must be specified if you want embedded messages in the source listing. Use NOS OURCE to suppress the source code from the compiler output listing. SPACE (1/2/3) - to select single, double, or triple spacing in your source code listing. TES T / NOTES T Default is: NOTES T Use TES T to produce object code that enables Debug Tool to perform batch and interactive debugging. The amount of debugging support available depends on which TES T suboptions you use. The TES T option also allows you to request that symbolic variable be included in t he formatted dump produced by Language Environment. Use NOTES T if you do not want to generate object code with debugging information and do not want the formatted dump to include symbolic variables. TES T has two suboptions; you can specify both, just one of the suboptions, or neither of the suboptions:
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Cobol
Co mp iler Options
Hook: - The hook-loc ation suboption controls where compiled-in hooks will be generated to provide information to the debugger. NONE: - No hooks will be generated. BLOCK: - Hooks will be generated at all program entry and exit points. PATH: - Hooks will be generated at all program entry and exit points and at all path points. A path point is anywhere in a program where the logic flow is not necessarily sequential or can change. Some examples of path points are IF-THE N-E LSE constructs, PERFORM loops, ON S IZE ERROR phrases, and CALL statements. STMT: - Hooks will be generated at every statement and label, as well as at all program entry and exit point. In addition, if the DA TEPROC option is in effect, hooks will be generat ed at all date processing statements. ALL: - Hooks will be generated at all statements, all path points, and at all program entry and exit points. In addition, if the DA TEPROC option is in effect, hooks will be generated at all date processing statements. Symbol: - The symbol-table suboption controls whether dictionary tables will be generated. SYM: - Dictionary and calculation tables will be generated. NOSYM: - Dictionary and calculation tables will not be generat ed. SSRANGE / NOSS RA NGE Default is: NOSSRANGE Abbreviations are: SSR / NOSSR Use SSRA NGE to generate code that checks if subscripts (including ALL subscripts) or indexes try to reference an area outside the region of the table. Each subscript or index is not individually checked for validity; rather, the effective address is checked to ensure that it does not cause a reference outside the region of the table. Variable-length items will also be checked to ensure that the reference is within their maximum defined length. Reference modification expressions will be checked to ensure that: The reference modification starting position is greater than or equal to 1. The reference modification starting position is not greater than the current length of the subject data item. The reference modification length value (if specified) is greater than or equal to 1. The reference modification starting position and length value (if specified) do not reference an area beyond the end of the subject data item. - Use it while testing
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Cobol TRUNC (OP T or S TD or BIN) Default is: TRUNC(S TD) TRUNC (S TD): -
Co mp iler Options
Use TRUNC(S TD) to cont rol the way arithmetic fields are truncated during MOVE
and arithmetic operations. TRUNC (S TD) applies only to USAGE BINA RY receiving fields in MOVE statements and arithmetic expressions. When TRUNC (S TD) is in effect, the final result of an arithmetic expression, or the sending field in the MOVE statement, is truncated to the number of digits in the PICTURE clause of the B INA RY receiving field. TRUNC (OP T): - TRUNC (OP T) is a performance option. When TRUNC (OP T) is specified, the compiler assumes that the data conforms to PICTURE and USAGE specifications of the USAGE BINA RY receiving fields in MOVE statements and arithmetic expressions. The results are manipulated in the most optimal way, either truncating to the number of digits in the PICTURE claus e, or to the size of the binary field in storage (halfword, fullword, or doubleword). TRUNC (B IN) :The TRUNC(BIN) option applies to all COB OL language that processes USAGE
BINA RY data. When TRUNC (B IN) is in effect: BINA RY receiving fields are trunc ated only at halfword, fullword, or doubleword boundaries. BINA RY sending fields are handled as halfwords, fullwords, or doublewords when the receiver is numeric; TRUNC (B IN) has no effect when the receiver is not numeric. The full binary content of the field is significant. DISP LAY will convert the entire content of the binary field, with no truncation. VBREF / NOVBREF Default is: NOVBREF Use VBREF to get a cross-reference among all verb types used in the source program and the line numbers in which they are used. VBREF also produces a summary of how many times each verb was used in the program. Use NOVBREF for more efficient compilation.
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Cobol WORD(xxxx) / NOWORD Default is: NOWORD Abbreviations are: WD / NOWD
Co mp iler Options
xxxx :- Are the ending characters of the name of the reserved word table (IGY Cxxxx) to be used in your compilation. IGY C are the first 4 standard characters of the name, and xxxx can be 1 to 4 characters in length. Use WORD(xxxx) to specify that an alternate reserved word table is to be used during compilation. Alternate reserved word tables provide changes to the IBM-supplied default reserved word table. XREF(FULL or S HORT) / NOXREF Default is: NOXRE F Abbreviations are: X / NOX You can choose XREF, XREF (FULL), or XREF (S HORT). Use XREF to get a sort ed cross-reference listing. EBCDIC data-names and procedure-names are listed in alphanumeric order. DBCS data-names and proc edure-names are listed based on their physical order in the program, and appear before the EB CDIC data-names and procedure-names, unless the DB CS XREF installation option is selected wit h a DB CS ordering program. In this case, DBCS data-names and procedure-names are ordered as specified by the DBCS ordering program. Also included is a section listing all the program names that are referenced in your program, and the line number where they are defined. External program names are identified as such. If you use XREF and SOURCE, cross-reference information will also be printed on the same line as the original source in the listing. Line number references or other information, will appear on the right hand side of the listing page. On the right of source lines that reference intrinsic functions, the letters 'IFN' will appear with the line numbers of the location where the function's arguments are defined. Information included in the embedded references lets you know if an identifier is undefined or defined more than once. (UND or DUP will be printed); if an item is implicitly defined (IMP), such as special registers or figurative constants; and if a program name is external (E XT). If you use XREF and NOSOURCE, you'll get only the sorted cross-reference listing. XREF (SHORT) will print only the explicitly referenced variables in the cross-reference listing. XREF (SHORT) applies to DBCS data names and procedure-names as well as EBCDIC names. NOXREF suppresses this listing.
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Cobol ZWB / NOZWB Default is: ZWB
Co mp iler Options
With ZWB, the compiler removes the sign from a signed external decimal (DISP LAY) field when comparing this field to an alphanumeric elementary field during execution. If the external decimal item is a scaled item (contains the symbol 'P ' in its PICTURE characterstring), its use in comparisons is not affected by ZWB. Such items always have their sign removed before the comparison is made to the alphanumeric field. ZWB affects how the program runs; the same COBOL source program can give different results, depending on the option setting. Use NOZWB if you want to test input numeric fields for SPACES.
Compiler option - Coding Example
//COB EXEC PGM=IGYCRCTL, // PARM='LIST, NOCOMPILE (S), OBJECT' CBL LIST,NOCOMPILE(S),OBJECT IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. myprog. PROCESS LIST,NOCOMPILE(S),OBJECT IDENTIFICATION DIVISION. PROGRAM-ID. myprog.
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Cobol
APPENDIX 1
APPENDIX 1
FILE STATUS CODES AND MEANING
2 char code - Status key 1 - Status key 2 Status key 1 tells the type of error Status key 2 gives the detail Status key 1 0 - Successful Completion 1 - At end condition 2 - Invalid key condition 3 - Permanent error condition 4 - Logic error 9 - Implementor defined (VSAM) Successful Completion-0 0 - No further info 1 - Duplicate - Read, (Re) Write 2 - Length error for Fixed files 5 - Optional file not present At end condition-1 0 - End of file 4 - Relative key > max possible Invalid Key-2 1 - Ascending key violation/Rewrite change primary Key 2 - Duplicate key when not allowed (Primary, Alternate or relative key) 3 - Record not found 4 - Write beyond boundary Permanent error-3 0 - no further info 4 - Due to boundary violation 5 - File not available (ddname not found/defined) 7 - Invalid open mode on open 8 - Open of file closed with lock 9 - DCB conflict during open Logic error-4
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APPENDIX 1
1 - Open of file in open status 2 - Close of file not in open stat 3 - Rewrit e or Delete after unsuccessful Read 4 - Rewrit e changed record len or Write record len > max 5 - No position for Read next 7 - Read on file not opened for Input or I-O 8 - Write on file not opened for Output or I-O or Extend 9 - Rewrit e on file not opened for I-O Implementor def- 9(VSAM) 0 - No further info 1 - Password failure 2 - Logic error 3 - Resource not available 4 - No file position for cmpr2 opt 5 - Invalid/Incomplete file info 6 - No DDname found 7 - Open successful; File verified
NRI-IT
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References
References
1. 2. 3. 4. Stern and Stern Structured COBOL Programming Structured COBOL COBOL Programming How to design & develop COBOL programs VS COBOL II - guide for programmers 2 ed. - Nancy stern - Philippakis and Kazmier - Roy & Dastidar - Paul N. - Anne prince

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MASTER OF COMPUTER APPLICATIONS (MCA)

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The following areas are described below in terms of a 72-character line:

Sequence Number Area

Identification Div ision

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Identification Div ision

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Env iron ment Division

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Env iron ment Division

Default collating sequence is EBCDIC on the IBM. Supposing we want ASCII.

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Env iron ment Division

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Env iron ment Division

BDW / RDW = 2 byte length + 2 byte System info

BDF BDF SDF

- Block descriptor field - Segment descriptor field

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Env iron ment Division

EFFICIENT FILE ORGANIZATION AND MANAGEMENT

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Environment Div ision

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Environment Div ision

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Environment Div ision

ACCESS ORG. SEQ RELATIVE INDEXED

DYNAMIC INVALID SEQ. OR RANDOM SEQ. OR RANDOM

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Environment Div ision

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Table 6.1 Code Characters PICTURE String - Rules

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PICTURE String - Rules for data categories

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Cobol The syntax of the FD ent ry is

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BLANK WHEN ZERO BLANK WHEN { ZERO ZEROS ZEROES }

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Cobol Subordinates to an E XTERNAL group item attains E XTERNAL attribute

JUSTIFIED { JUSTIFIED JUST} RIGHT

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SIGN [SIGN IS {LEADING TRAILING} ] [ SEPARATE CHARACTER ]

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77 l-V2 PIC S9(3) SIGN LEADING SEPARATE VALUE -250 l-V2 2 5 0

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The Numeric Edit characters are B P V Z 9 0 / , . + - CR DB * $

The alphanumeric Edit Characters are A X 9 B 0 / PICTURE Clause Editing

PICTURE X(2)BX(3)BX(4) 9(2)/9(2)/9(2) 99,B999,B000 99,999

Value of Data 19Mar1995 190395 1234 12345

Edited Result 19 Mar 1995 19/03/95 01, 234, 000 12,345

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Digits in PICTURE Clause 1 through 4 5 through 9 10 through 18